<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sZgh3Y6Rc7R69CjfC7pRzRn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170130</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005017104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Twenty-four hour Blood Pressure in Obese Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gismondi</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudia M. N. Correa.</bold> Avenida 28 de Setembro, 77 Sala 329. Postal Code 20551-030, Vila Isabel, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>correa.cmn@gmail.com</email>, <email>claudiacorrea@iff.fiocruz.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Neves MF, Oigman W; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Correa CMN; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correa CMN, Gismondi RA, Cunha AR, Neves MF, Oigman W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>313</fpage>
      <lpage>320</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Obesity, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are closely related. Up to 70% of patients with OSA may be asymptomatic, and there is evidence that these patients have cardiovascular disease, especially nocturnal SAH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate 24-hour blood pressure circadian variation in asymptomatic, obese individuals with moderate-to-severe OSA and compare it with that in individuals with mild OSA or without OSA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Eighty-six obese subjects aged between 30 and 55 years (BMI 30-39 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), with casual blood pressure &lt; 140/90 mmHg and without comorbidities were recruited. Eighty-one patients underwent clinical and anthropometric assessment, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and Watch-PAT. Participants were divided into two groups, based on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI): group 1, with AHI &lt; 15 events/hour, and group 2 with AHI &#8805; 15 events/hour.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Compared with group 1, group 2 had higher neck circumference and waist-hip circumference (40.5 &#177; 3.2 cm vs. 38.0 &#177; 3.7 cm, p = 0.002, and 0.94 &#177; 0.05 vs. 0.89 &#177; 0.05, p = 0.001, respectively), higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured by the 24-h ABPM (122 &#177; 6 vs 118 &#177; 8 mmHg, p = 0.014, and 78 &#177; 6 vs 73 &#177; 7 mmHg, p = 0.008, respectively), and higher nocturnal diastolic pressure load (44,6 &#177; 25,9% vs 31,3 &#177; 27,3%, p = 0,041). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between nocturnal diastolic blood pressure and AHI (r = 0.43, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Asymptomatic obese subjects with moderate-to-severe OSA have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 24 hours compared with those with absent / mild OSA, despite normal casual blood pressure between the groups. These results indicate that ABPM may be useful in the evaluation of asymptomatic obese patients with moderate-to-severe OSA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea, Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep respiratory disorder<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway that causes pauses in respiration and intermittent hypoxia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> During these nocturnal episodes of obstruction, there is an increase in sympathetic tonus and in the release of vasoactive substances, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A recent systematic review estimated that the prevalence of OSA is higher among men, and ranges from 9 and 38% in the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In the study by Tufik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> performed in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, OSA was observed in 32,8% of the participants. However, according to the classic study Sleep Health Study, many OSA patients are asymptomatic, as 70% of patients with mild apnea and 9% of those with severe apnea were asymptomatic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>OSA is mostly related to obesity and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Obese patients have higher prevalence of OSA and SAH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and the association of obesity with SAH may cause target-organ injury and cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Studies have demonstrated that OSA patients have less nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping and nocturnal hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Most of these reports have included hypertensive patients with previous diagnosis of OSA. A previous study suggested a higher prevalence of masked hypertension (MH) in patients with OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, little is known about the 24-hour BP behavior in obese individuals with OSA and normal casual BP. The aim of this study was to assess 24-hour BP circadian variation in obese, asymptomatic subjects with moderate-to-severe OSA compared with subjects with mild OSA or without OSA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>In the period from January to December 2014, individuals attending the internal medicine outpatient clinic of Piquet Carneiro Polyclinic of Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ) were invited to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria were age between 30 and 55 years, body mass index (BMI) between 30 and 39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, normal casual BP (BP &lt; 140/90 mmHg), and absence of comorbidities, and regular follow-up. Exclusion criteria were history of arterial hypertension or treatment for this condition, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary disease, Parkinson disease, previous therapy with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and previous diagnosis of OSA.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the local ethics committee (<italic>Plataforma Brasil/CAAE</italic>: 03489612.1.0000.52590), and informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This was a cross sectional, observational study. At the first visit, patients underwent clinical, anthropometrical, and laboratory assessments, and diagnostic test for OSA. At the second visit, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed, with a maximum interval of one-week between the visits.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric measures</title>
        <p>Body weight was measured with participants standing at the center of the platform, wearing light clothes and barefoot, using a Filizola&#174; digital scale with maximum capacity of 180 kg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Height was measured using the vertical rod attached to the same scale, with patients standing straight and heels together. Body mass index (BMI) was then calculated, by dividing body weight (kg) by height (m<sup>2</sup>). Circumferences were measured using an inextensible, graduated measuring tape.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Neck circumference (NC) was at the level of cricoid cartilage; waist circumference (WC) was measured at the midpoint between the lower rib and the iliac crest at the end of expiratory phase of respiration. Hip circumference was measured at the femoral trochanters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> All measures were taken in cm and at the nearest 0.5 cm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure</title>
        <p>Casual BP was measured using an electronic device (HEM-705CP, Omron Healthcare Inc., Lake Forest, IL, USA) and a cuff with adequate size, according to patient&#8217;s arm circumference, following the Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Before the measurement, participants remained seated for 30 minutes and refrained from coffee and smoking. Three measurements were taken with a one-minute interval between them, and the mean of these three measurements was defined as casual BP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood tests</title>
        <p>Venous blood samples were collected after an overnight fasting (12 hours) for determination of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels. HDL-cholesterol levels were calculated by the Friedewald formula.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea</title>
        <p>The diagnosis of OSA was determined by a home, portable monitoring device, the Watch-PAT, which indirectly detects apnea-hypopnea events by identifying sympathetic activities related to these events. After the test, results are automatically read and analyzed by a computer program.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Watch-PAT provides an algorithm able to differentiate between sleep and awake state every 30 seconds, and to calculate the respiratory disturbance index (RDI) using the total sleep time rather than the total recording time at rest. The actigraphy algorithm provides an accurate measure of sleep and wake states in normal subjects and patients with OSA. This simple method for evaluation of sleep total time is a useful tool to accurately quantify OSA in the home environment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recognizes the Watch-PAT device as a useful alternative for the diagnosis of OSA, since it allows a manual or automatic edition of the scores obtained. Besides, there are not many technical failures with the use of the Watch-PAT at home.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The analysis algorithm uses four functions to detect different parameters including the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), RDI, oxygen desaturation index (ODI), the minimum, mean and maximum oxygen saturation and sleep stages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Patients were divided into two groups based on the AHI: group 1 with an AHI &lt; 15 events/hour and group 2 with an AHI &#8805; 15 events/hour, aiming to separate patients with moderate/severe OSA (group 2) from those without OSA (AHI &lt; 5 events/hour) or mild OSA (AHI = 5-14 events/hour).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</title>
