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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3JDYMmXr4V4ZtSNQQykLVTk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900259</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Percutaneous Management of Iatrogenic Aortocoronary Dissection Complicating Diagnostic Angiography or Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tang</surname>
            <given-names>Liang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Xin-qun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tang</surname>
            <given-names>Jian-jun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Sheng-hua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen-fei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Central South University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The Second Xiangya Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Changsha</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Central South University</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Zhen-fei Fang,</bold> Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, N&#176;.139, Middle Ren-min Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China. E-mail: <email>fangzhenfei2012@126.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tang L, Jian-jun T, Zhen-fei F; Acquisition of data: Tang L, Xin-qun H; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Tang L, Xin-qun H, Jian-jun T, Sheng-hua Z; Statistical analysis: Xin-qun H; Obtaining funding and Writing of the manuscript: Tang L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sheng-hua Z, Zhen-fei F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>259</fpage>
      <lpage>263</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortocoronary Dissection</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Bypass</kwd>
        <kwd>Complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>The Yu-Ying Plan of the Central South University</funding-source>
          <award-id>502034007</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by The Yu-Ying Plan of the Central South University (No. 502034007).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Aortocoronary dissection is an infrequent, yet potentially catastrophic complication of coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) that can lead to emergency surgical aortic repair, coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> According to the extent of aortic root involvement, Dunning et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> proposed three classes of aortocoronary dissection: Class I for focal dissection limited to the sinus of Valsalva; Class II for dissection that propagated less than 40 mm to the ascending aorta; and Class III for dissection extending 40 mm or more to the ascending aorta. Management of this rare entity is still technically challenging and the optimal treatment of aortocoronary dissection complicating CAG or PCI had not been clearly established. In this article, we describe a case series of aortocoronary dissection among consecutive diagnostic CAG and PCI procedures, which were successfully treated by coronary ostial stenting.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>A 62-year-old woman with unstable angina pectoris was referred for diagnostic CAG at a local hospital. The left coronary system appeared normal. During the angiography of the right coronary artery (RCA), a coronary dissection progressing retrogradely more than 40 mm (Dunning dissection class III) from the proximal RCA into the Valsalva sinus and the ascending aorta occurred (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref>). The patient suddenly complained of severe chest pain and developed hypotension and bradycardia. She was transferred immediately to our cath lab for the management of aortocoronary dissection. We decided to perform ostial stenting to seal the entry site of dissection and to stop blood flow into the false lumen. A Runthrough guidewire (Terumo, Japan) was rapidly advanced into the distal RCA. After pre-dilation with a Maverick 2.0&#215;20 mm balloon (Boston Scientific, USA), a 3.0&#215;24 mm stent (PROMUS Element, Boston Scientific, USA) was immediately deployed at the RCA ostium to cover the presumed entry-door of the dissection. Repeated angiography revealed no contrast leakage into the ascending aorta false lumen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). A computed tomography angiography (CTA) performed immediately after the PCI demonstrated complete halt of the dissection without progression. The patient had an uneventful hospital stay and repeated CTA performed two weeks later showed complete resolution of the aortic hematoma.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) Angiogram demonstrating proximal right coronary artery dissection, extending to sinus of Valsalva and ascending aorta. (B) Persistent contrast staining was observed along the aortic wall of the ascending aorta. (C) Stenting of the ostium of the right coronary artery to coverage the entry point of the dissection and final angiogram showed complete coverage of the aortocoronary dissection. (D) Angiogram showing a dissection ostium of the right coronary artery, extending retrogradely into the sinus of Valsalva and ascending aorta. (E) Stent deployment aiming at full sealing of the entry site of dissection and the RCA ostium. (F) Angiogram after ostial stenting revealed the dissection limited to the sinus of Valsalva</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0259-70105-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>A 60-year-old man