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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hcFTtqCY84MSLcBQQMKtyqD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300321</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170136</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005018102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Causes and Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Admitted with or for Heart Failure at a Tertiary Hospital in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajner</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zuchinali</surname>
            <given-names>Priccila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olsen</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;rgilio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FAMED</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da FAMED/UFRGS, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Wajner</bold>. Rua Prof Freitas Cabral, 305/502. Postal Code 90690-130, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>awajner@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Wajner A, Polanczyk CA, Rohde LE; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Wajner A, Zuchinali P, Olsen V, Polanczyk CA, Rohde LE; Writing of the manuscript: Wajner A, Olsen V, Polanczyk CA, Rohde LE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>321</fpage>
      <lpage>330</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although heart failure (HF) has high morbidity and mortality, studies in Latin America on causes and predictors of in-hospital mortality are scarce. We also do not know the evolution of patients with compensated HF hospitalized for other reasons.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To identify causes and predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF (ADHF), compared to those with HF and admitted to the hospital for non-HF related causes (NDHF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Historical cohort of patients hospitalized in a public tertiary hospital in Brazil with a diagnosis of HF identified by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 2056 patients hospitalized between January 2009 and December 2010 (51% men, median age of 71 years, length of stay of 15 days) were evaluated. There were 17.6% of deaths during hospitalization, of which 58.4% were non-cardiovascular (63.6% NDHF vs 47.4% ADHF, p = 0.004). Infectious causes were responsible for most of the deaths and only 21.6% of the deaths were attributed to HF. The independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were similar between the groups and included: age, length of stay, elevated potassium, clinical comorbidities, and CCI. Renal insufficiency was the most relevant predictor in both groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Patients hospitalized with HF have high in-hospital mortality, regardless of the primary reason for hospitalization. Few deaths are directly attributed to HF; Age, renal function and levels of serum potassium, length of stay, comorbid burden and CCI were independent predictors of in-hospital death in a Brazilian tertiary hospital.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Demographic Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitals, Public</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Despite the decline in many cardiovascular diseases, there is a stable or increased prevalence of heart failure (HF) in the world and in Brazil, which is probably due to population aging associated with an increase in survival in patients with cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Despite the great progress in its treatment, HF remains one of the main causes of hospitalization in several countries and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Even with optimized therapy, estimates account for a 4-year mortality rate of 40%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> with a reduction in quality of life and prognosis when compared, for example, with various neoplasias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Observational studies in several countries have shown that after a hospitalization due to decompensated HF, significant changes occur in the natural history of the syndrome, implying a high risk of readmission and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> These data have been partially reproduced in studies in Brazil and are observed in the Brazilian public system statistics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The recent publication of the initial results of the BREATHE Registry, which included 52 centers in Brazil, clearly demonstrates the great impact of the syndrome, with in-hospital mortality of 12,6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the importance of the BREATHE Registry for Brazil, the majority of existing cohorts of acute decompensated HF were performed in the United States or Europe, including patients with a clinical, etiological, social and economic profile different from that of Brazilian patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In addition, an aspect not explored in the scenario of hospitalized patients refers to the hospital and extra-hospital evolution of patients hospitalized for decompensated HF compared to the prognosis of patients hospitalized for other causes, but who present a previous diagnosis of HF. It is plausible to speculate that the presence of HF, even if this is not the primary cause of hospitalization, implies a reserved prognosis. In this context, it is still of great value to recognize prognostic predictors in order to identify patients requiring more intensive monitoring and treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The objective of the present study is to identify the predictors and causes of in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF compared to those who have HF and hospitalize for other conditions in a Brazilian public tertiary hospital.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Location, design and patients</title>
        <p>This study was carried out in a public hospital of tertiary level in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with approximately 850 beds. This is a prospective cohort study, in which adult patients (&#8805; 18 years) were admitted to any ward or intensive care unit (ICU) of this hospital and who were identified as having HF as indicated by the attending physician in the score of Charlson's comorbidity, or simply Charlson's index, via electronic medical records. Were excluded from the analisys pediatric patients (age &lt;18 years), with permanence only in the emergency department (without admission to the infirmary or in the ICU), with hospital evasion or unavailable computerized discharge.</p>
        <p>In this hospital, the Charlson index is filled out by the attending physician in the electronic medical record in a compulsory manner at the time of admission and at discharge. Failure to complete it prevents continuity of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures or hospital discharge. Although it was developed to predict risk in patients admitted to elective surgical procedures, the Charlson index has been described as an excellent tool for hospital use for clinical prediction of in-hospital mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> It is a score composed of several comorbidities that is widely used to classify the severity of patients, and it is possible to compare the burden of diseases of patients from different medical and hospital services. The comorbidities that make up the Charlson index are acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure, peripheral and aortic vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), connective tissue disease, ulcer disease, moderate to severe kidney disease (creatinine &gt; 3.0 mg/dL), hemiplegia, lymphoma/myeloma, leukemia/polycythemia vera, tumor, AIDS, and metastatic cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Logistics and data collection</title>
        <p>For purposes of analysis, patients who had multiple hospitalizations had considered only their last hospitalization, so that all in-hospital deaths of the sample were included, avoiding that more severe patients with multiple readmissions had their characteristics analyzed multiple times and seeking to preserve independence of the data. Data collection was performed by internal medicine residents previously trained through the standardized review of electronic medical records, and a computerized collection protocol was created and fully integrated into the electronic medical record of the hospital. 10% of the sample was verified by two other researchers of the study, preceptors of the Internal Medicine Service, to measure the reliability of the data collected. The patients were selected through a computerized system that allowed the automatic identification of all those who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The causes of in-hospital death were stratified into cardiovascular death (HF, acute coronary syndrome, stroke or other cardiovascular deaths) and non-cardiovascular death (from infection, neoplasia, respiratory origin or other non-cardiovascular death). When the collectors could not identify the cause of mortality, the case was evaluated by two experienced researchers. If they could not identify the cause of death, it was defined as "death for an indefinite cause."</p>
        <p>The following variables and instruments were included in data collection: age; sex; geographical origin; (Porto Alegre, Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre and interior); team in which the patient was hospitalized (Cardiology, Internal Medicine and Others); length of hospital stay; cause of hospitalization; Charlson index; laboratory values (urea, sodium, creatinine and potassium) in the first 24 hours of hospitalization; echocardiographic data up to 1 year before admission: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); left ventricular hypertrophy; presence of diffuse hypokinesia or segmental alterations of contractility and valvular lesions; prescription of cardiovascular drugs at hospital discharge; non-pharmacological guidelines at hospital discharge; outpatient referral; hospitalization in ICU, intra-hospital death; reason for in-hospital death; emergency visit and rehospitalization within 30 days after hospitalization.</p>
        <p>The sample was separated into two groups: patients who had heart failure and hospitalized for a reason other than acute decompensated HF (NDHF) and patients who had acute decompensated acute HF (ADHF) as the reason for hospitalization. The latter group consisted of patients who presented as the main diagnosis, defined by the attending physician, one of the International Codes of Disease (ICD) presented in Appendix 1. According to Steinberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> we stratified the patients into three subgroups of LVEF: preserved LEVF (&gt; 50%), borderline LVEF (40-49%) or reduced LVEF (&lt;40%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IIQ 25% -75%) according to normality of data analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages. Univariate analyzes were performed by unpaired Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test, Poisson's test and chi-square test. For the multivariate analyzes, the Poisson regression with estimation of robust variances was performed by the stepwise methodology, calculating the incidence ratios and the 95% confidence intervals. From the data collected from the patients, univariate analyzes of continuous and categorical variables were performed within each of the two pre-defined groups (ADHF and NDHF). The variables that had a value of p &lt; 0.20 in the univariate analysis were selected for the multivariate analysis in order to identify the predictors of in-hospital mortality. A p value of 5% was considered statistically significant. Due to the potential multicollinearity effect, two models of statistical analysis were used, one with a Charlson index and urea (model 1), but without the items that make up the Charlson index (comorbidities and age) and the other without the Charlson index and urea (model 2). The accuracy of both methods was similar. The data collected in the computerized system customized for the research were exported to a Microsoft Excel version 18 spreadsheet (<italic>Microsoft Inc</italic>., Redmond, USA) and the statistical analyzes were conducted by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Basic version 19.0 (SPPS Inc., Chicago, USA).</p>
