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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4CFsqDCRVnVRmLjKkKTPJ9s</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300277</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170142</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005018104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Paclitaxel-Eluting Balloons Compared to Second-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents for of In-Stent Restenosis in a Primarily Acute Coronary Syndrome Population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marquis-Gravel</surname>
            <given-names>Guillaume</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matteau</surname>
            <given-names>Alexis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Potter</surname>
            <given-names>Brian J</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gobeil</surname>
            <given-names>Fran&#231;ois</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noiseux</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stevens</surname>
            <given-names>Louis-Mathieu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansour</surname>
            <given-names>Samer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">l'Universit&#233; de Montr&#233;al</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centre Hospitalier</institution>
          <country country="CA">Canada</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit&#233; de Montr&#233;al</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universit&#233; de Montr&#233;al</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Guillaume Marquis-Gravel</bold>. 5000, B&#233;langer. H1T1C8, Montreal. E-mail: <email>guillaume.marquis.gravel@umontreal.ca</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Marquis-Gravel G, Matteau A, Potter BJ, Mansour S; Acquisition of data: Marquis-Gravel G; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Marquis-Gravel G, Matteau A, Potter BJ, Gobeil F, Noiseux N, Louis-Mathieu S, Mansour S; Statistical analysis: Marquis-Gravel G, Potter BJ, Mansour S; Writing of the manuscript: Marquis-Gravel G, Mansour S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>277</fpage>
      <lpage>283</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The place of drug-eluting balloons (DEB) in the treatment of in-stent restenosis (ISR) is not well-defined, particularly in a population of all-comers with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Compare the clinical outcomes of DEB with second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) for the treatment of ISR in a real-world population with a high proportion of ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with ISR treated with a DEB compared to patients treated with a second-generation DES was performed. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization). Comparisons were performed using Cox proportional hazards multivariate adjustment and Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The cohort included 91 patients treated with a DEB and 89 patients treated with a DES (74% ACS). Median follow-up was 26 months. MACE occurred in 33 patients (36%) in the DEB group, compared to 17 patients (19%) in the DES group (p log-rank = 0.02). After multivariate adjustment, there was no significant difference between the groups (HR for DEB = 1.45 [95%CI: 0.75-2.83]; p = 0.27). Mortality rates at 1 year were 11% with DEB, and 3% with DES (p = 0.04; adjusted HR = 2.85 [95%CI: 0.98-8.32]; p = 0.06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In a population with a high proportion of ACS, a non-significant numerical signal towards increased rates of MACE with DEB compared to second-generation DES for the treatment of ISR was observed, mainly driven by a higher mortality rate. An adequately-powered randomized controlled trial is necessary to confirm these findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Angioplasty, Balloon</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Paclitaxel</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Restenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Drug-eluting stents (DES) are considered as the standard of care in percutaneous coronary intervention across a broad range of lesion complexity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> indications for revascularization,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and patient categories.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Treatment of in-stent restenosis (ISR) with DES improves outcomes compared to bare-metal stents (BMS) and balloon angioplasty.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, the long-term impact of using multiple metal layers in coronary arteries is not fully understood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Moreover, the use of DES requires long-term dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), significantly increasing bleeding risk, especially among patients requiring concomitant oral anticoagulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Finally, despite low contemporary rates, stent thrombosis remains a catastrophic potential adverse event following DES implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Drug-eluting balloons (DEB) provide an alternative for revascularization that avoids the risk of thrombosis associated with stenting and reduces the risk of restenosis associated with standard balloon angioplasty and BMS. The use of a DEB for treatment of ISR has a robust cost-effectiveness profile as compared to DES over a one-year period, mainly owing to savings associated with DAPT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Prior studies have suggested that a stent-based drug-elution might not be necessary to prevent recurrent ISR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Yet, randomized trials comparing paclitaxel-eluting balloons to DES for ISR treatment have shown conflicting results with regards to angiographic endpoints.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> These studies have assessed clinical outcomes following DEB for ISR mostly as a secondary endpoint, enrolled mainly patients with stable coronary artery disease, and primarily used first-generation DES as the standard therapy for comparison. The objective of the present study was, therefore, to compare the clinical outcomes following DEB to second-generation DES for the treatment of ISR in a population comprised of a majority of patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A retrospective cohort study was performed, comparing consecutive patients who underwent treatment of ISR using a paclitaxel-eluting balloon (Pantera Lux&#8482;, Biotronik, Berlin, Germany) to a random sample control group (1:1) of patients treated with a second-generation DES for ISR between December 2009 and November 2012, at the Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit&#233; de Montr&#233;al (CHUM), an academic tertiary care centre (Canada). The selection of DEB or DES was left at the operator's discretion. Duration of DAPT was in accordance with the current practice guidelines for the specific indication for revascularization. DAPT was prescribed for a minimum of 3 months following elective DEB angioplasty. When performed, follow-up coronary angiography was clinically driven. Data were abstracted from electronic and paper medical records, and completed by telephone interviews. Coronary angiograms were independently reviewed by one investigator.</p>
