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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PRZjzP7CyjC5yvYd5yH7CSb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900271</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170122</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Major Depression as a Complicating Factor for Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerit</surname>
            <given-names>Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Near East University</institution>
          <country country="CY">Cyprus</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Near East University, Nicosia - Cyprus</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Levent Cerit</bold> &#8226; Near East University. 07100, Nicosia - Cyprus. E-mail: <email>drcerit@hotmail.com</email>, <email>drcerit@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>271</fpage>
      <lpage>272</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>Seorotin Uptake Inhibitors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Dear Editor,</p>
    <p>I have read with great interest the article entitled "Major Depression and Acute Coronary Syndrome-Related Factors" by Figueiredo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> recently published in journal. The investigators found a 23% prevalence of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) meeting the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). Women were more susceptible to develop MDD in the sample group of ACS patients, with a three-and-a-half-time greater likelihood than men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Almost half of patients with ACS are affected by depression,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> many of them receiving antiplatelet therapy and often treated with a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine are potent inhibitors of CYP2C19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Clopidogrel is a pro-drug that undergoes a two-stage activation process, which is mediated by several cytochrome P450 (CYP) hepatic enzymes. CYP2C19 is involved in both activation steps, raising concern that the drug that inhibit CYP2C19 may decrease clopidogrel's effectiveness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Bykov et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> reported that treatment with a CYP2C19-inhibiting SSRI such as fluoxetine and fluvoxamine when initiating clopidogrel might be associated with slight decrease in its effectiveness.</p>
    <p>In this context, considering not only the concomitant disorder with ACS but also the complicating factor due to CYP2C19-inhibiting SSRI treatment, MDD should be evaluated meticulously.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reply</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The authors are grateful for the comments made in a letter to the editor regarding the article Major Depression and Acute Coronary Syndrome-Related Factors, published in Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; 108 (3): 217-227.</p>
      <p>We agree with the relevant comments of the author of the letter, warning about the use of antidepressants in patients with acute coronary syndrome and their interaction with the antiplatelet Clopidogrel.</p>
      <p>We complement the comments with the following considerations:</p>
      <p>1) The effectiveness of Clopidogrel (a platelet P2Y12 receptor blocker), in its action as a platelet antiadhesive, among other known and unknown actions, is dependent on its conversion to an active metabolite by the cytochrome-dependent P450 (CYP- 450), mainly CYP2C19. Its effect as a platelet antiadhesive is lower in patients who are homozygous for non-functional alleles of CP2C19 genes, so-called "poor metabolizers". It is not recommended the use of Clopidogrel in these patients and, when possible, to identify these cases using genetic tests. Therefore, any other drug that interferes with the cytochrome dependent system altering the conversion of Clopidogrel to its active metabolite, mainly in the poor metabolizers, may reduce its effect.</p>
      <p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (such as fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, etc.) may interfere with the metabolism of clopidogrel, increasing the adverse effect of clopidogrel (by increasing the inhibition of the P2Y12 receptor) and, therefore, increasing the Risk of bleeding, decreasing the concentration of the active metabolite of Clopidogrel, mainly in the genetically "poor metabolizers", reducing its effectiveness.</p>
      <p>2) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants have multiple adverse cardiovascular effects such as: chest pain, angina pectoris, palpitation, arterial hypertension, prolonged <italic>QT interval</italic> on the <italic>ECG</italic>, ventricular arrhythmias, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, increase of the risk of severe hyponatremias in patients already in use of diuretics, among innumerable adverse effects, which always more serious in patients with acute coronary syndrome.</p>
      <p>3) Our article sought to initially verify the presence of the pattern (set of variables found in association) that is called "Major Depression" among patients with another pattern called Acute Coronary Syndrome and hospitalized in the hospital coronary units environment. In addition to this identification of variable patterns (diagnostics), we intend to study how and which, among the variables collected in these individuals, including sociodemographic variables, were associated. We do not intend to define causal associations, even because the design of the study would not allow such inferences. However, we intend to understand the interactions between variables present in a certain evolutionary state of patients' lives. This allows us a better clinical understanding of the person and, therefore, greater possibility of helping it during its evolution in this acute period and its subsequent evolution. We do not understand causality deterministically, that is, if the variable x is present then y will occur. We understand a person as a complex system that interacts with the environment in which he lives. Therefore, it is more important to understand the organization or interaction between component variables, which we can be identified in that complex system formed by people living in an environment (including the hospital environment), than to isolate possible "causal" variables, whether genetic or pharmacological and impute a direct causality that does not exist or that we only identify in simple or more stable systems. We believe that complex thinking is the basis of clinical judgment and that the important thing is to understand the biological system as a whole, due to its constant evolution or dynamics. For this, only observing the system in its continuous evolution.</p>