        <p>The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution of the corresponding author. There were no sources of study funding.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>All patients admitted to the hospital from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010, and had congestive heart failure as one of the diseases fulfilled in the Charlson index (compulsory filling in the patient's hospitalization), totalizing 2056 patients and 2666 hospitalizations were included. The characteristics of the patients in the sample are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. In the population studied, the distribution between the sexes was homogeneous, the median age of the patients was 71 years, and the majority of the patients came from Greater Porto Alegre (59.3%) and was admitted under the care of the Cardiology (37.8%) and Internal Medicine (29%) teams. The median length of hospital stay was 15 days (IIQ 25-75%: 10-23) and the Charlson index was 5 (IIQ 25-75%: 4-7). Only 590 patients (28.7%) were hospitalized for acute decompensated HF. We observed throughout our sample that 43.1% of the patients had reduced LVEF, 18.9% had borderline LVEF and 38% had preserved LVEF. When we analyzed, however, the two subgroups of patients, we found that the patients who hospitalized for ADHF had a higher prevalence of reduced LVEF compared to patients hospitalized for other reasons (58% X 36.3% respectively), similar prevalences of LVEF (17.4% X 19.6% respectively) and lower percentage of preserved LVEF (24.6% X 44.1% respectively).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of ADHF and NDHF patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All (n = 2056)</th>
                <th align="center">ADHF (n = 590)</th>
                <th align="center">NDHF (n = 1466)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (61 - 79)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (60 - 79)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (61 - 80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">1041 (51%)</td>
                <td align="center">301 (51%)</td>
                <td align="center">740 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">White Race</td>
                <td align="center">1736 (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">490 (83%)</td>
                <td align="center">1246 (85%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Length of stay (days)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10 - 23)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (9 - 20)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (10 - 24)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (36 - 59)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (31 - 49)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (40 - 64)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Charlson index</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4 - 7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4 - 7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4 - 7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICU hospitalization</td>
                <td align="center">362 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">274 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">361 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">296 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous AMI</td>
                <td align="center">503 (24,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">389 (26,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">646 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">475 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kidney disease<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">287 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">206 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral vascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">307 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">247 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
                <td align="center">49 (2 %)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (3 %)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">472 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">366 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dementia</td>
                <td align="center">174 (8,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Liver disease</td>
                <td align="center">86 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urea (mg / dL) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">56 (42 - 78)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (42 - 79)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (42 - 78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 (0,94 - 1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (0,98 - 1,56)</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 (0,92 - 1,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">138 (136 - 140)</td>
                <td align="center">139 (136 - 141)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (136 - 140)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Potassium (mEq/L)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 (4,0 - 4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (4,0 - 4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 (4,1 - 4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data expressed in absolute number and percentage, except if indicated. Continuous values expressed as median and interquartile range; Student's t test, Mann&#8209;Whitney test or chi-square test were used for statistical analysis as indicated. ADHF: acutely decompensated heart failure; NDHF: patients with non-decompensated heart failure admitted for non-HF conditions; LV: left ventricle; ICU: intensive care unit; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Defined by creatinine &gt; 3.0 mg/dL;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Laboratory values within the first 24 hours of admission.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Causes of death</title>
        <p>During admission, 361 (17.6%) patients died, with a 19% mortality rate in the ADHF group and 17% mortality in the NDHF group. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the causes of death stratified by the two groups of analysis. It was found that approximately 60% of the cases of mortality were attributed to non-cardiovascular causes in the studied population, being higher in the group of patients with NDHF (63.6% versus 47.4%, p = 0.004). Of non-cardiovascular deaths, the most common cause in both groups was infection related, accounting for one-third of total deaths in the ADHF group and approximately half of all deaths in the NDHF group. On the other hand, death due to cardiovascular causes was more prevalent in the ADHF group (42.1% versus 28.7%, p = 0.016). Interestingly, in both groups, deaths attributed to heart failure occurred in only 21.6% of deaths in the study population, being more frequent in those patients with ADHF.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Causes of intra-hospital deaths in the groups of patients with ADHF and NDHF</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Todos (n = 361)</th>
                <th align="center">ADHF (n = 114)</th>
                <th align="center">NDHF (n = 247)</th>
                <th align="center">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CV death</td>
                <td align="center">119 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (42,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (28,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
                <td align="center">78 (21,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (34,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (15,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acute coronary syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">17 (4,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">9 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other CV causes</td>
                <td align="center">15 (4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-cardiac death</td>
                <td align="center">211 (58,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (47,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (63,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infection</td>
                <td align="center">159 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (49,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respiratory Cause</td>
                <td align="center">18 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other non-CV causes</td>
                <td align="center">28 (7,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (8,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Undefined or ill-defined cause of death</td>
                <td align="center">31 (8,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. ADHF: acutely decompensated heart failure; NDHF: patients with non-decompensated heart failure admitted for non-HF conditions.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Univariate and multivariate analysis in the NDHF group</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> describes clinical characteristics that were associated with in-hospital mortality in the group of patients with NDHF. On univariate analysis, the following variables were identified as predictors of risk: age, length of stay, Charlson index, serum potassium and urea levels, and presence of clinical comorbidities. Admission in a Cardiology team had a small protective effect. In the multivariate analysis, independent risk predictors were: age, length of stay, presence of renal disease and dementia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). When included in the analysis (model 1), the Charlson index was also an important predictor of risk of in-hospital mortality, with moderate-severe renal disease being the comorbidity with the greatest magnitude.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate analysis of mortality predictors in the NDHF group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Predictors</th>
                <th align="center">RR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">1,028 (1,019 - 1,038)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lenght of stay</td>
                <td align="center">1,007 (1,004 - 1,010)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Charlson index</td>
                <td align="center">1,185 (1,147 - 1,223)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">1,006 (0,974 - 1,040)</td>
                <td align="center">0,709</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Potassium</td>
                <td align="center">1,209 (1,049 - 1,393)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urea</td>
                <td align="center">1,004 (1,002 - 1,005)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE ejection fraction</td>
                <td align="center">0,993 (0,985 - 1,003)</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiology team</td>
                <td align="center">0,909 (0,868 - 0,952)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction VE &#8804; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">1,157 (0,904 - 1,480)</td>
                <td align="center">0,248</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Solid neoplasia</td>
                <td align="center">1,835 (1,148 - 2,932)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dementia</td>
                <td align="center">2,412 (1,860 - 3,128)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">1,820 (1,437 - 2,304)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kidney disease</td>
                <td align="center">2,610 (2,076 - 3,282)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral and aortic vascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">1,218 (0,920 - 1,614)</td>
                <td align="center">0,169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Liver disease</td>
                <td align="center">1,482 (0,926 - 2,371)</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Poisson test was used for statistical analysis. NDHF: patients with non-decompensated heart failure admitted for non-HF conditions; RR: relative risk; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; LV: left ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis of mortality predictors in the NDHF group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Predictors</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> (Including CCI)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> (Excluding CCI)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">RR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">RR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,003 (1,002 - 1,005)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lenght of stay</td>
