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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qv8RNwgK43sNnBWSkxLy5VF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900266</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170108</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Balloon Cryoablation for the Treatment of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fenelon</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scuotto</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Guilherme Fenelon</bold>, &#8226; Rua Borba Gato, 331, Bouganville, 242, Santo Amaro. Postal Code 04747-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>guifenelon@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fenelon G, Perin MA, Makdisse M, Paola AAV; Acquisition of data: Fenelon G, Scuotto F, Fischer C, Paola AAV; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fenelon G, Scuotto F, Paola AAV; Writing of the manuscript: Fenelon G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Guilherme Fenelon received assistance from the manufacturer of the product for participation in congress. The rest have no conflicts.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>266</fpage>
      <lpage>269</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cryosurgery / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cryosurgery / trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) aiming at the electrical isolation of the pulmonary vein (PV) is more effective in controlling the rhythm than drugs, especially in young individuals with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) without structural heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Electrical isolation is performed with point-by-point RFA around the PV, constituting a complex and lengthy procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Recently, technologies have been developed aiming to simplify PV isolation, among them the balloon cryoablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In this approach, the cryoballoon is inflated in the PV ostium in order to completely occlude it. The release of cryoenergy cools the balloon surface, having the potential to isolate the vein with a single application. The efficacy and safety of cryoablation are similar to RFA, but the procedure is faster.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although used worldwide,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> only recently cryoablation was made available in Brazil. The objective of this study was to report the first three cases performed in our country using this technology.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Reports</title>
      <p>Patients were included in a study approved by the National Research Ethics Commission (Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa - CONEP), number 03094112.9.0000.0071, after signing the Free and Informed Consent form. All patients met the following inclusion criteria: (1) documented symptomatic paroxysmal AF; (2) at least two episodes in the last 3 months; (3) refractory to at least one antiarrhythmic drug.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>Male patient, 36 years old, hypertension controlled with losartan, with paroxysmal AF for the last 5 years, had used sotalol without success. He remained symptomatic (palpitations) with the use of propafenone, atenolol and dabigatran (CHA2DS2-VASc score 1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The echocardiogram showed a slight increase in the left atrium (anteroposterior diameter of 44 mm) and normal ventricular function (left ventricular ejection fraction of 65%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>Female patient, 67 years old, with hypertension, dyslipidemia and hypothyroidism, controlled with enalapril, metoprolol, levothyroxine and rosuvastatin. She had paroxysmal AF crisis for the last 3 years and remained symptomatic (palpitations) while using propafenone and rivaroxaban (CHA2DS2-VASc score 3).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> She used amiodarone, withdrawn due to hypothyroidism. Echocardiography showed normal left atrium (anteroposterior diameter of 39 mm) and ventricular function (left ventricular ejection fraction of 74%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 3</title>
        <p>Male patient, 50 years old, hypertension controlled with losartan and chronic bronchitis due to smoking, paroxysmal AF for the last 10 years, had used sotalol and amiodarone without success. He was symptomatic (palpitations) while using propafenone and dabigatran (CHA2DS2-VASc score 1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The echocardiogram showed a slight increase in the left atrium (anteroposterior diameter of 44 mm), normal ventricular function (left ventricular ejection fraction of 63%) and mild mitral escape.</p>
        <p>The procedures were performed on November 3, 2014, by the same team, with the help of an instructor, using standardized techniques.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Antiarrhythmic and anticoagulant drug use was suspended five days before and on the day before the procedure, respectively. Imaging methods for anatomical definition of the PV were not used. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed under general anesthesia, to exclude thrombi. Then, femoral venous access was obtained for allocation of decapolar and quadruple catheters in the coronary sinus and right atrium. With the aid of transesophageal echocardiography, a single transseptal puncture was performed and an 8F sheath (SL1, St. Jude Medical) was placed in the left atrium, which subsequently was replaced by a 15F deflectable sheath (Flexcath, Medtronic), through which the second-generation, 28-mm diameter 10.5F balloon catheter (Arctic Front Advance, Medtronic) was introduced. Selective catheterization of the PV was performed with the Achieve octapolar circular catheter (Medtronic), which was also used to measure real-time electrical insulation. After cryoballoon insufflation and occlusion of each vein (measured by contrast luminal retention), two applications of cryoenergy were performed, lasting 3 minutes, aiming at a temperature of -40&#176;C in the catheter thermistor. The second application was a reinforcement one, for longer lasting of the lesion. To prevent injury to the phrenic nerve, applications in the right veins were performed under continuous phrenic stimulation through the decapolar catheter located in the upper right atrium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Esophageal temperature monitoring and full heparinization (ACT 300-350 seconds) were maintained.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The upper left panel shows the 28-mm diameter cryoballoon and the octapolar circular catheter, used to measure real-time isolation of the pulmonary veins. In the lower left panel, fluoroscopic image showing the balloon catheter inflated in the ostium of the right superior pulmonary vein of the third case. Contrast retention inside the vein indicates vessel occlusion. Observe the circular catheter inside the vein and the decapolar catheter (arrow) placed in the upper right atrium for phrenic stimulation. In the right panel, intracavitary tracings showing the isolation of the same vein. From top to bottom, surface electrocardiogram (leads I, II, III, aVF, V1 and V6); electrograms recorded inside the vein by the circular catheter (ACH 1, 2 ACH, ACH 3, 4 ACH, ACH 5 and ACH 6); atrial and ventricular electrograms collected by the catheter positioned in the bundle of His (His D and His P); and electrograms of the two pairs of distal electrodes of the decapolar catheter in upper right atrium. Observe the sudden disappearance of the pulmonary vein potentials (arrows) 40 seconds after application of cryoenergy, indicating electrical isolation. The asterisks indicate the spicules of the continuous phrenic nerve stimulation by the catheter in the upper right atrium at 60 bpm cycles. Observe that the stimulation also commands the atria. Tracings at 50 mm/second<italic>.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0266-70108-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Twelve PV were treated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), and electrical isolation was achieved in all (100%), with a mean of 2.3 adequate applications (-40&#176;C) of cryoenergy per vein (mean of three applications per vein in the first patient and two per vein in the remaining). Applications with inadequate temperature were discontinued after approximately 30 seconds, and the balloon was repositioned. The mean procedure time (skin to skin) was 125 minutes (150, 150 and 75 minutes) and of fluoroscopy, 47 minutes (63, 47 and 33 minutes). The esophageal temperature did not change during the applications. At the end of the procedure, heparin was neutralized with protamine, hemostasis was obtained and a compressive dressing was performed. After recovery from anesthesia, the patients were sent to the infirmary, receiving enoxaparin (half the full dose - 0.5 mg/kg every 12 hours) during the first 24 hours. There were no complications, and all patients were discharged in the following morning, receiving the usual antiarrhythmic and anticoagulation drugs, in addition to omeprazole (for 30 days). The exams at hospital discharge (electrocardiogram and chest X-ray) were normal.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluoroscopic images in the left anterior oblique projection showing the position of the balloon catheter inflated in the ostium of the four pulmonary veins of the third case: (A) upper right; (B) upper left; (C) lower right; (D) lower left. In the B and C panels, observe the decapolar catheter positioned in the coronary sinus. This same catheter is subsequently used for phrenic stimulation in the upper right atrium during cryoablation of the right veins (A and D). Also, observe the esophageal thermometer (projecting on the spinal column). </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0266-70108-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After a follow-up of 14 months, all patients remained asymptomatic and in sinus rhythm without antiarrhythmic drugs (withdrawn after 12 months), but receiving anticoagulants. There were no AF recurrences and the 24-hour Holter monitoring at 3, 6 and 12 months showed no arrhythmias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>These were the first cases in the country that used the cryoballoon for treatment of paroxysmal AF. It was possible to safely isolate the PV, attaining adequate control of the arrhythmia in the 14-month follow-up. These observations support the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing cryoablation with drugs, 70% (114/163) of the cryoablation group showed no recurrence after 1 year, compared with 7.3% (6/82) of the medication group. A systematic review reported 98% of immediate success with PV isolation, with maintenance of sinus rhythm of 72% after 1 year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Considering these results, cryoablation and point-by-point RFA were classified as standard techniques for ablation of paroxysmal AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies comparing RF ablation with cryoballoon indicated success and similar complications, but cryoablation is faster.