        <p>Twenty-four-hour ABPM was performed using the Spacelabs 90207 monitor (Spacelabs Inc., Redmond, WA, USA). The cuff, with a size appropriate for the patient&#8217;s arm circumference, was placed on the non-dominant upper-arm. This monitor is validated by the British Hypertension Society and by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The readings were taken every 20 minutes during the day and every 30 minutes at night. During the monitoring period, subjects recorded the awake and sleep periods to calculate mean BP during these periods. Patients were instructed to avoid sleeping for more than one hour during the day. The ABPM was considered adequate if 70% of the measures were successfully obtained. The percentage of nocturnal BP decrease for systolic and diastolic pressures was calculated as the mean of diurnal BP minus the mean nocturnal BP, multiplied by 100 and divided by the mean diurnal BP. BP load was considered abnormal when more than 30% of the valid BP readings in the ABPM were above the normal limits. MH was defined as a casual BP lower than 140/90 mmHg and 24-hour BP higher than 130/80 mmHg in the ABPM, and/or awake BP greater than 135/85 mmHg and or sleep BP greater than 120/70 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and the results expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Continuous variable showed a normal distribution according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The unpaired Student's t test was used to compare the mean between the groups. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) and expressed as percentage of frequency distribution. Correlations were assessed by the Pearson correlation test. Sample size was estimated based on previous studies on 24-hour systolic BP in similar populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Assuming a level of significance of 5% and a standard deviation of 8 mmHg, 23 patients in each group would have a power of 80% to detect a difference of 5 mmHg in 24-hour systolic BP between the groups.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 86 participants were selected. However, 3 patients had arterial hypertension during the first visit, and 2 subjects refused to perform the ABPM. Therefore, full examination was performed in 81 patients. Mean age was 42 &#177; 6 years, and mean BMI was 33.8 &#177; 3.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Group 1 was composed of 55 individuals (68%), and group 2 was composed of 26 (32%) individuals.</p>
      <p>Despite similar mean age in both groups, male sex was predominant in group 2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Also, although group 1 and 2 had similar BMI and WC, greater NC and greater waist-hip circumference (WHC) were observed in group 2 as compared with group 1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). There were significant, positive correlations of AHI with NC (r = 0.42, p &lt; 0.001) and WHC (r = 0.35, p = 0.001), and of NC with 24-hour systolic BP (r = 0.25, p = 0.023) and 24-hour diastolic BP (r = 0.22, p = 0.048) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anthropometric, laboratory and Watch PAT data</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Group 1 (n = 55) AHI &lt; 15 events/h</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2 (n = 26) IAH &#8805; 15 events/h</th>
              <th align="center">p Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (46.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">41 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">44 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">0.170</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">33.8 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">33.9 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.850</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-hip ratio (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neck circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">38.0 &#177; 3.7</td>
              <td align="center">40.5 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">104.3 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">108.5 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.030</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">87.5 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">91.8 &#177; 30.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.375</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cholesterol Total (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">202.7 &#177; 41.3</td>
              <td align="center">203.6 &#177; 39.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.926</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">128.3 &#177; 35.5</td>
              <td align="center">127.5 &#177; 34.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.918</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">50.4 &#177; 14.4</td>
              <td align="center">48.1 &#177; 9.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.453</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">119.7 &#177; 71.9</td>
              <td align="center">140.4 &#177; 83.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.257</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AHI (events/h)</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">24.4 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RDI (events/h)</td>
              <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ODI (events/h)</td>
              <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">14.5 &#177; 6.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean O<sub>2 &#8209;</sub> saturation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">95.8 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">94.3 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">REM sleep (%)</td>
              <td align="center">24.0 &#177; 7.4</td>
              <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.249</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data shown as mean &#177; standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; RDI: respiratory disturbance index; ODI: oxygen desaturation index; REM: rapid eye movement. Continuous variables were analyzed by the unpaired Student t-test, and categorical variables by the chi squared test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Positive correlations of apnea-hypopnea index with neck circumference (A) and waist-hip ratio (B), and of neck circumference with 24-hour systolic blood pressure (C) and 24-hour diastolic blood pressure (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0313-70130-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Systolic and diastolic casual BPs were similar between the groups. Nevertheless, group 2 had higher diurnal and nocturnal BP levels in the ABPM, and higher nocturnal diastolic BP load (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Also in group 2, nocturnal diastolic BP was positively correlated with AHI (r = 0.43, p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), and the frequency of MH was slightly higher (50% vs. 33%, p= 0.103) than in group 1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Casual blood pressure and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Group 1 (n = 55) AHI &lt; 15 events/h</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2 (n = 26) AHI &#8805; 15 events/h</th>
              <th align="center">p Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Casual SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">121.4 &#177; 8.1</td>
              <td align="center">123.6 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.321</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Casual DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">77.6 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">79.1 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.393</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24h-SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">117.6 &#177; 8.5</td>
              <td align="center">122.3 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24h-DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">73.1 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">77.7 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Awake SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">120.5 &#177; 8.5</td>
              <td align="center">125.7 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Awake DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">76.1 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">81.3 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sleep SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">110.6 &#177; 9.9</td>
              <td align="center">115.3 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.036<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sleep DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">65.9 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">70.4 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dipping SBP, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (76)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.297</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diurnal SBP load (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 16.7</td>
              <td align="center">16.8 &#177; 18.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.305</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diurnal DBP load (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21.6 &#177; 24.6</td>
              <td align="center">32.2 &#177; 24.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.074</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nocturnal SBP load (%)</td>
              <td align="center">22.8 &#177; 26.7</td>
              <td align="center">29.1 &#177; 26.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.322</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nocturnal DBP load (%)</td>
              <td align="center">31.3 &#177; 27.3</td>
              <td align="center">44.6 &#177; 25.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.041<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nocturnal hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (30.9)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (61.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Masked hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (33)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.103</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Data shown as mean &#177; standard deviation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. Continuous variables were analyzed by the unpaired Student's t-test, and categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Positive correlation between apnea-hypopnea index and nocturnal diastolic blood pressure in the group of obese individuals with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0313-70130-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The findings of the present study showed that asymptomatic, obese subjects with moderate/severe OSA had higher 24-hour BP than subjects without OSA and/or with mild OSA. In addition, nocturnal diastolic BP was correlated with AHI. The main mechanisms of increased BP in patients with OSA are increased sympathetic activity, renin-angiotensin system dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, hypoxemia, and disruption of normal sleep. These changes lead to increased peripheral vascular resistance and a predominantly diastolic hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In obese individuals, the prevalence of OSA is higher than in non-obese subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In the present study, the percentage of patients with moderate/severe OSA was similar to those reported in previous reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In the Wisconsin study, approximately 9% of men and 4% of women aged between 30 and 60 years had AHI &#8805; 15 events/hour.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In a similar study, approximately 13% of men and 9% of women had moderate/severe OSA (AHI &#8805; 15 events/hour).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In this study, we also observed a higher number of men than women in the group of moderate/severe OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The relationship between BMI and OSA is controversial. Although such correlation was not found in two previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> in the Sleep Heart Health Study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> which evaluated 6,120 individuals in a hospital population, BMI was an independent risk factor for OSA, with an odds ratio of 1.55-1.60. In the present study, we did not find an association between BMI and OSA, which may be explained by the small sample size and narrower range of BMI for the inclusion criteria (BMI &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was excluded). Besides, increased visceral adiposity may be more important in OSA physiopathology than overall obesity.</p>