with hypertension and diabetes was admitted with effort angina for four months. CAG showed severe stenosis of the distal RCA. Transradial PCI was performed using a 5F JR4.0 guiding catheter (Cordis, USA) and Rinato guidewire (Terumo, Japan). The distal lesion was predilated using Maverick 2.0&#215;15 mm balloon (Boston Scientific, USA). Immediately after removing the balloon, the patient complained of anterior chest pain and back pain. Angiography revealed a dissection at the RCA ostium, extending retrogradely into the sinus of Valsalva and ascending aorta (Dunning dissection class II) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>). A 2.5&#215;24 mm stent (EXCEL, JW Medical System, China) was immediately implanted at the RCA ostium to cover the entry point and RCA ostium, followed by post-dilatation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E</xref>). After stenting, angiogram demonstrated no further extravasation of contrast medium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1F</xref>). An emergent CTA scan showed a limited intramural hematoma of ascending aorta. The clinical course was uneventful. At two-month follow-up, control CTA showing total resolution of the intramural hematoma.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 3</title>
        <p>A 63-year-old woman with hypertension was admitted for effort angina of 2 week duration. CAG revealed proximal and mid-RCA diffused stenosis of approximately 90%. Transradial PCI was performed with a 6F JL 3.5 guiding catheter and a Runthrough guidewire. After pre-dilation with a 2.0 mm balloon, a 3.0 mm &#215; 36 mm stent (Partner, Lepu Medical Technology, China) was successfully implanted in the mid-RCA. To prepare for stenting of the proximal RCA, we used the stent balloon of the mid-RCA to dilate the proximal portion at 14atm. However, after pre-dilation of the proximal lesion, a proximal RCA dissection occurred, which extended antegradely and also retrogradely into the Sinus of Valsalva (Dunning dissection class I) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>). A 3.5&#215;29 mm stent (Partner, Lepu Medical Technology, China) was immediately deployed at the proximal RCA, which was considered as the entry point of the aortic dissection. The final angiogram showed the aortic dissection was limited in the sinus of Valsalva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). A follow-up angiography was performed one week later and it revealed no residual contrast staining of the aortic wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2C</xref>). The patient remained asymptomatic for one month without any clinical event.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) After pre-dilation, a dissection of the proximal right coronary artery extending retrogradely into the sinus of Valsalva occurred. (B) Repeated angiogram after stenting demonstrating the aortic dissection was successfully sealed and limited in the sinus of Valsalva. (C) Follow-up angiogram showing complete resolution of the dissection. (D) After contrast injection, a dissection of the proximal right coronary artery with propagation into the aortic sinus and ascending aorta developed. (E) After right coronary artery ostium stenting, angiogram showed no further contrast leakage from the ostium entry point of the right coronary point to the false lumen of the ascending aorta. (F) Persistent contrast dye present in the wall of ascending aorta.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0259-70105-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 4</title>
        <p>A 52-year-old woman with hypertension and hyperlipidemia presented with chest discomfort for one week. CAG demonstrated critical stenosis in the proximal and mid-portion of the RCA. During PCI, the RCA ostium was engaged with a 6F Amplatzer left1 (Cordis, USA) guiding catheter. Before attempting to advance the guidewire, contrast medium was injected. Immediately after the injection, a large proximal RCA dissection occurred, which quickly extended in a retrograde fashion into the ascending aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2D</xref>). Despite obliteration of the RCA dissection with a PROMUS Element 3.0&#215;38 mm stent, persistent dye staining of the ascending aorta was present on final angiogram (Dunning dissection class III) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2E</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2F</xref>). A computed tomography scan performed 12 hours later showed an intramural hematoma ascending aorta without an intimal flap. The patient recovered well after stenting and was discharged 7 days later. At the one-month follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and the CTA showing complete healing of the dissection.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Iatrogenic aortocoronary dissection complicating coronary interventions is extremely rare and a few cases have been reported. The incidence of this complication was approximately 0.02% for diagnostic coronary angiography and 0.02-0.83% for PCI procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The rapid propagation of aortocoronary dissection may become immediately life threatening via several mechanisms, including hemorrhage into the pericardium resulting in cardiac tamponade, occlusion of the contralateral coronary ostium, or propagation of the dissection into the descending aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Most reported iatrogenic aortocoronary dissections have been related to procedures in the RCA, especially during PCI for chronic total occlusions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The