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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QJWw5P7ZZYJXXbCzBYbCwNz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170137</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005018103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme ID Polymorphism in Patients with Heart Failure Secondary to Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Silene Jacinto da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Silene Jacinto da Silva</bold>. Av. Joa&#227;o Rita Dias, Q 105 LT 06. Postal Code 74455-360, Jardim Leblon, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>silenejacintoa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data and statistical analysis: Silva SJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript: Silva SJ, Rassi S, Pereira AC; Obtaining financing: Silva SJ, Pereira AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rassi S, Pereira AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>307</fpage>
      <lpage>312</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Changes in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene may contribute to the increase in blood pressure and consequently to the onset of heart failure (HF). The role of polymorphism is very controversial, and its identification in patients with HF secondary to Chagas disease in the Brazilian population is required.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine ACE polymorphism in patients with HF secondary to Chagas disease and patients with Chagas disease without systolic dysfunction, and to evaluate the relationship of the ACE polymorphism with different clinical variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a comparative clinical study with 193 participants, 103 of them with HF secondary to Chagas disease and 90 with Chagas disease without systolic dysfunction. All patients attended the outpatient department of the General Hospital of the Federal University of Goias general hospital. Alleles I and D of ACE polymorphism were identified by polymerase chain reaction of the respective intron 16 fragments in the ACE gene and visualized by electrophoresis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In the group of HF patients, 63% were male, whereas 53.6% of patients with Chagas disease without systolic dysfunction were female (p = 0,001). The time from diagnosis varied from 1 to 50 years. Distribution of DD, ID and II genotypes was similar between the two groups, without statistical significance (p = 0,692). There was no difference in clinical characteristics or I/D genotypes between the groups. Age was significantly different between the groups (p = 0,001), and mean age of patients with HF was 62.5 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>No differences were observed in the distribution of (Insertion/Deletion) genotype frequencies of ACE polymorphism between the studied groups. The use of this genetic biomarker was not useful in detecting a possible relationship between ACE polymorphism and clinical manifestations in HF secondary to Chagas disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease has characteristics of an endemic disease and is an important cause of dilated heart disease and heart failure (HF) in regions of low socioeconomic level, leading to high mortality and morbidity rates. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to improve survival rates and quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Chagas disease was considered the main cause of HF in central-western region of Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Sudden cardiac death affects approximately 50% of patients with HF secondary to Chagas disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most human health problems, including HF, have a multifactorial etiology, influenced by environmental and genetic factors, and life style. Multifactorial disorders are characterized by phenotypic contributions of several genes that interact to each other and to environmental factors. Many disorders manifested in adults are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, including familial cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene (21 kb) is located in the chromosome 17, long arm, region 23, and contains 24 introns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It would be ideal to predict the individual response to therapy as well as the potential adverse effects of drugs in the treatment of HF. With advances in molecular biology and genetics, there has been an increasing need for a redefinition of diseases based on their biochemical processes rather than their phenotypic features. Hence, knowledge and treatment of heart diseases, and isolation and characterization of the genes involved may not be a panacea anymore, but rather, a starting point for an individualized treatment.</p>
      <p>In this context, the present study aimed to determine the distribution of the ACE gene polymorphism (I/D) in HF secondary to Chagas Disease, compare it with that in Chagas Disease patients free of systolic dysfunction, and evaluate its relationship with clinical variables.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The study was analyzed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the General Hospital of the Federal University of Goias on December 16<sup>th</sup>, 2014 (approval number 908870).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This was a comparative, clinical study conducted with two groups of patients (group A and group B) attending the cardiology and the Chagas disease outpatient clinics of the General Hospital of the Federal University of Goias. Patients were recruited to the study from February 2014 to October 2015.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>A total of 193 outpatients were consecutively recruited, 103 with chagasic heart disease (group A) and 90 Chagas disease patients without systolic dysfunction (group B).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Group A: patients with symptomatic HF (according to Framingham criteria) secondary to Chagas disease; group B: patients with diagnosis of Chagas disease, free of systolic dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Cardiac dysfunction in group B.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and laboratory parameters</title>
        <p>All clinical data were collected from patients' medical records. Recent laboratory, echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography results were used to determine patients' current health status.</p>