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In this regard, one of our procedures was completed (skin to skin) in 75 minutes. While the overall rate of complications is similar, RFA tends to have a higher incidence of esophageal lesions and PV stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This is because, compared to the heat lesion in RFA, cryothermic cooling lesions show less tissue breakdown, are more homogeneous and less thrombogenic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In contrast, cryoablation causes more phrenic lesions. Therefore, it is necessary to stimulate the phrenic nerve during the isolation of the right veins, immediately interrupting the application if there is any reduction in diaphragm contractions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). With these measures, the incidence of permanent phrenic lesion is less than 0.3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> We had no complications in our series. It is noteworthy the fact that a randomized controlled trial was recently published, demonstrating the non-inferiority of cryoablation in relation to RFA regarding safety and efficacy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cryoablation has a faster learning curve than the RFA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, it is currently indicated only in paroxysmal AF, as the cryoballoon lesions are restricted to the PV antrum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The formation of linear lesions or the approach of other atrial regions require RF ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A limitation of this report is the sample size, which was small and obtained during the learning curve. The follow-up without antiarrhythmic drugs (two months) was short, but all patients were very symptomatic with frequent crises, despite the medication. The cost-effectiveness of the technique was not assessed.</p>
      <p>This initial experience suggests that balloon cryoablation is effective and safe for fast PV isolation in patients with paroxysmal AF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Medtronic do Brasil.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Crioabla&#231;&#227;o por Bal&#227;o no Tratamento da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fenelon</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scuotto</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Guilherme Fenelon</bold> &#8226; Rua Borba Gato, 331, Bouganville, 242, Santo Amaro. CEP: 04747-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>guifenelon@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fenelon G, Perin MA, Makdisse M, Paola AAV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fenelon G, Scuotto F, Fischer C, Paola AAV; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fenelon G, Scuotto F, Paola AAV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fenelon G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Guilherme Fenelon recebeu aux&#237;lio do fabricante do produto para participa&#231;&#227;o em congresso. Os demais n&#227;o possuem conflitos.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Criocirurgia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Criocirurgia / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) visando ao isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares (VP) &#233; mais eficaz no controle do ritmo do que os f&#225;rmacos, especialmente em jovens com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) parox&#237;stica sintom&#225;tica sem cardiopatia estrutural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O isolamento el&#233;trico &#233; realizado com aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF ponto a ponto ao redor das VP, sendo um procedimento complexo e demorado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Recentemente, foram desenvolvidas tecnologias buscando simplificar o isolamento das VP, dentre elas a crioabla&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Nessa abordagem, o criobal&#227;o &#233; insuflado no &#243;stio da VP de modo a oclu&#237;-la completamente. A libera&#231;&#227;o da crioenergia resfria a superf&#237;cie do bal&#227;o, tendo o potencial de isolar a veia com uma &#250;nica aplica&#231;&#227;o. A efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da crioabla&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s da RF, por&#233;m o procedimento &#233; mais r&#225;pido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora difundida mundialmente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> apenas recentemente a crioabla&#231;&#227;o foi disponibilizada no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar os primeiros tr&#234;s casos realizados em nosso meio utilizando essa tecnologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato dos Casos</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em pesquisa aprovada pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP), n&#250;mero 03094112.9.0000.0071, tendo assinado Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Todos eles preenchiam os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: (1) FA parox&#237;stica sintom&#225;tica documentada; (2) no m&#237;nimo dois epis&#243;dios nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses; (3) refrat&#225;rios a pelo menos uma droga antiarr&#237;tmica.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 1</title>
          <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 36 anos, hipertenso controlado com losartana, FA parox&#237;stica h&#225; 5 anos, tendo utilizado sotalol sem sucesso. Mantinha-se sintom&#225;tico (palpita&#231;&#245;es) em uso de propafenona, atenolol e dabigatrana (escore 1 de CHA2DS2-VASc).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O ecocardiograma mostrava aumento discreto do &#225;trio esquerdo (di&#226;metro anteroposterior de 44 mm) e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 65%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 2</title>