      <p>The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including death from any cause, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization (TLR) at last follow-up. Secondary outcomes included device thrombosis, and the individual components of the primary outcome.</p>
      <p>Endpoints were defined as per the Academic Research Consortium standardized definitions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The local institutional Ethics Committee approved the protocol in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and a waiver of consent was obtained. The study was conducted according to the STROBE statement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were presented as medians with 25-75% interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables were expressed as proportions. Group comparisons of baseline characteristics were performed using the Pearson &#967;<sup>2</sup> for categorical variables, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. Unadjusted comparison of the primary outcome between the DEB and DES groups was performed using the log rank test. One-year freedom from MACE and mortality were compared with the Pearson &#967;<sup>2</sup> test. Freedom from MACE was illustrated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Multivariate Cox regression model was used to assess the impact of DEB on the primary and secondary outcomes. Covariates included in the multivariate model were based on a combination of a stepwise backward selection to identify independent risk factors for MACE in the cohort, and a priori knowledge of predictors of MACE (the latter variables being forced into the model). To limit over-fitting, the number of covariates retained was such that the ratio of events to covariates remained at least ten. From the available baseline and procedural characteristics, the stepwise selection process was used with an entry and stay criteria of 0.20 and 0.05, respectively. Interaction analyses were performed by adding an interaction term in the same multivariate Cox model to evaluate the relationship between DEB and MACE in the following pre-specified subgroups: DEB/DES length (&#8805; 20 mm or &lt; 20 mm), diameter (&#8805; 3 mm or &lt; 3 mm), and indication for revascularization (ACS or stable angina). In the DEB group, rates of MACE following treatment of intra-DES and intra-BMS restenosis were compared by using the same multivariate model as an exploratory analysis. Throughout the study, statistical significance was set at a two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> Statistics 20.0 (IBM<sup>&#174;</sup>, Armonk, NY).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From December 2009 to November 2012, DEBs were used in 100 patients, of whom 91 (91%) had follow-up data and were included in the analysis. The DES group included 89 patients treated with 6 zotarolimus-eluting stents (5 Endeavor<sup>&#174;</sup> and 1 Resolute Integrity<sup>&#174;</sup>, Medtronic Vascular, Santa Rosa, CA) and 94 everolimus-eluting stents (93 Xience V&#8482;, Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA; 1 Promus Element&#8482;, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA). Median follow-up was 24 months (IQR: 15 to 32 months) in the DEB group and 27 months (IQR: 20 to 33 months) in the DES group. Baseline clinical characteristics for both groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. ACS was the indication for revascularization in 65 patients (71%) in the DEB group and 69 patients (78%) in the DES group (p = 0.35) (total cohort: 134 patients [74%]). Procedural data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. There were more focal lesions and fewer occlusive lesions in the DEB group compared with the DES group (p = 0.05). Intra-DES reevascularization (compared to intra-BMS revascularizaton) was more frequent in the DEB group (p = 0.01). Preparation of the lesion with a cutting balloon was more frequent in the DEB group (19% versus 2%; p &lt; 0.001), and maximal inflation pressure was higher (median: 16 atm versus 14 atm; p = 0.03) in the DEB group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Drug-eluting balloon (n = 91)</th>
              <th align="center">Drug-eluting stent (n = 89)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (59-71)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (56-74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women</td>
              <td align="center">21 (23%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (27%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (26-34)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (24-30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">43 (47%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (39%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">80 (89%)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (84%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">86 (97%)</td>
              <td align="center">81 (93%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous Stroke/TIA</td>
              <td align="center">11 (13%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (13%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic kidney disease</td>
              <td align="center">22 (28%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (33%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CABG</td>
              <td align="center">26 (29%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Indication</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.37</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stable angina</td>
              <td align="center">26 (29%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (23%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
              <td align="center">36 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (42%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">26 (29%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (27%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>TIA: transient ischemic attack; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; NSTEMI: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Procedural characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Drug-eluting balloon (n = 91)</th>
              <th align="center">Drug-eluting stent (n = 89)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Access site</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.64</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Radial</td>
