<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MDMV8pyMn6TBmN7RTM8RW8n</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300284</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005019101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170141</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Non-Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia Episodes Predict Future Hospitalization in ICD Recipients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>U&#231;ar</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaztepe</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taylan</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;kay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aktoz</surname>
            <given-names>Meryem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Trakya University Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Trakya University Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fatih Mehmet U&#231;ar</bold>, Trakya University Hospital Department of Cardiology - Balcan campus Edirne/Turkey. Postal code: 22060. E-mail: <email>dr_fmucar@hotmail.com</email>, <email>fmehmetucar@trakya.edu.tr</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: U&#231;ar FM, Yilmaztepe MA; Acquisition of data: U&#231;ar FM, Taylan G, Aktoz M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: U&#231;ar FM, Yilmaztepe MA, Taylan G, Aktoz M; Statistical analysis: U&#231;ar FM, Taylan G; Obtaining financing: U&#231;ar FM, Aktoz M; Writing of the manuscript: U&#231;ar FM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: U&#231;ar FM, Yilmaztepe MA, Aktoz M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>284</fpage>
      <lpage>289</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy is well known to reduce mortality in selected patients with heart failure (HF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether monitored episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) might predict future HF hospitalizations in ICD recipients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We examined 104 ICD recipients (mean age: 60 &#177; 10.1 years, 80.8 % male) with HF who were referred to our outpatient clinic for device follow-up. After device interrogation, patients were divided into NSVT positive and negative groups. The primary endpoint was the rate of hospitalization within the next 6 months after initial ICD evaluation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Device evaluation demonstrated at least one episode of monitored NSVT in 50 out of 104 patients. As expected, no device therapy (shock or anti-tachycardia) was needed for such episodes. At 6 months, 24 patients were hospitalized due to acute decompensated HF. Hospitalization rate was significantly lower in the NSVT negative as compared with positive groups (38% versus 62%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.166 ; 95% CI 0.056 to 0.492; p = 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Monitored NSVT bouts in ICD recordings may serve as a predictor of future HF hospitalizations in ICD recipients with HF suggesting optimization of therapeutic modalities in these patients along with a close supervision in the clinical setting.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators</kwd>
        <kwd>Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy has been regarded as the mainstay of sudden cardiac death (SCD) prevention among patients with HF, and significantly reduces overall mortality in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In clinical practice, diminution of rehospitalizations in a given patient with HF serves as a predictor of favorable outcome, and may potentially mirror the optimality of therapeutic strategy as well. In line with this notion, ICD therapy was also suggested to be associated with lower HF readmission rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) has been one of the most common challenges in clinical cardiology. It is generally defined as 3 or more consecutive beats arising below the atrioventricular node with a rate &gt;120 beats/min and lasting less than 30 s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The ICD has treatment as well as monitorization options for NSVT. NSVT is associated with an increased risk for sustained tachyarrhythmia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and is also a risk factor for SCD in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In other terms, NSVT is a common finding in Holter monitoring of patients with HF and is associated with a poor outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The present study aims to investigate the potential impact of NSVT episodes on the incidence of future HF hospitalizations among ICD recipients with HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population and enrolment</title>
        <p>This observational prospective study was performed between November 2015 and May 2016 at Cardiology Clinic of the Trakya University Hospital, in Edirne, Turkey. ICD records contain data between previous index evaluation and the current day. Previous ICD follow-up of study patients were done 6 months before the study beginning day. NSVT was defined in monitored zone of ICD as 4 or more consecutive beats arising below the atrioventricular node with a rate &gt; 167 beats/min and shorter than 16 beats (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Patients who had NSVT episodes were defined as group-I and who had not any arrhythmia episodes were defined as group-II.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>NSVT positive and negative definition of ICD record.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0284-70141-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patients with decompensated heart failure at the time of enrollment, atrial fibrillation-flutter, primary valvular pathology, advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recent infection, malignancy, blood dyscrasia, autoimmune or inflammatory disease, renal failure and hepatic failure were excluded from the study. Additionally, to discriminate ventricular arrhythmias and supraventricular arrhythmias more accurately, only patients with dual chamber ICD were selected, and patients receiving any ICD therapy (Shock or ATP) or monitored VT (133-167 bpm) were excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>Information including age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia was gathered. The definition of HT was a systolic blood pressure (BP) value of &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic BP value of &#8805; 90 mmHg at least on &gt; 2 BP measurements or being on an antihypertensive therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The definition of DM comprised a blood sugar value of &#8805; 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) in the fasting state or being on an antidiabetic therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">&#185;&#185;</xref> whereas the status of hyperlipidemia was based on the presence of a blood cholesterol level of &#8805; 200 mg/dl or a triglyceride level of &#8805; 150 mg/dl in the fasting state. The study was approved by the local ethics committee, and was implemented in complete concordance with the Declaration of Helsinki on human research. All subjects gave written informed consent to participate. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up and data collection</title>