                <td align="center">1,002 (1,000 - 1,003)</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
                <td align="center">1,002 (1,000 - 1,003)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Charlson index</td>
                <td align="center">1,030 (1,019 - 1,041)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiology team</td>
                <td align="center">0,994 (0,949 - 1,040)</td>
                <td align="center">0,780</td>
                <td align="center">0,999 (0,959 - 1,043)</td>
                <td align="center">0,988</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urea</td>
                <td align="center">1,000 (1,000 - 1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Potassium</td>
                <td align="center">1,011 (0,980 - 1,043)</td>
                <td align="center">0,482</td>
                <td align="center">1,012 (0,981 - 1,045)</td>
                <td align="center">0,445</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,111 (0,923 - 1,338)</td>
                <td align="center">0,267</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,056 (0,995 - 1,121)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral and aortic vascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,060 (0,984 - 1,141)</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kidney disease</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,206 (1,115 - 1,304)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dementia</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,176 (1,078 - 1,283)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection Fraction VE &#8804;40%</td>
                <td align="center">1,028 (0,984 - 1,075)</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
                <td align="center">1,032 (0,989 - 1,077)</td>
                <td align="center">0,151</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>CCI: Charlson's comorbidity index; RR: relative risk; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; NA: not applicable; LV: left ventricle;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Result after withdrawal of solid neoplasm, cerebrovascular disease, renal disease, peripheral and aortic vascular disease, dementia, liver disease, neo hematological disease, pulmonary disease, acute myocardial infarction and age by potential multicollinearity effect with CCI;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Outcome after CCI withdrawal and urea due to potential multicollinearity effect with the above comorbidities.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Univariate and multivariate analysis in the ADHF group</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> describes clinical characteristics that were associated with in-hospital mortality in the group of ADHF patients. Mortality predictors were: age; length of stay; Charlson index; serum levels of sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine; And the presence of clinical comorbidities that make up the Charlson index. Admission in a cardiology team had a small protective effect. In the multivariate analysis, independent predictors of risk were: age, changes in urea and potassium levels, presence of renal disease, dementia, AMI and neoplasia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>). When included in the analysis (model 1), the Charlson index was also a predictor of in-hospital mortality risk, with moderate-severe renal disease being the most relevant comorbidity, since the number of patients with neoplasia was very small (n = 6).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate analysis of the predictors of mortality in the ADHF group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Predictors</th>
                <th align="center">RR (CI 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">1,025 (1,01 - 1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lenght of stay</td>
                <td align="center">1,006 (1,001 - 1,011)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Charlson index</td>
                <td align="center">1,280 (1,215 - 1,348)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Potassium</td>
                <td align="center">1,470 (1,235 - 1,751)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urea</td>
                <td align="center">1,010 (1,007 - 1,012)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">1,168 (1,047 - 1,302)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium</td>
                <td align="center">0,955 (0,867 - 0,999)</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction VE &#8804; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">0,999 (0,712 - 1,402)</td>
                <td align="center">0,996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiology team</td>
                <td align="center">0,931 (0,872-0,994)</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Neoplasia </td>
                <td align="center">4,488 (3,021 - 6,668)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dementia</td>
                <td align="center">2,693 (1,847 - 3,925)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">2,400 (1,685 - 3,418)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kidney disease</td>
                <td align="center">3,687 (2,732 - 4,976)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral and aortic vascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">2,369 (1,648 - 3,404)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Liver disease</td>
                <td align="center">1,667 (0,943 - 2.946)</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMI</td>
                <td align="center">1,786 (1,264 - 2,522)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">1,550 (1,075 - 2,234)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Poisson test was used for statistical analysis. ADHF: acute compensated cardiac insufficiency; RR: relative risk; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; LV: left ventricle; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis of the predictors of mortality in the group of patients hospitalized for acute HF (ADHF)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Predictors</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> (Including CCI)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> (Excluding CCI)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">RR (CI 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">RR (CI 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,002 (1,000 -1,004)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lenght of stay</td>
                <td align="center">0,996 (0,99 - 1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,999 (0,99 - 1,003)</td>
                <td align="center">0,821</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Charlson index</td>
                <td align="center">1,034 (1,02 - 1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urea</td>
                <td align="center">1,001 (1,000 -1,002)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium</td>
                <td align="center">0,998 (0,992 - 1,005)</td>
                <td align="center">0,595</td>
                <td align="center">0,996 (0,990 -1,002)</td>
                <td align="center">0,238</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Potassium</td>
                <td align="center">1,042 (1,006 -1,079)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">1,036 (1,003 - 1,070)</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiology team</td>
                <td align="center">0,966 (0,912 - 1,023)</td>
                <td align="center">0,243</td>
                <td align="center">0,969 (0,92 - 1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,266</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kidney disease</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,22 (1,12 - 1,33)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dementia</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,152 (1,03 - 1,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Neoplasia </td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,373 (1,01 - 1,87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,051 (0,96 - 1,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,291</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral and aortic vascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,074 (0,97 - 1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMI</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,081 (1,01 - 1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,022 (0,95 - 1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,552</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>CCI: Charlson's comorbidity index; RR: relative risk; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; NA: not applicable; AMI: acute myocardial infarction;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Outcome after withdrawal of solid neoplasm, cerebrovascular disease, renal disease, peripheral and aortic vascular disease, dementia, liver disease, neo-hematological disease, lung disease, AMI, creatinine and age by potential effect Multicollinearity with CCI</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Outcome after withdrawal of CCI, urea and creatinine due to the potential effect of multicollinearity with the comorbidities and exams above.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Heart failure has been the subject of extensive research regarding the mortality and quality of in-hospital care. Most evidence evaluates patients with HF who hospitalizes for acute decompensation, identified by the primary diagnosis of discharge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, the literature demonstrates that most patients with HF is admitted due to other causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> While quality measures of HF care are reported only in patients hospitalized for HF, some measures appear to be beneficial for all HF patients, regardless of the cause of hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In this study, we identified that in-hospital mortality was extremely high in both the groups; (1) age, (2) renal function and potassium levels (3) length of stay, and (4) burden of comorbidities were independent predictors of risk of death within the hospital.</p>
      <p>When comparing NDHF patients with ADHF patients, we found that the firsts had more comorbidities, with higher Charlson index and LVEF values, similar to those found in the scientific literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> We found a prolonged lenght of stay when compared to hospitals in the USA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and in Brazil itself,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> with the NDHF group having the highest median (16 days versus 13 days), which has already been described in other articles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> We found an association between longer lenght of stay and greater mortality in the NDHF group, a result that has also been reproduced in other scenarios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> One of the possible explanations for the above data is that the need for hospitalization due to causes not related to HF delimits patients with greater burden and severity of diseases, generating greater complexity of care. Another important issue is that exacerbation of comorbidities such as COPD and chronic renal failure may directly contribute to worsening severity of HF and compromising subsequent treatments and outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding mortality, the hospital death rate of the entire sample was 17.6%, considering the last hospitalization of the patients in the study period. This value is much higher than that found in other countries, and even in other Brazilian hospitals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Although there were 19% deaths in the ADHF group and 17% in the NDHF group, this difference was not statistically significant. Blecker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> showed that there was a similar mortality rate at 1 year follow-up for ADHF and NDHF (25.6% versus 26.2%, respectively, p = 0.76). We believe that the differences found between our cohort and the international scenario may have been influenced by the organization of the Brazilian health system, by the patients' clinical characteristics and by cultural aspects related to end of life care. Thus, it would be hasty to attribute this result exclusively to the idiosyncrasies of the health system and variations in the management of the disease.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the causes of death in the hospital environment showed that approximately 60% of the cases of mortality were attributed to non-cardiovascular causes, with a higher percentage in the group of patients with NDHF. Deaths attributed to HF occurred in only 21.6% of the sample, being more frequent in patients with ADHF. It is noteworthy that, even in the ADHF group, almost half of the patients died from non-cardiac causes - 33% from infectious causes - a similar number of HF-related death. Few studies have reported the causes of in-hospital deaths in patients with HF. In a study with 18 institutions in Thailand with ADHF patients (Thai ADHERE),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> there was 5.5% of in-hospital deaths (29% from infection, 27% from HF and 13% from acute coronary syndrome). Finally, a CHARM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> sub-study evaluated the mortality rate according to the primary diagnosis of hospitalization and found that stroke, HF and AMI were the most relevant causes of death in patients hospitalized for cardiovascular conditions. Among the group admitted for non-cardiovascular disease, the leading causes of death were cancer, lung disease and kidney disease. We did not find research that investigated the causes of hospital deaths in the NDHF group.</p>
