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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RDGf6yqNX4cMN9LTtkvZqzq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300290</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170129</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005017103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Do We Need to Personalize Renal Function Assessment in the Stratification of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arthur</surname>
            <given-names>Camila P. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar A. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Osternack</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakazone</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Arruda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goncharov</surname>
            <given-names>Maxim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz A. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s A. O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <collab>Grupo de Estudo REPLICCAR</collab>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Omar A. V. Mejia.</bold> Dr.En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Postal Code:05403-900. Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>omar.mejia@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Nakazone M, Pomerantzeff PMA, Arthur CPS; Acquisition of data: Mejia OAV, Goncharov M, Dallan LAO, Osternack D, Jatene FB, Arthur CPS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mejia OAV, Lisboa LAF, Goncharov M, Dallan LAO, Nakazone M, Pomerantzeff PMA; Statistical analysis: Mejia OAV, Goncharov M; Writing of the manuscript: Arthur CPS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mejia OAV, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Nakazone M, Osternack D, Pomerantzeff PMA, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>290</fpage>
      <lpage>298</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Renal dysfunction is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgery. For a better assessment of renal function, calculation of creatinine clearance (CC) may be necessary.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To objectively evaluate whether CC is a better risk predictor than serum creatinine (SC) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Analysis of 3,285 patients registered in a prospective, consecutive and mandatory manner in the Sao Paulo Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery (REPLICCAR) between November 2013 and January 2015. Values of SC, CC (Cockcroft-Gault) and EuroSCORE II were obtained. Association analysis of SC and CC with morbidity and mortality was performed by calibration and discrimination tests. Independent multivariate models with SC and CC were generated by multiple logistic regression to predict morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Despite the association between SC and mortality, it did not calibrate properly the risk groups. There was an association between CC and mortality with good calibration of risk groups. In mortality risk prediction, SC was uncalibrated with values &gt; 1.35 mg /dL (p &lt; 0.001). The ROC curve showed that CC is better than SC in predicting both morbidity and mortality risk. In the multivariate model without CC, SC was the only predictor of morbidity, whereas in the model without SC, CC was not only a mortality predictor, but also the only morbidity predictor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Compared with SC, CC is a better parameter of renal function in risk stratification of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency/prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Creatinine/analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>MS, CNPq,S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP) e SES-SP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2012/51229-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cost-effectiveness analysis in cardiac surgery reveals the impact of complication prevention and incorporation of new technologies in health system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> High rates of complications and hospital mortality have been reported in patients with renal dysfunction who undergo myocardial revascularization surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Therefore, a more reliable, individualized assessment of renal function may lead to better optimization and allocation of resources that may help physicians and patients choose the best time and type of treatment.</p>
      <p>In this context, several studies have shown a direct correlation of preoperative renal failure with morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> For a better estimate of kidney failure degree, current risk scores, such as EuroSCORE II, have included creatinine clearance (CC) calculation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, EuroSCORE II has been shown to become more complex and flawed when adapted to current lines of work, as revealed by internal validation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> For this reason, we have concerns relating to how to choose international scores and more and more complex models.</p>
      <p>To estimate mortality risk, Brazilian models include serum creatinine (SC) values only, even as categorical variable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Hence, EuroSCORE II, recently validated in Brazil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> includes CC levels as a predictive variable, aiming to improve the performance of the original version of EuroSCORE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, pitfalls in calibration tests of the instrument may be related to inaccurate measurements of some variables in our settings. In light of this, and due to the higher complexity of estimating CC as compared with SC for physicians and other healthcare professionals, the real need for estimating this parameter is questionable. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there are no studies available on the impact of CC <italic>versus</italic> SC on morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>In light of this gap in the literature, the aim of our study was to objectively assess the importance of CC <italic>versus</italic> SC in the stratification of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in a prospective, multicentric, mandatory registry of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>Cross-sectional study based on Sao Paulo Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery (REPLICCAR), performed at Heart Institute (InCor) of the General Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School. All patients who consecutively underwent emergency coronary and/or valve surgery in 10 hospitals in the state of Sao Paulo in the period from November 2013 to January 2015 were included in the analysis. Before the start of the study, the presence of SC, CC and EuroSCORE II in all patients was confirmed. The sample should have included a minimum of 100 events for statistical significance; the study was started with 224 deaths and 263 morbidities registered.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>
            <italic>Inclusion criteria:</italic>
          </p>
          <p>All patients aged &#8805; 18 years, who underwent elective surgery during the pre-established period for:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Valve surgery (substitution or plastic surgery);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) (with or without extracorporeal circulation)</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Combined surgery (MRS and valve surgery).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>Exclusion criteria:</italic>
          </p>
          <p>Other types of surgeries performed in combination with valve and/or MRS.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection, definition and organization</title>
        <p>Collected data are fed in to REPLICCAR by a trained person in each of the 10 centers participating in the project. Data were inserted online to the website <italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bdcardio.incor.usp.br">bdcardio.incor.usp.br</ext-link></italic> by username and password, into four different interfaces: preoperative, intraoperative, discharge and 30 days after discharge. A total of 68 variables were collected by patient, and follow-up was performed by telephone. Data completion and veracity were controlled by registry governance and administration. CC was calculated by the Crockcroft-Gault equation for estimation of glomerular filtration rate using SC, age, sex, and body weight.</p>
        <p>EuroSCORE II values used in REPLICCAR is calculated on the website <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html">http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html</ext-link>. Outcome measures were hospital morbidity and mortality in the period from surgery to evaluation at 30 days, or to hospital discharge. Morbidity included severe acute renal failure (sARF), stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and categorical variables as percentages. Fisher exact test was used for contingency tables. Calibration was calculated by the Hosmer Lemeshow test, indicating that the model was adequately adjusted when p &gt; 0.05. In the calibration of CC and SC, we analyzed the difference between expected and observed mortality and morbidity by nonlinear least squares (NLS). Therefore, a positive NLS indicates that the outcomes were better than expected. In addition to NLS, we evaluated the adjusted rate between observed and expected outcomes, the &#180;risk adjusted mortality quotient` (RAMQ). A RAMQ lower than 1 suggests that surgical outcome was better than the average outcome. CC and SC accuracy was analyzed by the area under the ROC curve. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, two multivariate models were built for mortality and two multivariate models were built for morbidity, one model using the variable CC, and the other using the variable SC. Regression analysis was performed by the stepwise selection method. Models with the dichotomous variable CC &lt; 55mL/min were also tested. A P value &lt; 5% was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS desktop statistical software, version 22.0 for Windows (IBM Corporation Armonk, New York).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethics and Consent form</title>