      <p>The anthropometric parameters NC and WHR could be used to identify individuals at high risk for OSA. In a study with 192 patients suspected of OSA, WHR was associated with moderate-to-severe OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Similar results were found in a study comparing individuals with different degree of snoring, indicating a significant difference in WHR between the groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With respect to NC, a study on 129 individuals suspected of OSA reported that this anthropometric parameter was an independent risk factor for OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In the present study, both NC and WHR were significantly higher in patients with moderate/severe OSA, despite similar BMI and WC between the groups. This finding corroborates previous studies, suggesting that both NC and WHR could be routinely assessed in obese outpatients, to identify those patients at higher risk for OSA.</p>
      <p>The current study also found that subjects with moderate-to-severe OSA had higher systolic and diastolic BP in the ABPM. According to cross-sectional studies on OSA, hypertension is more prevalent in OSA patients, even after controlling for confounding factors, such as age and obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Besides, analysis of BP circadian rhythm by the ABPM may reveal other prognostic information, such as increased prevalence of MH and increased nocturnal BP. The identification of patients with MH is important in daily clinical practice, since previous studies suggested that these patients have more target-organ injuries, including microalbuminuria and left ventricular hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Furthermore, a meta-analysis of seven studies and 11,502 patients reported that MH patients have twice the risk of cardiovascular death than normal BP subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> The prevalence of MH in the general population varies from 16 to 24%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> However, in OSA patients, these values may be even higher: two previous studies reported a prevalence of nearly 30% of MH in OSA patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In accordance with these studies, the present study showed a slightly higher percentage of MH in the moderate/severe OSA group.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have suggested a relationship between OSA and nocturnal hypertension. The authors suggest that increased adrenergic activity, hypoxemia, and sleep disruption could explain the increased nocturnal hypertension in patients with OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Increased nocturnal BP may be associated with increased inflammatory markers, which may explain the increased risk for cardiovascular complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Two studies showed a relationship between OSA and nocturnal diastolic hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> In the first study, 84% of patients with mild to moderate OSA were considered &#8220;non-dippers&#8221; (without nocturnal dipping).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In the second study, the authors observed nocturnal arterial hypertension and absence of nocturnal BP dipping in OSA patients, in addition to a significant correlation between nocturnal arterial hypertension, absence of nocturnal dipping and AHI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> In our study, higher values of BP in the ABPM, and increased nocturnal diastolic pressure load were found in patients with moderate/severe OSA. Also, there was a correlation between nocturnal diastolic BP and AHI. However, no significant difference in nocturnal dipping was found between the groups.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations. First, OSA was diagnosed by a portable monitor rather than polissonography, which is the gold-standard diagnostic method. Nevertheless, studies on validation of the Watch-PAT equipment showed similar results between measures taken by this system and those obtained by polissonography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Second, the higher prevalence of men in the group with higher AHI may have influenced the anthropometric results. Third, the cross sectional design of the study does not allow us to conclude a causal relationship between OSA and arterial hypertension. However, the use of ABPM permitted the measurements of nocturnal BP, and the identification of MH and nocturnal arterial hypertension. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Asymptomatic obese individuals with moderate/severe OSA have higher 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP in comparison with those with absent/mild OSA, despite normal casual BP. These results indicate that the ABPM may be useful in the assessment of asymptomatic obese patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Claudia M. Correa , from Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Peppard PE, Nieto FJ, Hla KM. Burden of sleep apnea: rationale, design, and major findings of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort study. WMJ. 2009;108(5):246-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palta</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dempsey</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peppard</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieto</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hla</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Burden of sleep apnea: rationale, design, and major findings of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort study</article-title>
          <source>WMJ</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>246</fpage>
          <lpage>249</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, et al. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(8):686-717. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.002</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Somers</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culebras</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>686</fpage>
          <lpage>717</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi MC, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi-Filho G. Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(5):613-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200503-340OC.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drager</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzi</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzi-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>172</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>613</fpage>
          <lpage>618</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1164/rccm.200503-340OC</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Senaratna CV, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Campbell BE, Matheson MC, et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2016 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Senaratna</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perret</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lodge</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lowe</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matheson</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Med Rev</source>
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Tufik S, Santos-Silva R, Taddei JA, Bittencourt LR. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the Sao Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study. Sleep Med. 2010;11(5):441-6. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.10.005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tufik</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taddei</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the Sao Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>446</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.sleep.2009.10.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Young T, Shahar E, Nieto FJ, Redline S, Newman AB, Gottlieb DJ, et al; Sleep Heart Health Study Research Group. Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:893-900.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shahar</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieto</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redline</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newman</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Sleep Heart Health Study Research Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults: the Sleep Heart Health Study</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>162</volume>
          <fpage>893</fpage>
          <lpage>900</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Young T, Peppard PE, Taheri S. Excess weight and sleep-disordered breathing. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;99(4):1592-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peppard</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taheri</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Excess weight and sleep-disordered breathing</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1592</fpage>
          <lpage>1599</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Baguet JP, Levy P, Barone-Rochette G, Tamisier R, Pierre H, Peeters M, et al. Masked hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Hypertens. 2008;26(5):885-92. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f55049.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baguet</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barone-Rochette</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamisier</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pierre</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peeters</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Masked hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>885</fpage>