      <p>Regarding the predictors of in-hospital mortality, moderate-severe renal disease (creatinine&gt; 3.0 mg/dL) was the main predictor of mortality in both groups and elevated serum urea in the first 24 hours of hospitalization only in the ADHF group, as demonstrated in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In a North American study (ADHERE) with almost 120 thousand patients, there was a high prevalence of renal failure in patients with ADHF, with a great impact on hospital mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Elevated potassium at hospital admission was also an independent predictor in the ADHF group and was used in a composite score (APACHE-HF) that was able to adequately predict adverse events in ADHF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In a cohort of 122,630 patients from <italic>Medicare</italic>, the comorbidities most related to deaths in patients with HF were COPD, chronic renal failure, and acute renal failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Dementia was also a relevant independent predictor of mortality in both groups of our sample, a fact also described in a cohort of 282 elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In our patients, age, as well as previous research,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> also proved to be a marker of risk. The actual magnitude of the presence of neoplasia in the prediction of risk of in-hospital death should be better studied in other cohorts, because their sample had low statistical power (n = 6 in the ADHF group).</p>
      <p>Although not originally developed and tested to describe a <italic>mix</italic> of clinical patients, the Charlson index has been widely used to describe and adjust inpatient populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> In our study, with each increment of one point in the score, there was an increased risk of death in 3% in both groups. It should be noted that, although our patients are older than most of the individuals surveyed, this does not justify the higher burden of disease in our sample compared to the scientific literature. Similarly, in a cohort study in Canada of approximately 38,000 patients hospitalized for acute HF for the first time, the Charlson index was a good 30-day and 1-year mortality predictor, with values of 9.3% And 26% with a Charlson index of zero and 18.8% and 50.6% with a score &#8805; 3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> We also observed, as in this Canadian study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> that previous MI was also a predictor of risk of death in patients with ADHF.</p>
      <p>Although we have patients with characteristics different from those observed in the international literature, we found that most of the predictors of in-hospital mortality in our sample, which represents the Brazilian public real hospital world, are very similar to those previously published in other studies. In addition, although we assessed distinct populations, the predictors of in-hospital mortality found in both groups were very similar.</p>
      <p>Hospitalization due to decompensated HF is an important variable related to mortality, although it accounts for less than a third of the total causes of hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> The few studies comparing HF populations have shown that patients with NDHF do not receive the care that modify the prognosis of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A study in which 4345 hospitalizations of patients with HF (39.6% ADHF) were evaluated, found that patients with NDHF had a 10% lower rate of prescription of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and of angiotensin receptor blockers at hospital discharge in subjects with reduced LVEF and a 7% lower rate of LVEF assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In our sample, we identified that a substantial portion of hospital morbidity and mortality was related to patients hospitalized for secondary causes, presenting causes and predictors of death of relevance similar to those with ADHF. To date, in most hospital settings, there is a priority focus on HF management, which may divert attention to the treatment of other diseases that significantly affect subsequent outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> It is suggested that the evidenced based treatment for HF may improve the survival of patients with HF, regardless of the cause of hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> In this context, inadvertently neglecting other comorbidities in HF patients may represent a loss of opportunity to reduce admissions, improve the care of HF and reduce overall costs with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The findings of this research should be evaluated through some limitations of our study design. First, we analyzed only the latest hospital admission of each patient, which is likely to have overestimated in-hospital mortality. However, since the main objective of the study was to identify causes and predictors of mortality, this methodology allowed to have all the deaths of the sample. Second, data from a Brazilian tertiary hospital are not representative of the entire country, and there may be a limitation in its generalization. Finally, it should be emphasized that, the analyses are based on registry data. Study results might be influenced by differences in disease assessment. On the other hand, all these data require compulsory electronic filling by the attending physician both at admission and at hospital discharge.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Patients hospitalized with HF represent a high-risk group with high in-hospital mortality, regardless of the primary reason for hospitalization in a Brazilian tertiary hospital. Few deaths were attributed to HF and, in both groups, deaths from non-cardiovascular causes, mainly attributed to infections, prevailed. We identified that a substantial portion of hospital morbidity and mortality in HF patients was associated with hospitalizations due to secondary causes, and patients hospitalized for other reasons had similar predictors of death as those with ADHF. We observed that age, change in urea and potassium values, length of stay and comorbid burden were predictors of in-hospital mortality. These observations should call attention to opportunities to improve quality of care and reduce the costs associated with HF care, regardless of the cause of hospital admission, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive management of both the HF and the associated comorbidities in patients with this pathology.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the Program Postgraduate em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares de Andr&#233; Wajner from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>Annex 1</label>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Annex 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>International Codes of Disease (ICD) to identify cases of heart failure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="80%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Code</th>
                <th align="left">Description</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I11.0</td>
                <td align="left">Hypertensive heart disease with congestive heart failure</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I13.0</td>
                <td align="left">Hypertensive cardiac and renal disease with congestive heart failure</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I13.2</td>
                <td align="left">Cardiac and renal hypertensive disease with congestive heart failure and renal insufficiency</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I42.0</td>
                <td align="left">Dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I42.6</td>
                <td align="left">Alcoholic cardiomyopathy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I42.8</td>
                <td align="left">Other cardiomyopathies</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I42.9</td>
                <td align="left">Cardiomyopathy, unspecified</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I50.0</td>
                <td align="left">Congestive heart failure</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I.50.9</td>
                <td align="left">Unspecified heart failure</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">J.81</td>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary edema, unspecified and other</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </app>
    </app-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Causas e Preditores de Mortalidade Intra-Hospitalar em Pacientes que Internam com ou por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Hospital Terci&#225;rio no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajner</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zuchinali</surname>
            <given-names>Priccila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olsen</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;rgilio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da FAMED/UFRGS, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Wajner</bold>. Rua Prof Freitas Cabral, 305/502. CEP 90690-130, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>awajner@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Wajner A, Polanczyk CA, Rohde LE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Wajner A, Zuchinali P, Olsen V, Polanczyk CA, Rohde LE; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Wajner A, Olsen V, Polanczyk CA, Rohde LE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Apesar da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) apresentar elevada morbimortalidade, s&#227;o escassos os estudos na Am&#233;rica Latina sobre causas e preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Desconhece-se, tamb&#233;m, a evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC compensada hospitalizados por outros motivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar causas e preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes que internam por IC aguda descompensada (ICAD), comparativamente aqueles que possuem IC e internam por outras condi&#231;&#245;es (ICND).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Coorte hist&#243;rica de pacientes internados em um hospital p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio no Brasil com diagn&#243;stico de IC identificados pelo escore de comorbidade de Charlson (ECCharlson).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 2056 pacientes que internaram entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2010 (51% homens; idade mediana de 71 anos; tempo de perman&#234;ncia de 15 dias). Ocorreram 17,6% de &#243;bitos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, dos quais 58,4% por causa n&#227;o cardiovascular (63,6% ICND <italic>versus</italic> 47,4% ICAD, p = 0,004). As causas infecciosas foram respons&#225;veis pela maior parte dos &#243;bitos e apenas 21.6% das mortes foram atribu&#237;das &#224; IC. Os preditores independentes de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram semelhantes entre os grupos e inclu&#237;ram: idade, tempo de perman&#234;ncia, pot&#225;ssio elevado, comorbidades cl&#237;nicas e ECCharlson. A insufici&#234;ncia renal foi o preditor de maior relev&#226;ncia em ambos grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Pacientes internados com IC apresentam elevada mortalidade intra-hospitalar, independentemente do motivo prim&#225;rio de interna&#231;&#227;o. Poucos &#243;bitos s&#227;o diretamente atribu&#237;dos &#224; IC; Idade, altera&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o renal e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pot&#225;ssio, tempo de perman&#234;ncia, comorbidades e ECCharlson foram preditores independentes de morte intra-hospitalar em hospital terci&#225;rio brasileiro. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento da Popula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitais P&#250;blicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar do decl&#237;nio de in&#250;meras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, observa-se estabilidade ou aumento da preval&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) no mundo e no Brasil, o que provavelmente decorre do envelhecimento populacional associado a um aumento de sobrevida em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Apesar do grande progresso no seu tratamento, a IC permanece como uma das principais causas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, estando associada a elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade e de custos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Mesmo com a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia, estima-se uma mortalidade de 40% em 4 anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> com redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida e do progn&#243;stico quando comparada, por exemplo, com diversas neoplasias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos observacionais em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses t&#234;m demonstrado que, ap&#243;s uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC, ocorrem mudan&#231;as significativas na hist&#243;ria natural da s&#237;ndrome, implicando elevado risco de readmiss&#227;o e morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Esses dados j&#225; foram parcialmente reproduzidos em estudos no Brasil e s&#227;o observados nas estat&#237;sticas do sistema p&#250;blico brasileiro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A recente publica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados iniciais do Registro BREATHE, que incluiu 52 centros do Brasil, demonstra claramente o grande impacto da s&#237;ndrome, com mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 12,6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da import&#226;ncia do Registro BREATHE para o Brasil, a maioria das coortes existentes sobre IC aguda descompensada foram realizadas nos Estados Unidos ou na Europa, incluindo pacientes com um perfil cl&#237;nico, etiol&#243;gico, social e econ&#244;mico diferente do dos pacientes brasileiros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Al&#233;m disso, um aspecto pouco explorado no cen&#225;rio de pacientes hospitalizados refere-se &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e extra-hospitalar de pacientes internados por IC descompensada comparada ao progn&#243;stico de pacientes internados por outras causas, mas que apresentam diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de IC. &#201; plaus&#237;vel especular que a presen&#231;a de IC, mesmo esta n&#227;o sendo a causa prim&#225;ria da interna&#231;&#227;o, implique progn&#243;stico reservado. Nesse contexto, ainda permanece de grande valia reconhecer preditores progn&#243;sticos, visando identificar pacientes que necessitam monitoramento e tratamento mais intensivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; identificar os preditores e causas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes internados por IC aguda descompensada em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que possuem IC e internam por outras condi&#231;&#245;es em hospital terci&#225;rio p&#250;blico brasileiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Local, delineamento e pacientes</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi realizado em um hospital p&#250;blico de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com aproximadamente 850 leitos. Trata-se de estudo de coorte prospectivo, no qual foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes adultos (&#8805; 18 anos) que internaram em qualquer enfermaria ou unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI) deste hospital e que tenham sido identificados como portadores de IC assinalada pelo m&#233;dico assistente no escore de comorbidade de Charlson, ou simplesmente escore de Charlson, via prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico. Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise pacientes pedi&#225;tricos (idade &lt; 18 anos), com perman&#234;ncia apenas no setor de emerg&#234;ncia (sem internar na enfermaria ou na UTI), com evas&#227;o hospitalar ou nota de alta informatizada indispon&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>No referido hospital, o escore de Charlson &#233; preenchido pelo m&#233;dico assistente no prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico de forma compuls&#243;ria no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o e na alta hospitalar. A falta de preenchimento impede a continuidade de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos ou a alta hospitalar. Embora tenha sido desenvolvido para predizer risco em pacientes admitidos para procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos eletivos, o escore de Charlson tem sido descrito como excelente ferramenta de uso hospitalar para predi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Trata-se de um escore composto de v&#225;rias comorbidades que &#233; amplamente utilizado para classificar a gravidade dos pacientes, sendo poss&#237;vel comparar-se a carga de doen&#231;as de pacientes de diferentes servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos e hospitalares. As comorbidades que comp&#245;em o escore de Charlson s&#227;o: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e da aorta, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, dem&#234;ncia, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo, doen&#231;a ulcerosa, hepatopatia, diabetes, doen&#231;a renal moderada a grave (creatinina &gt; 3,0 mg/dL), hemiplegia, linfoma/mieloma, leucemia/policitemia vera, tumor, AIDS e c&#226;ncer metast&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Log&#237;stica e coleta de dados</p>
        <p>Para fins de an&#225;lise, pacientes que apresentaram m&#250;ltiplas interna&#231;&#245;es tiveram considerada apenas sua &#250;ltima hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, para que fossem englobados todos os &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares da amostra, evitando que pacientes mais graves e com m&#250;ltiplas reinterna&#231;&#245;es tivessem suas caracter&#237;sticas analisadas m&#250;ltiplas vezes e buscando preservar a independ&#234;ncia dos dados. A coleta de dados foi realizada por m&#233;dicos residentes de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica previamente treinados atrav&#233;s da revis&#227;o padronizada de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos, sendo criado um protocolo de coleta informatizado e totalmente integrado ao prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico do hospital. Houve a verifica&#231;&#227;o de 10% da amostra por outros dois pesquisadores do estudo, m&#233;dicos preceptores do Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna, para aferi&#231;&#227;o da confiabilidade dos dados coletados. Os pacientes foram selecionados atrav&#233;s de um sistema informatizado que permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de todos aqueles que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. As causas de morte intra-hospitalar foram estratificadas em morte cardiovascular (por IC, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou outras mortes cardiovasculares) e morte n&#227;o cardiovascular (por infec&#231;&#227;o, neoplasia, origem respirat&#243;ria ou outra morte n&#227;o cardiovascular). Quando os coletadores n&#227;o conseguiam identificar a causa de mortalidade, o caso era avaliado por dois pesquisadores experientes. Caso esses n&#227;o conseguissem identificar a causa do &#243;bito, esta era definida como "morte por causa indefinida".</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na coleta de dados as seguintes vari&#225;veis e instrumentos: idade; sexo; ra&#231;a; proced&#234;ncia (Porto Alegre, Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de Porto Alegre e interior); equipe em que o paciente esteve internado (Cardiologia, Medicina Interna e Outras); tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar; causa da interna&#231;&#227;o; escore de Charlson; valores laboratoriais (ureia, s&#243;dio, creatinina e pot&#225;ssio) nas primeiras 24 horas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o; dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de at&#233; 1 ano antes da interna&#231;&#227;o: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE); hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; presen&#231;a de hipocinesia difusa ou altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares de contratilidade e les&#245;es valvares; prescri&#231;&#227;o de drogas cardiovasculares na alta hospitalar; orienta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas na alta hospitalar; encaminhamento ambulatorial; interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI, &#243;bito intra-hospitalar; motivo do &#243;bito intra-hospitalar; visita &#224; emerg&#234;ncia e reinterna&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A amostra foi separada em dois grupos: pacientes que tinham IC e que internaram por outro motivo que n&#227;o fosse IC aguda descompensada (ICND) e pacientes que tiveram como motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o a IC aguda descompensada (ICAD). Este &#250;ltimo grupo era composto por pacientes que apresentaram como diagn&#243;stico principal, definido pelo m&#233;dico assistente, um dos C&#243;digos de Doen&#231;a Internacional (CID) apresentados no anexo 1. De acordo com Steinberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> estratificamos os pacientes em tr&#234;s subgrupos de FEVE: FEVE preservada (&#8805; 50%), FEVE lim&#237;trofe (40-49%) ou FEVE reduzida (&lt; 40%).</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise dos dados</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ 25%-75%) conforme normalidade dos dados analisadas atrav&#233;s do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncia e percentuais. An&#225;lises univariadas foram realizadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado, teste de Mann-Whitney, teste de Poisson e teste de qui-quadrado. Para as an&#225;lises multivariadas foi realizada a Regress&#227;o de Poisson com estimativa de vari&#226;ncias robustas pela metodologia <italic>stepwise</italic>, calculando-se as raz&#245;es de incid&#234;ncia e os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. A partir dos dados coletados dos pacientes foram realizadas an&#225;lises univariadas de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas dentro de cada um dos dois grupos pr&#233;-definidos (ICAD e ICND). As vari&#225;veis que na an&#225;lise univariada apresentaram um valor de p &lt; 0,20 foram selecionadas para a an&#225;lise multivariada, a fim de identificar os preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Um valor de p bicaudal de 5% foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Devido ao potencial efeito de multicolinearidade, foram utilizados dois modelos de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, um com escore de Charlson e ureia (modelo 1), mas sem os itens que comp&#245;em o escore de Charlson (comorbidades e idade) e o outro sem o escore de Charlson e ureia (modelo 2). A acur&#225;cia dos dois m&#233;todos foi semelhante. Os dados coletados no sistema informatizado customizado para a pesquisa foram exportados para uma planilha de Microsoft Excel vers&#227;o 18 (<italic>Microsoft Inc</italic>., Redmond, EUA) e as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas pelo <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Basic</italic> vers&#227;o 19.0 (SPPS Inc., Chicago, USA).</p>