        <p>This work was approved as a subproject of the online registry number 9696 of the Ethics Commission for Research Project Analysis (CAPPesq) of HCFMUSP, entitled &#8220;Heart surgery programs innovation using surgical risk stratification at the S&#227;o Paulo State Public healthcare system: SP-Score-SUS study&#8221;.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>Of 3,285 patients, 224 patients (6.8%) died and 263 (7.9%) had some morbidity. Mean age was 60.47 &#177; 12.3 years, and 1,195 (36.3%) were women. Mean body mass index was 26.7 &#177; 4.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Reoperations were performed in 399 (12.1%) patients. A total of 1,428 (43.4%) patients with functional class III-IV and 1,180 (35.8%) emergency patients underwent surgery. Mean ejection fraction was 58.3 &#177; 11.2%. Mean SC and CC values were 1.25 &#177; 1.1 mg/dL and 72.6 &#177; 29.5 mL/min, respectively. Mean EuroSCORE II was 2.6 &#177; 4.3. A total of 1,862 (56.7%) MRS alone, 1,065 (32.4%) valve surgery alone and 358 (10.9%) MRS combined with valve surgery was performed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between SC and mortality</title>
        <p>There was an association between SC and mortality (p = 0.0003). However, the model with SC subgroups did not adjust well for mortality in the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (H-L, p &lt; 0.0001), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Expected mortality (EM) by serum creatinine adjusted for observed mortality (OM)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Serum creatinine</th>
                <th align="center">Cases</th>
                <th align="center">% </th>
                <th align="center">OM</th>
                <th align="center">EM</th>
                <th align="center">RAMQ (OM/EM)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 0.80</td>
                <td align="center">341</td>
                <td align="center">10.4</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">20.96</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0.80-0.87</td>
                <td align="center">346</td>
                <td align="center">10.5</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">21.72</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0.88-0.93</td>
                <td align="center">310</td>
                <td align="center">9.4</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">19.69</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0.94-0.99</td>
                <td align="center">235</td>
                <td align="center">7.1</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">15.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1.00-1.03</td>
                <td align="center">322</td>
                <td align="center">9.8</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">20.78</td>
                <td align="center">0.91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1.04-1.10</td>
                <td align="center">350</td>
                <td align="center">10.6</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">22.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1.11-1.20</td>
                <td align="center">381</td>
                <td align="center">11.6</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">25.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1.21-1.34</td>
                <td align="center">325</td>
                <td align="center">9.9</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">21.87</td>
                <td align="center">0.96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1.35-1.59</td>
                <td align="center">319</td>
                <td align="center">9.7</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">22.02</td>
                <td align="center">1.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 1.60</td>
                <td align="center">364</td>
                <td align="center">11.1</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">33.86</td>
                <td align="center">2.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3293</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">224</td>
                <td align="center">224</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>RAMQ: Risk Adjusted mortality quotient.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Our results showed that, although expected mortality by SC was associated with observed mortality in our sample, when SC was &#8805; 1.60, expected mortality by the variable became significantly disproportionate (RAMQ &gt; 2), underestimating the observed mortality. On the other hand, there is a similar number of patients between the groups (see supplementary <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figure A</xref>), which confirms the disproportion between OM and EM for higher SC levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between creatinine clearance and mortality</title>
        <p>There was a significant association between CC and mortality (p &lt; 0.0001) and the model with CC subgroups adjusted well in the Hosmer-Lemeshow mortality test (H-L, p = 0.277), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Expected mortality (EM) by creatinine clearance adjusted for observed mortality (OM)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Creatinine clearance</th>
                <th align="center">Cases</th>
                <th align="center">% </th>
                <th align="center">OM</th>
                <th align="center">EM</th>
                <th align="center">RAMQ (OM/EM)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 109</td>
                <td align="center">333</td>
                <td align="center">10.1</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">3.14</td>
                <td align="center">1.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">95-108</td>
                <td align="center">339</td>
                <td align="center">10.3</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">7.14</td>
                <td align="center">1.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">85-94</td>
                <td align="center">343</td>
                <td align="center">10.4</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">10.31</td>
                <td align="center">1.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">77-84</td>
                <td align="center">310</td>
                <td align="center">9.4</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">12.26</td>
                <td align="center">1.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70-76</td>
                <td align="center">328</td>
                <td align="center">10.0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">16.13</td>
                <td align="center">0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">64-69</td>
                <td align="center">319</td>
                <td align="center">9.7</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">19.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">57-63</td>
                <td align="center">333</td>
                <td align="center">10.1</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">24.52</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">49-56</td>
                <td align="center">341</td>
                <td align="center">10.4</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">31.17</td>
                <td align="center">1.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">39-48</td>
                <td align="center">323</td>
                <td align="center">9.8</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">37.86</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 38</td>
                <td align="center">324</td>
                <td align="center">9.8</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">62.17</td>
                <td align="center">1.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3293</td>
                <td align="center">100.0</td>
                <td align="center">224</td>
                <td align="center">224</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>RAMQ: Risk Adjusted mortality quotient.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In calibration, using creatinine clearance as predictive variable of the groups formed by the Hosmer Lemeshow test, there was no significant difference between expected mortality by CC and observed mortality (p = 0,277). Also, there is a similar number of patients between the groups (see supplementary <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figure B</xref>) that confirms that CC is a good predictor of mortality.</p>
        <p>Analysis of the ROC curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), which measures the accuracy of the variable in discriminating between patients who died and those who survived, revealed that, when SC was used as predictive variable, the accuracy of the model was 0.65. However, when CC was used as predictive variable, the accuracy of the model in predicting mortality reached 0.73 (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve for serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and mortality.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0290-70129-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between SC and morbidity (stroke, AMI, sARF)</title>
        <p>There was an association between SC and morbidity (p &lt; 0.0001). However, the model with SC subgroups did not adjust well to morbidity in the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (H-L, p &lt; 0.0001), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Expected morbidity by serum creatinine adjusted for observed morbidity</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">morbi = 1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">morbi = 0</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Group</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Observed</th>
                <th align="center">Expected</th>
                <th align="center">Observed</th>
                <th align="center">Expected</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">341</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">23.80</td>
                <td align="center">328</td>
                <td align="center">317.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">346</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">24.83</td>
                <td align="center">332</td>