              <td align="center">55 (60%)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (67%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Femoral</td>
              <td align="center">34 (37%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (32%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Radial + femoral</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brachial</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Coronary territory</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.31</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left main</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left anterior descending</td>
              <td align="center">28 (31%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (33%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Circumflex</td>
              <td align="center">27 (30%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (18%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right coronary artery</td>
              <td align="center">33 (36%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (45%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DES ISR</td>
              <td align="center">55 (66%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (42%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intra-CABG ISR</td>
              <td align="center">10 (11%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ISR pattern</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.01</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Focal</td>
              <td align="center">52 (61%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (46%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diffuse</td>
              <td align="center">26 (31%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (29%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proliferative</td>
              <td align="center">4 (5%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Occlusive</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (21%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Adjunctive procedures</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rotational atherectomy</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Thrombectomy</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cutting balloon</td>
              <td align="center">17 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Balloon/stent diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.00 (3.00-3.50)</td>
              <td align="center">3.00 (2.75-3.50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Balloon/stent length (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (20-30)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (18-30)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximal inflation pressure (atm)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (12-19)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (12-16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>DES: drug-eluting stent; ISR: in-stent restenosis; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The primary outcome occurred in 33 patients (36%) in the DEB group, compared to 17 patients (19%) in the DES group (unadjusted p log-rank = 0.02). At one year, MACE occurred in 18 (23%) and 10 (12%) patients in the DEB and DES groups, respectively (Pearson &#967;<sup>2</sup> p-value = 0.06). Freedom from MACE at follow-up is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. Covariates included in the final multivariate model were age, body mass index, diabetes, chronic kidney disease stage &#8805; 3a (defined as creatinine clearance &lt; 60 mL/min according to the Cockroft-Gault formula), and ACS (versus stable angina) as the indication for revascularization. After multivariate adjustment, no significant difference in the rates of MACE between both groups was present (adjusted HR for DEB = 1.45 [95%CI: 0.75-2.83]; p = 0.27) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Secondary outcomes are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Two in-hospital deaths occurred in each group. One-year mortality rates were 11% (10 patients) and 3% (3 patients), in the DEB and DES groups respectively (Pearson &#967;<sup>2</sup> p-value = 0.04). Though numerically higher in the DEB group, all-cause mortality at follow-up (23% versus 7%) was not significantly different after multivariable adjustment (adjusted HR = 2.85; p = 0.06). One-year rates of TLR were 6% (5 patients) and 5% (4 patients), respectively (Pearson &#967;<sup>2</sup> p-value = 0.75). In the DEB group, there was no significant difference between BMS-ISR and DES-ISR (adjusted HR = 0.90 [95%CI: 0.37-2.20] p=0.82) in terms of MACE.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Unadjusted freedom from major adverse cardiovascular event. DEB: drug-eluting balloon; DES: drug-eluting stent.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0277-70142-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Primary and secondary outcomes following treatment of in-stent restenosis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Drug-eluting balloon (n = 91)</th>
              <th align="center">Drug-eluting stent (n = 89)</th>
              <th align="center">Adjusted hazards ratio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								<break/>(95% confidence interval)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MACE</td>
              <td align="center">36%</td>
              <td align="center">19%</td>
              <td align="center">1.45 (0.75-2.83)</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">All-cause death</td>
              <td align="center">23%</td>
              <td align="center">7%</td>
              <td align="center">2.85 (0.98-8.32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-fatal myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">9%</td>
              <td align="center">6%</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 (0.43-4.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Target-lesion revascularization</td>
              <td align="center">10%</td>
              <td align="center">8%</td>
              <td align="center">1.29 (0.44-3.76)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Binary restenosis</td>
              <td align="center">13%</td>
              <td align="center">9%</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 (0.37-2.88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lesion thrombosis</td>
              <td align="center">1%</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">78.96 (N/A)</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">All-cause revascularization</td>
              <td align="center">24%</td>