        <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado no Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o do autor correspondente. N&#227;o houve fontes de financiamento do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes que internaram no HNSC no per&#237;odo de 1&#186; de janeiro de 2009 a 31 de dezembro de 2010 e tiveram IC congestiva como uma das doen&#231;as preenchidas no escore de Charlson (de preenchimento compuls&#243;rio na interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente), somando um total de 2056 pacientes e 2666 interna&#231;&#245;es. As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes da amostra est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 1</xref>. Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos foi homog&#234;nea, a idade mediana dos pacientes foi de 71 anos, e a maioria dos pacientes era procedente da Grande Porto Alegre (59,3%) e internou principalmente nas equipes de Cardiologia (37,8%) e de Medicina Interna (29%). A mediana do tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital foi de 15 dias (IIQ 25-75%: 10 - 23) e do escore de Charlson foi de 5 (IIQ 25-75%: 4 - 7). Apenas 590 pacientes (28,7%) internaram por IC aguda descompensada. Observamos em toda nossa amostra que 43,1% dos pacientes tinham FEVE reduzida, 18,9% FEVE lim&#237;trofe e 38% FEVE preservada. Quando analisamos, no entanto, os dois subgrupos de pacientes, constatamos que os pacientes que internaram por ICAD tinham maior preval&#234;ncia de FEVE reduzida em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que internavam por outros motivos ( 58% X 36,3% respectivamente), preval&#234;ncias similares de FEVE lim&#237;trofe (17,4% X 19,6% respectivamente) e menor porcentagem de FEVE preservada (24,6% X 44,1% respetivamente).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes com ICAD e com ICND</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos (n = 2056)</th>
                  <th align="center">ICAD (n = 590)</th>
                  <th align="center">ICND (n = 1466)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (61 - 79)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (60 - 79)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (61 - 80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1041 (51%)</td>
                  <td align="center">301 (51%)</td>
                  <td align="center">740 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ra&#231;a branca</td>
                  <td align="center">1736 (84%)</td>
                  <td align="center">490 (83%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1246 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de perman&#234;ncia (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10 - 23)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (9 - 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (10 - 24)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (36 - 59)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (31 - 49)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (40 - 64)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de Charlson</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4 - 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4 - 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4 - 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI</td>
                  <td align="center">362 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">274 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">361 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">296 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">503 (24,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">389 (26,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">646 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">475 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">287 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">206 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">307 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">247 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (2 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (3 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">472 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">366 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dem&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (8,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (42 - 78)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (42 - 79)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (42 - 78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 (0,94 - 1,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,98 - 1,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 (0,92 - 1,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (136 - 140)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (136 - 141)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (136 - 140)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 (4,0 - 4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (4,0 - 4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 (4,1 - 4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>Dados expressos em n&#250;mero absoluto e percentual, exceto se indicado. Valores cont&#237;nuos expressos como mediana e intervalo interquartil; Foram utilizados para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica teste t de Student, teste de Mann-Whitney ou teste de qui-quadrado conforme indica&#231;&#227;o. ICAD: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada; ICND: interna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por outros motivos; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; UTI: unidade de tratamento intensivo; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdico; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Definida por creatinina &gt; 3,0 mg/dL;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Valores laboratoriais nas primeiras 24 horas da admiss&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Causas de morte</title>
          <p>Durante a admiss&#227;o &#237;ndice, 361 (17,6%) pacientes foram a &#243;bito, sendo 19% de mortalidade no grupo de pacientes que internou por ICAD e 17% de mortalidade no grupo de pacientes com ICND. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabela 2</xref> ilustra as causas de &#243;bitos estratificada pelos dois grupos de an&#225;lise. Constatou-se que aproximadamente 60% dos casos de mortalidade foi atribu&#237;do a causas n&#227;o cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, sendo maior no grupo de pacientes com ICND (63,6% <italic>versus</italic> 47,4%, p = 0,004). Das mortes de origem n&#227;o cardiovascular, a causa mais comum em ambos os grupos foi relacionada a infec&#231;&#227;o, perfazendo um ter&#231;o das mortes totais no grupo ICAD e aproximadamente metade de todos os &#243;bitos no grupo ICND. Por outro lado, a morte por causa cardiovascular foi mais prevalente no grupo ICAD (42,1% <italic>versus</italic> 28,7%, p =0,016). De forma interessante, em ambos os grupos, mortes atribu&#237;das &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ocorreram em apenas 21,6% dos &#243;bitos na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, sendo mais frequente naqueles pacientes com ICAD.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Causas de &#243;bitos intra-hospitalar nos grupos de pacientes com ICAD e com ICND</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos (n = 361)</th>
                  <th align="center">ICAD (n = 114)</th>
                  <th align="center">ICND (n = 247)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;bito por causa cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (42,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (28,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (21,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (34,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (15,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (4,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;bito por causa n&#227;o card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (58,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (47,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (63,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (49,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Causa respirat&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outras causas </td>
                  <td align="center">28 (7,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (8,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte por causa indefinida</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (10,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (7,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TF16">
                <p>Foi utilizado para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica o teste de qui-quadrado. ICAD: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada; ICND: interna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por outros motivos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada no grupo ICND</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabela 3</xref> descreve caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que se associaram a mortalidade intra-hospitalar no grupo de pacientes com ICND. Foram preditores de mortalidade: idade, tempo de perman&#234;ncia, escore de Charlson, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pot&#225;ssio e ureia, e presen&#231;a de comorbidades cl&#237;nicas. Interna&#231;&#227;o em equipe de Cardiologia teve pequeno efeito protetor. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, foram preditores independentes de risco: idade, tempo de perman&#234;ncia, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a renal e dem&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 4</xref>). Quando inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise (modelo 1), o escore de Charlson foi tamb&#233;m importante preditor de risco de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, sendo a doen&#231;a renal moderada-grave a comorbidade de maior magnitude.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada dos preditores de mortalidade no grupo ICND</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Preditores</th>
                  <th align="center">RR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,028 (1,019 - 1,038)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de perman&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,007 (1,004 - 1,010)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de Charlson</td>
                  <td align="center">1,185 (1,147 - 1,223)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,006 (0,974 - 1,040)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,709</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,209 (1,049 - 1,393)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ureia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,004 (1,002 - 1,005)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,993 (0,985 - 1,003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o em equipe de Cardiologia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,909 (0,868 - 0,952)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE &#8804; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,157 (0,904 - 1,480)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,248</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Neoplasia s&#243;lida</td>
                  <td align="center">1,835 (1,148 - 2,932)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dem&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">2,412 (1,860 - 3,128)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">1,820 (1,437 - 2,304)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal</td>
                  <td align="center">2,610 (2,076 - 3,282)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e da aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">1,218 (0,920 - 1,614)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,169</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,482 (0,926 - 2,371)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,101</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <p>Foi utilizado para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica teste de Poisson. ICND: interna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por outros motivos; RR: risco relativo; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada dos preditores de mortalidade no grupo ICND</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Preditores</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> (incluindo ECCharlson)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#8224;</xref> (excluindo ECCharlson)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">RR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">RR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,003 (1,002 - 1,005)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de perman&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,002 (1,000 - 1,003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                  <td align="center">1,002 (1,000 - 1,003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de Charlson</td>