                <td align="center">321.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">310</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">22.59</td>
                <td align="center">297</td>
                <td align="center">287.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">235</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">17.34</td>
                <td align="center">219</td>
                <td align="center">217.66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">322</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">23.95</td>
                <td align="center">308</td>
                <td align="center">298.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">350</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">26.40</td>
                <td align="center">327</td>
                <td align="center">323.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">381</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">29.26</td>
                <td align="center">361</td>
                <td align="center">351.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">325</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">25.53</td>
                <td align="center">293</td>
                <td align="center">299.47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">319</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">25.90</td>
                <td align="center">287</td>
                <td align="center">293.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">364</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">43.42</td>
                <td align="center">278</td>
                <td align="center">320.58</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>RAMQ: Risk Adjusted mortality quotient.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Although we observed an association between expected morbidity by SC and observed morbidity in the sample, calibration by Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed a significant difference between expected mortality by SC and observed mortality in the groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between CC and morbidity (stroke, AMI, sARF)</title>
        <p>There was an association of CC with morbidity (p &lt; 0.0001). CC subgroups adjusted well to morbidity in the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (H-L, p &lt; 0,346), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Expected morbidity by creatinine clearance adjusted for observed morbidity</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">morbi = 1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">morbi = 0</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Group</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Observed</th>
                <th align="center">Expected</th>
                <th align="center">Observed</th>
                <th align="center">Expected</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">333</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">5.30</td>
                <td align="center">326</td>
                <td align="center">327.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">339</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">10.68</td>
                <td align="center">327</td>
                <td align="center">328.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">343</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">14.52</td>
                <td align="center">327</td>
                <td align="center">328.48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">310</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">16.47</td>
                <td align="center">292</td>
                <td align="center">293.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">328</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">20.86</td>
                <td align="center">310</td>
                <td align="center">307.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">319</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">24.08</td>
                <td align="center">302</td>
                <td align="center">294.92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">333</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">29.56</td>
                <td align="center">312</td>
                <td align="center">303.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">341</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">36.18</td>
                <td align="center">302</td>
                <td align="center">304.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">323</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">42.06</td>
                <td align="center">282</td>
                <td align="center">280.94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">324</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">63.30</td>
                <td align="center">250</td>
                <td align="center">260.70</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In addition to the association between expected morbidity by CC and observed morbidity in the sample, calibration by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that there was no significant difference between expected mortality by CC and observed mortality in the groups.</p>
        <p>Analysis of the ROC curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) showed that, when SC was used as predictive variable, accuracy of the model was 0.68 only. Nevertheless, when CC was used as predictive variable, accuracy of the model to predict observed mortality was 0.70 (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve for serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and morbidity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0290-70129-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Multivariate model for mortality</title>
        <p>In the upper part of the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>, we can see that when a multivariate model for mortality without CC was generated, the independent predicting variables were age, hematocrit, pulmonary artery pressure, type of hospitalization and functional class, but not SC. However, in the lower part of the table, when we created a multivariate model without SC, CC was in the model, achieving an accuracy of 0.768.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate model for mortality</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top:hidden">
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Without Creatinine clearance:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Confidence interval 95%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Effect</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Risk estimation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Lower limit</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Highest Limit</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.047</td>
                <td align="center">1.028</td>
                <td align="center">1.066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hematocrit</td>
                <td align="center">0.924</td>
                <td align="center">0.891</td>
                <td align="center">0.958</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary artery pressure</td>
                <td align="center">1.020</td>
                <td align="center">1.008</td>
                <td align="center">1.032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urgency Emergency</td>
                <td align="center">2.341</td>
                <td align="center">1.518</td>
                <td align="center">3.611</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Functional class III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">2.136</td>
                <td align="center">1.063</td>
                <td align="center">4.292</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Accuracy = 0.762</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Multivariate model for mortality without Serum creatinine:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Confidence interval 95%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Effect</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Risk estimation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Lower limit</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Highest Limit</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.038</td>
                <td align="center">1.019</td>
                <td align="center">1.058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hematocrit</td>
                <td align="center">0.935</td>
                <td align="center">0.900</td>
                <td align="center">0.971</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary artery pressure</td>
                <td align="center">1.018</td>
                <td align="center">1.006</td>
                <td align="center">1.030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine clearance</td>
                <td align="center">0.989</td>
                <td align="center">0.978</td>
                <td align="center">0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urgency Emergency</td>
                <td align="center">2.163</td>
                <td align="center">1.393</td>
                <td align="center">3.358</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Functional class III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">2.087</td>
                <td align="center">1.037</td>
                <td align="center">4.198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Accuracy = 0.768</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Multivariate model for morbidity</title>
        <p>We can see in the upper part of the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref> that, when we created a multivariate model for morbidity without CC, the independent predicting variables were age, hematocrit, and SC, achieving an accuracy of 0.68. However, in the lower part of the table, it is shown that when we created a multivariate model without SC, CC was in the model, achieving an accuracy of 0.70.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate model for morbidity</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top:hidden">