          <lpage>892</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f55049</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Drager LF, Diegues-Silva L, Diniz PM, Bortolotto LA, Pedrosa RP, Couto RB, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, masked hypertension, and arterial stiffness in men. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23:249-54. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2009.246.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drager</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diegues-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diniz</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Couto</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea, masked hypertension, and arterial stiffness in men</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <fpage>249</fpage>
          <lpage>254</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ajh.2009.246</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Young T, Peppard P, Palta M, Hla KM, Finn L, Morgan B, et al. Population-based study of sleep-disordered breathing as a risk factor for hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(15):1746-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peppard</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palta</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hla</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finn</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Population-based study of sleep-disordered breathing as a risk factor for hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>157</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1746</fpage>
          <lpage>1752</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Loredo JS, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. Sleep quality and blood pressure dipping in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14(9 Pt 1):887-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loredo</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ancoli-Israel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimsdale</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sleep quality and blood pressure dipping in obstructive sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>887</fpage>
          <lpage>892</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 World Health Organization. (WHO). Report of a WHO consultation on obesity: defining the problem of overweight and obesity. Geneve; 1997.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization. (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Report of a WHO consultation on obesity: defining the problem of overweight and obesity</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneve</publisher-loc>
          <year>1997</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 White DP. Monitoring peripheral arterial tone (PAT) to diagnose sleep apnea in the home. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(1):73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Monitoring peripheral arterial tone (PAT) to diagnose sleep apnea in the home</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Sleep Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 World Health Organization. (WHO). Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry: report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneve; 1995. (WHO technical report series 1995;854:1-452).</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization. (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry: report of a WHO Expert Committee</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <comment>WHO technical report series 1995;854:1-452</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o; Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. [VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(1 Suppl):1-51. Erratum in: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):553.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o</collab>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):553</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Yalamanchali S, Farajian V, Hamilton C, Pott TR, Samuelson CG, Friedman M. Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea by peripheral arterial tonometry: meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;139(12):1343-50. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.5338.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yalamanchali</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farajian</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pott</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samuelson</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea by peripheral arterial tonometry: meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>139</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1343</fpage>
          <lpage>1350</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamaoto.2013.5338</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Hedner J, Pillar G, Pittman SD, Zou D, Grote L, White DP. A novel adaptive wrist actigraphy algorithm for sleep-wake assessment in sleep apnea patients. Sleep. 2004;27(8):1560-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hedner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pillar</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pittman</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grote</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A novel adaptive wrist actigraphy algorithm for sleep-wake assessment in sleep apnea patients</article-title>
          <source>Sleep</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1560</fpage>
          <lpage>1566</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Garg N, Rolle AJ, Lee TA, Prasad B. Home-based diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in an urban population. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(8):879-85. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.3960.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rolle</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prasad</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Home-based diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in an urban population</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Sleep Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>879</fpage>
          <lpage>885</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5664/jcsm.3960</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Parati G, Stergiou G, O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Bilo G, et al; European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens. 2014;32(7):1359-66. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000221.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parati</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stergiou</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1359</fpage>
          <lpage>1366</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJH.0000000000000221</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Narkiewicz K, van de Borne PJ, Cooley RL, Dyken ME, Somers VK. Sympathetic activity in obese subjects with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation. 1998;98(8):772-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Narkiewicz</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van de Borne</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooley</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dyken</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Somers</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sympathetic activity in obese subjects with and without obstructive sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>772</fpage>
          <lpage>776</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Lopez PP, Stefan B, Schulman CI, Byers PM. Prevalence of sleep apnea in morbidly obese patients who presented for weight loss surgery evaluation: more evidence for routine screening for obstructive sleep apnea before weight loss surgery. Am Surg. 2008;74(9):834-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schulman</surname>
              <given-names>CI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byers</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of sleep apnea in morbidly obese patients who presented for weight loss surgery evaluation: more evidence for routine screening for obstructive sleep apnea before weight loss surgery</article-title>
          <source>Am Surg</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>834</fpage>
          <lpage>838</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(19):1378-84. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200005113421901.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peppard</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palta</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skatrud</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>342</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1378</fpage>
          <lpage>1384</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM200005113421901</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Nicosia C, Vigna L, Monsellato S, Patrini L, Consonni D, Bertazzi PA, et al. [Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a group of obese workers]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2012;34(3 Suppl):385-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicosia</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vigna</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monsellato</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patrini</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Consonni</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertazzi</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a group of obese workers</article-title>
          <source>G Ital Med Lav Ergon</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>385</fpage>
          <lpage>387</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(17):1230-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199304293281704.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palta</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dempsey</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skatrud</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weber</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badr</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>328</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1230</fpage>
          <lpage>1235</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199304293281704</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Peppard PE, Young T, Barnet JH, Palta M, Hagen EW, Hla KM. Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(9):1006-14. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws342.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peppard</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnet</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palta</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagen</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hla</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>177</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1006</fpage>
