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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PHdFdLJz3PfCdb67Vm3jtxr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900248</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170123</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005016102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Quality of Life in Patients with and without Heart Failure in Primary Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Mary da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ceron</surname>
            <given-names>Diana Maria Martinez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Chaves Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soussume</surname>
            <given-names>William Shinji Nobre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kang</surname>
            <given-names>Hye Chung</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscavitch</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Datum</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge</bold>, Avenida Marques do Paran&#225;, 303, 6&#186; andar. Postal Code 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Correia DMS, Mesquita ET; Acquisition of data: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Kang HC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Kang HC, Mesquita ET; Statistical analysis: Rosa MLG; Writing of the manuscript: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Correia DMS, Martins WA, Ceron DMM, Coelho LCF, Soussume WSN, Mesquita ET; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Correia DMS, Martins WA, Ceron DMM, Kang HC, Moscavitch SD, Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>248</fpage>
      <lpage>252</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue with implications on health-related quality of life (HRQL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare HRQL, estimated by the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), in patients with and without HF in the community.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study including 633 consecutive individuals aged 45 years or older, registered in primary care. The subjects were selected from a random sample representative of the population studied. They were divided into two groups: group I, HF patients (n = 59); and group II, patients without HF (n = 574). The HF group was divided into HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF - n = 35) and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF - n = 24).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Patients without HF had a mean SF-36 score significantly greater than those with HF (499.8 &#177; 139.1 vs 445.4 &#177; 123.8; p = 0.008). Functional capacity - ability and difficulty to perform common activities of everyday life - was significantly worse (p &lt; 0.0001) in patients with HF independently of sex and age. There was no difference between HFpEF and HFrEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Patients with HF had low quality of life regardless of the syndrome presentation (HFpEF or HFrEF phenotype). Quality of life evaluation in primary care could help identify patients who would benefit from a proactive care program with more emphasis on multidisciplinary and social support. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Health Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue with implications in health-related quality of life (HRQL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Patients with HF present limitations on their usual activities, suffering impairment on social interaction, with a progressive loss of physical autonomy. Signs and symptoms of HF have a strong impact on HRQL regardless of the phenotype, affecting patients with either preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Although HFrEF and HFpEF differ regarding mortality and hospitalization rates,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> manifested signs and symptoms appear to have a similar impact on the well-being of those patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To improve the HRQL of patients with HF is one of the major aims of the treatment. Additionally, many patients with HF usually attribute more importance to HRQL than to improvement in their survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the community setting, patients with HF are about a decade older, have multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy prescriptions, and are taking more medications than patients usually recruited for clinical trials.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>These patients may benefit from measures that may improve their HRQL.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to compare the HRQL, estimated by the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), in patients with and without HF, and between the two phenotypes, HFrEF and HFpEF, in the community.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The Digitalis Study was a cross-sectional study including 633 volunteers, whose methodology is published elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Briefly, individuals aged 45 to 99 years, registered in the Family Doctor Program (PMF) of the city of Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, were randomly selected to attend community visits for examination. Data were collected from July 2011 to December 2012. Initially, the healthcare units of the PMF were randomly selected, proportionally to the number of individuals enrolled. Then, in each unit, individuals aged 45 to 99 years were also randomly selected.</p>
      <p>For the present study, individuals were divided into two groups: group I, formed by HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> patients (HF group - n = 59); and group II, formed by individuals without HF (n = 574). The HF group was divided into HFpEF (n = 35) and HFrEF (n = 24).</p>
      <p>The Portuguese version of the SF-36 Questionnaire was used to classify HRQL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS software, version 21.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA). Categorical variables were expressed as absolute numbers and/or percentages. Quality of life and its domains presented non-Gaussian distribution, thus, the differences between categories were presented as median and interquartile range, and the differences were tested with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. All comparisons were assessed with bilateral tests. A 5% statistical significance level was considered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, revised in 2000. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution under number 0077.0.258.000-10.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We evaluated 633 subjects (59.6 &#177; 10.4 years; 62% female; 63% black or brown skin-color). The HF patients were older, had lower educational levels, consumed less alcohol, and showed a higher prevalence of former smokers. The average overall score, bodily pain and general health perception differed between patients without HF as compared to patients with HF. Two dimensions, physical and emotional aspects, showed no variation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic characteristics and mean scores of the SF36 dimensions of individuals with and without heart failure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">No HF (n = 574)</th>