      <p>We have chosen the linear log model to study these interactions as shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the article. The previous history of depression was one of the variables of that model. Certainly, these patients were already exposed to antidepressant drug use during their lifetime, but we cannot conclude, and it was not our goal, that these drugs "cause" coronary syndrome. However, from the clinical point of view, the associations found indicate that individuals and clinicians should be warned that antidepressants may be involved in the interactions of variables that make up the pattern Acute Coronary Syndrome and its complications (eg. arrhythmias ), and that this type of drug also interacts with other drugs such as antiplatelet drugs, diuretics and others, composing other patterns such as hyponatremia syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, and even opposing patterns such as bleeding or loss of the efficacy of Clopidogrel.</p>
      <p>Clinical thinking needs to detach itself from the bonds in which deterministic and causal thinking placed it and return to what has always been clinical judgment, now with a strong theoretical basis, complex thinking and complex adaptive dynamic systems. To do this we have to observe the evolution of the person throughout his life and his relationship or interaction with the environment in which he lives, including his social and cultural relations and understand the interactions between infinite variables always with a degree of uncertainty and considering the appearance of emerging or unpredictable phenomena.</p>
      <sig-block>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha Figueiredo</bold>
        <break/>
        <bold>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e Silva</bold>
        <break/>
        <bold>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a Pereira</bold>
        <break/>
        <bold>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>
      </sig-block>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s2" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta-resposta</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Depress&#227;o Maior como Fator de Complica&#231;&#227;o para a S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerit</surname>
            <given-names>Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Near East University, Nicosia - Chipre</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Levent Cerit</bold> &#8226; Near East University. 07100, Nicosia - Chipre E-mail: <email>drcerit@hotmail.com</email>, <email>drcerit@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Capta&#231;&#227;o da Serotonina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Caro Editor,</p>
      <p>Li com grande interesse o artigo intitulado "Depress&#227;o Maior e Fatores Relacionados &#224; S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda" de Figueiredo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> recentemente publicado na revista. Os pesquisadores encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de 23% de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) que atendem aos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para depress&#227;o maior (DM). As mulheres foram mais suscet&#237;veis ao desenvolvimento de DM no grupo de amostra de pacientes com SCA, com uma chance tr&#234;s vezes e meia maior do que os homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Quase metade dos pacientes com SCA s&#227;o afetados pela depress&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> muitos deles recebem terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria e tamb&#233;m s&#227;o frequentemente tratados com um inibidor seletivo da recapta&#231;&#227;o da serotonina (ISRS). A fluoxetina e a fluvoxamina s&#227;o potentes inibidores do CYP2C19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O clopidogrel &#233; um pr&#243;-f&#225;rmaco que sofre um processo de ativa&#231;&#227;o em duas etapas, o mesmo &#233; mediado por v&#225;rias enzimas hep&#225;ticas do citocromo P450 (CYP). O CYP2C19 est&#225; envolvido em ambas etapas de ativa&#231;&#227;o, o que gera a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que o f&#225;rmaco que inibe o CYP2C19 possa diminuir a efic&#225;cia do clopidogrel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Bykov et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> relataram que o tratamento com um ISRS inibidor do CYP2C19, como fluoxetina e fluvoxamina ao iniciar o clopidogrel pode estar associado a uma ligeira diminui&#231;&#227;o na sua efic&#225;cia.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, considerando n&#227;o s&#243; o transtorno concomitante com SCA, mas tamb&#233;m o fator complicador devido ao tratamento ISRS inibidor de CYP2C19, o TDM deve ser avaliado meticulosamente.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s3" xml:lang="pt">
      <front-stub>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Os autores agradecem os coment&#225;rios feitos, em carta ao editor, relativos ao artigo Major Depression and Acute Coronary Syndrome-Related Factors, publicado no Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;108(3):217-27.</p>
        <p>Concordamos com os coment&#225;rios pertinentes do autor da carta, alertando sobre o uso de antidepressivos em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda e a sua intera&#231;&#227;o com o antiadesivo plaquet&#225;rio Clopidogrel.</p>
        <p>Complementamos os coment&#225;rios com as seguintes considera&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <p>1) A efetividade do Clopidogrel (um bloqueador do receptor P2Y12 das plaquetas), em sua a&#231;&#227;o como antiadesivo plaquet&#225;rio, entre outras a&#231;&#245;es conhecidas e desconhecidas, &#233; dependente da sua convers&#227;o para um metabolito ativo pelo sistema citocromo-dependente P450 (CYP-450), principalmente o CYP2C19. Seu efeito como antiadesivo plaquet&#225;rio &#233; menor em pacientes que s&#227;o homozig&#243;ticos para os alelos n&#227;o funcionais dos genes do CP2C19, os denominados "pouco metabolizadores". &#201; recomendado n&#227;o utilizar o Clopidogrel, nesses pacientes e, quando for poss&#237;vel, identificar esses casos utilizando testes gen&#233;ticos. Portanto, qualquer outra droga que interfira no sistema citocromo dependente alterando a convers&#227;o do Clopidogrel no seu metabolito ativo, principalmente nos pouco metabolizadores, pode reduzir seu efeito.</p>