        <p>Implantable cardiac defibrillator interrogation was performed in the beginning of the study. All ICD&#8217;s zones were as VT (167-200 bpm) with discriminators and VF (&gt; 200 bpm). Standard VT was defined as sustained tachycardia with a cycle interval ranging 300 to 360 msec. VF was defined as when the cycle interval was shorter than 300 msec. NSVT was defined as a regular rhythm wide complex tachycardia lasting four or more beats, higher rate than 167 bpm and shorter than 16 beats. Two independent electrophysiologists blinded to study design performed ICD interrogations, reviewed, and classified the arrhythmia episodes. When no consensus was reached, a third physician was included, and the final judgment was based on the majority decision.</p>
        <p>At enrolment, a detailed patient history and the medications were noted. Echocardiography was performed for the evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction, and the device follow-up results were collected in ICD follow-up unit. Clinical follow-up visits were scheduled at monthly. At each follow-up visit, the same physician blinded to the cause for the patient's presentation evaluated signs and symptoms of HF deterioration by auscultation and examination for leg edema and jugular vein distension. </p>
        <p>A chest X-ray was performed to detect signs of pulmonary congestion and when cardiac decompensation suspected, patient was admitted to inpatient clinic. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean (standard deviation) if the distribution was normal and as median (interquartile range) if the distribution was abnormal. The normality of distribution for continuous variables was confirmed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were expressed as number and percentages. A &#967;2 test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was performed to compare the categorical variables. Non-paired student&#8217;s t-test or Mann- Whitney U test was used for continuous variables, as appropriate. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between variables and NSVT episodes. The results of the Cox analysis were presented as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the optimum cutoff levels of the NSVT episodes to predict hospital admission. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). A p value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>NSVT episodes were observed in 50 out of 104 patients (48 %) at the initial ICD evaluation. Study population were categorized into two subgroups if there were or not a NSVT episode (group I: 54 patients with NSVT and group II: 50 patients without NSVT). The baseline characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. The results of hematological and biochemical parameters are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Laboratory parameters were also comparable between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline demographic and clinical features in ICD patients with and without NSVT</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Group I NSVT (-) (n = 54)</th>
              <th align="center">Group II NSVT (+) (n = 50)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">(42) (77.7)</td>
              <td align="center">(42) (84.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years, mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 10.1</td>
              <td align="center">61 &#177; 10.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (27)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Device</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRT, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (80)</td>
              <td align="center">44(78)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic Etiology, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (60)</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Secondary Prevention, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (34)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection Fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">28 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (77)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Spironalactone, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (53)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digoxin, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (26)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (55)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (87)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (92)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (56)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Amiodarone, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ivabradine, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>NSVT: nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; SD: standart deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of biochemical and hematological characteristics and hospitalization in ICD patients with and without NSVT</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Group I NSVT (-) (n = 54)</th>
              <th align="center">Group II NSVT (+) (n = 50)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">124 &#177; 70.1</td>
              <td align="center">114 &#177; 40.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cratinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">135 &#177; 17.3</td>
              <td align="center">137 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.53</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">107 &#177; 39.9</td>
              <td align="center">106 &#177; 36.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High-density lipoprotein, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">40 &#177; 12.4</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 12.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asparate transaminase, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">28 (14-113)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (8-65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alanine transaminase, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">25 (5-115)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (3-71)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 1.72</td>
              <td align="center">13 &#177; 2.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelet, x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">244 &#177; 90.6</td>
              <td align="center">235 &#177; 63.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White blood cell, x 10.9 /&#181;l</td>
              <td align="center">8.1 &#177; 2.32</td>
              <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 3.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TSH, mU/L</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 1.75</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 2.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Free T3,ng/dL</td>