        <p>In HF patients, functional class was determined using the New York Heart Association criteria, by the outpatient medical staff. With respect to Doppler echocardiography, the following parameters were analyzed: left atrium (LA), left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD), left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genotyping</title>
        <p>Eight-mL blood samples were collected and stored in two tubes containing EDTA anticoagulant. Then, DNA extraction was performed, followed by ACE polymorphism genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which was classified as D/D (deletion/deletion), I/D (insertion/deletion) or I/I (insertion/insertion).</p>
        <p>Genotyping method was adapted from Lindpaintner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> For a final volume of 25 &#181;L, 1 mM of primers, 200 mM of nucleoside triphosphates (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP), 1.3 mM of magnesium chloride, 50 mM of potassium chloride, 0.5 unit of Taq DNA polymerase and 20 ng of DNA were added. The sense primer GCCCTGCAGGTGTCTGCAGCATGT and the antisense primer GGATGGCTCTCCCCGCCTTGTCTC were used to amplify the alleles D and I, resulting in amplicons of 319 pb and 597 pb, respectively. The protocol of DNA amplification was composed of an initial denaturation at 94&#186;C for 5 minutes, followed by 35 cycles - 30 seconds at 94&#186;C, 45 seconds at 56&#186;C, 2 minutes at 72&#186;C. Then, the amplification products of D and I alleles were subjected to 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with 0.5 mg/mL ethidium bromide for 10 minutes. Due to the preferential amplification of D allele in heterozygous samples, all samples with a DD genotype were reanalyzed using the primers TGGGACCACAGCCGCGCCTACCAC and TCGGCCCTCCCACCACCATGCTAA (sense and antisense, respectively), at the same conditions of PCR, except for the annealing temperature of 67&#186;C. Analysis of the PCR products by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis revealed an amplicon of 335pb with the allele I. The results were captured using the Image Master VDS&#174; video documentation system (Pharmacia Biotech, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Descriptive analysis was used for characterization of the variables - categorical variables were described in percentages; continuous variables with normal distribution were described in mean &#177; standard deviation, and continuous variables without normal distribution were described in median and interquartile ranges. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z test was used to identify those variables with a normal distribution. Differences between groups A and B were calculated using the chi-square test or the unpaired Student's t-test, and the Mann-Whitney test as appropriate. The association between the variables of exposure to HF was measured by Odds Ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals. Differences between the groups were considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05. Analyses were performed using the SPSS program, version 18.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>There was a significant difference in sex distribution between the groups (p = 0.023), and 63% of HF patients were men. Mean age of HF patients was 62.5 years &#177; 11.1 years, with significant difference between the groups (p = 0.00). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group A</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group B</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">95CI%</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">63.0</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">37.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.96</td>
              <td align="center">1.09-3.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.023<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">46.4</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">53.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean age (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">62.5</td>
              <td align="center">(11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">51.3</td>
              <td align="center">(11.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Origin</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Goiania</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">54.6</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">45.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.64-1.98</td>
              <td align="center">0.692<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others </td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">51.8</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">48.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median time elapsed from diagnosis of Chagas disease(interquartile range)</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">(8-25)</td>
              <td align="center">9.5</td>
              <td align="center">(5-17)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">73.2</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">26.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.95</td>
              <td align="center">1.38-6.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.004<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">48.0</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">52.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Alcohol consumption</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">42.0</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">58.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.28-1.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.061<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">82</td>
              <td align="center">57.3</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">42.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median heart rate (interquartile range) (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">(60-80)</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">(60-80)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.290<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Megaesophagus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">38.3</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">61.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.23-0.87</td>
              <td align="center">0.017<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">58.2</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">41.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Megacolon</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">64.3</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">35.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.53-5.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.395<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">94</td>