              <th align="center">HF (n = 59)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">58.4 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">71.1 &#177; 12.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Female (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">61.8</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">0.901</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Never studied (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">17.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Family income (mean in US $)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">484.63 &#177; 461.71</td>
              <td align="center">406.85 &#177; 463.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.234</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black or brown skin-color(%)</td>
              <td align="center">63.2</td>
              <td align="center">63.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.929</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Alcohol consumption</bold>
                <bold>(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">9.9</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Tobacco use</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never smoker (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48.6</td>
              <td align="center">50.8</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Former smoker (%)</td>
              <td align="center">31.2</td>
              <td align="center">42.4</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Private health insurance (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">15.3</td>
              <td align="center">15.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.949</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SF-36 dimensions</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical functioning</td>
              <td align="center">85 (60-90)</td>
              <td align="center">55(25-80)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical health</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emotional health</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitality</td>
              <td align="center">70(50-85)</td>
              <td align="center">65(40-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mental Health</td>
              <td align="center">80(60-92)</td>
              <td align="center">78(57-96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.265</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Social functioning</td>
              <td align="center">100(62-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87(53-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.296</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bodily pain</td>
              <td align="center">70(45-100)</td>
              <td align="center">80(49-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.865</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General health perception</td>
              <td align="center">70(50-85)</td>
              <td align="center">67(45-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.091</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overall SF-36</td>
              <td align="center">535(403-615)</td>
              <td align="center">447(356-537)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>HF: heart failure; P value (associated with two-tailed t test for independent samples); Chi-square test with continuity correction; median (interquartile range) with Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Physical functioning was lower in patients with HF regardless of sex or age. Women, regardless of the presence of HF, scored lower for most of the dimensions than men did. The functional capacity - ability and difficulty to perform common everyday life activities -, general health perception and overall score were significantly worse in patients with HF independently of sex and age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean SF-36 scores by sex and age in patients with and without heart failure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Male (n = 242)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Female (n = 391)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Age (45 to 59 years) (n = 357)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Age (60 to 99 years) (n = 276)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <th align="left">SF36 dimensions</th>
              <th align="center">No HF(n = 219)</th>
              <th align="center">HF(n = 23)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">No HF(n = 355)</th>
              <th align="center">HF(n = 36)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">No HF(n = 344)</th>
              <th align="center">HF(n = 13)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">No HF(n = 230)</th>
              <th align="center">HF(n = 46)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical functioning</td>
              <td align="center">95(75-100)</td>
              <td align="center">55(23.7-81.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">80(55-95)</td>
              <td align="center">55(30-80)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">90(65-95)</td>
              <td align="center">60(22.5-77.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">80(55-95)</td>
              <td align="center">55(25-80)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical health</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emotional health</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitality</td>
              <td align="center">80(60-90)</td>
              <td align="center">67.5(38.7-85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">60(45-85)</td>
              <td align="center">60(40-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.571</td>
              <td align="center">70(45-85)</td>
              <td align="center">50(32.5-67.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
              <td align="center">75(50-90)</td>
              <td align="center">70(45-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.215</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mental Health</td>
              <td align="center">84(72-96)</td>
              <td align="center">80(68-96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.455</td>