              <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 0.75</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Free T4,ng/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospitalization, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>NSVT: nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; HET: thyroid stimulant hormone.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>At 6 months following the initial ICD interrogation, 24 patients were eventually hospitalized due to HF decompensation. Hospitalization was significantly lower in the NSVT negative versus positive groups (38% versus 62%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.166 ; 95% CI 0.056 to 0.492; p = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Patients were rehospitalized due to HF more frequently within the first month as compared with the following months. Totally, 10 out of 24 hospitalized patients were admitted within the first month. Moreover, 8 out of these 10 were in group II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for NSVT episodes (area under curve 0.816, 95% CI 0.650 to 0.812, p &lt; 0.001) demonstrated that a total NSVT number of &#8805; 19 had a strong discriminatory power to predict future HF hospitalization (Sensitivity 67%, Specificity 88%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Time to hospital admission of study patients due to decompensation</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0284-70141-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve analysis between hospitalization and non sustained ventricular tachycardia episodes</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0284-70141-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study clearly demonstrates that monitored NSVT episodes in the initial ICD recordings appear to be associated with HF decompensation and re-hospitalization during the 6 months after the index evaluation with a predominantly higher rate of admissions within the first as compared with the following months.</p>
      <p>Previous studies suggested NSVT as an important prognostic determinant for arrhythmic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> NSVT and frequent ventricular premature beats were previously shown to have a significant association with a higher arrhythmia risk in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> More importantly, NSVT is strongly associated with an increased SCD risk in the setting of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Even though the potential association of NSVT with further malignant arrhythmic events has been clarified to some extent, relationship between heart failure decompensation and NSVT is yet to be thoroughly elucidated.</p>
      <p>Ventricular arrhythmias are frequently encountered in patients with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> with an overall incidence of NSVT ranging between % 30 and %80.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> NSVT is also common in ambulatory ECG recordings of HF patients and is associated with poor outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> NSVT was suggested as an independent predictor of total mortality in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Moreover, NSVT was found to be predictive for ICD-derived arrhythmias in patients with ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exact mechanisms linking NSVT to adverse outcomes remain unclear. One such mechanism for this association may be ascribed to sympathetic hyperactivation: During a NSVT episode, the blood pressure may fall drastically eliciting a subsequent sympathetic burst, which, in turn, might disturb cardiac structure and performance in the long term as a result of repetitive arrhythmic episodes ultimately leading to a state of progressive heart failure and cardiac decompensation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Secondly, increased sympathetic activity is a predictor of malign arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and a trigger of adverse myocardial remodeling. Accordingly, NSVT might be considered as a consequence of progressive myocardial failure associated with enhanced sympathetic activation or other triggers. In other words, an existing primary condition or abnormality manifesting as a progressive myocardial failure may ultimately predispose to malignant arrhythmias including NSVT. For exemple, electrical storm is an ominous finding in ICD recipients and is associated with worsening HF leading to an increased risk for sudden and non-sudden cardiac mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, we found a significant relationship between monitored NSVT episodes and hospitalization rates at 6 months. Our study has important clinical implications; Pacemakers are successful rhythm detection devices and ICD follow-up serves as an easy way to detect a long-term rhythm record of patients. NSVT detection in ICD recordings of patients with HF may be an important tool for the prediction of decompensated heart failure development in the near future. Rates of HF rehospitalization may be substantially diminished through close monitoring and optimization of medical therapy in these patients.</p>
      <p>There are some limitations of the present study. This was a single-centre study, and included limited number of patients. Because of the sample size and inadequate power, it seems quite possible that some associations might have gone undetected. Moreover, the potential impact of other arrhythmias including PVCs was not taken into account. Further prospective studies are needed to substantiate the prognostic role of NSVT episodes in the prediction of future heart failure decompensation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia episodes may predict future heart failure decompensation in ICD recipients with HF. Detection of NSVT episodes in ICD recordings may entail optimization of medical therapy as well as close supervision of these patients in an effort to preclude future HF admissions.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Hua W, Niu H, Fan X, Ding L, Xu YZ, Wang J, et al; ICD Study Group. Preventive effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillator in reducing sudden cardiac death in the Chinese population: a multicenter trial of ICD therapy versus non-ICD therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23 Suppl 1:S5-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02435.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hua</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ding</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>YZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>ICD Study Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preventive effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillator in reducing sudden cardiac death in the Chinese population: a multicenter trial of ICD therapy versus non-ICD therapy</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S5</fpage>
          <lpage>S9</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02435.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial investigators. N Eng J Med. 1996;335(26):1933-40. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199612263352601</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moss</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannom</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daubert</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial investigators</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>335</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>1933</fpage>