                  <td align="center">1,030 (1,019 - 1,041)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o em equipe de Cardiologia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,994 (0,949 - 1,040)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,780</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999 (0,959 - 1,043)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,988</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ureia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000 (1,000 - 1,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,113</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,011 (0,980 - 1,043)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                  <td align="center">1,012 (0,981 - 1,045)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,445</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,111 (0,923 - 1,338)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,267</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,056 (0,995 - 1,121)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,071</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e da aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,060 (0,984 - 1,141)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,206 (1,115 - 1,304)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dem&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,176 (1,078 - 1,283)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o VE &#8804; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,028 (0,984 - 1,075)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,219</td>
                  <td align="center">1,032 (0,989 - 1,077)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,151</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>ECCharlson: escore de comorbidade de Charlson; RR: risco relativo; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; NA: n&#227;o se aplica; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Resultado ap&#243;s a retirada de neoplasia s&#243;lida, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, doen&#231;a renal, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e da aorta, dem&#234;ncia, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;a neo&#8209;hematol&#243;gica, doen&#231;a pulmonar, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e idade por potencial efeito de multicolinearidade com ECCharlson;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Resultado ap&#243;s a retirada do ECCharlson e ureia devido ao potencial efeito de multicolinearidade com as comorbidades acima.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada no grupo ICAD</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">tabela 5</xref> descreve caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que se associaram com mortalidade intra-hospitalar no grupo de pacientes com ICAD. Foram preditores de mortalidade: idade; tempo de perman&#234;ncia; escore de Charlson; n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, ureia e creatinina; e presen&#231;a de comorbidades cl&#237;nicas que comp&#245;e o escore de Charlson. Interna&#231;&#227;o em equipe de Cardiologia teve pequeno efeito protetor. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, foram preditores independentes de risco: idade, altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de ureia e pot&#225;ssio, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a renal, dem&#234;ncia, IAM e neoplasia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 6</xref>). Quando inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise (modelo 1), o escore de Charlson foi tamb&#233;m preditor de risco de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, sendo a doen&#231;a renal moderada-grave a comorbidade de maior relev&#226;ncia, uma vez que o n&#250;mero de pacientes com neoplasia foi muito pequeno (n = 6).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada dos preditores de mortalidade no grupo ICAD</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Preditores</th>
                  <th align="center">RR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,025 (1,01 - 1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de perman&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,006 (1,001 - 1,011)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de Charlson</td>
                  <td align="center">1,280 (1,215 - 1,348)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,470 (1,235 - 1,751)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ureia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,010 (1,007 - 1,012)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,168 (1,047 - 1,302)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,955 (0,867 - 0,999)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE &#8804; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999 (0,712 - 1,402)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o em equipe de Cardiologia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,931 (0,872-0,994)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Neoplasia </td>
                  <td align="center">4,488 (3,021 - 6,668)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dem&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">2,693 (1,847 - 3,925)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">2,400 (1,685 - 3,418)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal </td>
                  <td align="center">3,687 (2,732 - 4,976)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e da aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">2,369 (1,648 - 3,404)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,667 (0,943 - 2.946)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">1,786 (1,264 - 2,522)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,550 (1,075 - 2,234)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p>Foi utilizado para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica teste de Poisson. ICAD: insufici&#234;ncia aguda card&#237;aca compensada; RR: risco relativo; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada dos preditores de mortalidade no grupo de pacientes internados por IC aguda</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Preditores</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref> (incluindo ECCharlson)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref> (excluindo ECCharlson)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">RR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">RR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,002 (1,000 -1,004)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de perman&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996 (0,99 - 1,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999 (0,99 - 1,003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,821</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de Charlson</td>
                  <td align="center">1,034 (1,02 - 1,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ureia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,001 (1,000 -1,002)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998 (0,992 - 1,005)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,595</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996 (0,990 -1,002)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,238</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,042 (1,006 -1,079)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                  <td align="center">1,036 (1,003 - 1,070)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o em equipe de Cardiologia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,966 (0,912 - 1,023)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,243</td>
                  <td align="center">0,969 (0,92 - 1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,266</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22 (1,12 - 1,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dem&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,152 (1,03 - 1,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Neoplasia </td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,373 (1,01 - 1,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,051 (0,96 - 1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,291</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e da aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,074 (0,97 - 1,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,081 (1,01 - 1,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,022 (0,95 - 1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,552</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <p>ECCharlson: escore de comorbidade de Charlson; RR: risco relativo; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; NA: n&#227;o se aplica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Resultado ap&#243;s a retirada de neoplasia s&#243;lida, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, doen&#231;a renal, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e da aorta, dem&#234;ncia, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;a neo-hematol&#243;gica, doen&#231;a pulmonar, IAM, creatinina e idade por potencial efeito de multicolinearidade com ECCharlson;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Resultado ap&#243;s a retirada do ECCharlson, ureia e creatinina devido ao potencial efeito de multicolinearidade com as comorbidades e exames acima.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tem sido alvo de extensas pesquisas com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade e qualidade do atendimento intra-hospitalar. A maior parte das evid&#234;ncias avalia os pacientes portadores de IC que internam por descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda, identificados pelo diagn&#243;stico principal de alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No entanto, a literatura demonstra que a maioria dos pacientes com IC interna por outras causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Enquanto medidas de qualidade do cuidado com IC s&#227;o reportadas apenas nos pacientes internados por IC, alguma medidas parecem ser ben&#233;ficas para todos os pacientes com IC, independentemente da causa de interna&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Neste estudo identificamos que a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi extremamente elevada em ambos os grupos; sendo um percentual pequeno dessas mortes diretamente atribu&#237;do a IC, e que (1) idade, (2) fun&#231;&#227;o renal e pot&#225;ssio (3), tempo de perman&#234;ncia e (4) carga de comorbidades foram preditores independentes de risco de morte dentro do hospital.</p>
        <p>Ao comparar-se os pacientes com ICND com os pacientes que internam por ICAD, observamos que os primeiros apresentam mais comorbidades, com mediana do Charlson e FEVE maiores, achados semelhantes aos da literatura cient&#237;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Verificamos um tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o bastante prolongado quando comparado com hospitais dos EUA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e do pr&#243;prio Brasil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> sendo o grupo ICND o que apresenta maior mediana (16 dias <italic>versus</italic> 13 dias), o que j&#225; foi descrito em outros artigos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Dentre os resultados encontrados, merece destaque a associa&#231;&#227;o entre maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e maior mortalidade no grupo ICND, resultado tamb&#233;m j&#225; reproduzido em outros cen&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Uma das poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para os dados acima &#233; que a necessidade de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causas n&#227;o relacionadas &#224; IC delimita pacientes com maior carga e gravidade de doen&#231;as, gerando maior complexidade do cuidado. Outra quest&#227;o importante &#233; que a exacerba&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades tais como DPOC e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica pode contribuir diretamente para piorar a gravidade da IC e comprometer tratamentos e desfechos subsequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, a taxa de &#243;bito hospitalar de toda a amostra foi de 17,6%, considerando-se a &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes no per&#237;odo estudado. Esse valor &#233; muito superior aos encontrados em outros pa&#237;ses em per&#237;odos mais prolongados e inclusive em outros hospitais brasileiros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Apesar de ter havido 19% mortes no grupo ICAD e 17% no grupo ICND, essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa. Blecker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> demonstram