              <td align="center">16%</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 (0.57-2.63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, including age, body mass index, diabetes, chronic renal disease, and acute coronary syndrome as the indication for revascularization.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adjusted Cox proportional hazards model analysis of major adverse cardiovascular event. DEB: drug-eluting balloon; DES: drug-eluting stent.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0277-70142-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No modification of the effect of DEB on the occurrence of MACE was observed for balloon-stent diameter (3 mm versus &#8805; 3 mm) (p for interaction = 0.92), balloon/stent length (&lt; 20 mm versus &#8805; 20 mm) (p for interaction = 0.77) or ACS as the indication for revascularisation (p for interaction = 0.45).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, assessing long-term clinical outcomes in a real-world primarily ACS population, we found that ISR treated with a paclitaxel-eluting balloon, compared to second-generation DES, while not showing a significant difference in overall MACE rates after adjustment, might be associated with a higher all-cause mortality rate. The present study was designed as an exploratory analysis of a real-world population and it can neither prove the clinical superiority or non-inferiority of DEB compared to DES for ISR. Rather, given the paucity of data on the clinical outcomes of DEB compared with current standard practice for this indication, we sought to add to the literature providing comparative clinical data on the use of DEB and second-generation DES in a real-world setting. Strengths of the analysis include an all-comer cohort presenting mostly with ACS, and use of second-generation DES as a comparator, both reflecting more accurately current clinical practice than previous reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Though relatively small, the sample size was similar to previous clinical trials of DEB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The results of the present study are relevant for patient care optimization as concerns remain regarding DES for treatment of ISR despite their proven short-term efficacy.</p>
      <p>The angiographic efficacy of DEB compared to first-generation DES has previously been demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, the RIBS IV randomized trial showed that everolimus-eluting stents were associated with improved angiographic outcomes compared to the SeQuent&#174; Please DEB for treatment of DES-ISR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Clinical events in DEB-ISR trials were only reported as secondary endpoints. In addition, only a minority of patients presented with an ACS in these trials, and none enrolled patients with an acute myocardial infarction. In the ISAR-DESIRE-3 trial, rates of MACE (23.5%) in the DEB group at one year were comparable to the rates in our cohort (23%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In the present study, the mortality rate in the DEB group at one year (11%) was higher than in ISAR-DESIRE-3 (2.2%), suggesting that our real-world cohort might have represented a higher-risk population. This hypothesis is supported by the fourfold higher rate of ACS in our cohort (77%) compared to ISAR-DESIRE-3 (19%). In the PEPCAD-II trial, there was, in contrast to our findings, a strong trend towards lower rates of MACE in the DEB group compared to paclitaxel-eluting stent (9% versus 22%, respectively; p = 0.08).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, in addition to being compared to first-generation DES, there were only 5 total deaths in the PEPCAD-II trial, suggesting again a population at lower overall risk than the one in this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Previous trials (except for RIBS IV) used first-generation DES as comparators, and this might at least in part explain why the signal observed in our study in disfavour of DEB was not observed previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Patients with ACS might still benefit more from a second-generation DES over a DEB for treatment of ISR, as high local and systemic pro-thrombotic and inflammatory milieu of ACS might not be suitable for DEB use, but this hypothesis remains to be confirmed.</p>
      <p>Limitations of the present analysis include its non-randomized, single-centre, retrospective design. Selection bias was likely, and while multivariate modelling appeared to adequately account for known confounders, unmeasured confounding might remain. Additionally, it was not adequately powered to detect differences in rare clinical endpoints, such as device thrombosis. However, the sample size in this study is on par with those from prior clinical trials of DEB for the treatment of ISR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Also, the current analysis lacks information on the duration of DAPT following ISR angioplasty. Future trials should address the efficacy of DEB in the setting of ACS and seek to define current clinical practice regarding DAPT following DEB, as the duration of DAPT and its associated costs and complications may prove to be the determining factors in the event of ongoing clinical equipoise between DEB and second-generation DES.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, the present study showed that in a population with a high proportion of ACS, a non-significant numerical increase in MACE was observed with the use of DEB to treat ISR compared to second-generation DES. It was mainly driven by a concerning trend toward higher mortality with the use of DEB. Confirmation of these results by an adequately-powered randomized trial in the ACS population with clinically-driven endpoints is paramount to appropriately clarify the role of DEB in the interventional cardiology armamentarium.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto dos Bal&#245;es de Elui&#231;&#227;o de Paclitaxel Comparados a Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos de Segunda Gera&#231;&#227;o para Reestenose Intra-Stent em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o com S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marquis-Gravel</surname>
            <given-names>Guillaume</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matteau</surname>
            <given-names>Alexis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Potter</surname>
            <given-names>Brian J</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gobeil</surname>
            <given-names>Fran&#231;ois</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noiseux</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stevens</surname>
            <given-names>Louis-Mathieu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansour</surname>