RCA is more easily dissected retrogradely into the coronary sinus than the left main coronary artery (LMCA). This may be because the periostial wall and sinotubular junction of the LMCA are formed by more smooth muscle cells and by a dense matrix of collagen type I fibers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Its mechanism involves disruption of the coronary intimal by mechanical trauma, followed by vigorous contrast injection, which, in turn, contributes to subsequent retrograde extension of the dissection. The entry port is usually created by direct trauma from the catheter tip, forceful balloon inflation, the dilation of a calcified plaque, from aggressive manipulation of rigid or hydrophilic guide wires, or vigorous contrast injection with a wedged catheter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In the present cases, the cause of dissection in case 1 and case 4 was thought to be noncoaxial engagement of the catheter followed by continuous vigorous contrast injection. In case 2, the trigger for the dissection was thought to be direct trauma caused by the tip of the guiding catheter, whereas in case 3, the dissection may have been caused by dilation of the balloon in the proximal RCA, with its propagation into the ostium and the coronary sinus of Valsalva.</p>
      <p>To date, the optimal treatment of this rare entity has not been well established. Several methods including emergent surgery, coronary artery stenting, or conservative medical treatment have been proposed to manage aortocoronary dissection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Given that over 40% of the cases will spread rapidly to the ascending aorta if the entry-door is not sealed rapidly, a &#8220;wait and see&#8221; approach may be too risky for uncontrollable dissection and major complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Therefore, once aortocoronary dissection occurred, every effort should be undertaken to prevent rapid progression of the dissection. Dunning et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> proposed that patients might be successfully managed by stenting of the entry point of the coronary dissection if the dissection extends &lt; 40 mm from the coronary ostium and that surgical intervention might be required if the dissection extends &gt; 40 mm from the ostium. However, Park et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> reported a case of iatrogenic coronary dissection with extensive propagation into the entire ascending aorta complicating PCI for chronic total occlusion of the RCA, which was successfully managed by stenting of the RCA ostium with favorable outcome. Carstensen and Ward<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> reviewed 67 cases published in the literature and suggested that even rapidly propagating dissections can be successfully managed percutaneously and that attempting to halt propagation does not appear to compromise the chances of surgical success if the initial approach fails. Additionally, the surgical repair of catheter-related dissection may be more risky in the setting of coronary ischemia and following PCI with full anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. Boukhris et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> recently assessed the management strategy and outcomes of such a complication among 956 cases of complicating PCI for chronic total occlusion, and found aortocoronary dissection occurred in eight patients for an overall frequency of 0.83%. In all these cases, rapid ostial stenting was performed and no emergency surgery was required. In Shorrock et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> study, four of six patients (67%) with aortocoronary dissection were treated with ostial stenting, one underwent emergency CABG, and the remaining one was treated conservatively without subsequent adverse clinical outcomes. Moreover, they performed a systematic literature review of 107 published cases of aortocoronary dissection during PCI, and showed that this complication were most commonly treated with stenting (49.5%) or conservative management (21.5%) although approximately 29% required surgery. Hence, Shorrock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> proposed that emergency surgery for aortocoronary dissection is not needed in the vast majority of cases and should only be considered in cases of occlusion of the dissected vessel with cessation of antegrade flow that cannot be restored percutaneously, and extension of the dissection to the descending aorta.</p>
      <p>In our case series, rapid ostial stenting was performed in all of them, and all patients had uneventful recovery. Follow-up imaging with CTA or CAG showed complete resolution of the dissection in all patients. So, the outcome of coronary stenting for the management of aortocoronary dissection is relatively favorable.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the best approach to management of aortocoronary dissection is to prevent its occurrence. During catheterization, there should be a coaxial alignment of the catheter with the coronary artery, and meticulous attention should be paid to the pressure waveform. Once the pressure waveform is dampened, the contrast should not be injected. Moreover, if aortocoronary dissection occurs, stopping antegrade contrast injections is critical to avoid propagation and enlargement of the dissection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In addition, a careful and gentle handling of wires and guiding catheter probably would prevent some of the cases of this catastrophic complication.