          <lpage>1940</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199612263352601</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Khazanie P, Hellkamp AS, Fonarow GC, Bhatt DL, Masoudi FA, Anstrom KJ, et al. Association between comorbidities and outcomes in heart failure patients with and without an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for primary prevention. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(8):e002061. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002061.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khazanie</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hellkamp</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatt</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masoudi</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anstrom</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between comorbidities and outcomes in heart failure patients with and without an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for primary prevention</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e002061</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.115.002061</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Buxton AE, Duc J, Berger EE, Torres V. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Cardiol Clin. 2000;18(2):327-36. PMID: 10849876.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Buxton</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duc</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torres</surname>
              <given-names>V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Clin</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>327</fpage>
          <lpage>336</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10849876</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Katritsis DG, Siontis GC, Camm AJ. Prognostic significance of ambulatory ecg monitoring for ventricular arrhythmias. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 56(2):133-42. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.07.005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Katritsis</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siontis</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic significance of ambulatory ecg monitoring for ventricular arrhythmias</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>142</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pcad.2013.07.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 de Sousa MR, Morillo CA, Rabelo FT, Nogueira Filho AM, Ribeiro AL. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia as a predictor of sudden cardiac death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10(10):1007-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.07.002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morillo</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabelo</surname>
              <given-names>FT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia as a predictor of sudden cardiac death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1007</fpage>
          <lpage>1014</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.07.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Maron BJ, Savage DD, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE. Prognostic significance of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective study. Am J Cardiol. 1981 Aug;48(2):252-7. PMID: 7196685.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maron</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savage</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfson</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epstein</surname>
              <given-names>SE.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic significance of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>252</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7196685</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Monserrat L, Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Sharma S, Penas-Lado M, McKenna WJ. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an independent marker of sudden death risk in young patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(5):873-9. PMID: 12957435.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Monserrat</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elliott</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gimeno</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Penas-Lado</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKenna</surname>
              <given-names>WJ.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an independent marker of sudden death risk in young patients</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>873</fpage>
          <lpage>879</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12957435</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2006;114(10):e385-484. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zipes</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borggrefe</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buxton</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fromer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Task Force</collab>
            <collab>European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines</collab>
            <collab>European Heart Rhythm Association</collab>
            <collab>Heart Rhythm Society</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>e385</fpage>
          <lpage>e484</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) JAMA. 2014;311(5):507-20. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.284427.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oparil</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dennison-Himmelfarb</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>507</fpage>
          <lpage>520</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2013.284427</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33 Suppl 1:S62-9. doi: 10.2337/dc10-S062.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>American Diabetes Association</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S62</fpage>
          <lpage>S69</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2337/dc10-S062</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group. Risk stratification and survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1983;309(6):331-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198308113090602.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk stratification and survival after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>309</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>331</fpage>