          <lpage>1014</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kws342</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Franklin KA, Lindberg E. Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population-a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(8):1311-22. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.06.11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindberg</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population-a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Dis</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1311</fpage>
          <lpage>1322</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.06.11</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Martinez-Rivera C, Abad J, Fiz JA, Rios J, Morera J. Usefulness of truncal obesity indices as predictive factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(1):113-8. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez-Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abad</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiz</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rios</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morera</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Usefulness of truncal obesity indices as predictive factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Obesity (Silver Spring)</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>113</fpage>
          <lpage>118</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/oby.2007.20</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 O'Keeffe T, Patterson EJ. Evidence supporting routine polysomnography before bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2004;14(1):23-6. doi: 10.1381/096089204772787248.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Keeffe</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patterson</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence supporting routine polysomnography before bariatric surgery</article-title>
          <source>Obes Surg</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1381/096089204772787248</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Teculescu D, Benamghar L, Hannhart B, Michaely JP. Habitual loud snoring: a study of prevalence and associations in 850 middle-aged French males. Respiration. 2006;73(1):68-72. doi: 10.1159/000088355.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Teculescu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benamghar</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hannhart</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michaely</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Habitual loud snoring: a study of prevalence and associations in 850 middle-aged French males</article-title>
          <source>Respiration</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000088355</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Cowan DC, Allardice G, Macfarlane D, Ramsay D, Ambler H, Banham S, et al. Predicting sleep disordered breathing in outpatients with suspected OSA. BMJ Open. 2014;4(4):e004519. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004519.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cowan</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allardice</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macfarlane</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramsay</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ambler</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banham</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predicting sleep disordered breathing in outpatients with suspected OSA</article-title>
          <source>BMJ Open</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e004519</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004519</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Lavie P, Herer P, Hoffstein V. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome as a risk factor for hypertension: population study. BMJ. 2000;320(7233):479-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lavie</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffstein</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome as a risk factor for hypertension: population study</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>320</volume>
          <issue>7233</issue>
          <fpage>479</fpage>
          <lpage>482</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Toumanidis S, Papamichael C, Lekakis J, Germanidis G, et al. Target organ damage in "white coat hypertension" and "masked hypertension". Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(4):393-9. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2008.15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kotsis</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stabouli</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toumanidis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papamichael</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lekakis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Germanidis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Target organ damage in "white coat hypertension" and "masked hypertension"</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>393</fpage>
          <lpage>399</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ajh.2008.15</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Hanninen MR, Niiranen TJ, Puukka PJ, Kesaniemi YA, Kahonen M, Jula AM. Target organ damage and masked hypertension in the general population: the Finn-Home study. J Hypertens. 2013;31(6):1136-43. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835fa5dc.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hanninen</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niiranen</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puukka</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kesaniemi</surname>
              <given-names>YA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahonen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jula</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Target organ damage and masked hypertension in the general population: the Finn-Home study</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1136</fpage>
          <lpage>1143</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835fa5dc</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Incidence of cardiovascular events in white-coat, masked and sustained hypertension versus true normotension: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2007;25(11):2193-8. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282ef6185.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cornelissen</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence of cardiovascular events in white-coat, masked and sustained hypertension versus true normotension: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2193</fpage>
          <lpage>2198</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282ef6185</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Steinhorst AP, Goncalves SC, Oliveira AT, Massierer D, Gus M, Fuchs SC, et al. Influence of sleep apnea severity on blood pressure variability of patients with hypertension. Sleep Breath. 2014;18(2):397-401. doi: 10.1007/s11325-013-0899-z.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steinhorst</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goncalves</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massierer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuchs</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of sleep apnea severity on blood pressure variability of patients with hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Breath</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>397</fpage>
          <lpage>401</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11325-013-0899-z</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Sarinc Ulasli S, Sariaydin M, Gunay E, Halici B, Celik S, Koyuncu T, et al. Effects of nondipping pattern on systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2015;19(4):1185-90. doi: 10.1007/s11325-015-1135-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarinc Ulasli</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sariaydin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gunay</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halici</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celik</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koyuncu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of nondipping pattern on systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Breath</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1185</fpage>
          <lpage>1190</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11325-015-1135-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Sekizuka H, Kida K, Akashi YJ, Yoneyama K, Osada N, Omiya K, et al. Relationship between sleep apnea syndrome and sleep blood pressure in patients without hypertension. J Cardiol. 2010;55(1):92-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.10.002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sekizuka</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kida</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akashi</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoneyama</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Osada</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omiya</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between sleep apnea syndrome and sleep blood pressure in patients without hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.10.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Wright JT Jr, Redline S, Taylor AL, Aylor J, Clark K, O'Malia B, et al. Relationship between 24-H blood pressure and sleep disordered breathing in a normotensive community sample. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14(8 Pt 1):743-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redline</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aylor</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Malia</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between 24-H blood pressure and sleep disordered breathing in a normotensive community sample</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>743</fpage>