            <given-names>Samer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit&#233; de Montr&#233;al</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Guillaume Marquis-Gravel</bold>. 5000, B&#233;langer. H1T1C8, Montreal. E-mail: <email>guillaume.marquis.gravel@umontreal.ca</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Marquis-Gravel G, Matteau A, Potter BJ, Mansour S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marquis-Gravel G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Marquis-Gravel G, Matteau A, Potter BJ, Gobeil F, Noiseux N, Louis-Mathieu S, Mansour S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Marquis-Gravel G, Potter BJ, Mansour S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Marquis-Gravel G, Mansour S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O papel de bal&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicos (BFs) no tratamento de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> (RIS) n&#227;o est&#225; bem definido, particularmente em na s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar desfechos cl&#237;nicos do uso de BF com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SFs) de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o no tratamento de RIS em uma popula&#231;&#227;o real com alta preval&#234;ncia de SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de pacientes consecutivos com RIS tratados com um BF comparados a pacientes tratados com SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o. O desfecho prim&#225;rio incluiu eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes (morte por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo). As compara&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas pelo modelo proporcional de riscos de Cox ajustado e an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier com log-rank.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A coorte incluiu 91 pacientes tratados com BF e 89 pacientes tratados com um SF (75% com SCA). O tempo mediano de acompanhamento foi de 26 meses. Eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes ocorreram em 33 pacientes (36%) no grupo BF, e em 17 (19%) no grupo SF (p log-rank = 0,02). Ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (HR para BF = 1,45 [IC95%: 0,75-2,83]; p = 0,27). As taxas de mortalidade de 1 ano foram 11% com BF, e 3% com SF (p = 0,04; HR ajustado = 2,85 [IC95%: 0,98-8,32; p = 0,06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com alta preval&#234;ncia de SCA, observou-se um aumento n&#227;o significativo nas taxas de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes com o uso de BF comparado ao uso de SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento de RIS, principalmente pelo aumento na taxa de mortalidade. &#201; necess&#225;rio um ensaio cl&#237;nico controlado, randomizado, com poder estat&#237;stico adequado para confirmar esses achados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Angioplastia com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Paclitaxel</kwd>
        <kwd>Reestenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p><italic>Stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SFs) s&#227;o considerados padr&#245;es na interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea para o tratamento de les&#245;es de diferentes complexidades,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> indica&#231;&#245;es de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e categorias de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O tratamento com reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> (RIS) utilizando SFs tem melhor resultado em compara&#231;&#227;o aos <italic>stents</italic> met&#225;licos (SMs) e angioplastia com bal&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o se sabe ao certo o impacto em longo prazo de se utilizar v&#225;rias camadas de metal nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o uso de SFs requer terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (TAPD), o que aumenta significativamente o risco de sangramento, especialmente em pacientes que requerem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral concomitante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Finalmente, apesar de baixas taxas atuais, a trombose de <italic>stent</italic> consiste ainda em um evento adverso potencial desastroso ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do SF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Bal&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicos (BFs) s&#227;o uma alternativa para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o que evita o risco de trombose associado com a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, e reduz o risco de reestenose associada com a angioplastia convencional com bal&#227;o e SMs. O uso de um BF para o tratamento da RIS tem um forte padr&#227;o de custo-efetividade de um ano quando comparado ao SF, principalmente devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o nos custos associados &#224; TAPD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Estudos anteriores sugeriram que n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria a libera&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos por meio de um <italic>stent</italic> para se prevenir RIS recorrente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Ainda, ensaios randomizados comparando bal&#245;es de elui&#231;&#227;o de paclitaxel com SFs para o tratamento de RIS apresentaram resultados conflitantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados angiogr&#225;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Tais estudos avaliaram resultados cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s o uso de SFs ap&#243;s RIS como um desfecho secund&#225;rio, principalmente em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel, e utilizando principalmente SFs de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o como terapia padr&#227;o para compara&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo deste estudo foi, assim, comparar o BF com o SF em termos de desfechos cl&#237;nicos para o tratamento de RIS em uma popula&#231;&#227;o constitu&#237;da majoritariamente de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, comparando pacientes consecutivos que se submeteram ao tratamento de RIS usando um bal&#227;o de elui&#231;&#227;o de paclitaxel (Pantera Lux&#8482;, Biotronik, Berlim, Alemanha) a uma amostra randomizada de pacientes tratados com SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o, que constituiu o grupo controle (1:1) entre dezembro de 2009 e novembro de 2012 no <italic>Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit&#233; de Montr&#233;al</italic> (CHUM), um hospital escola terci&#225;rio no Canad&#225;. A escolha de se utilizar BF ou SF foi feita a crit&#233;rio do cirurgi&#227;o. A dura&#231;&#227;o da TAPD baseou-se nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para a indica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A TAPD foi prescrita por um m&#237;nimo de 3 meses ap&#243;s angioplastia com BF eletiva. O seguimento da angioplastia coron&#225;ria foi realizado clinicamente. Os dados foram obtidos de registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos e impressos, complementados por entrevista por telefone. As angiografias coron&#225;rias foram revisadas por um &#250;nico pesquisador.