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Without Creatinine clearance:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Confidence interval 95%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Effect</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Risk estimation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Lower limit</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Highest Limit</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.028</td>
                <td align="center">1.011</td>
                <td align="center">1.046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hematocrit</td>
                <td align="center">0.940</td>
                <td align="center">0.908</td>
                <td align="center">0.973</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Serum creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">1.127</td>
                <td align="center">1.018</td>
                <td align="center">1.240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Accuracy = 0.68</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Modelo multivariado para morbidade sem Serum Creatinine:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Confidence interval 95%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Effect</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Risk estimation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Lower limit</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Highest Limit</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Creatinine clearance</td>
                <td align="center">0.971</td>
                <td align="center">0.962</td>
                <td align="center">0.980</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Accuracy = 0.70</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>&#8216;In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, renal function has an influence on mortality prediction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Many preoperative risk predictive models in patients undergoing cardiac surgery have confirmed the importance of renal function as a mortality predictor. In these models, ARF, necessity of dialysis and SC, used as categorical variables, are considered risk factors.</p>
      <p>SC levels are affected by numerous factors that are independent of glomerular filtration rate: tubular secretion and reabsorption, endogenous production, irregular diet, extrarenal elimination, laboratory diagnostic techniques, and medications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Since assessment of renal function based on SC is associated with several limitations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and measurement of urinary CC takes a long time, many equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate using SC, body weight, age, sex and ethnic characteristics have been developed. All these equations, however, exhibit some limitations.</p>
      <p>The most frequently used method to assess renal function in Medicare and in the national transplant waiting list in the US<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> is the Cockcroft-Gault formula. This formula is not absolutely precise (e.g. in elderly patients) and may either overestimate or underestimate the renal function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Many studies on heart and renal failure showed a good correlation between CC estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula and the glomerular filtration rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Due to its wide acceptance, this formula was chosen to be used in REPLICCAR.</p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that we performed binary analysis of CC (&lt; 55 mL/min), which did not show any difference in comparison with continuous analysis of the variable. Nevertheless, in patients with SC &#8805; 1.35 mg/dL, observed mortality was greater than expected mortality, reaching values two times greater than in patients with SC &#8805; 1.60 mg/dL. Although SC has been used by Brazilian health care centers,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> even as a criteria of ARF stage classification,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> it should be analyzed with caution due to its lack of calibration in predicting mortality. This should start with the inclusion of CC in local risk scores, in which SC is still used as a binary data.</p>
      <p>CC had greater predictive power for both mortality and morbidity than SC, assessed by the area under the ROC curve. However, there are difficulties in detecting differences between the variables by analysis of the standard deviation of the ROC curve. To address this issue, we constructed multivariate models by multiple regression to first evaluate the influence of CC on other variables, and then the influence of SC. In mortality model, regression analysis showed that when CC was excluded, SC was not an independent predicting variable, which suggests its inefficacy in this analysis. On the other hand, when SC was excluded, CC was not only an independent predicting variable, but also the only predictor in this model. This reinforces the importance of CC in the preoperative assessment, which has also been demonstrated in other studies performed in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Therefore, local models should also follow the tendency to include CC, similar to international scores.</p>
      <p>Estimation of expected morbidity and mortality by the risk models, as well as their relationship with observed morbidity and mortality using NLS and RAMQ, represent effective analytical tools in the assessment of potential influence on morbidity and mortality (e.g. in detecting diseases in the preoperative period, choosing the type of surgery etc.).</p>
      <p>CC, which is currently considered in EuroSCORE II, even as categories, has already been included in REPLICCAR as continuous variable and undoubtedly should be included in future risk models developed in Brazil. Therefore, there should be a preference for the use of CC, calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation over SC in the preoperative assessment of renal function.</p>
      <p>The only clear limitation of this study is the fact that this was not a randomized study, which could specifically evaluate the impact of each variable. Although prospective registry is the most robust method for this type of analysis, it is worth to note that these results should be validated before being applied in other types of procedures and populations, as in pediatric population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study shows that SC values greater than 1.6 underestimate the risk of hospital morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing coronary and/or valve surgery in Sao Paulo state. We encourage the calculation of CC for a more accurate, individualized assessment of renal function, aiming a better planning and optimization of perioperative care.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, CNPq, FAPESP, Programa de Pesquisa para SUS gest&#227;o compartilhada (PPSUS).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgement</title>
      <p>To the REPLICCAR Study Group:</p>
      <p>1.Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de Campinas (Prof. Dr. Orlando Petrucci); 2.Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; de Rio Preto (Dr. Marcelo Nakazone); 3.Santa Casa de Mar&#237;lia (Dr. Marcos Tiveron); 4.Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo (Dra. Valquiria Pelisser Campagnucci); 6.Benefic&#234;nica Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo (Dr. Marco Antonio Pra&#231;a Oliveira); 7.Hospital S&#227;o Paulo (Prof. Dr. Walter Gomes); 8.Hospital Paulo Sacramento (Dr. Roberto Rocha e Silva); 9.Hospital Pitangueiras (Dr. Roberto Rocha e Silva); 10.Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (Prof. Dr. Alfredo Jos&#233; Rodrigues).</p>
      <p>To the MS, CNPq,S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP) e SES-SP in scope of the research program for SUS,shared management (PPSUS),that allowed the development of this study within the Process FAPESP N&#186; 2012/51229-5.</p>
    </ack>
    <app-group>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Supplementary Figure A</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage of patients, observed mortality (OM) and expected mortality (EM) for serum creatinine groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <alternatives>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RDGf6yqNX4cMN9LTtkvZqzq/79e8669a4df1eb3d649197aaa64404d796bc9058.jpg"/>
          </alternatives>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Supplementary Figure B</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage of patients, observed mortality (OM) and expected mortality (EM) for serum creatinine clearance groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <alternatives>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RDGf6yqNX4cMN9LTtkvZqzq/ec5f58acbdb4908a101c57fe6f2d695995953bc0.jpg"/>
          </alternatives>
        </fig>
      </p>
    </app-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#201; Necess&#225;rio Personalizar a Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Renal na Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca?</article-title>
      </title-group>
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            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar A. V.</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakazone</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Arruda</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goncharov</surname>
            <given-names>Maxim</given-names>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz A. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s A. O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