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Iatrogenic aortocoronary dissection is an infrequent but life-threatening complication of diagnostic CAG and PCI, necessitating a prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Immediate coronary ostial stenting to seal off the entry point of the dissection is a feasible and reasonable initial management for this devastating complication.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by The Yu-Ying Plan of the Central South University (No. 502034007).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manejo Percut&#226;neo da Dissec&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica Coron&#225;ria como Complica&#231;&#227;o de Angiografia ou Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Diagn&#243;stica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tang</surname>
            <given-names>Liang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Xin-qun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tang</surname>
            <given-names>Jian-jun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Sheng-hua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen-fei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Zhen-fei Fang,</bold> Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, N&#176;.139, Middle Ren-min Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China. E-mail: <email>fangzhenfei2012@126.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tang L, Jian-jun T, Zhen-fei F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tang L, Xin-qun H; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tang L, Xin-qun H, Jian-jun T, Sheng-hua Z; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Xin-qun H; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tang L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sheng-hua Z, Zhen-fei F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissec&#231;&#227;o Aortocoron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica com envolvimento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o pouco frequente, por&#233;m catastr&#243;fica da angiografia coronariana (AC) ou da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), que pode levar &#224; cirurgia emergencial da aorta, cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CABG) ou morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> De acordo com a extens&#227;o do envolvimento da raiz a&#243;rtica, Dunning et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> propuseram tr&#234;s classes de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria: Classe I para dissec&#231;&#227;o focal limitada ao seio de Valsalva; Classe II para dissec&#231;&#227;o que se propagou menos de 40 mm at&#233; a aorta ascendente; e Classe III para dissec&#231;&#227;o que se estendeu 40 mm ou mais at&#233; a aorta ascendente. O manejo dessa rara condi&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; tecnicamente desafiador, e o melhor tratamento da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria como complica&#231;&#227;o da AC ou da ICP n&#227;o foi claramente estabelecido. Neste artigo, descrevemos uma s&#233;rie de casos de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria em procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos consecutivos de AC e ICP, que foram tratados, com sucesso, com implanta&#231;&#227;o de um <italic>stent</italic> no &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria,</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 1</title>
          <p>Uma mulher de 62 anos de idade com angina inst&#225;vel foi encaminhada para AC diagn&#243;stica em um hospital local. O sistema coronariano esquerdo parecia normal. Durante a angiografia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD), ocorreu uma dissec&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria que se estendeu retrogradamente mais de 40 mm (Dunning classe III) da ACD proximal ao seio de Valsalva e aorta descendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1B</xref>). A paciente queixou-se repentinamente de forte dor no peito e desenvolveu hipotens&#227;o e bradicardia. A paciente foi imediatamente transferida ao nosso laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo para o manejo da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria. Decidimos implantar um <italic>stent</italic> no &#243;stio para fechar a entrada da dissec&#231;&#227;o e interromper o fluxo de sangue para o l&#250;men falso. Um fio-guia Runthrough (Terumo, Jap&#227;o) foi rapidamente passado em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; ACD. Ap&#243;s uma pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com um bal&#227;o Maverick 2,0 x 20mm (Boston Scientific, EUA), um cateter 3,0 x 24 mm (PROMUS Element, Boston Scientific, EUA) foi imediatamente inserido no &#243;stio da ACD para cobrir a suposta porta de entrada da dissec&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve vazamento do contraste para o l&#250;men falso da aorta ascendente, o que foi confirmado pelas angiografias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1C</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, uma angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) realizada ap&#243;s a ICP demonstrou cessa&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o, e aus&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o. A paciente teve uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o sem ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos e uma ATC realizada duas semanas depois mostrou completa resolu&#231;&#227;o do hematoma a&#243;rtico.