              <td align="center">52.5</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">47.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">75.0</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">25.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.90</td>
              <td align="center">1.01-8.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.041<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
              <td align="center">50.9</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">49.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">54.5</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">45.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.31-3.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.936<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">53.3</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">46.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; Group A: patients with heart failure secondary to Chagas disease; Group B: patients with Chagas disease free of systolic dysfunction; bpm: beats per minute; OR: odds ratio;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>chi-square test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>unpaired t-test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>Mann Whitney test</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All patients with HF were receiving drug treatment and 73.2% were smokers, which was statistically different from group B (p = 0.004). With respect to the comorbidities associated with HF, there was a predominance of dyslipidemia (75%). Mean heart rate was higher in HF patients (p = 0.030) as compared with group B.</p>
      <p>Megaesophagus was prevalent in group B only (61.7%), with significant difference between the groups (p = 0.017). The time elapsed since the diagnosis of Chagas disease was also statistically different between the groups (p = 0.001).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Genetic profile of the study population</title>
        <p>In order to determine the prevalence of ACE polymorphism genotype between groups A and B, we analyzed the frequency of the DD, ID and II genotypes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). There was no statistically significant difference in the observed-to-expected genotype frequencies between the groups (0.692).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>I/D polymorphism in groups A and B</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Genotype</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group A </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group B</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DD</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">50.0</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">50.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.692<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ID</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">56.2</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">43.8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">50.0</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">50.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>DD: deletion/deletion; ID: insertion/deletion; II-insertion/insertion; group A: patients with heart failure secondary to Chagas disese; Group B: patients with Chagas disease without systolic dysfunction.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>chi-square test;</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Mean values of echocardiographic variables and genotypes were not statistically different between the groups. ID genotype carriers had greater mean LVDD as compared with other genotype carriers.</p>
        <p>With respect to repeated measures of categorical data, there was no significant difference in functional class or I/D genotype (p = 0.472) between the groups. There were only four patients in functional class IV; functional class II was present in 86 patients, 52.3% of them belonged to ID genotype.</p>
        <p>Megaesophagus was present in group B, with no difference in the number of patients with and without megaesophagus. Dyslipidemia was associated with a 5-time increased risk for HF patients. Genotypes DD, ID and II were not considered as a risk factor for HF, since their distribution was not statistically different between the groups.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>There are many conflicting results in the literature on what polymorphisms are involved in the susceptibility to the development and worsening of HF. In the present study, the role of ACE gene polymorphism (I/D) in patients with chagasic heart disease and in Chagas disease patients free of systolic dysfunction. In this population, ACE polymorphism was not associated with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.</p>
      <p>Male gender was predominant (63%) in our sample, similar to data reported in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The incidence of HF increases with age, and is more frequent among men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The epidemic increase in HF among the older population has been associated with improved survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There was no statistically significant difference in the genotype distribution between men and women in group A, which is in accordance with the study by Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Current literature suggests an association of allele D with predisposition to HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> which is in disagreement with our findings. HF patients had lower blood pressure than patients with Chagas disease without systolic dysfunction (p = 0.000), which is in agreement with the study by Yang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> who investigated ACE I/D genotype in a Chinese population. There were no significant differences in the frequency of alleles or genotypes between the groups in both sexes. HF patients with low blood pressure are at higher risk of death, despite adequate drug therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>An independent association has been reported between DD genotype and worse echocardiographic outcomes, and between ID genotype and echocardiographic profile (increased left ventricular ejection fraction and decreased left ventricular diameters).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> These findings are in disagreement with ours, as we did not find an association between D/I genotypes and echocardiographic findings.</p>