              <td align="center">76(52-88)</td>
              <td align="center">68(52-96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.987</td>
              <td align="center">76(52-96)</td>
              <td align="center">70(51-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.086</td>
              <td align="center">80(60-92)</td>
              <td align="center">80(57-96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.891</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Social functioning</td>
              <td align="center">100(75-100)</td>
              <td align="center">93.7(59.4-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.228</td>
              <td align="center">100(62-100)</td>
              <td align="center">88(50-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.419</td>
              <td align="center">100(75-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87.5(68.7-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.582</td>
              <td align="center">100(62.5-100)</td>
              <td align="center">88(50-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.260</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bodily pain</td>
              <td align="center">80(57-100)</td>
              <td align="center">80(61-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.685</td>
              <td align="center">70(45-90)</td>
              <td align="center">80(42.5-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.160</td>
              <td align="center">70(45-90)</td>
              <td align="center">57.5(27.5-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.180</td>
              <td align="center">80(47.5-100)</td>
              <td align="center">80(57.5-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.086</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General health perception</td>
              <td align="center">70(55-85)</td>
              <td align="center">67(45-75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
              <td align="center">70(50-85)</td>
              <td align="center">68(45-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.568</td>
              <td align="center">70(55-80)</td>
              <td align="center">50(25-70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.027</td>
              <td align="center">70(55-85)</td>
              <td align="center">70(46.2-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.265</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overall SF-36</td>
              <td align="center">585(488.2-632)</td>
              <td align="center">500.2(401.6-564.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">497.7(367.9-591.4)</td>
              <td align="center">425(320.6-515.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.056</td>
              <td align="center">537.5(412-615)</td>
              <td align="center">388(315-487.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">529(386-615)</td>
              <td align="center">475(388.5-555)</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>HF: heart failure; median (interquartile range) with Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Women had lower HRQL (vitality and general health perception) even in the absence of HF. Individuals younger than 60 years had a worse HRQL in the presence of HF, which was not observed in patients aged 60 years and older (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Although the differences were not statistically significant (except for the vitality dimension), patients with HFpEF had lower mean values as compared to those with HFrEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>SF-36 overall and dimension scores of individuals with heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF and HFpEF, respectively)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">SF36 dimensions</th>
              <th align="center">HFpEF (n = 35)</th>
              <th align="center">HFrEF (n = 24)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical functioning</td>
              <td align="center">55(25-77.5)</td>
              <td align="center">55(26.2-85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.582</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical health</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emotional health</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitality</td>
              <td align="center">55(36.2-70)</td>
              <td align="center">75(52.5-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mental Health</td>
              <td align="center">68(44-96)</td>
              <td align="center">80(68-96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.143</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Social functioning</td>
              <td align="center">93.7(50-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87.5(65.6-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.951</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bodily pain</td>
              <td align="center">70(43.7-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100(58.7-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.097</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General health perception</td>
              <td align="center">62.5(45-80)</td>
              <td align="center">70(46.2-78.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.420</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overall SF-36</td>
              <td align="center">441(314-520)</td>
              <td align="center">452(406-578)</td>
              <td align="center">0.126</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>Median (interquartile range) with Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Patients with HF had a lower mean overall SF-36 score than patients without HF (53.1 &#177; 29.6 vs. 76.2 &#177; 24.9; p &lt; 0.001). The HRQL worsening observed in this study was similar to data obtained in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Age, vitality, pain and the overall SF-36 score were the four characteristics associated with worse HRQL in patients with HFrEF. On the other hand, only age was related to HRQL worsening in patients with HFpEF.</p>
      <p>The CHARM study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> has evaluated the HRQL in HF patients and has concluded that those with HFpEF had a similar HRQL when compared to patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). That study showed that the extent of HRQL worsening was independent of LVEF. Our data did not show a difference between the overall SF-36 scores in patients with HFpEF and HFrEF (418.9 &#177; 122.5 vs. 476.6 &#177; 120.5; p = 0.101).</p>