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Angiografia demonstrando dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, estendendo-se ao seio de Valsalva e aorta ascendente. B) Presen&#231;a de colora&#231;&#227;o de contraste persistente ao longo da parede a&#243;rtica da aorta ascendente. C) Implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent no &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita para cobrir o ponto de entrada da dissec&#231;&#227;o e angiografia final mostrando completa cobertura da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria. D) Angiografia mostrando uma dissec&#231;&#227;o no &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, estendendo-se retrogradamente ao seio de Valsalva e aorta ascendente. E) Implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent objetivando a obstru&#231;&#227;o total do local de entrada da dissec&#231;&#227;o e do &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. F) Angiografia ap&#243;s implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent ostial revelou dissec&#231;&#227;o limitada ao seio de Valsalva.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0259-70105-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 2</title>
          <p>Um homem de 60 anos, com hipertens&#227;o e diabetes foi admitido com angina aos esfor&#231;os h&#225; quatro meses. A AC mostrou estenose grave da ACD distal. ICP transradial foi realizada utilizando-se um cateter guia 5F JR4.0 (Cordis, EUA) e um fio guia Rinato (Terumo, Jap&#227;o). A lest&#227;o distal foi pr&#233;-dilatada usando-se um bal&#227;o Maverick 2,0x15 mm (Boston Scientific, EUA). Imediatamente ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o, o paciente queixou-se de dor tor&#225;cica anterior e dor nas costas. A angiografia revelou dissec&#231;&#227;o no &#243;stio da ACD, estendendo retrogradamente para o seio de Valsalva e aorta ascendente (Dunning classe II) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1 D</xref>). Um <italic>stent</italic> 2,5x24 mm (EXCEL, JW Medical System, China) foi imediatamente implantado no &#243;stio da ACD para cobrir o ponto de entrada e o &#243;stio da ACD, seguido de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1E</xref>). Ap&#243;s implanta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic>, a angiografia demonstrou aus&#234;ncia de extravasamento do meio de contraste (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1F</xref>). Uma ATC de emerg&#234;ncia revelou um hematoma intramural limitado da aorta ascendente. N&#227;o houve intercorr&#234;ncias durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Aos dois meses de acompanhamento, uma ATC de controle mostrou resolu&#231;&#227;o total do hematoma intramural.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 3</title>
          <p>Uma mulher de 63 anos, hipertensa, foi admitida com angina aos esfor&#231;os h&#225; 2 semanas. A AC revelou estenose difusa da ACD proximal e medial de aproximadamente 90%. A ICP transradial foi realizada com um cateter guia 6F JL 3,5 e um fio guia Runthrough. Ap&#243;s pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com um bal&#227;o de 2,0 mm, um <italic>stent</italic> 3,0 mm &#215; 36 mm (Partner, Lepu Medical Technology, China) foi implantado com sucesso na ACD medial. Para o preparo para a implanta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> na ACD, utilizamos o bal&#227;o <italic>stent</italic> da ACD medial para dilatar a por&#231;&#227;o proximal a 14 atm. No entanto, ap&#243;s a pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o proximal, ocorreu uma dissec&#231;&#227;o proximal da ACD, que se estendeu de maneira anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada ao seio de Valsalva (Dunning classe I) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2A</xref>). Um <italic>stent</italic> 3,5 x 29 mm (Partner, Lepu Medical Technology, China) foi imediatamente implantado na ACD proximal, o que foi considerado como o ponto de entrada da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. O angiograma final mostrou que a dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica estava limitada ao seio de Valsalva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2B</xref>). Uma angiografia de acompanhamento foi realizada uma semana depois, que revelou aus&#234;ncia de colora&#231;&#227;o de contraste da parede a&#243;rtica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2C</xref>). A paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tica por um m&#234;s, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de evento cl&#237;nico relevante.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Ap&#243;s pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, ocorreu uma dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita estendendo-se retrogradamente ao seio de Valsalva. B) Angiografia ap&#243;s implanta&#231;&#227;o do stent mostrando que a dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi interrompida e limitada ao seio de Valsalva. C) Angiografia de acompanhamento mostrando completa resolu&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o. D) Ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste, ocorreu dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita com propaga&#231;&#227;o para o seio a&#243;rtico e aorta ascendente. E) Ap&#243;s implanta&#231;&#227;o do stent no &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, a angiografia mostrou aus&#234;ncia de vazamento de contraste do ponto de entrada da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita para o l&#250;men falso da aorta ascendente. F) Colora&#231;&#227;o de contraste persistente na parede da aorta ascendente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0259-70105-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 4</title>