      <p>In our study, although we investigated a population with different characteristics, no interaction between I/D and HF was found. This is in accordance with a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> including 241 patients in Saudi Arabia, in which ACE gene polymorphism was not associated with congenital heart disease.</p>
      <p>HF is a common clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality rates. It affects 1.5-2.0% of the general population, and its prevalence increases with age, affecting approximately 10% of individuals aged over 65 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> These data corroborate our findings, which showed that patients with HF were significantly older than patients with Chagas disease without systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In addition, Yang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> compared the distribution of I/D genotypes in 701 individuals of both sexes. No difference was found in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles in male and female between individuals aged over 90 years and a control group aged less than 60 years.</p>
      <p>In the analysis of I/DI genotypes and LVSD, we did not find any relationship between these parameters. This is in disagreement with a national study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> reporting increased LVSD in DD genotype patients, which was associated with increased mortality and morbidity in HF patients of different etiologies.</p>
      <p>There was a possible interaction between ACE polymorphisms in chronic HF progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Allele D was associated with HF progression and higher mortality rate as compared with allele I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> These data are in contrast to our results, in which I/D genotypes were not associated with HF severity.</p>
      <p>In our study, ACE polymorphism was not associated with the severity or progression of HF secondary to Chagas disease. This is in agreement with previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in which ACE polymorphism was not associated with HF development or progression of Chagas cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Distribution of I/D genotypes was not different between groups A and B in our analysis. Individual genetic differences may lead to different risk profiles and small sample sizes, particularly in studies of association, with inadequate power to detect genetic contributions, which may explain the disagreement between studies.</p>
      <p>DNA analysis tests may provide the identification of one or more genetic variants associated with increased risk for HF, and thereby contribute to preventive measures including changes in lifestyle and therapies that take into account the genetic profile.</p>
      <p>Based on the potential use of the genetic marker in the clinical practice and the inconclusive results regarding the role of ACE polymorphism as a risk factor for the development of HF secondary to Chagas disease, this genetic marker was shown not to be useful in the clinical practice. The lack of association between I/D genotypes may indicate that ACE polymorphism does not act in the pathogenesis of ventricular dysfunction caused by Chagas disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>There was no difference in the frequencies of I/D genotypes in patients with HF secondary to Chagas disease as compared with Chagas disease patients free of systolic dysfunction. No relationship was found between ACE polymorphism and clinical outcome measures.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The number of patients included in the present study may be considered small as compared with the estimated number of patients with Chagas disease in our country. Socioeconomic factors may interact with genetic factors and affect HF outcomes. Our findings were obtained from public health patients, which may limit the extrapolation of the results to other populations.</p>
        <p>Further large, prospective studies involving larger samples sizes are needed to determine which variables may be related to HF secondary to Chagas disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Silene Jacinto da Silva, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>26 Pascuzzo-Lima C, Mendible JC, Bonfante-Cabarcas R. Polimorfismo I/D del gen de la enzima de conversi&#243;n de angiotensina y progresi&#243;n de la miocardiopat&#237;a chag&#225;sica. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009, 62(03):320-2. Doi:10.1016/S0300-8932(09)70379-3</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pascuzzo-Lima</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendible</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonfante-Cabarcas</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polimorfismo I/D del gen de la enzima de conversi&#243;n de angiotensina y progresi&#243;n de la miocardiopat&#237;a chag&#225;sica</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>03</issue>
          <fpage>320</fpage>
          <lpage>322</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0300-8932(09)70379-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Silva S, Rassi S, Silva C. Aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo dos alelos D/I do gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. RBM. Rev Bras Med. 2015,72(4):130-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo dos alelos D/I do gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
          <source>RBM. Rev Bras Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>130</fpage>
          <lpage>135</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Polimorfismo da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina (ECA D/I) em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Etiologia Chag&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Silene Jacinto da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Silene Jacinto da Silva</bold>. Av. Joa&#227;o Rita Dias, Q 105 LT 06. CEP 74455-360, Jardim Leblon, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>silenejacintoa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva SJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva SJ, Rassi S, Pereira AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Silva SJ, Pereira AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rassi S, Pereira AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es no gene da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (ECA) podem contribuir para o aumento da press&#227;o arterial e consequentemente para o surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). O papel do polimorfismo ainda &#233; bastante controverso, sendo necess&#225;ria sua identifica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar o polimorfismo da ECA em portadores de IC com etiologia chag&#225;sica e pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, e avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo ECA com diferentes vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se um estudo cl&#237;nico comparativo com 193 participantes, destes, 103 com IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica e 90 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, todos em atendimento ambulatorial no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s. Os alelos D e I do polimorfismo da ECA foram identificados por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase dos respectivos fragmentos provenientes do <italic>&#237;ntron</italic> 16 no gene da ECA e visualizados em eletroforese.