          <lpage>748</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Onen SH, Lesourd B, Ouchchane L, Lin JS, Dubray C, Gooneratne NS, et al. Occult nighttime hypertension in daytime normotensive older patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(8):752-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Onen</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lesourd</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ouchchane</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubray</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gooneratne</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Occult nighttime hypertension in daytime normotensive older patients with obstructive sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>J Am Med Dir Assoc</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>752</fpage>
          <lpage>756</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Zou D, Grote L, Peker Y, Lindblad U, Hedner J. Validation a portable monitoring device for sleep apnea diagnosis in a population based cohort using synchronized home polysomnography. Sleep 2006;29(3):367-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grote</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peker</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindblad</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validation a portable monitoring device for sleep apnea diagnosis in a population based cohort using synchronized home polysomnography</article-title>
          <source>Sleep</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>367</fpage>
          <lpage>374</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Press&#227;o Arterial nas 24 horas em Obesos com Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono Moderada &#224; Grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gismondi</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudia M. N. Correa.</bold> Avenida 28 de Setembro, 77 Sala 329. CEP 20551-030, Vila Isabel, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>correa.cmn@gmail.com</email>, <email>claudiacorrea@iff.fiocruz.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Neves MF, Oigman W; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Correa CM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correa CM, Gismondi RA, Cunha AR, Neves MF, Oigman W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) est&#227;o intimamente relacionados. At&#233; 70% dos pacientes com AOS podem ser assintom&#225;ticos e h&#225; evid&#234;ncias que eles apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, em especial HAS noturna.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial nas 24 horas em indiv&#237;duos obesos assintom&#225;ticos com AOS moderada/grave comparando &#224;queles com AOS leve/ausente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 86 pacientes entre 30 e 55 anos, obesos (IMC 30-39,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), com press&#227;o arterial casual &lt; 140/90 mmHg e sem comorbidades, dos quais 81 foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, medidas antropom&#233;tricas, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) e Watch-PAT. Os participantes do estudo foram divididos em dois grupos com base no &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH): grupo 1 com IAH &lt; 15 eventos/h e grupo 2 com IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/h.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo 1, o grupo 2 apresentou maior circunfer&#234;ncia de pesco&#231;o e maior rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (40,5 &#177; 3,2 vs 38,0 &#177; 3,7 cm, p = 0,002, e 0,94 &#177; 0,05 vs 0,89&#177;0,05cm, p = 0,001, respectivamente), maiores press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica na MAPA-24h (122 &#177; 6 vs 117 &#177; 8 mmHg, p = 0,014, e 78 &#177; 6 vs 73 &#177; 7 mmHg, p = 0,008, respectivamente), bem como maior carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica noturna (44,6 &#177; 25,9% vs 31,3 &#177; 27,3%, p = 0,041). Al&#233;m disso, houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica noturna e IAH (r = 0,43, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos obesos assintom&#225;ticos com AOS de moderada a grave apresentam maiores valores de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica nas 24 horas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com AOS ausente/leve, apesar da PA casual normal. Esses resultados indicam que a MAPA pode ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes obesos assintom&#225;ticos com AOS de moderada &#224; grave.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) &#233; a forma mais comum de desordem respirat&#243;ria do sono,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> caracterizada por colapsos repetitivos das vias a&#233;reas superiores, resultando em pausas da respira&#231;&#227;o e hip&#243;xia intermitente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Durante esses epis&#243;dios noturnos de obstru&#231;&#227;o, ocorre um aumento no tono simp&#225;tico e na libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasoativas, aumentando o risco de les&#227;o cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica estimou que a preval&#234;ncia de AOS na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral est&#225; entre 9 e 38%, sendo maior em homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> No Brasil, dados do estudo de Tufik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> realizado na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, mostraram que a AOS foi observada em 32,8% dos participantes. No entanto, muitos pacientes com AOS s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos, conforme no cl&#225;ssico estudo <italic>Sleep Health Study</italic>, onde 70% dos pacientes com apneia leve e 9% daqueles com apneia grave foram assintom&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A AOS est&#225; relacionada, na maioria das vezes, &#224; obesidade e &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Os pacientes obesos apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de AOS e HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e a associa&#231;&#227;o de obesidade com HAS pode causar les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo e eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Estudos mostraram que pacientes com AOS apresentam menor descenso noturno da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e hipertens&#227;o noturna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A maioria desses estudos recrutou indiv&#237;duos j&#225; hipertensos e com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de AOS. Um estudo pr&#233;vio sugere maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o mascarada (HM) em pacientes com AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Contudo, ainda &#233; pouco conhecido o comportamento da PA nas 24 horas em indiv&#237;duos obesos com AOS e press&#227;o arterial casual normal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da PA nas 24 horas em indiv&#237;duos obesos assintom&#225;ticos com AOS moderada/grave comparando &#224;queles com AOS leve/ausente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro a dezembro de 2014, indiv&#237;duos acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica da Policl&#237;nica Piquet Carneiro, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), foram convidados a participar desse estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram idade entre 30 e 55 anos de idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) entre 30,0 e 39,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, press&#227;o arterial casual normal (PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg) e aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades em acompanhamento m&#233;dico regular. Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de hipertens&#227;o arterial ou tratamento para a mesma, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a pulmonar, doen&#231;a de Parkinson, tratamento anterior com press&#227;o positiva das vias a&#233;reas superiores (CPAP) e diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de AOS.</p>
          <p>O comit&#234; local em &#233;tica em pesquisa aprovou o estudo (Plataforma Brasil/CAAE: 03489612.1.0000.52590) e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo observacional transversal. Na visita 1, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, tomada de medidas antropom&#233;tricas, exames laboratoriais de doen&#231;a cl&#237;nica e teste para diagn&#243;stico de AOS. Na visita 2 foi realizada a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA), com um intervalo m&#225;ximo de uma semana entre as duas visitas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</title>
          <p>O peso corporal foi aferido em balan&#231;a digital da marca Filizola&#174; com capacidade m&#225;xima de 180 Kg, com a paciente em p&#233;, posicionada no centro da plataforma da balan&#231;a, vestindo roupas leves e sem cal&#231;ados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Na mesma balan&#231;a, foi verificada a estatura utilizando o antrop&#244;metro, com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o ereta e com os calcanhares juntos. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi ent&#227;o calculado, dividindo-se o peso corporal (em quilograma) pelo quadrado da altura (em metro). As circunfer&#234;ncias foram medidas com o uso de uma fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel e graduada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (CP) foi medida ao n&#237;vel da cartilagem cric&#243;ide; a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) foi realizada no ponto m&#233;dio entre o gradil costal e a crista il&#237;aca ao final da fase expirat&#243;ria da respira&#231;&#227;o. A circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril foi medida ao n&#237;vel dos trocanteres femorais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Todas as medidas foram medidas em cent&#237;metros e aproximadas para o 0,5cm mais pr&#243;ximo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial casual foi obtida usando um dispositivo eletr&#244;nico (modelo HEM-705CP, Omron Healthcare Inc., Lake Forest, IL, EUA) e um manguito de tamanho apropriado ao tamanho do bra&#231;o do paciente, de acordo com normatiza&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Antes da medida, os pacientes permaneceram sentados por 30 minutos e abstiveram-se de ingest&#227;o de caf&#233; e fumo. Tr&#234;s leituras foram realizadas com um minuto de intervalo entre elas e a m&#233;dia dessas tr&#234;s medidas foi definida como a PA casual do paciente. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames de sangue</title>