          <p>Uma mulher de 52 anos com hipertens&#227;o e hiperlipidemia apresentou-se com desconforto no peito h&#225; uma semana. A AC demonstrou estenose cr&#237;tica nas por&#231;&#245;es proximal e medial da ACD. Durante a ICP, foi acoplado um cateter guia 6F Amplatzer left1 (Cordis, EUA) no &#243;stio da ACD. Antes de se tentar avan&#231;ar o fio guia, foi injetado meio contraste e, imediatamente ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o, ocorreu uma grande dissec&#231;&#227;o da ACD proximal, que se estendeu de maneira retr&#243;grada &#224; aorta ascendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2D</xref>). Apesar da oblitera&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o da ACD com um <italic>stent</italic> PROMUS Element 3,0x38 mm, a angiografia final mostrou presen&#231;a de colora&#231;&#227;o de contraste na aorta ascendente (Dunning classe III) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 2E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2F</xref>). Uma tomografia computadorizada realizada 12 horas depois mostrou um hematoma intramural da aorta ascendente sem flap da &#237;ntima. A paciente recuperou-se bem ap&#243;s coloca&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> e recebeu alta sete dias depois. Em um m&#234;s de acompanhamento, a paciente estava assintom&#225;tica e a ATC mostrou completa resolu&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria como complica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es &#233; extremamente rara e h&#225; poucos casos relatados. A incid&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o foi de aproximadamente 0,02% para angiografia coronariana diagn&#243;stica, e de 0,02-0,83% para procedimentos de ICP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A r&#225;pida propaga&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria pode impor um risco imediato &#224; vida por meio de v&#225;rios mecanismos, incluindo hemorragia no peric&#225;rdio resultando em tamponamento card&#237;aco, oclus&#227;o do &#243;stio coronariano contralateral, ou propaga&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o para a aorta descendente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A maioria das dissec&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas coron&#225;rias iatrog&#234;nicas relatadas esteve relacionada com procedimentos na ACD, especialmente durante a ICP para oclus&#245;es totais cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A dissec&#231;&#227;o da ACD ocorre mais facilmente de maneira retr&#243;grada para o seio coronariano que para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (ACE). Isso pode ser decorrente do fato de que a parede periostial e a jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular da ACE sejam formadas principalmente por c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculo liso e por uma densa matriz de fibras de col&#225;geno tipo I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Seu mecanismo envolve ruptura da camada &#237;ntima da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria por trauma mec&#226;nico, seguida por inje&#231;&#227;o vigorosa de contraste que, por sua vez, contribui para a extens&#227;o retr&#243;grada da dissec&#231;&#227;o. A porta de entrada &#233; geralmente criada por trauma direto causado pela ponta do cateter, infla&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada do bal&#227;o, dilata&#231;&#227;o de uma placa calcificada, manipula&#231;&#227;o agressiva de fios guias r&#237;gidos ou hidrof&#237;licos, ou inje&#231;&#227;o vigorosa de contraste por meio de um cateter de oclus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Nos casos presentes, considerou-se que a causa da dissec&#231;&#227;o no caso 1 e no caso 4 foi o posicionamento n&#227;o coaxial do cateter, seguido por inje&#231;&#227;o vigorosa de contraste. No caso 2, a causa da dissec&#231;&#227;o foi considerada como trauma direto causado pela ponta do cateter guia, enquanto que a dissec&#231;&#227;o no caso 3 pode haver sido causada por dilata&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o na ACD proximal, e propaga&#231;&#227;o ao &#243;stio do seio de Valsalva coronariano.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, o tratamento eficaz dessa rara condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi bem estabelecido. V&#225;rios m&#233;todos incluindo cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, ou tratamento conservador foram propostos no manejo da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtico coronariano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Considerando que mais que 40% dos casos se propagar&#227;o rapidamente &#224; aorta ascendente se a porta de entrada n&#227;o for fechada rapidamente, uma abordagem &#8220;esperar para ver&#8221; pode impor um risco alto para dissec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o controlada e complica&#231;&#245;es importantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Assim, uma vez que a dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria tenha ocorrido, cada esfor&#231;o deve ser realizado para prevenir a r&#225;pida progress&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o. Dunning et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> propuseram que os pacientes podem ser tratados com sucesso pela coloca&#231;&#227;o de um <italic>stent</italic> no