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos portadores de IC, 63 % eram do g&#234;nero masculino, enquanto nos portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica 53,6% eram do g&#234;nero feminino (p = 0,001). O tempo de diagn&#243;stico variou de 1 a 50 anos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos DD, DI e II foi semelhante entre os dois grupos, n&#227;o apresentando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,692). Nenhuma intera&#231;&#227;o foi observada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os gen&#243;tipos D/I entre os grupos. A idade foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,001), e a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes com IC foi de 62,5 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias dos gen&#243;tipos (Dele&#231;&#227;o/Inser&#231;&#227;o) do polimorfismo ECA entre os grupos estudados. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste biomarcador gen&#233;tico n&#227;o se mostrou &#250;til na tentativa de se conhecer a exist&#234;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo ECA e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas apresenta caracter&#237;sticas end&#234;micas e constitui importante causa de cardiomiopatia dilatada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) em regi&#245;es de baixas condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, acarretando elevados &#237;ndices de morbimortalidade. O diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoce s&#227;o medidas importantes para a melhora da sobrevida e da qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na regi&#227;o centro-oeste, estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mostraram que a doen&#231;a de Chagas foi considerada a principal causa de IC. &#201; a primeira causa de IC em &#225;reas end&#234;micas, e a terceira causa no Brasil. A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca acomete aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes com IC secund&#225;ria &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria dos problemas de sa&#250;de humana, incluindo a IC tem etiologia multifatorial, influenciada pelo meio ambiente, estilo de vida, e fatores gen&#233;ticos. Os dist&#250;rbios multifatoriais s&#227;o caracterizados por contribui&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas de v&#225;rios genes que interagem uns com os outros e com os fatores ambientais. Muitos dist&#250;rbios que s&#227;o manifestados no indiv&#237;duo adulto s&#227;o caracterizados por heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante, incluindo as formas heredit&#225;rias de cardiomiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O gene da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) (21 kb) est&#225; localizado no cromossomo 17, bra&#231;o longo (q), regi&#227;o 23 e se caracteriza por apresentar 24 &#237;ntrons.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Predizer a resposta individual ao tratamento e os riscos potenciais de efeitos adversos aos medicamentos &#233; uma aspira&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da IC. Com o crescimento da biologia molecular e das informa&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, gradualmente h&#225; a necessidade de uma redefini&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as baseada nos processos bioqu&#237;micos que as comp&#245;e e n&#227;o no fen&#243;tipo com que elas apresentam. O conhecimento e tratamento das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, o isolamento e a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos genes envolvidos poder&#227;o n&#227;o constituir uma panaceia, mas sim um ponto de partida para o tratamento individualizado.</p>
        <p>Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo ECA (D/I) em portadores de IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica, comparar essa distribui&#231;&#227;o com a de portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, e avaliar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com algumas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#201;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo foi analisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, n&#250;mero do parecer: 908.870 em 16 de Dezembro de 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo cl&#237;nico comparativo realizado em dois grupos de pacientes (grupo A e grupo B) provenientes dos Ambulat&#243;rios de Cardiologia e Ambulat&#243;rio de Chagas do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (HC/UFG). O per&#237;odo de admiss&#227;o dos pacientes no estudo foi de fevereiro de 2014 a outubro de 2015.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados de forma consecutiva 193 pacientes. Sendo 103 pertencentes ao grupo A (portadores de IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica) e 90 pertencentes ao grupo B (portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica). Todos pacientes encontravam-se em acompanhamento ambulatorial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Grupo A: Pacientes com IC sintom&#225;tica (pelos crit&#233;rios de Framingham) de etiologia chag&#225;sica. Grupo B: Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no grupo B que levou &#224; exclus&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos deste estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Todos os dados cl&#237;nicos foram extra&#237;dos do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. Para expressar o status cl&#237;nico atual do paciente, foram considerados exames laboratoriais, e resultados de eletrocardiograma e ecodopplercardiograma mais recentes dispon&#237;veis.</p>