          <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 67 anos, apresentava hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e hipotireoidismo controlados com enalapril, metoprolol, levotiroxina e rosuvastatina. Crises de FA parox&#237;stica h&#225; 3 anos, persistindo sintom&#225;tica (palpita&#231;&#245;es) em uso de propafenona e tamb&#233;m rivaroxabana (escore 3 de CHA2DS2-VASc).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Utilizou amiodarona, suspensa pelo hipotireoidismo. O ecocardiograma mostrava &#225;trio esquerdo (di&#226;metro anteroposterior de 39 mm) e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 74%) normais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 3</title>
          <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 50 anos, hipertenso controlado com losartana e bronqu&#237;tico cr&#244;nico por tabagismo, FA parox&#237;stica h&#225; 10 anos, tendo usado sotalol e amiodarona sem sucesso. Vinha sintom&#225;tico (palpita&#231;&#245;es) em uso de propafenona e dabigatrana (escore 1 de CHA2DS2-VASc).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O ecocardiograma mostrava aumento discreto do &#225;trio esquerdo (di&#226;metro anteroposterior de 44 mm), fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 63%) e escape mitral leve.</p>
          <p>Os procedimentos foram realizados em 3 de novembro de 2014 pela mesma equipe, com o aux&#237;lio de um instrutor, usando t&#233;cnicas padronizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Antiarr&#237;tmicos e anticoagulantes foram suspensos 5 dias antes e na v&#233;spera do procedimento, respectivamente. N&#227;o foram utilizados m&#233;todos de imagem para defini&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica das VP. Sob anestesia geral, foi realizado ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico para excluir trombos. Em seguida, foram obtidos acessos venosos femorais para aloca&#231;&#227;o de cateteres decapolar e quadripolar no seio coronariano e &#225;trio direito. Com aux&#237;lio do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, foi realizada uma &#250;nica pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal com coloca&#231;&#227;o de bainha 8 F (SL1, St Jude Medical) no &#225;trio esquerdo, que, em seguida, era trocada por bainha 15 F deflect&#237;vel (Flexcath, Medtronic), pela qual foi introduzido o cateter bal&#227;o 10,5 F com 28 mm de di&#226;metro de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o (Arctic Front Advance, Medtronic). A cateteriza&#231;&#227;o seletiva das VP foi feita com o cateter octapolar circular Achieve (Medtronic), tamb&#233;m usado para aferi&#231;&#227;o do isolamento el&#233;trico em tempo real. Ap&#243;s insufla&#231;&#227;o do criobal&#227;o e oclus&#227;o de cada veia (aferida pela reten&#231;&#227;o luminal de contraste), foram feitas duas aplica&#231;&#245;es de crioenergia com dura&#231;&#227;o de 3 minutos, objetivando temperatura de -40&#176;C no termistor do cateter. A segunda aplica&#231;&#227;o era de refor&#231;o, para maior durabilidade da les&#227;o. Para prevenir les&#245;es ao nervo fr&#234;nico, as aplica&#231;&#245;es nas veias direitas foram feitas sob estimula&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua do fr&#234;nico pelo cateter decapolar locado no &#225;trio direito alto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica e hepariniza&#231;&#227;o plena (TCA 300 a 350 segundos) foram mantidas.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>No painel superior esquerdo, o criobal&#227;o de 28 mm de di&#226;metro e o cateter circular octapolar utilizado para aferir em tempo real o isolamento das veias pulmonares. No painel inferior esquerdo, imagem fluorosc&#243;pica mostrando o cateter bal&#227;o insuflado no &#243;stio da veia pulmonar superior direita do paciente do terceiro caso. A reten&#231;&#227;o de contraste no interior da veia indica oclus&#227;o do vaso. Note o cateter circular dentro da veia e o cateter decapolar (seta) colocado no &#225;trio direito alto para estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica. No painel &#224; direita, tra&#231;ados intracavit&#225;rios mostrando o isolamento dessa mesma veia. De cima para baixo, est&#227;o dispostos o eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie (deriva&#231;&#245;es I, II, III, aVF, V1 e V6); os eletrogramas registrados no interior da veia pelo cateter circular (ACH 1, ACH 2, ACH 3, ACH 4, ACH 5 e ACH 6); os eletrogramas atriais e ventriculares coletados pelo cateter posicionado no feixe de His (His D e His P); e os eletrogramas dos dois pares de eletrodos distais do cateter decapolar no &#225;trio direito alto. Note o desaparecimento s&#250;bito dos potenciais da veia pulmonar (setas) com 40 segundos de aplica&#231;&#227;o da crioenergia, indicando o isolamento el&#233;trico. Os asteriscos apontam as esp&#237;culas da estimula&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua do nervo fr&#234;nico pelo cateter no &#225;trio direito alto a ciclos de 60 bpm. Observe que a estimula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m comanda os &#225;trios. Tra&#231;ados a 50 mm/segundo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0266-70108-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Foram tratadas 12 VP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>), e o isolamento el&#233;trico foi obtido em todas (100%), com m&#233;dia de 2,3 aplica&#231;&#245;es adequadas (temperatura de -40&#176;C) de crioenergia por veia (m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s aplica&#231;&#245;es por veia no primeiro paciente e duas por veia nos restantes). Aplica&#231;&#245;es com temperatura inadequada eram interrompidas ap&#243;s cerca de 30 segundos, e o bal&#227;o era reposicionado. O tempo m&#233;dio do procedimento (de pele a pele) foi de 125 minutos (150, 150 e 75 minutos) e o de fluoroscopia, 47 minutos (63, 47 e 33 minutos). A temperatura esof&#225;gica n&#227;o se alterou durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es. Ao final do procedimento, a hepariniza&#231;&#227;o era neutralizada com protamina, obtinha-se hemostasia e era feito curativo compressivo. Ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, os pacientes foram encaminhados &#224; enfermaria, recebendo enoxaparina (metade da dose plena - 0,5 mg/kg a cada 12 horas) nas primeiras 24 horas. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es, e todos tiveram alta na manh&#227; seguinte, em uso dos antiarr&#237;tmicos e anticoagulantes habituais, al&#233;m de omeprazol (por 30 dias). Os exames na alta (eletrocardiograma e raio X de t&#243;rax) foram normais.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Imagens fluorosc&#243;picas em proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda mostrando o posicionamento do cateter bal&#227;o insuflado no &#243;stio das quatro veias pulmonares do paciente do terceiro caso: (A) superior direita; (B) superior esquerda; (C) inferior direita; (D) inferior esquerda. Nos pain&#233;is B e C, note o decapolar, posicionado no seio coronariano. Esse mesmo cateter &#233; posteriormente utilizado para estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica no &#225;trio direito alto durante a crioabla&#231;&#227;o das veias direitas (A e D). Observe tamb&#233;m o term&#244;metro esof&#225;gico (projetando sobre a coluna vertebral). </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0266-70108-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s seguimento de 14 meses, todos se mantiveram assintom&#225;ticos e em ritmo sinusal sem antiarr&#237;tmicos (suspensos ap&#243;s 12 meses), mas em uso de anticoagulantes. N&#227;o foram detectadas recorr&#234;ncias da FA e os Holters de 24 horas aos 3, 6 e 12 meses n&#227;o revelaram arritmias.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estes foram os primeiros casos no pa&#237;s utilizando o criobal&#227;o para tratamento da FA parox&#237;stica. Foi poss&#237;vel isolar as VP com seguran&#231;a, obtendo-se adequado controle da arritmia no seguimento de 14 meses. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es corroboram a literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em ensaio multic&#234;ntrico randomizado e controlado comparando a crioabla&#231;&#227;o com f&#225;rmacos, 70% (114/163) do grupo crioabla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentou recorr&#234;ncias ap&#243;s 1 ano, contra 7,3% (6/82) do grupo f&#225;rmacos. Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica registrou 98% de sucesso imediato no isolamento das VP, com manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s 1 ano de 72%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Diante desses resultados, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o e a RF ponto a ponto foram classificadas como t&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o para abla&#231;&#227;o da FA parox&#237;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos comparando a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF com o criobal&#227;o indicaram sucesso e complica&#231;&#245;es semelhantes, por&#233;m a crioabla&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais r&#225;pida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Nesse aspecto, um de nossos procedimentos foi conclu&#237;do (de pele a pele) em 75 minutos. Embora a taxa global de complica&#231;&#245;es seja similar, a RF tende a apresentar maior incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas e estenose de VP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Isso porque, comparada &#224; les&#227;o por aquecimento da RF, as les&#245;es por resfriamento da criotermia apresentam menor ruptura tecidual, s&#227;o mais homog&#234;neas e menos trombog&#234;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em contraste, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o provoca mais les&#245;es fr&#234;nicas. Da&#237; ser necess&#225;rio estimular o nervo fr&#234;nico durante o isolamento das veias direitas, interrompendo imediatamente a aplica&#231;&#227;o, se houver redu&#231;&#227;o das contra&#231;&#245;es do diafragma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Com essas medidas, a incid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o fr&#234;nica permanente &#233; inferior a 0,3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> N&#227;o tivemos complica&#231;&#245;es na nossa s&#233;rie. Digno de nota &#233; o fato de que recentemente foi publicado ensaio controlado e randomizado que demonstrou a n&#227;o inferioridade da crioabla&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RF no tocante &#224; seguran&#231;a e &#224; efic&#225;cia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A crioabla&#231;&#227;o apresenta curva de aprendizado mais r&#225;pida do que a RF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, atualmente &#233; indicada apenas na FA parox&#237;stica, vez que as les&#245;es do criobal&#227;o se restringem ao antro das VP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A cria&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es lineares ou abordagem de outras regi&#245;es do &#225;trio requerem a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um limita&#231;&#227;o encontrada neste relato &#233; o tamanho da casu&#237;stica, que foi pequena e obtida durante a curva de aprendizado. O seguimento sem antiarr&#237;tmicos (2 meses) foi curto, por&#233;m todos os pacientes eram muito sintom&#225;ticos e com crises frequentes, apesar da medica&#231;&#227;o. A custo-efetividade da t&#233;cnica n&#227;o foi avaliada.</p>
        <p>Essa experi&#234;ncia inicial sugere que a crioabla&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o &#233; eficaz e segura para isolar rapidamente as VP em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Medtronic do Brasil.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