          <p>O sangue venoso foi coletado dos indiv&#237;duos em jejum de 12h para dosagem de colesterol total, colesterol-HDL, triglicer&#237;deos e glicose. O colesterol-LDL foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de apneia obstrutiva do sono</title>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de AOS foi realizado com um equipamento de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o port&#225;til domiciliar, o Watch-PAT, que detecta indiretamente eventos de apneia-hipopneia por identificar aumentos da atividade simp&#225;tica associados com esses eventos. Ap&#243;s o paciente realizar esse exame, os resultados s&#227;o automaticamente lidos e analisados por um programa de computador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O Watch-PAT possui um algoritmo que consegue diferenciar entre os estado de sono e o despertar a cada per&#237;odo de 30 segundos, permitindo o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de dist&#250;rbio respirat&#243;rio (IDR) usando o tempo total de sono e n&#227;o o tempo total de registro do repouso. O algoritmo para actigrafia prov&#234; uma estimativa acurada do sono e vig&#237;lia em indiv&#237;duos normais e em pacientes com AOS. Este m&#233;todo simples para avalia&#231;&#227;o do tempo total de sono &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til para quantificar acuradamente a AOS no ambiente dom&#233;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A Academia Americana de Medicina do Sono reconhece o equipamento Watch-PAT como uma alternativa v&#225;lida para o diagn&#243;stico de AOS, pois esse exame permite a edi&#231;&#227;o manual ou autom&#225;tica da leitura bruta da pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida. Al&#233;m disso, falhas t&#233;cnicas s&#227;o raras com o uso do sistema Watch-PAT em casa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> O algoritmo de an&#225;lise usa quatro canais para detec&#231;&#227;o de diferentes par&#226;metros incluindo &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH), IDR, &#237;ndice de dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (IDO), satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio m&#237;nima, m&#233;dia e m&#225;xima e as fases do sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os pacientes do estudo foram divididos em dois grupos com base no IAH: grupo 1 com IAH &lt; 15 eventos/h e grupo 2 com IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/h. O objetivo foi separar indiv&#237;duos com AOS moderada a grave (grupo 2) daqueles sem AOS (IAH &lt; 5 eventos/h) ou com AOS leve (IAH = 5-14 eventos/h).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A MAPA-24h foi realizada com o monitor Spacelabs 90207 (Spacelabs Inc., Redmond, WA, EUA) e o manguito foi colocado no membro superior n&#227;o dominante, com tamanho apropriado para a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Esse monitor &#233; validado pela Sociedade Brit&#226;nica de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> As leituras foram tomadas a cada 20 minutos durante o dia e cada 30 minutos no per&#237;odo noturno. Durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, os indiv&#237;duos registraram seus per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e de sono para o c&#225;lculo das m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas nesses per&#237;odos. Os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a evitar dormir durante o dia por um per&#237;odo maior que uma hora. A MAPA foi considerada adequada se 70% das medidas foram obtidas com sucesso. O percentual de decl&#237;nio da PA noturna para as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foi calculado como a m&#233;dia da PA diurna menos a m&#233;dia da PA noturna, multiplicado por 100 e dividido pela m&#233;dia da PA diurna. A carga press&#243;rica foi considerada anormal quando mais que 30% das leituras v&#225;lidas de PA estavam acima dos limites normais da PA na MAPA. A HM foi definida press&#227;o casual menor que 140/90 mmHg e a PA de 24 horas na MAPA maior que 130/80 mmHg e/ou PA vig&#237;lia da MAPA maior que 135/85 mmHg e/ou PA do per&#237;odo de sono maior que 120/70 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados usando o programa estat&#237;stico para ci&#234;ncias sociais, o SPSS vers&#227;o 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) e os resultados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o-pareado foi usado para comparar a m&#233;dia entre os grupos. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas usando o teste do qui-quadrado (&#967; <sup>2</sup>) e expressas como percentagem da frequ&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o. Correla&#231;&#245;es foram avaliadas pelo teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. O tamanho amostral foi estimado a partir de estudos pr&#233;vios que utilizaram a PA sist&#243;lica de 24h em popula&#231;&#245;es similares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Assumindo um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e um DP de 8 mmHg, 23 pacientes em cada grupo teria o poder de 80% para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 5 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica de 24h entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram selecionados 86 participantes, por&#233;m tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram hipertens&#227;o arterial durante a visita 1 e dois indiv&#237;duos se recusaram a realizar a MAPA. Deste modo, 81 pacientes realizaram os exames completos. A idade m&#233;dia dos indiv&#237;duos foi 42 &#177; 6 anos e o IMC m&#233;dio foi de 33.8 &#177; 3.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Houve 55 indiv&#237;duos (68%) no grupo 1 e 26 indiv&#237;duos (32%) no grupo 2.</p>
        <p>Apesar da idade m&#233;dia similar em ambos os grupos, o sexo masculino foi mais comum no grupo 2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). O grupo 2 apresentou ainda maior CP e maior raz&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ) quando comparado ao grupo 1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>), embora ambos os grupos tivessem IMC e CC similares. Houve correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e significantes do IAH com CP (r = 0,42, p &lt; 0,001) e com RCQ (r = 0,35, p = 0,001), e da CP com PA sist&#243;lica de 24h (r = 0,25, p = 0,023) e com PA diast&#243;lica de 24h (r = 0,22, p = 0,048) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados Antropom&#233;tricos, Laboratoriais e do WatchPAT.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1 (n = 55) IAH &lt; 15 eventos/h</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 (n = 26) IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/h</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (46,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">33,8 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">33,9 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,850</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-quadril (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia Pesco&#231;o (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">38,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia Cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">104,3 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">108,5 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">87,5 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">91,8 &#177; 30,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,375</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol Total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">202,7 &#177; 41,3</td>
                <td align="center">203,6 &#177; 39,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,926</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol-LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">128,3 &#177; 35,5</td>
                <td align="center">127,5 &#177; 34,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol -HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">50,4 &#177; 14,4</td>
                <td align="center">48,1 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">119,7 &#177; 71,9</td>
                <td align="center">140,4 &#177; 83,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,257</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAH (eventos/h)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">24,4 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDR (eventos/h)</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDO (eventos/h)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">14,5 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sat. m&#233;dia O<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">95,8 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">94,3 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sono REM (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,0 &#177; 7,4</td>
                <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,249</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Dados mostrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia hipopneia; IDR: &#237;ndice de dist&#250;rbio respirat&#243;rio; IDO: &#237;ndice de dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; Sat.: satura&#231;&#227;o; REM: fase do sono de movimento r&#225;pido dos olhos. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo teste t de Students n&#227;o-pareado e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas usando o teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es positivas do &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia com circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (A) e com raz&#227;o cintura-quadril (B), e da circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 24h (C) e com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de 24h (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0313-70130-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica casuais foram similares entre os grupos. Contudo, o grupo 2 apresentou maiores n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos diurno e noturno da MAPA, al&#233;m de carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica noturna mais alta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Ainda no grupo 2, a PA diast&#243;lica noturna foi positivamente correlacionada com o IAH (r = 0,43, p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) e a frequ&#234;ncia de HM foi levemente mais alta (50% vs. 33%, p = 0,103) que no grupo 1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados da press&#227;o arterial casual e da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em 24h</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1 (n = 55) IAH &lt; 15 eventos/h</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 (n = 26) IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/h</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS casual (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">121,4 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">123,6 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD casual (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">77,6 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">79,1 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,393</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS- 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">117,6 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">122,3 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD- 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">73,1 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">77,7 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">120,5 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">125,7 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">76,1 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">81,3 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS sono (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">110,6 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">115,3 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,036<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD sono (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">65,9 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">70,4 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Descenso PAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (76)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,297</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carga PAS diurna (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 16,7</td>