          <p>Nos pacientes com IC, a classe funcional foi determinada de acordo com a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>, de acordo com a equipe m&#233;dica ambulatorial. Para os exames de ecodopplercardiograma foram analisados os seguintes par&#226;metros: &#193;trio Esquerdo (AE), Di&#226;metro Sist&#243;lico de Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DSVE), Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico de Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DDVE) e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o de Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotipagem</title>
          <p>Foram coletados amostras de 8 mL de sangue e armazenados em dois tubos contendo EDTA como anticoagulante. Posteriormente, foi realizada a extra&#231;&#227;o de DNA, seguido da genotipagem para o polimorfismo ECA pela Rea&#231;&#227;o em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), classificada em D/D (Dele&#231;&#227;o/Dele&#231;&#227;o), D/I (Dele&#231;&#227;o/Inser&#231;&#227;o) ou I/I (Inser&#231;&#227;o/Inser&#231;&#227;o).</p>
          <p>O m&#233;todo de genotipagem foi adaptado de Lindpaintner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> para um volume final de 25 &#181;L foram adicionados 1 mM de primers, 200 mM de desoxinucleot&#237;deos trifosfatados (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP), 1,3 mM de cloreto de magn&#233;sio, 50 mM de cloreto de pot&#225;ssio, 0,5 unidade de Taq DNA polimerase e 20 ng de DNA. Os primers sense GCCCTGCAGGTGTCTGCAGCATGT e antisense GGATGGCTCTCCCCGCCTTGTCTC foram usados para amplificar os alelos D e I, resultando em amplicons de 319pb e 597pb respectivamente. O protocolo de amplifica&#231;&#227;o do DNA constituiu-se por uma desnatura&#231;&#227;o inicial de 94&#176;C por 5 minutos, seguido de 35 ciclos, sendo 30 segundos a 94&#176;C, 45 segundos a 56&#176;C, 2 minutos a 72&#176;C, e 7 minutos a 72&#176;C. O produto da amplifica&#231;&#227;o dos alelos D e I foram submetidos &#224; eletroforese em gel de agarose 1,5% e corados com brometo de et&#237;dio a 0,5 mg/mL por 10 minutos. Devido a amplifica&#231;&#227;o preferencial do alelo D em heterozigose, as amostras com o gen&#243;tipo DD foram reamplificadas com primers TGGGACCACAGCCGCGCCTACCAC e TCGGCCCTCCCACCACCATGCTAA sense e antisense respectivamente, em id&#234;nticas condi&#231;&#245;es de PCR, com exce&#231;&#227;o da temperatura de anelamento &#224; 67&#176;C. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos produtos de PCR em gel de agarose a 1,5% revelaram um amplicon de 335 pb na presen&#231;a de um alelo I. Os resultados foram capturados pelo sistema de v&#237;deo-documenta&#231;&#227;o Image Master VDS&#174; (Pharmacia Biotech, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A estat&#237;stica descritiva foi utilizada para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis - as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em percentuais, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal em m&#233;dias &#177; desvios-padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal em mediana e intervalos interquartis. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z foi utilizado para identificar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Diferen&#231;as entre os grupos A e B foram calculadas utilizando o teste de qui-quadrado ou teste t de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado e, quando apropriado, o teste de Man-Whitney. A medida de associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; IC foi o <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR), com respectivos intervalos de 95% de confian&#231;a. Vari&#225;veis foram consideradas estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos quando os valores de p foram menores que 0,05. Os resultados foram analisados por meio do programa estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 18.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa na distribui&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;neros entre os grupos (p = 0,023), com 63% dos pacientes com IC do g&#234;nero masculino.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes com IC foi de 62,5 &#177; 11,1 anos, apresentando diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,00). As caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo A</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo B</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">63,0</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">37,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,96</td>
                <td align="center">1,09-3,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,023<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">46,4</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">53,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia de idade (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">62,5</td>
                <td align="center">(11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">51,3</td>
                <td align="center">(11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Proced&#234;ncia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Goi&#226;nia</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">54,6</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">45,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,64-1,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,692<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outras localidades</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">51,8</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">48,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana do tempo de diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a de Chagas (intervalo inter-quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">(8-25)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">(5-17)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">73,2</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">26,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,95</td>