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi composto por uma combina&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes, incluindo morte por qualquer causa, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo no &#250;ltimo dia de acompanhamento. Desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram trombose no dispositivo, e os componentes individuais do desfecho prim&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos foram definidos seguindo-se as defini&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas pelo <italic>Academic Research Consortium</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O protocolo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o, em acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, e foi obtida a dispensa do consentimento. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do STROBE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (25-75%). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em propor&#231;&#245;es. As compara&#231;&#245;es das caracter&#237;sticas basais entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste chi-quadrado de Pearson para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Uma compara&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ajustada entre os grupos SF e BF foi realizada pelo teste de log-rank.</p>
          <p>Um ano sem eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes ou mortalidade foi comparado entre os grupos pelo teste do chi-quadrado de Pearson. A aus&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes foi ilustrada por curvas de Kaplan-Meier. O modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox foi usado para avaliar o impacto do BF sobre os desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios. As covari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado basearam-se em uma combina&#231;&#227;o da sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>stepwise backward</italic> para identificar fatores de risco independentes para os eventos cardiovasculares adversos na coorte, e um conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos preditores desses eventos (com inclus&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis sendo ao modelo). A fim de se limitar o sobreajuste, a raz&#227;o entre eventos e covari&#225;veis foi mantida em um m&#237;nimo de 10. A partir das caracter&#237;sticas basais e do procedimento, o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>stepwise</italic> foi usado com um crit&#233;rio de entrada e de perman&#234;ncia de 0,20 e 0,05, respectivamente. As an&#225;lises de intera&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas adicionando-se um termo de intera&#231;&#227;o no mesmo modelo multivariado de Cox para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre BF e eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes nos seguintes subgrupos: comprimento (&#8805; 20 mm ou &lt; 20 mm) e di&#226;metro (&#8805; 3 mm ou &lt; 3 mm) de BF/SF, e indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (SCA ou angina est&#225;vel). No grupo BF, as taxas de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes ap&#243;s tratamento de reestenose intra-SF e intra-SM foram comparadas usando o mesmo modelo multivariado como uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria. Ao longo do estudo, um p &lt; 0,05 bicaudal foi adotado como estatisticamente significativo. An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> Statistics 20.0 (IBM<sup>&#174;</sup>, Armonk, NY).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De dezembro de 2009 a novembro de 2012, os BFs foram usados em 100 pacientes, dos quais 91 (91%) possu&#237;am dados de acompanhamento e foram inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises. O grupo SF incluiu 89 pacientes tratados com 6 <italic>stents</italic> de libera&#231;&#227;o de zotarolimus (5 Endeavor<sup>&#174;</sup> e 1 Resolute Integrity<sup>&#174;</sup>, Medtronic Vascular, Santa Rosa, CA, EUA) e 94 <italic>stents</italic> de everolimus (93 Xience V&#8482;, Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, EUA; 1 Promus Element&#8482;, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, EUA). O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 24 meses (intervalo interquartil: 15-32 meses) no grupo BF e 27 meses (intervalo interquartil: 20-33 meses) no grupo SF. As caracter&#237;sticas basais de ambos os grupos est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. A SCA foi indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em 65 pacientes (71%) no grupo BF e em 69 pacientes (78%) no grupo SF (p = 0,35) (coorte total: 134 pacientes, 74%). Os dados do procedimento est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Houve mais les&#245;es focais e menos les&#245;es oclusivas no grupo BF em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SF (p = 0,05). Reevasculariza&#231;&#227;o intra-SF (em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o intra-SM) foi mais frequente no grupo BF (p = 0,01). O preparo da les&#227;o usando um bal&#227;o com l&#226;minas (<italic>cutting baloon</italic>) foi mais frequente no grupo BF (19% <italic>versus</italic> 2%; p &lt; 0,001), e a press&#227;o de infla&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima foi mais alta no grupo BF (mediana: 16 atm <italic>versus</italic> 14 atm; p = 0,03).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Bal&#227;o de elui&#231;&#227;o de medicamento (n = 91)</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>Stent</italic> de elui&#231;&#227;o de medicamento (n = 89)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (59-71)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (56-74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">21 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (26-34)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (24-30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">43 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">80 (89%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">86 (97%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (93%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto pr&#233;vio /AIT</td>
                <td align="center">11 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">22 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CABG pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">26 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,37</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina est&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">26 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">36 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">26 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; CABG: cirurgia de bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; NSTEMI: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; STEMI: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Bal&#227;o de elui&#231;&#227;o de medicamento (n = 91)</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>Stent</italic> de elui&#231;&#227;o de medicamento (n = 89)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Local de acesso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,64</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Radial</td>