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          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <collab>Grupo de Estudo REPLICCAR</collab>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Omar A. V. Mejia.</bold> Dr.En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cep:05403-900. Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>omar.mejia@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Nakazone M, Pomerantzeff PMA, Arthur CPS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mejia OAV, Goncharov M, Dallan LAO, Osternack D, Jatene FB, Arthur CPS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mejia OAV, Lisboa LAF, Goncharov M, Dallan LAO, Nakazone M, Pomerantzeff PMA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mejia OAV, Goncharov M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Arthur CPS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mejia OAV, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Nakazone M, Osternack D, Pomerantzeff PMA, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; preditor independente de morbimortalidade ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. Para uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, o c&#225;lculo do <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina (CC) pode ser necess&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar objetivamente se o CC &#233; melhor que a creatinina s&#233;rica (CS) para predizer risco nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise em 3285 pacientes do Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (REPLICCAR) inclu&#237;dos de forma prospectiva, consecutiva e mandat&#243;ria entre novembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2015. Foram obtidos valores de CS, CC (Cockcroft-Gault) e do EuroSCORE II. An&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#245;es da CS e do CC com morbimortalidade foi realizada mediante testes de calibra&#231;&#227;o e discrimina&#231;&#227;o. Por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, foram criados modelos multivariados independentes com CS e com CC para predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de morbimortalidade ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a CS e morbimortalidade, essa n&#227;o calibrou adequadamente os grupos de risco. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o CC e morbimortalidade com boa calibra&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de risco. Na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de mortalidade, a CS ficou descalibrada com valores &gt;1,35 mg/dL (p &lt; 0,001). A curva ROC revelou que o CC &#233; superior &#224; CS na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de morbimortalidade. No modelo multivariado sem CC, a CS foi a &#250;nica preditora de morbidade, enquanto que no modelo sem a CS, o CC foi preditor de mortalidade e o &#250;nico preditor de morbidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, o CC &#233; superior que a CS na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal/preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Creatinina/an&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade em cirurgia card&#237;aca mostra o impacto da preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es e da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias no sistema de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica evoluem no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com maiores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Assim, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais fidedigna da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, no contexto de uma abordagem personalizada, pode trazer uma melhor otimiza&#231;&#227;o e aloca&#231;&#227;o dos recursos que ajudem m&#233;dicos e pacientes na escolha do melhor momento e tipo de tratamento.</p>
        <p>Neste contexto, diversos estudos na literatura mostram uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre o grau de insufici&#234;ncia renal pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e a morbimortalidade p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Para estimar melhor o grau de insufici&#234;ncia renal, escores de risco atuais t&#234;m inclu&#237;do o c&#225;lculo do <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina (CC) na avalia&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Um deles foi o EuroSCORE II que, na tentativa de se ajustar &#224;s tend&#234;ncias atuais, ficou mais complexo e mostrou falhas na sua valida&#231;&#227;o interna,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> o que nos leva a ficar apreensivos na escolha de escores internacionais e de modelos cada vez mais complexos.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, modelos locais incluem unicamente o valor de creatinina s&#233;rica (CS), inclusive como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica, para estimar o risco de mortalidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Por isso, EuroSCORE II, recentemente validado em realidade brasileira,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> inclui n&#237;veis de CC em seus itens de predi&#231;&#227;o, na expectativa de melhorar o desempenho do antigo EuroSCORE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No entanto, falhas nos testes da calibra&#231;&#227;o em nosso meio podem estar relacionadas com a imprecis&#227;o na medida de algumas das suas vari&#225;veis. Sendo assim, e diante da maior complexidade de se calcular o CC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; CS para m&#233;dicos e outros profissionais da sa&#250;de, a real necessidade da obten&#231;&#227;o do CC &#233; question&#225;vel. Infelizmente, n&#227;o temos conhecimento de estudos dispon&#237;veis que avaliem o impacto do CC <italic>versus</italic> a CS na morbimortalidade ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Diante dessa lacuna na literatura, o objetivo de nosso estudo foi avaliar objetivamente a import&#226;ncia do CC <italic>versus</italic> a CS na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca no registro prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico e mandat&#243;rio de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal no Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (REPLICCAR) realizado no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Todos os pacientes operados consecutivamente de forma eletiva, em urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia, de coron&#225;ria e/ou valva, em 10 hospitais do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo de novembro de 2013 a janeiro 2015 foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. Antes de iniciar o estudo, foi confirmada a presen&#231;a do valor de CS, do CC e do EuroSCORE II em todos os pacientes. Para a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica do estudo, a amostra deveria incluir no m&#237;nimo 100 eventos; com um n&#250;mero de 224 &#243;bitos e 263 registros de morbidade, este estudo foi iniciado.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
            <p>
              <italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o:</italic>
            </p>
            <p>Todos os pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos, operados de forma eletiva no per&#237;odo estabelecido de:</p>
            <p>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p>Cirurgia valvar (troca ou pl&#225;stica);</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) (com ou sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea);</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Cirurgia associada (CRM e cirurgia valvar).</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
            <p>
              <italic>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</italic>
            </p>
            <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos outros tipos de cirurgia associada &#224; cirurgia valvar e/ou CRM.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta, defini&#231;&#227;o e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>No REPLICCAR, a coleta de dados dos pacientes &#233; realizada por uma pessoa graduada e treinada para trabalhar com a alimenta&#231;&#227;o do registro em cada um dos 10 centros que fazem parte do projeto. Os dados foram incorporados <italic>on-line</italic> no site: <italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bdcardio.incor.usp.br">bdcardio.incor.usp.br</ext-link></italic> mediante senha e usu&#225;rio personalizado, pelo preenchimento de quatro interfaces dispon&#237;veis: pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, intraoperat&#243;rio, alta e avalia&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias. Um total de 68 vari&#225;veis foi coletado por paciente, e o seguimento feito por via telef&#244;nica. A completude e veracidade dos dados foram supervisionadas pela governan&#231;a e administra&#231;&#227;o do registro. O CC foi calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Crockcroft-Gault para estima&#231;&#227;o da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular a partir do valor de CS, idade, sexo e peso corp&#243;reo.</p>
          <p>O valor do EuroSCORE II no registro &#233; calculado a partir do site <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html">http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html</ext-link>. Os desfechos analisados foram mortalidade e morbidade hospitalar no per&#237;odo entre a cirurgia e a avalia&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias, ou do contr&#225;rio, at&#233; a alta hospitalar. A morbidade incluiu: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda grave (IRAg), acidente cerebral vascular (ACV) e infarto agudo de mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como percentagens. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para as tabelas de conting&#234;ncia. A calibra&#231;&#227;o foi calculada pelo teste de Hosmer Lemeshow, mostrando que o modelo ajusta-se de forma adequada quando p &gt; 0,05. Na calibra&#231;&#227;o do CC e da CS, foi analisada a diferen&#231;a entre os valores esperados de mortalidade e morbidade e os valores observados por subgrupos (<italic>NLS, nonlinear least squares</italic> ou m&#237;nimo quadrados n&#227;o lineares). Assim, um valor de <italic>NLS</italic> positivo indica que o resultado dos desfechos foi melhor que o esperado. Al&#233;m do valor do <italic>NLS</italic>, foi avaliada a taxa ajustada entre os desfechos observados e esperados, tamb&#233;m chamada de &#8220;taxa de mortalidade ajustada ao risco&#8221; (<italic>RAMQ, risk adjusted mortality quotient</italic>). Um valor de <italic>RAMQ</italic> inferior a 1 indica que o desempenho cir&#250;rgico foi melhor que a m&#233;dia. A acur&#225;cia do CC e da CS para a mortalidade e morbidade foi avaliada a partir da &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC. Mediante an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, foram constru&#237;dos dois modelos multivariados para &#243;bito, um com a vari&#225;vel CS e outro com a vari&#225;vel CC, similarmente aos dois modelos multivariados para morbidade. A regress&#227;o foi realizada mediante o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>stepwise</italic>. Modelos com a vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica CC &lt; 55 mL/min tamb&#233;m foram testados. O valor de p menor de 5% foi considerado significativo. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o aux&#237;lio do <italic>software SPSS Statistics Desktop</italic> vers&#227;o 22.0 para <italic>Windows (IBM Corporation Armonk, New York).</italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#201;tica e Termo de Consentimento:</title>