          <lpage>336</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM198308113090602</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Mukharji J, Rude RE, Poole WK, Gustafson N, Thomas LJ Jr, Strauss HW, et al. Risk factors for sudden death after acute myocardial infarction: Two-year follow-up. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54(1):31-6. PMID: 6741836</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mukharji</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rude</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poole</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gustafson</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strauss</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors for sudden death after acute myocardial infarction: Two-year follow-up</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6741836</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Grimm W, Christ M, Bach J, Muller HH, Maisch B. Noninvasive arrhythmia risk stratification in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Results of the marburg cardiomyopathy study. Circulation. 2003;108(23):2883-91. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000100721.52503.85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grimm</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christ</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bach</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muller</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maisch</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Noninvasive arrhythmia risk stratification in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Results of the marburg cardiomyopathy study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2883</fpage>
          <lpage>2891</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000100721.52503.85</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Gimeno JR, Tome-Esteban M, Lofiego C, Hurtado J, Pantazis A, Mist B, et al. Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(21):2599-605. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp327.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>JR</surname>
              <given-names>Gimeno</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tome-Esteban</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lofiego</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hurtado</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pantazis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mist</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2599</fpage>
          <lpage>2605</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehp327</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Varini SD, Soifer S, Corrado G, et al.Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in severe heart failure. Independent marker of increased mortality due to sudden death. Gesica-GEMA investigators. Circulation. 1996;94(12):3198-203. PMID: 8989129.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Doval</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nul</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grancelli</surname>
              <given-names>HO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varini</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soifer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corrado</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in severe heart failure. Independent marker of increased mortality due to sudden death</article-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Gesica-GEMA investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>3198</fpage>
          <lpage>3203</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8989129</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Singh SN, Fisher SG, Carson PE, Fletcher RD. Prevalence and significance of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with premature ventricular contractions and heart failure treated with vasodilator therapy. Department of veterans affairs chf stat investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(4):942-7. PMID: 9768715.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carson</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and significance of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with premature ventricular contractions and heart failure treated with vasodilator therapy. Department of veterans affairs chf stat investigators</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>942</fpage>
          <lpage>947</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9768715</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Verma A, Sarak B, Kaplan AJ, Oosthuizen R, Beardsall M, Wulffhart Z, et al. Predictors of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (icd) therapy in primary prevention patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33(3):320-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02566.x</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verma</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarak</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplan</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oosthuizen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beardsall</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wulffhart</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (icd) therapy in primary prevention patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>320</fpage>
          <lpage>329</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02566.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J. The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(19):1747-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Triposkiadis</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karayannis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giamouzis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skoularigis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Louridas</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1747</fpage>
          <lpage>1762</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Smith ML, Joglar JA, Wasmund SL, Carlson MD, Welch PJ, Hamdan MH, et al. Reflex control of sympathetic activity during simulated ventricular tachycardia in humans. Circulation. 1999;100(6):628-34. PMID: 10441100.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joglar</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wasmund</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlson</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welch</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamdan</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reflex control of sympathetic activity during simulated ventricular tachycardia in humans</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>628</fpage>
          <lpage>634</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10441100</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Gatzoulis KA, Andrikopoulos GK, Apostolopoulos T, Sotiropoulos E, Zervopoulos G, Antoniou J, et al. Electrical storm is an independent predictor of adverse long-term outcome in the era of implantable defibrillator therapy. Europace. 2005;7(2):184-92. doi: 10.1016/j.eupc.2005.01.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gatzoulis</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrikopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Apostolopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sotiropoulos</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zervopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antoniou</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrical storm is an independent predictor of adverse long-term outcome in the era of implantable defibrillator therapy</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>184</fpage>