                <td align="center">55 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (67%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Femoral</td>
                <td align="center">34 (37%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Radial + femoral</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Braquial</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o coron&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,31</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coron&#225;ria esquerda descendente</td>
                <td align="center">28 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria circunflexa</td>
                <td align="center">27 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                <td align="center">33 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RIS-S</td>
                <td align="center">55 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RIS Intra-CABG</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Padr&#227;o da RIS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,01</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Focal</td>
                <td align="center">52 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Difusa</td>
                <td align="center">26 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Proliferativa</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Oclusiva</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Procedimentos adjuntos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aterectomia rotacional</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trombectomia</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bal&#227;o com l&#226;minas (<italic>cutting balloon</italic>)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro bal&#227;o/<italic>stent</italic>(mm)</td>
                <td align="center">3.00 (3.00-3.50)</td>
                <td align="center">3.00 (2.75-3.50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comprimento bal&#227;o/<italic>stent</italic> (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (20-30)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (18-30)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o de infla&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (atm)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (12-19)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (12-16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>SF: stent farmacol&#243;gico; RIS: reestenose intra-stent; CABG: cirurgia de bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio ocorreu em 33 pacientes (36%) no grupo BF, comparado a 17 pacientes no grupo SF (<italic>p</italic> log-rank n&#227;o ajustado = 0,02). No per&#237;odo de um ano, eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes ocorreram em 18 (23%) e 10 (12%) pacientes nos grupos BF e SF, respectivamente (p = 0,06, teste do chi-quadrado de Pearson). Aus&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos no seguimento est&#225; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. As covari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado final foram idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica grau &#8805; 3&#170; (definida como <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina &lt; 60 mL/min de acordo com a f&#243;rmulas Cockroft-Gault), e SCA (<italic>versus</italic> angina est&#225;vel) como indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a nas taxas de eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes entre os grupos [HR ajustado para BF = 1,45 (IC95%: 0,75-2,83); p = 0,27) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Os desfechos secund&#225;rios s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. Dois &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares ocorreram em cada grupo. As taxas de mortalidade em um ano foram de 11% (10 pacientes) e 3% (3 pacientes), nos grupos BF e SF, respectivamente (p = 0,04 chi-quadrado de Pearson). Apesar de numericamente mais alta no grupo BF, a mortalidade por todas as causas no acompanhamento (23% versus 7%) n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente ap&#243;s o ajuste multivariado (HR ajustado = 2,85/ p = 0,06). Taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo de um ano foram 6% (5 pacientes) e 5% (4 pacientes), respectivamente (p=0,75, chi quadrado de Pearson). No grupo BF, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre RIS-SM e RIS-SF [HR ajustado = 0,90 (IC95%: 0.37-2.20, p = 0.82), em termos de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tempo livre n&#227;o ajustado de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes. BF: bal&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico; SF: stent farmacol&#243;gico</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0277-70142-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios ap&#243;s tratamento com reestenose intra-stent</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Bal&#227;o de elui&#231;&#227;o de medicamento (n = 91)</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>Stent</italic> de elui&#231;&#227;o de medicamento (n = 89)</th>
                <th align="center">Hazards ratio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> ajustado(intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td align="center">36%</td>
                <td align="center">19%</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 (0,75-2,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte por todas as causas</td>
                <td align="center">23%</td>
                <td align="center">7%</td>
                <td align="center">2,85 (0,98-8,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">9%</td>
                <td align="center">6%</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (0,43-4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo</td>
                <td align="center">10%</td>
                <td align="center">8%</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 (0,44-3,76)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reestenose bin&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">13%</td>
                <td align="center">9%</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,37-2,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trombose na les&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">78,96 (N/A)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por todas as causas</td>
                <td align="center">24%</td>