          <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado como subprojeto do registro <italic>online</italic> n&#186; 9696 da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lises de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) do HCFMUSP intitulado "Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco Cir&#250;rgico como Instrumento de Inova&#231;&#227;o em Programas em Cirurgia Card&#237;aca no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo: Estudo SP-Score-SUS&#8221;</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Casu&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Dos 3.285 pacientes analisados, 224 pacientes (6,8%) morreram e 263 (7,9%) tiveram alguma morbidade. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 60,47 &#177; 12,3 anos. Foram 1195 (36,3%) pacientes do sexo feminino. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dio foi de 26,7 &#177; 4,5kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Reopera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em 399 (12,1%) pacientes. Foram operados 1428 (43,4%) pacientes com classe funcional III-IV e 1180 (35,8%) de urg&#234;ncia/emerg&#234;ncia. O valor m&#233;dio da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi de 58,3 &#177; 11,2%. O valor m&#233;dio de CS foi de 1,25 &#177; 1,1 mg/dL e o de CC de 72,6 &#177; 29,5 mL/min. O valor m&#233;dio de EuroSCORE II foi de 2,6 &#177; 4,3. Foram realizadas 1862 (56,7%) CRMs isoladas, 1065 (32,4%) cirurgias da valva isoladas e 358 (10,9%) CRM e de valva combinadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a CS e mortalidade</title>
          <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre CS e mortalidade (p = 0,0003). No entanto, o modelo com subgrupos de CS n&#227;o se ajustou adequadamente &#224; mortalidade no teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L, p &lt; 0,0001), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade esperada (ME) pela creatinina s&#233;rica ajustada &#224; mortalidade observada (MO)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica</th>
                  <th align="center">Casos</th>
                  <th align="center">% </th>
                  <th align="center">MO</th>
                  <th align="center">ME</th>
                  <th align="center">RAMQ (MO/ME)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">341</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">20,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">0,80-0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">346</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">21,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">0,88-0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">310</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">19,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">0,94-0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">235</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">15,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1,00-1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">322</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">20,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1,04-1,10</td>
                  <td align="center">350</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">22,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1,11-1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">381</td>
                  <td align="center">11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">25,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1,21-1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">325</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">21,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1,35-1,59</td>
                  <td align="center">319</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">22,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 1,60</td>
                  <td align="center">364</td>
                  <td align="center">11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">33,86</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">3293</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">224</td>
                  <td align="center">224</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>RAMQ: Taxa de mortalidade ajustada ao risco.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Podemos observar que embora exista associa&#231;&#227;o entre a mortalidade esperada pela CS e a mortalidade observada na amostra, quando os valores de CS foram &#8805; 1,60 a mortalidade esperada pela vari&#225;vel se fez significativamente desproporcional (RAMQ &gt; 2), subestimando a mortalidade observada. Por outro lado, existe um n&#250;mero de pacientes similares entres os grupos (vide <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">figura suplementar A</xref>) confirmando a despropor&#231;&#227;o da MO/ME para valores mais altos de CS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o CC e mortalidade</title>
          <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre CC e mortalidade (p &lt; 0,0001) e o modelo com subgrupos de CC se ajustou adequadamente &#224; mortalidade no teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L, p = 0,277), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade esperada (ME) pelo Clearance de Creatinina ajustado a Mortalidade observada (MO)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left"><italic>Clearance</italic> de creatinina</th>
                  <th align="center">Casos</th>
                  <th align="center">% </th>
                  <th align="center">MO</th>
                  <th align="center">ME</th>
                  <th align="center">RAMQ (MO/ME)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 109</td>
                  <td align="center">333</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">3,14</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">95-108</td>
                  <td align="center">339</td>
                  <td align="center">10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,14</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">85-94</td>
                  <td align="center">343</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">10,31</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">77-84</td>
                  <td align="center">310</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">12,26</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">70-76</td>
                  <td align="center">328</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">16,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">64-69</td>
                  <td align="center">319</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">19,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">57-63</td>
                  <td align="center">333</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">24,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">49-56</td>
                  <td align="center">341</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">31,17</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">39-48</td>
                  <td align="center">323</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">37,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">324</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">62,17</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">3293</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">224</td>
                  <td align="center">224</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>RAMQ: Taxa de mortalidade ajustada ao risco.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Podemos observar que na calibra&#231;&#227;o, utilizando o CC como vari&#225;vel preditora dos grupos formados pelo teste de Hosmer Lemeshow, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre a mortalidade esperada pelo CC e a mortalidade observada (p = 0,277). Sendo assim, existe um n&#250;mero de pacientes similares entres os grupos (Vide Figura <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Suplementar B</xref>), que confirma que o CC &#233; um bom preditor de mortalidade.</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>), que mede a acur&#225;cia da vari&#225;vel em discriminar pacientes que morrem e sobrevivem, observou-se que, ao utilizar a creatinina s&#233;rica como vari&#225;vel preditora, a acur&#225;cia do modelo foi de apenas 0,65. No entanto, quando o CC foi usado como vari&#225;vel preditora, a acur&#225;cia do modelo para predizer a mortalidade observada alcan&#231;ou 0,73 (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva ROC para creatinina s&#233;rica, clearance de creatinina e mortalidade.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0290-70129-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre CS e morbidade (ACV, IAM, IRAg):</title>
          <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre CS e morbidade (p &lt; 0,0001). No entanto, o modelo com subgrupos de CS n&#227;o se ajustou adequadamente &#224; morbidade no teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L, p &lt; 0,0001), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Morbidade esperada pela Creatinina S&#233;rica ajustada &#224; morbidade observada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">morbi = 1</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">morbi = 0</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center">Total</th>
                  <th align="center">Observado</th>
                  <th align="center">Esperado</th>
                  <th align="center">Observado</th>
                  <th align="center">Esperado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">341</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">23,80</td>
                  <td align="center">328</td>
                  <td align="center">317,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">346</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">24,83</td>
                  <td align="center">332</td>