          <lpage>192</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eupc.2005.01.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Izquierdo M, Ruiz-Granell R, Ferrero A, Martinez A, Sanchez-Gomez J, Bonanad C, et al. Ablation or conservative management of electrical storm due to monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: Differences in outcome. Europace. 2012;14(12):1734-9. doi: 10.1093/europace/eus186.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Izquierdo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruiz-Granell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrero</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez-Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonanad</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ablation or conservative management of electrical storm due to monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: Differences in outcome</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1734</fpage>
          <lpage>1739</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/eus186</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>CDI</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Epis&#243;dios de Taquicardia Ventricular n&#227;o Sustentada Predizem Futura Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em Receptores de CDI com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>U&#231;ar</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaztepe</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taylan</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;kay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aktoz</surname>
            <given-names>Meryem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Trakya University Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fatih Mehmet U&#231;ar</bold>, Trakya University Hospital Department of Cardiology - Balcan campus Edirne/Turkey. Postal code: 22060. E-mail: <email>dr_fmucar@hotmail.com</email>, <email>fmehmetucar@trakya.edu.tr</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A terapia de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) &#233; bem conhecida por reduzir a mortalidade em pacientes selecionados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar se os epis&#243;dios monitorados de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) poderiam prever futuras hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC em receptores de CDI com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Examinamos 104 receptores da CDI (idade m&#233;dia: 60 &#177; 10,1 anos, 80,8% do sexo masculino) com IC que foram encaminhados para o nosso ambulat&#243;rio para acompanhamento do dispositivo. Ap&#243;s a interroga&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, os pacientes foram divididos em grupos positivo e negativo de TVNS. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o nos pr&#243;ximos 6 meses ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do CID.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo demonstrou pelo menos um epis&#243;dio de TVNS monitorado em 50 dos 104 pacientes. Como esperado, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria terapia de dispositivo (choque ou anti-taquicardia) para tais epis&#243;dios. Aos 6 meses, 24 pacientes foram hospitalizados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada aguda. A taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente menor na TVNS negativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo positivo (38% contra 62%; Raz&#227;o de risco ajustada [RR] 0,166; IC 95%: 0,056 a 0,492; p = 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os epis&#243;dios de TVNS monitorados em grava&#231;&#245;es de CDI podem servir como preditores de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es futuras por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em receptores CDI com IC sugerindo otimiza&#231;&#227;o de modalidades terap&#234;uticas nesses pacientes, al&#233;m de uma estreita supervis&#227;o no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavas-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) tem sido considerado o pilar da preven&#231;&#227;o de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita (MCS) em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e reduz significativamente a mortalidade global nestes pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a diminui&#231;&#227;o das re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em um dado paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca serve como preditor de desfecho favor&#225;vel e pode tamb&#233;m refletir a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. Consistentemente com esta no&#231;&#227;o, foi sugerido que a terapia de CDI estava associada com menores taxas de readmiss&#227;o de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) tem sido um dos desafios mais comuns em cardiologia cl&#237;nica. Geralmente &#233; definida como tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos consecutivos abaixo do n&#243;dulo atrioventricular com uma frequ&#234;ncia &gt; 120 BE / min e durando menos de 30 s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O CDI representa tratamento assim como op&#231;&#245;es de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o para TVNS. A TVNS est&#225; associada com um risco aumentado de taquiarritmia sustentada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e &#233; tamb&#233;m um fator de risco para MSC em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em outras palavras, a TVNS &#233; um achado comum no monitoramento Holter de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e est&#225; associada com mau resultado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o impacto potencial de epis&#243;dios de TVNS na futura incid&#234;ncia de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre receptores de CDI com IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e inscri&#231;&#227;o</p>
        <p>Este estudo observacional, prospectivo foi realizado entre novembro de 2015 e maio 2016 na Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Trakya em Edirne, Turquia. Os registros de CID cont&#234;m dados coletados entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice anterior e o dia atual. O anterior estudo de seguimento de pacientes com CDI foi realizado 6 meses antes do in&#237;cio do dia de estudo. A TVNS foi definida na &#225;rea monitorada de CID como 4 ou mais batimentos consecutivos abaixo do n&#243;dulo atrioventricular a uma taxa &gt; 167 batimentos por minuto e mais curto que 16 batimentos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Pacientes que tiveram epis&#243;dios de TVNS foram definidos como grupo I e aqueles que n&#227;o tiveram epis&#243;dios de arritmia foram definidos como grupo II.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de TVNS positiva e negativa para registro de CDI</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0284-70141-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada no momento da inscri&#231;&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter, patologia valvular prim&#225;ria, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada, infec&#231;&#227;o recente, malignidade, discrasias sangu&#237;neas, doen&#231;as autoimunes ou inflamat&#243;rias, insufici&#234;ncia renal e insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, para as arritmias ventriculares e arritmias supraventriculares discriminantes mais precisamente, apenas pacientes com CDI de dupla c&#226;mara foram selecionados e os pacientes que recebiam qualquer terap&#234;utica com CDI (choque ou ATP) ou de TV monitorada (133-167 bpm) foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Foram coletados dados incluindo idade, sexo, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o e hiperlipidemia. A defini&#231;&#227;o de HT foi um valor de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou valor da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg, pelo menos, &gt; 2 PAS medi&#231;&#245;es ou estar em tratamento anti-hipertensivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A defini&#231;&#227;o de DM considerou um valor de a&#231;&#250;car no sangue &#8805;126 mg / dL (7,0 mmol / l) em jejum ou estar em tratamento antidiab&#233;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">&#185;&#185;</xref> enquanto a hiperlipidemia baseou-se na presen&#231;a de colesterol no sangue de &#8805; 200 mg/dL ou o n&#237;vel de triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dl em jejum. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e foi implementado em plena conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, em pesquisa com seres humanos. Todos os indiv&#237;duos deram seu consentimento informado para participar.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoramento e coleta de dados</title>
          <p>A interroga&#231;&#227;o do desfibrilador card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel foi realizada no come&#231;o do estudo. Todas as zonas do ICD eram como VT (167-200 bpm) com discriminadores e VF (&gt; 200 bpm. A TV padr&#227;o foi definida como um intervalo do ciclo de taquicardia sustentada que varia entre 300 e 360 ms. A FV foi definida quando o intervalo do ciclo era mais curto do que 300 ms. A TVNS foi definida como uma taquicardia complexa de ritmo regular, com dura&#231;&#227;o de quatro ou mais batidas, maior taxa do que 167 bpm e menor que 16 batimentos. Dois eletrofisiologistas independentes cegos para o desenho do estudo realizaram interrogat&#243;rios do CDI, revisaram e classificaram os epis&#243;dios de arritmia. Quando n&#227;o houve consenso, um terceiro m&#233;dico foi inclu&#237;do, e o julgamento final foi com base na decis&#227;o da maioria.</p>
          <p>No ato da inscri&#231;&#227;o, foi anotada uma hist&#243;ria detalhada do paciente e da medica&#231;&#227;o. A ecocardiografia foi realizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e os resultados do controle do dispositivo foram coletados na unidade de seguimento do CDI. Visitas cl&#237;nicas de acompanhamento foram agendadas a cada m&#234;s. Em cada visita de acompanhamento, o mesmo m&#233;dico cego para a causa da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente avaliou sinais e sintomas de piora da IC por ausculta&#231;&#227;o e exame de edema nas pernas e veia jugular distendida. Uma radiografia de t&#243;rax foi feita para sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar e, quando foi suspeita descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o paciente foi admitido no hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o), se a distribui&#231;&#227;o era normal e como mediana (gama interquartil), se a distribui&#231;&#227;o era anormal. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi confirmada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como n&#250;meros e percentagens. Teste &#967;2 ou exato de Fisher foi realizado para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, conforme o caso. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizado para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis e epis&#243;dios de TVNS. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de Cox foram apresentados na forma de raz&#245;es de risco (RR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC). A an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica do receptor foi utilizada para determinar os n&#237;veis &#243;timos de corte dos epis&#243;dios de TVNS para prever a admiss&#227;o hospitalar.Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando SPSS vers&#227;o 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Um valor de p de 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Epis&#243;dios de TVNS foram observados em 50 dos 104 pacientes (48%) na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do CDI. A popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo foi dividida em dois respectivos subconjuntos de um epis&#243;dio de TVNS existente (Grupo I: 54 pacientes com TVNS e Grupo II: 50 pacientes sem TVNS). As caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. As caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Os resultados dos par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos e bioqu&#237;micos est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais tamb&#233;m foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de base em pacientes com CDI com e sem TVNS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo I TVNS (-) (n = 54)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo II TVNS (+) (n = 50)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">(42) (77,7)</td>
                <td align="center">(42) (84,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dispositivo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CDI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">44(78)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etiologia isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (77)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espironolactona, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (87)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amiodarona, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#304;vabradine, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas e hematol&#243;gicas e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com CDI com e sem TVNS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Group I NSVT (-) (n = 54)</th>
                <th align="center">Group II NSVT (+) (n = 50)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glucose, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">124 &#177; 70,1</td>
                <td align="center">114 &#177; 40,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 17,3</td>
                <td align="center">137 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,53</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 39,9</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 36,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspartato transaminase, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">28 (14-113)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (8-65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alanina transaminase, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">25 (5-115)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (3-71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 1,72</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 2,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Plaquetas, x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">244 &#177; 90,6</td>