ponto de entrada da dissec&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria se a dissec&#231;&#227;o estender menos que 40 mm a partir do &#243;stio coron&#225;rio, e que a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pode ser necess&#225;ria se a dissec&#231;&#227;o estender-se mais que 40 mm a partir do &#243;stio. Park et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> relataram um caso de dissec&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria iatrog&#234;nica com propaga&#231;&#227;o extensiva &#224; toda aorta ascendente, como complica&#231;&#227;o de ICP por oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica da ACD, tratada com sucesso pela coloca&#231;&#227;o de um <italic>stent</italic> no &#243;stio da ACD. Carstensen e Ward<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> revisaram 67 casos publicados na literatura e sugeriram que mesmo dissec&#231;&#245;es que se propagam rapidamente podem ser tratadas com sucesso por interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, e que a tentativa de se interromper a propaga&#231;&#227;o parece n&#227;o comprometer as chances de sucesso cir&#250;rgico se a abordagem inicial falhar. Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da dissec&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao cateter pode ser mais arriscado em uma situa&#231;&#227;o de isquemia coron&#225;ria, subsequente &#224; ICP com terapia anticoagulante e antiplaquet&#225;ria. Boukhris et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> avaliaram recentemente estrat&#233;gia e resultados de manejos dessa complica&#231;&#227;o em 956 casos de complica&#231;&#245;es de ICP por oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica, e encontraram que a dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria ocorreu em 8 pacientes, correspondendo a uma frequ&#234;ncia global de 0,83%. Em todos esses casos, foi realizada uma r&#225;pida implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, e nenhuma cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia foi necess&#225;ria. No estudo de Shorrock et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> quatro dos seis pacientes (67%) com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria foram tratados com coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> ostial, um foi submetido &#224; CABG de urg&#234;ncia, e os demais tratados de modo conservador, sem eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos. Al&#233;m disso, os autores realizaram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura de 107 casos publicados de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria ocorrida durante ICP, e mostraram que o tratamento mais comum dessa complica&#231;&#227;o foi a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> (49,5%) ou tratamento conservador (21,5%), apesar de o tratamento cir&#250;rgico ter sido necess&#225;rio em aproximadamente 29% dos casos. Assim, Shorrock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> propuseram que a cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia para dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria para a maioria dos casos, e deveria ser considerada somente em casos de oclus&#227;o do vaso dissecado com interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo anter&#243;grado que n&#227;o pode ser restaurado de modo percut&#226;neo, e de extens&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o &#224; aorta descendente.</p>
        <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie de casos, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> no &#243;stio foi rapidamente realizada em todos os pacientes, todos sem intercorr&#234;ncias na recupera&#231;&#227;o. O acompanhamento com ATC ou AC mostrou completa resolu&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o em todos os pacientes. Portanto, o resultado da coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio como manejo da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria &#233; relativamente favor&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Vale mencionar que a melhor abordagem para o manejo da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria &#233; a sua preven&#231;&#227;o. Durante o cateterismo, o cateter deve estar alinhado com a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria de maneira coaxial, e deve-se prestar bastante aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; curva de press&#227;o. Se ocorrer atenua&#231;&#227;o no tra&#231;ado, o contraste n&#227;o deve ser injetado. Al&#233;m disso, na ocorr&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria, cessar a inje&#231;&#227;o anter&#243;grada de contraste &#233; crucial para evitar a propaga&#231;&#227;o e o aumento da dissec&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Ainda, um manuseio cuidadoso dos fios e cateter guia provavelmente preveniria alguns casos dessa complica&#231;&#227;o catastr&#243;fica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica coron&#225;ria &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o pouco frequente da AC e da ICP diagn&#243;sticas, mas potencialmente fatal, requerendo um diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido e tratamento adequado. A coloca&#231;&#227;o imediata de <italic>stent</italic> ostial para obstruir a entrada da dissec&#231;&#227;o &#233; um manejo razo&#225;vel e fact&#237;vel para essa complica&#231;&#227;o devastadora.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo The Yu-Ying Plan of the Central South University (No. 502034007).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