                  <td align="center">321,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">310</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">22,59</td>
                  <td align="center">297</td>
                  <td align="center">287,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="center">235</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">17,34</td>
                  <td align="center">219</td>
                  <td align="center">217,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td align="center">322</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">23,95</td>
                  <td align="center">308</td>
                  <td align="center">298,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">6</td>
                  <td align="center">350</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">26,40</td>
                  <td align="center">327</td>
                  <td align="center">323,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7</td>
                  <td align="center">381</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">29,26</td>
                  <td align="center">361</td>
                  <td align="center">351,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8</td>
                  <td align="center">325</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">25,53</td>
                  <td align="center">293</td>
                  <td align="center">299,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td align="center">319</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">25,90</td>
                  <td align="center">287</td>
                  <td align="center">293,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10</td>
                  <td align="center">364</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">43,42</td>
                  <td align="center">278</td>
                  <td align="center">320,58</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Podemos observar que, embora exista associa&#231;&#227;o entre a morbidade esperada pela creatinina s&#233;rica e a morbidade observada na amostra, a calibra&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Hosmer Lemeshow demostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre a mortalidade esperada pela Creatinina S&#233;rica e a mortalidade observada nos grupos estabelecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o CC e morbidade (ACV, IAM, IRAg)</title>
          <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o CC e morbidade (p &lt; 0,0001) e o modelo com subgrupos de CC se ajustou adequadamente &#224; morbidade no teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L, p &lt; 0,346), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Morbidade esperada pelo clearance de creatinine ajustado &#224; morbidade observada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">morbi = 1</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">morbi = 0</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center">Total</th>
                  <th align="center">Observado</th>
                  <th align="center">Esperado</th>
                  <th align="center">Observado</th>
                  <th align="center">Esperado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">333</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">5,30</td>
                  <td align="center">326</td>
                  <td align="center">327,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">339</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">10,68</td>
                  <td align="center">327</td>
                  <td align="center">328,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">343</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">14,52</td>
                  <td align="center">327</td>
                  <td align="center">328,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="center">310</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">16,47</td>
                  <td align="center">292</td>
                  <td align="center">293,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td align="center">328</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">20,86</td>
                  <td align="center">310</td>
                  <td align="center">307,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">6</td>
                  <td align="center">319</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">24,08</td>
                  <td align="center">302</td>
                  <td align="center">294,92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7</td>
                  <td align="center">333</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">29,56</td>
                  <td align="center">312</td>
                  <td align="center">303,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8</td>
                  <td align="center">341</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">36,18</td>
                  <td align="center">302</td>
                  <td align="center">304,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td align="center">323</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">42,06</td>
                  <td align="center">282</td>
                  <td align="center">280,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10</td>
                  <td align="center">324</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">63,30</td>
                  <td align="center">250</td>
                  <td align="center">260,70</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Al&#233;m de haver associa&#231;&#227;o entre a morbidade esperada pelo CC e a morbidade observada na amostra, a calibra&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow demostrou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre a mortalidade esperada pelo CC e a mortalidade observada nos grupos estabelecidos.</p>
          <p>An&#225;lise da curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) mostrou que, quando utilizamos a CS como vari&#225;vel preditora, a acur&#225;cia do modelo &#233; de apenas 0,68. No entanto, quando utilizamos o CC como vari&#225;vel preditora, a acur&#225;cia do modelo para predizer a mortalidade observada foi de 0,70 (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva de ROC para creatinina s&#233;rica, clearance de creatinina e morbidade.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0290-70129-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo multivariado para mortalidade</title>
          <p>Na parte superior da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>, podemos observar que quando criamos um modelo multivariado para mortalidade sem o CC, aparecem como preditores independentes as vari&#225;veis idade, hemat&#243;crito, press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, tipo de interna&#231;&#227;o e classe funcional, mas n&#227;o a CS. No entanto, na parte inferior da tabela, quando criamos um modelo multivariado sem a creatinina s&#233;rica, o CC aparece no modelo, atingindo acur&#225;cia de 0,768.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo Multivariado para mortalidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-top:hidden;border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Modelo multivariado para mortalidade sem Clearance de creatinina:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Efeito</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Estimativa de risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Limite Inferior</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Limite Superior</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1.047</td>
                  <td align="center">1.028</td>
                  <td align="center">1.066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito</td>
                  <td align="center">0.924</td>
                  <td align="center">0.891</td>
                  <td align="center">0.958</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">1.020</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008</td>
                  <td align="center">1.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Urg&#234;ncia/Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">2.341</td>
                  <td align="center">1.518</td>
                  <td align="center">3.611</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">Classe funcional III /IV</td>
                  <td align="center">2.136</td>
                  <td align="center">1.063</td>
                  <td align="center">4.292</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Acur&#225;cia = 0,762</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Modelo multivariado para mortalidade sem Creatinina s&#233;rica:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Efeito</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Estimativa de risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Limite Inferior</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Limite Superior</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1.038</td>
                  <td align="center">1.019</td>
                  <td align="center">1.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito</td>
                  <td align="center">0.935</td>
                  <td align="center">0.900</td>
                  <td align="center">0.971</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">1.018</td>
                  <td align="center">1.006</td>
                  <td align="center">1.030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Clearance de creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0.989</td>
                  <td align="center">0.978</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Urg&#234;ncia/Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">2.163</td>
                  <td align="center">1.393</td>
                  <td align="center">3.358</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">Classe funcional III /IV</td>
                  <td align="center">2.087</td>
                  <td align="center">1.037</td>
                  <td align="center">4.198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                  <td align="center" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Acur&#225;cia = 0,768</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo multivariado para morbidade</title>