                <td align="center">1,38-6,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">48,0</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etilismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">42,0</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,28-1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,061<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">57,3</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">42,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana da FC (bpm)(intervalo inter-quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">(60-80)</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">(60-80)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,290<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Megaes&#244;fago</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">38,3</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">61,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,23-0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,017<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">58,2</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">41,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Megac&#243;lon</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">64,3</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">35,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,53-5,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,395<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">52,5</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">47,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,90</td>
                <td align="center">1,01-8,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,041<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">50,9</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">49,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">45,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,31-3,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,936<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">53,3</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">46,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Grupo A: pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica; Grupo B: pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica; bpm: batimentos por minuto; OR: odds ratio.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>teste do qui-quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Teste de Mann Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todos os pacientes com IC estavam em tratamento medicamentoso, 73,2% era tabagista, esse h&#225;bito foi estatisticamente significativo entre os grupos (p = 0,004). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s comorbidades associadas &#224; IC, houve predom&#237;nio de dislipidemia (75%). A m&#233;dia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi maior nos pacientes com IC (p = 0,030) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de megaes&#244;fago foi prevalente apenas no grupo B (61,7%), com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,017). O tempo decorrido desde o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a de Chagas foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,001).</p>
        <p>Perfil gen&#233;tico da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</p>
        <p>A fim de estabelecer a preval&#234;ncia dos gen&#243;tipos para o polimorfismo ECA entre os pacientes do grupo A e grupo B, foram analisados a frequ&#234;ncia dos gen&#243;tipos DD, DI e II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nas frequ&#234;ncias observadas dos gen&#243;tipos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s esperadas entre os grupos (p = 0,692).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Polimorfismo D/I nos grupos A e B</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Gen&#243;tipo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo A </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo B</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DD</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,692<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DI</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">56,2</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">43,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>DD: dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; grupo A: pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica; Grupo B: pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>teste do qui-quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As m&#233;dias dos valores das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e os gen&#243;tipos n&#227;o foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos. Os portadores do gen&#243;tipo DI apresentaram m&#233;dia mais elevada nos valores do DDVE quando comparado a outros gen&#243;tipos.</p>
        <p>Para as medidas repetidas de dados categ&#243;ricos, n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa na classe funcional e nos gen&#243;tipos D/I (p = 0,472) entre os grupos. Apenas quatro pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional IV, a classe funcional II foi predominante na amostra, presente em 86 pacientes. Destes, 52,3% eram pertencentes ao gen&#243;tipo DI.</p>
        <p>No grupo B os pacientes apresentaram megaes&#244;fago, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no n&#250;mero de pacientes com e sem megaes&#244;fago. A dislipidemia foi associada como um risco aumentado em 5 vezes para os portadores de IC. Os gen&#243;tipos DD, DI e II n&#227;o foram considerados como um fator de risco para IC, pois sua distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A literatura &#233; repleta de resultados conflitantes, permanecendo intenso o debate sobre a exist&#234;ncia de quais seriam os polimorfismos implicados na susceptibilidade para o desenvolvimento ou agravamento da IC. No presente estudo, foi avaliado o papel do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico do gene ECA (D/I) em pacientes com IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica e pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o se encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo ECA com as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        <p>O g&#234;nero masculino foi predominante (63%) em nossa amostra, assim como em dados presente na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A incid&#234;ncia de IC aumenta com a idade, sendo mais frequente em homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O aumento da epidemia de IC na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina e idosa foi associado com maior sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos entre g&#234;nero masculino e feminino no grupo A, dado concordante com o estudo de Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dados presentes na literatura associaram o alelo D com a predisposi&#231;&#227;o para H&#193;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Estes dados contradizem os nossos achados. Os portadores de IC apresentaram valores de press&#227;o arterial inferior ao grupo com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (p = 0,000), assim como nos resultados encontrados por Yang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> que investigaram os gen&#243;tipos D/I em indiv&#237;duos de etnia chinesa. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na frequ&#234;ncia dos alelos e gen&#243;tipos entre os grupos de indiv&#237;duos em ambos os g&#234;neros. Pacientes com IC e press&#227;o arterial baixa tem maior risco de morte, mesmo com uso adequado de terapias farmacol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O gen&#243;tipo DD foi associado de forma independente &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica e o gen&#243;tipo DI ao melhor perfil ecocardiogr&#225;fico (aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e diminui&#231;&#227;o de di&#226;metros do VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Nossos resultados s&#227;o discordantes, pois, n&#227;o foi verificado associa&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos D/I com os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>Mesmo pesquisando uma popula&#231;&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma intera&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos D/I com a IC. O mesmo achado j&#225; havia sido demonstrado em estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que avaliou 241pacientes provenientes da Ar&#225;bia Saudita. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da genotipagem para o polimorfismo do gene ECA n&#227;o foi encontrada intera&#231;&#227;o com a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita.</p>
        <p>A IC &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica frequente que apresenta elevado grau de morbidade e mortalidade. Ela acomete 1,5% a 2,0% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, por&#233;m sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta progressivamente com a idade, atingindo aproximadamente 10% dos indiv&#237;duos com mais de 65 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Esses dados confirmam nossos resultados, em que os pacientes com IC apresentaram idade significativamente superior aos pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>Corroborando com nossos achados, Yang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> compararam a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos D/I em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 701 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os g&#234;neros. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada na frequ&#234;ncia dos gen&#243;tipos e alelos em homens e mulheres entre um grupo de indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 90 anos e um grupo controle com idade inferior a 60 anos.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise dos gen&#243;tipos D/I e do DSVE, n&#227;o foi encontrada rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses par&#226;metros. Nossos achados s&#227;o discordantes de um estudo nacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> em que encontraram aumento do DSVE em pacientes com o gen&#243;tipo DD, associando-se com maior morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com IC de diferentes etiologias.</p>
        <p>H&#225; uma poss&#237;vel intera&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo ECA na progress&#227;o da IC cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O alelo D foi associado com a progress&#227;o da IC e maior mortalidade quando comparado com o alelo I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Esses dados op&#245;em-se aos resultados encontrados neste estudo, o qual os gen&#243;tipos D/I n&#227;o foram associados com a gravidade da IC.</p>
        <p>O polimorfismo ECA n&#227;o foi associado com a gravidade ou progress&#227;o da IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica. Corroborando com nossos dados, estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> n&#227;o associaram o polimorfismo da ECA com desenvolvimento da IC ou progress&#227;o da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise, a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos D/I foi semelhante entre os grupos A e B. Diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas individuais podem levar a diversos perfis de riscos e n&#250;mero amostral pequeno, especialmente em estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o, com poder inadequado para identificar contribui&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, o que pode justificar uma discord&#226;ncia com os resultados encontrados.</p>
        <p>Testes de an&#225;lise do DNA podem fornecem a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma ou mais variantes gen&#233;ticas associadas ao risco maior de IC e, assim, contribuir para medidas preventivas de mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos de vida e terapias que levem em conta o seu perfil gen&#233;tico.</p>
        <p>Baseando-se no potencial de aplicabilidade do marcador gen&#233;tico na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e dos resultados inconclusivos acerca do papel do polimorfismo da ECA como fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica, o uso desse marcador gen&#233;tico n&#227;o foi &#250;til para ser incorporado &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A falta de associa&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos D/I pode indicar que o polimorfismo ECA n&#227;o atua na patog&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular causada pela doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na frequ&#234;ncia dos gen&#243;tipos D/I nos pacientes portadores de IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica, quando comparados com os pacientes portadores e doen&#231;a de Chagas sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre o polimorfismo ECA e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas analisadas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos pode ser considerado pequeno se comparado ao valor estimado de portadores da doen&#231;a existentes em nosso pa&#237;s. Aspectos socioecon&#244;micos podem interagir com fatores gen&#233;ticos e interferir nos desfechos da IC. Os achados neste estudo, em que apenas pacientes da rede p&#250;blica foram estudados, podem impedir que os dados sejam reproduzidos em outras popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos, amplos e prospectivos com um grupo amostral maior, capazes de apontar estas e outras vari&#225;veis potencialmente relacionadas &#224; IC de etiologia exclusivamente chag&#225;sica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Silene Jacinto da Silva pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s. de risco para IC, pois sua distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