                <td align="center">235 &#177; 63,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gl&#243;bulos brancos, x 10,9 /&#181;l</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 2,32</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 3,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HET, mU/L</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 1,75</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 2,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T3 livre,ng/dL</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 0,75</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T4 livre,ng/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; HET: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tir&#243;ide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Seis meses ap&#243;s o interrogat&#243;rio inicial do CDI, 24 pacientes foram eventualmente internados por IC descompensada. A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente menor no grupo de TVNS negativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo positivo (38% versus 62%, ajustado por raz&#227;o de risco [RR] 0.166, IC de 95%: 0.056-0.492; p = 0.01). Os pacientes foram readmitidos por IC mais frequentemente no primeiro m&#234;s em compara&#231;&#227;o com os meses seguintes. No total, 10 dos 24 pacientes hospitalizados foram admitidos no primeiro m&#234;s. Al&#233;m disso, 8 destes 10 estavam no grupo II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). An&#225;lise de curva ROC para epis&#243;dios de TVNS (&#225;rea sob a curva de 0.816, IC de 95% 0.650-0.812, p &lt; 0.001) mostraram que um n&#250;mero total de &#8805; 19 TVNS tinha um forte poder discriminat&#243;rio para predizer futura hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC (Sensibilidade 67%, especificidade 88%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tempo para a admiss&#227;o hospitalar de pacientes em estudo devido &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0284-70141-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da Curva ROC entre hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0284-70141-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstra claramente que os epis&#243;dios de TVNS monitorada nas grava&#231;&#245;es iniciais do CID parecem estar associados com descompensa&#231;&#227;o e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC dentro de 6 meses ap&#243;s o &#237;ndice de avalia&#231;&#227;o com uma taxa predominantemente mais elevada de admiss&#245;es no primeiro m&#234;s comparada nos meses seguintes.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores sugeriram &#224; TVNS como um importante determinante progn&#243;stico para eventos arr&#237;tmicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A TVNS e batimentos prematuros ventriculares frequentes mostraram previamente que t&#234;m uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com um risco aumentado de arritmia em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Mais importante, a TVNS est&#225; fortemente associada com um risco aumentado de MCS no estabelecimento de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Embora a potencial associa&#231;&#227;o da TVNS com outros eventos arr&#237;tmicos malignos foi esclarecido at&#233; certo ponto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e TVNS ainda n&#227;o foi completamente elucidada.</p>
        <p>Arritmias ventriculares s&#227;o frequentemente encontradas em pacientes com IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> com uma incid&#234;ncia global de TNVS entre 30% e 80%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A TVNS tamb&#233;m &#233; comum nos registros de ECG ambulat&#243;rio de pacientes com IC e est&#225; associada com mau progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A TVNS foi sugerida como um preditor independente da mortalidade total em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Al&#233;m disso, se verificou que aTVNS foi preditiva de arritmias derivadas de CDI em pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos exatos que vinculam a TVNS com resultados adversos n&#227;o est&#227;o claros. O mecanismo de esta associa&#231;&#227;o pode atribuir-se &#224; hiperativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica: durante um epis&#243;dio de TVNS, a press&#227;o arterial pode cair drasticamente provocando uma subsequente descarga simp&#225;tica, que, pela sua vez, pode alterar a estrutura card&#237;aca e o desempenho a longo prazo como resultado de epis&#243;dios arr&#237;tmicos repetitivos, que levam finalmente a um estado de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva e descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em segundo lugar, o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica &#233; um preditor de arritmias malignas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e tamb&#233;m um disparador de remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica adversa. Conseq&#252;entemente, a TVNS pode ser considerada como uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica progressiva associada &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica aprimorada ou a outros disparadores. Em outras palavras, uma condi&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria existente ou anormalidade que se manifesta como insufici&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica progressiva pode em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia predispor para arritmias malignas, incluindo a TVNS. Por exemplo, a tempestade el&#233;trica &#233; uma descoberta amea&#231;adora em receptores de CDI e est&#225; associada &#224; piora de IC, levando a um risco aumentado de mortalidade card&#237;aca s&#250;bita e n&#227;o s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, encontramos uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os epis&#243;dios de TVNS monitorados e as taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o aos 6 meses. Nosso estudo tem importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas; os marca-passos s&#227;o exitosos dispositivos de detec&#231;&#227;o do ritmo e o acompanhamento da CDI serve como uma forma f&#225;cil de detectar um registro de ritmo a longo prazo dos pacientes. A detec&#231;&#227;o da TVNS em registro de CDI de pacientes com IC pode ser uma ferramenta importante para a previs&#227;o do desenvolvimento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em um futuro pr&#243;ximo. Os &#237;ndices de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC podem diminuir substancialmente por meio de monitoramento de perto e otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia m&#233;dica nos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es no presente estudo. Este foi um estudo de um &#250;nico centro e um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes. Devido ao tamanho da amostra e ao poder inadequado, parece muito poss&#237;vel que algumas associa&#231;&#245;es tenham passado inadvertidas. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o se teve em conta o impacto potencial de outras arritmias, inclu&#237;dos as CVP. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos adicionais para corroborar o papel progn&#243;stico dos epis&#243;dios de TVNS na previs&#227;o da futura descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada podem predizer a futura descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em receptores de CDI com IC. A detec&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios de TVNS em registros de CDI pode significar a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia m&#233;dica, assim como uma estreita supervis&#227;o desses pacientes em um esfor&#231;o para evitar futuras admiss&#245;es por IC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