          <p>Na parte superior da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>, podemos observar que quando criamos um modelo multivariado para morbidade sem o CC, aparecem como preditores independentes as vari&#225;veis idade, hemat&#243;crito e CS para uma acur&#225;cia de 0,68. No entanto, na parte inferior da tabela, ao criarmos um modelo multivariado sem a CS, o CC aparece no modelo e alcan&#231;a uma acur&#225;cia de 0,70.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo multivariado de morbidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-top:hidden;border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Modelo multivariado para morbidade sem CC:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Efeito</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Estimativa de risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Limite Inferior</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Limite Superior</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,028</td>
                  <td align="center">1,011</td>
                  <td align="center">1,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito</td>
                  <td align="center">0,940</td>
                  <td align="center">0,908</td>
                  <td align="center">0,973</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,127</td>
                  <td align="center">1,018</td>
                  <td align="center">1,240</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Acur&#225;cia = 0,68</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Modelo multivariado para morbidade sem CS:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Efeito</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Estimativa de risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Limite Inferior</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Limite Superior</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,971</td>
                  <td align="center">0,962</td>
                  <td align="center">0,980</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                  <td align="center" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Acur&#225;cia = 0,70</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, a fun&#231;&#227;o renal influencia a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> M&#250;ltiplos modelos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca confirmam a import&#226;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o renal como preditor de mortalidade. Nesses modelos, IRA, necessidade de di&#225;lise e creatinina s&#233;rica, como vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, s&#227;o consideradas como fatores de risco.</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de CS &#233; influenciado por v&#225;rios fatores que s&#227;o independentes da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular: secre&#231;&#227;o e reabsor&#231;&#227;o tubular, produ&#231;&#227;o end&#243;gena, alimenta&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel, elimina&#231;&#227;o extrarrenal, t&#233;cnicas de diagn&#243;stico laboratorial, e medicamentos utilizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Uma vez que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, com base no valor de CS est&#225; associada a diversas limita&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e a mensura&#231;&#227;o do CC na urina &#233; bastante demorada, foram desenvolvidas v&#225;rias f&#243;rmulas para estimar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal a partir de creatinina s&#233;rica, peso corp&#243;reo, idade, sexo e caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas. Todas estas f&#243;rmulas, no entanto, exibem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal mais utilizada no Medicare e na lista de espera dos transplantes nos EUA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> &#233; a f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault. Essa f&#243;rmula n&#227;o &#233; absolutamente precisa (por exemplo, em idosos doentes) e pode superestimar ou subestimar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> V&#225;rios estudos sobre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia renal mostraram uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de CC de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault e a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Devido &#224; sua ampla aceita&#231;&#227;o, a f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault foi escolhida para o c&#225;lculo do CC no REPLICCAR.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que a avalia&#231;&#227;o bin&#225;ria do CC (&lt; 55 mL/min) foi realizada neste estudo e n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da vari&#225;vel. No entanto, foi visto que em pacientes com n&#237;veis de CS &#8805; 1,35 mg/dL, a mortalidade observada come&#231;a a ser maior que a mortalidade esperada, chegando a ser duas vezes maior que em pacientes com n&#237;veis de CS &#8805; 1,60 mg/dL. Embora a CS continue sendo utilizada em nosso meio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> mesmo como crit&#233;rio de classifica&#231;&#227;o dos est&#225;gios de IRA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> ela deve ser cuidadosamente analisada pela sua falta de calibra&#231;&#227;o na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade. Esses esfor&#231;os devem come&#231;ar pela inclus&#227;o do CC nos escores de risco locais, em que a CS &#233; inserida ainda de forma bin&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>O CC teve maior poder preditivo para mortalidade e para morbidade que a CS, avaliado pela &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC. No entanto, existe dificuldade na avalia&#231;&#227;o do desvio padr&#227;o da &#225;rea da curva ROC para se identificar diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas. Para contornar este problema, foram constru&#237;dos modelos multivariados por meio da regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla e, assim, foi avaliada primeiramente a influ&#234;ncia do CC e depois da CS no relacionamento com as outras vari&#225;veis. Pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o, no modelo para &#243;bito, quando o CC foi exclu&#237;do, a CS n&#227;o conseguiu ser vari&#225;vel preditora independente, o que revela sua inefici&#234;ncia nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, quando a CS foi exclu&#237;da, o CC foi n&#227;o somente vari&#225;vel preditora independente como o &#250;nico preditor no modelo para morbidade. Esta an&#225;lise local refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia do CC na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria o que tamb&#233;m vem sendo mostrado em outros estudos brasileiros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Portanto, assim como nos escores internacionais, em que o CC j&#225; foi inclu&#237;do, modelos locais dever&#227;o seguir esta tend&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo da morbidade e da mortalidade esperadas pelos modelos de risco, assim como a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a morbidade e mortalidade observada mediante o NLS e o RAMQ, representam ferramentas anal&#237;ticas eficazes na avalia&#231;&#227;o de potenciais influ&#234;ncias na morbimortalidade (p.ex. na detec&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, a escolha do tipo de procedimento cir&#250;rgico, etc.).</p>
        <p>O CC, que &#233; atualmente considerado pelo EuroSCORE II mesmo que de forma categorizada, j&#225; &#233; inclu&#237;do no REPLICCAR como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua e, sem d&#250;vida, dever&#225; fazer parte dos futuros modelos de risco brasileiros. Desta forma, deve-se preferir o CC calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Cockcroft-Gault &#224; CS na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
        <p>A &#250;nica limita&#231;&#227;o evidente do estudo &#233; o fato de n&#227;o se tratar de um estudo randomizado que poderia avaliar especificamente o impacto de cada vari&#225;vel. Embora a metodologia aplicada neste estudo por meio de registros prospectivos seja a mais robusta para este tipo de an&#225;lise, cabe ressaltar que os resultados precisam ser validados antes de serem aplicados em outros tipos de procedimentos e popula&#231;&#245;es, como na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo revela que valores de CS a partir de 1,6 subestimam o risco de morbimortalidade hospitalar nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de coron&#225;ria e/ou valva no estado de S&#227;o Paulo. N&#243;s encorajamos o c&#225;lculo do CC para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais acurada e personalizada da fun&#231;&#227;o renal visando um melhor planejamento e otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados perioperat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, CNPq, FAPESP, Programa de Pesquisa para SUS gest&#227;o compartilhada (PPSUS).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Ao Grupo de Estudo REPLICCAR:</p>
        <p>1- Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de Campinas (Prof. Dr. Orlando Petrucci); 2-Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; de Rio Preto (Dr. Marcelo Nakazone); 3- Santa Casa de Mar&#237;lia (Dr. Marcos Tiveron); 4- Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo (Dra. Valquiria Pelisser Campagnucci); 6- Benefic&#234;nica Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo (Dr. Marco Antonio Pra&#231;a Oliveira); 7- Hospital S&#227;o Paulo (Prof. Dr. Walter Gomes); 8- Hospital Paulo Sacramento (Dr. Roberto Rocha e Silva); 9- Hospital Pitangueiras (Dr. Roberto Rocha e Silva); 10- Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (Prof. Dr. Alfredo Jos&#233; Rodrigues).</p>
        <p>Ao MS, CNPq, FAPESP e SES-SP no &#226;mbito do Programa Pesquisa para o SUS, gest&#227;o compartilhada em sa&#250;de (PPSUS) que permitiram o desenvolvimento deste estudo.</p>
      </ack>
      <app-group>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura Suplementar A</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Porcentagem de pacientes, mortalidade observada (MO) e mortalidade esperada (ME) para os grupos de creatinina s&#233;rica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0290-70129-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura Suplementar B</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Porcentagem de pacientes, mortalidade observada (MO) e mortalidade esperada (ME) para grupos de CC.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0290-70129-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