        <p>Os antidepressivos inibidores seletivos da recapta&#231;&#227;o da serotonina (como a fluoxetina, a fluvoxamina etc.) podem interferir na metaboliza&#231;&#227;o do Clopidogrel, seja aumentando o efeito adverso do Clopidogrel (aumentando a inibi&#231;&#227;o do receptor P2Y12) e, portanto, aumentando o risco de sangramento, seja decrescendo a concentra&#231;&#227;o do metabolito ativo do Clopidogrel, principalmente nos geneticamente "pouco metabolizadores", reduzindo sua efic&#225;cia.</p>
        <p>2) Os antidepressivos inibidores seletivos da recapta&#231;&#227;o da serotonina possuem m&#250;ltiplos efeitos cardiovasculares adversos tais como: dor tor&#225;cica, angina pectoris, palpita&#231;&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o arterial, prolongamento do espa&#231;o QT do ECG, arritmias ventriculares, s&#237;ndrome de secre&#231;&#227;o inapropriada de horm&#244;nio antidiur&#233;tico, aumento do risco de graves hiponatremias em pacientes j&#225; em uso de diur&#233;ticos, entre outros in&#250;meros efeitos adversos, sempre mais graves em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
        <p>3) Nosso artigo pretendeu verificar inicialmente a presen&#231;a do padr&#227;o (conjunto de vari&#225;veis encontradas em associa&#231;&#227;o) que se denomina "Depress&#227;o Maior" entre os pacientes com outro padr&#227;o denominado S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda e internados no ambiente de unidades coronarianas hospitalares. Al&#233;m dessa identifica&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es de vari&#225;veis (diagn&#243;sticos), pretendemos estudar como e quais, dentre as vari&#225;veis coletadas nessas pessoas, incluindo vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, estavam associadas. N&#227;o pretendemos definir associa&#231;&#245;es causais, mesmo porque o desenho do estudo, n&#227;o permitiria tais ila&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, pretendemos compreender as intera&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis presentes num determinado estado evolutivo da vida dos pacientes. Isto nos permite um melhor entendimento cl&#237;nico da pessoa e, portanto, maior possibilidade de ajud&#225;-la durante sua evolu&#231;&#227;o neste per&#237;odo agudo e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o posterior. N&#227;o entendemos causalidade de forma determin&#237;stica, ou seja, se a vari&#225;vel x est&#225; presente ent&#227;o y ocorrer&#225;. Entendemos uma pessoa como um sistema complexo que interage com o ambiente no qual vive. Portanto &#233; mais importante entender a organiza&#231;&#227;o ou intera&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis componentes, que podemos identificar nesse sistema complexo formado por pessoas vivendo em um ambiente (incluindo o ambiente hospitalar), do que isolar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis "causais", sejam elas gen&#233;ticas ou farmacol&#243;gicas e imputar uma causalidade direta que n&#227;o existe ou que apenas a identificamos em sistemas simples ou mais est&#225;veis. Julgamos que o pensamento complexo &#233; a base do julgamento cl&#237;nico e que o importante &#233; entender o sistema biol&#243;gico como um todo, devido a sua constante evolu&#231;&#227;o ou din&#226;mica. Para isto, s&#243; observando o sistema em sua cont&#237;nua evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Escolhemos o modelo log linear para estudar essas intera&#231;&#245;es como &#233; demonstrado nas figuras 1 e 2 do artigo. A hist&#243;ria pregressa de depress&#227;o foi uma das vari&#225;veis desse modelo. Certamente esses pacientes j&#225; foram expostos ao uso de drogas antidepressivas durante sua vida, mas n&#227;o podemos concluir, e nem foi nosso objetivo, que essas drogas "causam" s&#237;ndrome coronariana. No entanto, do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, as associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas nos indicam que as pessoas e os cl&#237;nicos devem ser alertados de que os antidepressivos podem estar envolvidos nas intera&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis que comp&#245;em o padr&#227;o S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda e suas ditas complica&#231;&#245;es (arritmias por exemplo) e que essa classe de drogas tamb&#233;m interage com outras drogas como os antiadesivos plaquet&#225;rios, diur&#233;ticos e outras, compondo outros padr&#245;es como por exemplo o de hiponatremia da s&#237;ndrome de secre&#231;&#227;o inapropriada de horm&#244;nio antidiur&#233;tico, e at&#233; de padr&#245;es opostos como sangramento ou de perda da efic&#225;cia do Clopidogrel.</p>
        <p>O pensamento cl&#237;nico precisa se desvencilhar das amarras nas quais o pensamento determin&#237;stico e causal o colocou e retornar ao que sempre foi o julgamento cl&#237;nico, agora com forte base te&#243;rica, pensamento complexo e sistemas complexos din&#226;micos adaptativos. Para isto temos que observar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da pessoa durante toda sua vida e sua rela&#231;&#227;o ou intera&#231;&#227;o com o ambiente em que vive, incluindo suas rela&#231;&#245;es sociais e culturais e entender as intera&#231;&#245;es entre as infinitas vari&#225;veis sempre com um grau de incerteza e considerando o surgimento de fen&#244;menos emergentes ou imprevis&#237;veis.</p>
        <sig-block>
          <sig>
            <bold>Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha Figueiredo</bold>
            <break/>
            <bold>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e Silva</bold>
            <break/>
            <bold>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a Pereira</bold>
            <break/>
            <bold>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>
          </sig>
        </sig-block>
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  </sub-article>
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