                <td align="center">16%</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,57-2,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox ajustado, incluindo idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, e s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda como indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise dos eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes pelo modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox ajustado. BF: bal&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico; SF: stent farmacol&#243;gico.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0277-70142-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a do efeito do BF sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes para di&#226;metro BF/SF (&lt; 3 mm <italic>versus</italic> &#8805; 3 mm) (p = 0,92 para intera&#231;&#227;o), comprimento BF/SF (&lt; 20 mm <italic>versus</italic> &#8805; 20 mm) (p = 0,77 para intera&#231;&#227;o) ou SCA como indica&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,45 para intera&#231;&#227;o).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com SCA, observamos que a RIS tratada com bal&#227;o de elui&#231;&#227;o de paclitaxel, comparada com SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de n&#227;o mostrar uma diferen&#231;a significativa na taxa global de eventos cardiovasculares adversos ap&#243;s ajuste, pode estar associada com taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas mais elevada. Este estudo foi delineado como uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria de uma popula&#231;&#227;o real, e n&#227;o &#233; capaz de provar a superioridade cl&#237;nica ou a n&#227;o inferioridade do BF comparado ao SF para RIS. Dada a escassez de dados sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos do BF em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica atual padr&#227;o para essa indica&#231;&#227;o, n&#243;s procuramos contribuir &#224; literatura atual fornecendo dados cl&#237;nicos comparativos sobre o uso de BF e SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o em uma situa&#231;&#227;o real. Pontos fortes da an&#225;lise incluem uma ampla coorte, a maioria com SCA, e uso de SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o como comparativo, ambos refletindo uma pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual mais precisa em compara&#231;&#227;o a estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Os resultados do presente estudo s&#227;o relevantes para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o no cuidado do paciente, uma vez que ainda existe preocupa&#231;&#227;o sobre o uso de SF para o tratamento de RIS, apesar de sua efic&#225;cia comprovada em curto prazo.</p>
        <p>A efic&#225;cia angiogr&#225;fica do BF em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SF de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o foi previamente demonstrada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Contudo, o ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado RIBS IV mostrou que <italic>stents</italic> de everolimus estavam associados com melhores resultados angiogr&#225;ficos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao BF SeQuent&#174; Please para o tratamento de RIS-SF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em estudos sobre RIS-SF, os eventos cl&#237;nicos foram relatados como desfechos secund&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, somente uma minoria dos pacientes apresentaram SCA nesses estudos, e nenhum deles incluiu pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. No ensaio ISAR-DESIRE-3, as taxas de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes (23,5%) no grupo BF em um ano foram compar&#225;veis &#224;s taxas em nossa coorte (23%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No presente estudo, a taxa de mortalidade no grupo BF em um ano (11%) foi maior que no estudo ensaio ISAR-DESIRE-3 (2,2%), sugerindo a possibilidade de nossa coorte haver representado uma popula&#231;&#227;o em maior risco. Tal hip&#243;tese &#233; refor&#231;ada pelo aumento em quatro vezes nas taxas de SCA em nossa coorte (77%) comparada ao estudo ISAR-DESIRE-3. No estudo PEPCAD-II, diferente de nossos achados, houve uma forte tend&#234;ncia a baixas taxas de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes no grupo BF em compara&#231;&#227;o ao <italic>stent</italic> de paclitaxel (9% versus 22%, respectivamente; p = 0,08).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No entanto, nesse estudo, al&#233;m de o grupo BF ter sido comparado a SF de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, houve somente 5 mortes, sugerindo, mais uma vez, uma popula&#231;&#227;o em menor risco que a popula&#231;&#227;o em nosso estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em estudos pr&#233;vios (exceto para RIBS IV), foi utilizado SF de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o como comparativo, o que pode explicar ao menos em parte, por que a inferioridade do BF indicada em nossos achados n&#227;o ter sido observada em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Pacientes com SCA podem ainda beneficiarem-se mais de SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o que BF para o tratamento de RIS, uma vez que o meio pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e inflamat&#243;rio local e sist&#234;mico da SCA pode n&#227;o ser adequado para o uso de BF; mas essa hip&#243;tese precisa ser confirmada.</p>
        <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es da presente an&#225;lise incluem a n&#227;o randomiza&#231;&#227;o, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo em um &#250;nico centro, e o delineamento retrospectivo. &#201; prov&#225;vel a ocorr&#234;ncia de vieses e, enquanto que o modelo multivariado parece ter controlado os fatores de confus&#227;o conhecidos, ainda podem ter restado fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o medidos. Al&#233;m disso, o poder do modelo ainda n&#227;o foi adequadamente testado para detectar diferen&#231;as em desfechos cl&#237;nicos raros, como no caso de trombose em dispositivos. No entanto, o tamanho da amostra deste estudo foi similar a de estudos cl&#237;nicos anteriores sobre BF no tratamento de RIS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Ainda, nossa an&#225;lise n&#227;o incluiu informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o da TAPD ap&#243;s a angioplastia com RIS. Estudos futuros devem abordar a efic&#225;cia do BF na SCA, e definir a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; TAPD ap&#243;s BF, uma vez que a dura&#231;&#227;o da TAPD e seus custos e complica&#231;&#245;es associados podem ser fatores determinantes na equipol&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica entre o uso de BF e SF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com alta preval&#234;ncia de SCA, um aumento num&#233;rico n&#227;o significativo nos eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes foi observado com o uso de BF no tratamento de RIS em compara&#231;&#227;o a SB de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o. Tal resultado foi observado mediante uma tend&#234;ncia preocupante de maior mortalidade com o uso de BF. &#201; fundamental a confirma&#231;&#227;o desses resultados por meio de um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com SCA, com poder estat&#237;stico adequado, para esclarecer o papel do BF na cardiologia intervencionista.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