                <td align="center">16,8 &#177; 18,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,305</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carga PAD diurna (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21,6 &#177; 24,6</td>
                <td align="center">32,2 &#177; 24,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carga PAS noturna (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22,8 &#177; 26,7</td>
                <td align="center">29,1 &#177; 26,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carga PAD noturna (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31,3 &#177; 27,3</td>
                <td align="center">44,6 &#177; 25,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,041<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o Noturna, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (61,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o Mascarada, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Dados mostrados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o-pareado e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas usando o teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica noturna no grupo de indiv&#237;duos obesos com apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada &#224; grave.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0313-70130-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os achados do presente estudo mostram que indiv&#237;duos obesos assintom&#225;ticos com AOS moderada a grave apresentaram press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas maior que indiv&#237;duos sem AOS e/ou com AOS leve. Al&#233;m disso, houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a PA diast&#243;lica noturna e o IAH. Os principais mecanismos de eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA em pacientes com AOS s&#227;o atividade simp&#225;tica aumentada, fun&#231;&#227;o comprometida do sistema renina-angiotensina, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, hipoxemia e ruptura do sono normal. Esse conjunto de altera&#231;&#245;es leva ao aumento na resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e uma hipertens&#227;o predominantemente diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em indiv&#237;duos obesos, a preval&#234;ncia de AOS &#233; mais alta que em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Neste estudo, o percentual de indiv&#237;duos com AOS de moderada a grave foi similar a outros relatos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> No estudo Wiscosin, foi encontrado que na faixa et&#225;ria de 30-60 anos, aproximadamente 9% dos homens e 4% das mulheres apresentaram IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/h.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em um estudo semelhante, aproximadamente 13% dos homens e 9% das mulheres apresentaram AOS de moderada a grave (IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/h).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> No presente estudo, tamb&#233;m houve maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino no grupo com AOS moderada a grave, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o sexo feminino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e AOS &#233; controversa. Dois pr&#233;vios estudos n&#227;o encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Por outro lado, o <italic>Sleep Heart Health Study</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> que avaliou 6120 indiv&#237;duos de uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o hospitalar, observou que o IMC foi um fator de risco independente para AOS com uma raz&#227;o de chances entre 1,55 a 1,60. No presente estudo, n&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e AOS. O pequeno tamanho amostral e uma faixa mais estreita de IMC no crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o (excluindo IMC &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) podem explicar esses resultados. Al&#233;m disso, a adiposidade visceral aumentada pode ser mais importante na fisiopatologia da AOS que a obesidade global.</p>
        <p>CP e a RCQ s&#227;o dois par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos que poderiam ajudar a identificar indiv&#237;duos com alto risco para AOS. Em um estudo com 192 pacientes com suspeita de AOS, observou-se que a RCQ estava associada com AOS moderada a grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Resultados similares foram encontrados em um estudo que comparou indiv&#237;duos com diversos graus de ronco, mostrando diferen&#231;a significativa na RCQ entre os grupos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CP, um estudo com 129 indiv&#237;duos sob investiga&#231;&#227;o de AOS encontrou que a CP foi um fator de risco independente para AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> No presente estudo, CP e RCQ apresentaram valores significativamente maiores no grupo com AOS de moderada a grave, apesar dos valores de IMC e WC estarem semelhantes entre os grupos. Estes achados corroboram estudos pr&#233;vios, sugerindo que a CP e a RCQ poderiam ser rotineiramente medidos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o obesa ambulatorial, como forma de ajudar a identificar pacientes com maior risco de apresentar AOS.</p>
        <p>O atual estudo tamb&#233;m observou que indiv&#237;duos com AOS de moderada a grave apresentaram maiores PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica na MAPA. De acordo com estudos transversais de AOS, a HAS apresenta maior preval&#234;ncia em indiv&#237;duos com AOS, mesmo ap&#243;s controle para fatores de confundimento, como idade e obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise do ritmo circadiano da PA pela MAPA pode mostrar outras informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas, tais como aumento da preval&#234;ncia de HM e aumento da PA noturna. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com HM &#233; importante na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, porque estudos anteriores sugerem que estes pacientes apresentam mais les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo, como microalbumin&#250;ria e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Somando-se a isso, uma metan&#225;lise que avaliou sete estudos e 11 502 pacientes relatou que aqueles que possuem HM t&#234;m duas vezes o risco de morte cardiovascular quando comparados a normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> A preval&#234;ncia de HM na popula&#231;&#227;o geral varia de 16 a 24%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Contudo, em pacientes com AOS, estes valores poderiam ser bem maiores: dois estudos pr&#233;vios relatam preval&#234;ncia de cerca de 30% de HM em indiv&#237;duos com AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O presente trabalho demonstrou, em acordo com esses trabalhos anteriores, uma percentagem levemente mais alta de HM no grupo com AOS de moderada a grave.</p>
        <p>Estudo pr&#233;vios sugerem que exista uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e hipertens&#227;o noturna. Os autores prop&#245;em que atividade adren&#233;rgica aumentada, hipoxemia e ruptura do sono poderiam justificar hipertens&#227;o noturna nos pacientes com AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> E PA noturna elevada pode estar associada com aumento dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, o que poderia explicar o risco aumentado de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dois estudos mostraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e hipertens&#227;o diast&#243;lica noturna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> No primeiro, 84% dos pacientes com AOS de leve a moderada foram &#8220;<italic>non dippers</italic>&#8221; (sem descenso noturno).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No segundo, observou-se hipertens&#227;o arterial noturna e aus&#234;ncia do descenso noturna da PA em pacientes com AOS, bem como uma significativa correla&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o arterial noturna, aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno da PA e o IAH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> No presente estudo, houve maiores valores de PA na MAPA nos pacientes com AOS moderada a grave, bem como aumento da carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica noturna. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o entre PA diast&#243;lica noturna e IAH. Contudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas no descenso noturno entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A AOS foi diagnosticada por um monitor port&#225;til e n&#227;o por polissonografia, o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro de diagn&#243;stico, entretanto, estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o do equipamento Watch-PAT mostraram resultados similares quando comparados com a polissonografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Outro aspecto &#233; a presen&#231;a de maior n&#250;mero de homens no grupo de maior IAH, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados antropom&#233;tricos. Al&#233;m disso, o desenho transversal deste estudo n&#227;o permite concluir uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre AOS e hipertens&#227;o arterial. Por outro lado, o uso da MAPA para leituras de PA permitiu medidas da PA noturna, bem como o reconhecimento de HM e de hipertens&#227;o arterial noturna.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos obesos assintom&#225;ticos com AOS de moderada a grave apresentam maiores valores de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica nas 24 horas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com AOS ausente/leve, apesar da PA casual normal. Esses resultados indicam que a MAPA pode ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes obesos assintom&#225;ticos com AOS de moderada &#224; grave. Estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Claudia M. Correa pela Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