que houve taxa de mortalidade semelhante em 1 ano de seguimento para ICAD e ICND (25,6% <italic>versus</italic> 26,2%, respectivamente; p = 0,76). Acreditamos que as diferen&#231;as encontradas entre a nossa coorte e o cen&#225;rio internacional possam ter sido influenciadas pela organiza&#231;&#227;o do sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro, por caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes e por aspectos culturais relacionados ao cuidado no final da vida. Assim, seria precipitado atribuir esse resultado exclusivamente &#224;s idiossincrasias do sistema de sa&#250;de e a varia&#231;&#245;es no manejo da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das causas de &#243;bito no ambiente hospitalar demonstrou que cerca de 60% dos casos de mortalidade foram atribu&#237;dos a causas n&#227;o cardiovasculares, com maior porcentagem no grupo de pacientes com ICND. Mortes atribu&#237;das &#224; IC ocorreram em apenas 21,6% da amostra, sendo mais frequentes nos pacientes com ICAD. Ressalta-se que, mesmo no grupo com ICAD, quase metade dos pacientes morreram por causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas, sendo 33% por causas infecciosas, n&#250;mero muito semelhante ao dos &#243;bitos causados pela IC. Poucos estudos relataram as causas de &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares em pacientes com IC. Em estudo com 18 institui&#231;&#245;es na Tail&#226;ndia com pacientes que internaram por ICAD (Thai ADHERE),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> houve 5,5% de &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares (29% por infec&#231;&#227;o, 27% por IC e 13% por s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda). Por fim, um sub-estudo do programa CHARM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> avaliou a taxa de mortalidade de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de interna&#231;&#227;o e observou que AVC, IC e IAM foram as causas mais relevantes de &#243;bito em pacientes que internaram por condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Entre o grupo que n&#227;o internou por doen&#231;a cardiovascular, a taxa de morte foi maior por c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;a pulmonar e doen&#231;a renal. N&#227;o encontramos pesquisas que estudassem as causas de &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares no grupo ICND.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, a doen&#231;a renal moderada-grave (creatinina &gt; 3,0 mg/dL) foi o principal preditor de mortalidade nos dois grupos e a eleva&#231;&#227;o de ureia s&#233;rica nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o apenas no grupo ICAD, como demonstrado em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em pesquisa norte-americana (ADHERE) com quase 120 mil pacientes, observou-se elevada preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal em pacientes com ICAD, com grande impacto desta na mortalidade intra-hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Eleva&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar tamb&#233;m foi um preditor independente no grupo ICAD, sendo utilizado em um escore composto (APACHE-HF) que conseguiu predizer de forma adequada eventos adversos em interna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Em coorte com 122.630 pacientes provenientes do <italic>Medicare</italic>, as comorbidades mais relacionadas com &#243;bitos em pacientes com IC foram DPOC, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A dem&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi relevante preditor independente de mortalidade nos dois grupos da nossa amostra, fato tamb&#233;m descrito em uma coorte de 282 idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Em nossos pacientes, a idade, assim como em pesquisas pr&#233;vias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstrou ser um marcador de risco. A real magnitude da presen&#231;a de neoplasia na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de morte intra-hospitalar deve ser melhor estudada em outras coortes, uma vez que, no nosso estudo, sua amostra apresentou poder estat&#237;stico muito baixo (n = 6 no grupo ICAD).</p>
        <p>Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido originalmente desenvolvido e testado para descrever um <italic>mix</italic> de pacientes cl&#237;nicos, o escore de Charlson tem sido amplamente empregado para descrever e ajustar popula&#231;&#245;es de paciente internados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> No nosso estudo, a cada incremento de um ponto no escore, houve aumento do risco de morte em 3% nos dois grupos. Cabe ressaltar que, apesar dos nossos pacientes serem mais idosos que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos pesquisados, esta condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o justifica a maior carga de doen&#231;a da nossa amostra em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura cient&#237;fica. Da mesma forma, em uma coorte realizada no Canad&#225; com cerca de 38 mil pacientes internados pela primeira vez por IC aguda, o escore de Charlson demonstrou ser um bom preditor de mortalidade em 30 dias e em 1 ano, com valores respectivamente de 9,3% e 26,% com escore de Charlson de zero e 18,8% e 50,6% com escore &#8805; 3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Observamos tamb&#233;m, assim como neste estudo canadense,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> que IAM pr&#233;vio tamb&#233;m foi preditor de risco de morte nos pacientes com ICAD.</p>
        <p>Apesar de termos pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas diferentes das observadas na literatura internacional, constatamos que a maioria dos preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar encontrados na nossa amostra, que representa o mundo real hospitalar p&#250;blico brasileiro, &#233; muito semelhante aos dos estudos previamente publicados. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de termos avaliado popula&#231;&#245;es distintas, os preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar encontrados nos dois grupos foram muito semelhantes.</p>
        <p>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC &#233; uma importante vari&#225;vel relacionada &#224; mortalidade, embora represente menos de um ter&#231;o das causas totais de interna&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Os poucos estudos que compararam popula&#231;&#245;es com IC demonstraram que pacientes portadores de ICND n&#227;o recebem os cuidados que sabidamente alteram o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Um estudo no qual foram avaliadas 4345 interna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com IC (39,6% ICAD), constatou que pacientes com ICND tinham taxa 10% menor de prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e de bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina na alta hospitalar em indiv&#237;duos com FEVE reduzida e taxa 7% menor de avalia&#231;&#227;o da FEVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em nossa amostra, identificamos que uma por&#231;&#227;o substancial da morbimortalidade hospitalar foi relacionada a pacientes internados por causas secund&#225;rias, apresentando causas e preditores de &#243;bito de relev&#226;ncia similar aos pacientes com ICAD. At&#233; o presente momento h&#225;, na maioria dos centros hospitalares, um foco priorit&#225;rio em manejar a IC, o que pode desviar a aten&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento das outras doen&#231;as que afetam de forma importante os desfechos subsequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Sugere-se que a realiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento comprovadamente efetivo para IC possa melhorar a sobrevida destes pacientes, independentemente da causa da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Nesse contexto, negligenciar inadvertidamente outras comorbidades em pacientes com IC pode representar uma perda de oportunidade para reduzir as admiss&#245;es hospitalares, melhorar o cuidado da IC e diminuir os custos globais com essa patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os achados desta pesquisa devem ser avaliados mediante algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do desenho do nosso estudo. Primeiramente, n&#243;s analisamos a &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar do paciente em um seguimento de 2 anos, o que pode ter gerado uma superestimativa da mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Entretanto, como o objetivo principal do estudo foi identificar causas e preditores de mortalidade, essa metodologia propiciou ter todos os &#243;bitos da amostra. Segundo, os dados de um hospital terci&#225;rio brasileiro n&#227;o s&#227;o representativos de todo o pa&#237;s, podendo haver limita&#231;&#227;o na sua generaliza&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, cabe ressaltar que, como analisamos dados secund&#225;rios de prontu&#225;rio de forma retrospectiva, talvez haja falha de registro m&#233;dico com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; causa principal de interna&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, todos esses dados necessitam preenchimento eletr&#244;nico compuls&#243;rio pelo m&#233;dico assistente tanto na admiss&#227;o como na alta hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes internados com IC representam um grupo de alto risco, com elevada mortalidade intra-hospitalar, independentemente do motivo prim&#225;rio de interna&#231;&#227;o em hospital terci&#225;rio brasileiro. Poucas foram as mortes atribu&#237;das &#224; IC e, nos dois grupos, prevaleceram as mortes por causas n&#227;o cardiovasculares, principalmente atribu&#237;das a infec&#231;&#245;es. Identificamos que uma por&#231;&#227;o substancial da morbimortalidade hospitalar dos pacientes com IC foi associada a interna&#231;&#245;es por causas secund&#225;rias, sendo que pacientes internados por outros motivos apresentaram preditores de &#243;bito de relev&#226;ncia similar &#224; dos pacientes com ICAD. Observamos que idade, altera&#231;&#227;o nos valores de ureia e de pot&#225;ssio, tempo de perman&#234;ncia e carga de comorbidades foram preditores de risco de mortalidade hospitalar. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es devem chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o para oportunidades de melhoria da qualidade assistencial e diminui&#231;&#227;o de custos associados ao cuidado com IC, independentemente da causa da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, enfatizando-se a necessidade de um manejo mais abrangente tanto da IC propriamente dita quanto das comorbidades associadas a ela nos pacientes com essa patologia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares de Andr&#233; Wajner pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>Anexo 1</label>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Anexo 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>C&#243;digos de Doen&#231;a Internacional (CID) para identificar casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="80%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">C&#243;digo</th>
                  <th align="left">Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I11.0</td>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca hipertensiva com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (congestiva)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I13.0</td>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e renal hipertensiva com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (congestiva)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I13.2</td>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e renal hipertensiva com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (congestiva) e insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I42.0</td>
                  <td align="left">Cardiomiopatia dilatada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I42.6</td>
                  <td align="left">Cardiomiopatia alco&#243;lica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I42.8</td>
                  <td align="left">Outras cardiomiopatias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I42.9</td>
                  <td align="left">Cardiomiopatia n&#227;o especificada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I50.0</td>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I.50.9</td>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o especificada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">J.81</td>
                  <td align="left">Edema pulmonar, n&#227;o especificado de outra forma</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