      <p>In general, older HF patients reported better quality of life than younger ones, regardless of the LVEF value. Studies have shown a better HRQL among older patients than among younger patients with HFrEF, although older patients had a worse functional status and performed worse in the six-minute walk test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Our data show that patients aged 45 to 59 years with HF have a more pronounced worsening of HRQL than those without HF (394.0 &#177; 106.4 vs. 501.3 &#177; 139.8; p = 0.012) when compared to patients aged &#8805; 60 years (459.9 &#177; 125.7 vs. 497.7 &#177; 138.3; p = 0.113).</p>
      <p>Patients with HF usually do not understand the cause and prognosis of their disease and rarely discuss the quality and end of life with the professionals involved in their care. Care for people with advanced progressive illnesses is currently prioritized by diagnosis rather than need. Patients with advanced HF should receive care that is proactive and designed to meet their specific needs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A chronic syndrome such as HF, which requires continuous treatment for an indeterminate period and is linked to aging and presence of comorbidities, is inexorably associated with worse quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study had some limitations. This is a cross-sectional study where all evaluations were performed in a single day without follow-up of the population, leading to difficulty in establishing causal relationships between HF and loss of quality of life. Another limitation is related to the reduced number of HF cases assessed, which diminishes the power of the study, leading to the lack of statistical significance of some associations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Patients with HF have low quality of life independent of the syndrome phenotype. The quality of life evaluation in primary care could help identify patients who would benefit from a proactive healthcare program with more emphasis on multidisciplinary and social support. Therefore, strategies that can improve the quality of life of those patients and bring them greater benefits than the prolongation of life without associated quality are needed.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the Postgraduate course submitted by Prof. Dr Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank the support of the Municipality of Niter&#243;i in the accomplishment of this research.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Qualidade de Vida em Pacientes com e sem Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Mary da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ceron</surname>
            <given-names>Diana Maria Martinez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Chaves Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soussume</surname>
            <given-names>William Shinji Nobre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kang</surname>
            <given-names>Hye Chung</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscavitch</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Datum</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge</bold>, Avenida Marques do Paran&#225;, 303, 6&#186; andar. CEP 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Mesquita ET; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Correia DMS, Kang HC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Kang HC, Mesquita ET; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rosa MLG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Correia DMS, Martins WA, Ceron DMM, Coelho LCF, Soussume WSN, Mesquita ET; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Correia DMS, Martins WA, Ceron DMM, Kang HC, Moscavitch SD, Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, com implica&#231;&#245;es na qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de (QVRS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a QVRS, estimada atrav&#233;s do Question&#225;rio SF-36 (<italic>Short-Form Health Survey</italic>), em pacientes com e sem IC na comunidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal incluindo 633 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos com idade igual ou superior a 45 anos, registrados na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e selecionados de uma amostra aleat&#243;ria representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo I, pacientes com IC (n = 59); e grupo II, pacientes sem IC (n = 574). O grupo I foi dividido em pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP - n = 35) e pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER - n = 24).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Pacientes sem IC tiveram um escore m&#233;dio do SF-36 significativamente maior do que aqueles com IC (499,8 &#177; 139,1 vs 445,4 &#177; 123,8; p = 0,008). A capacidade funcional - habilidade e dificuldade para realizar atividades comuns da vida di&#225;ria - foi significativamente pior (p &lt; 0,0001) nos pacientes com IC independentemente de sexo e idade. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre ICFEP e ICFER.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com IC mostraram baixa qualidade de vida a despeito da apresenta&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome (fen&#243;tipo ICFEP ou ICFER). A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria poderia auxiliar a identificar pacientes que se beneficiariam de um programa de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de pr&#243;-ativo com maior &#234;nfase em suporte multidisciplinar e social. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, tendo implica&#231;&#245;es na qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de (QVRS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Pacientes com IC apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es em suas atividades usuais, com comprometimento da intera&#231;&#227;o social e progressiva perda de autonomia f&#237;sica. Independentemente do fen&#243;tipo, os sinais e sintomas de IC t&#234;m um forte impacto na QVRS, afetando tanto pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) quanto aqueles com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER). Embora a ICFER e a ICFEP difiram quanto &#224;s taxas de mortalidade e de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> sinais e sintomas manifestos parecem ter um impacto similar no bem-estar desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um dos principais objetivos do tratamento &#233; melhorar a QVRS dos pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, muitos deles costumam atribuir mais import&#226;ncia &#224; QVRS do que ao aumento da sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No contexto comunit&#225;rio, pacientes com IC s&#227;o uma d&#233;cada mais velhos, apresentam m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades e polifarm&#225;cia, e usam mais medicamentos do que aqueles em geral recrutados para ensaios cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Tais pacientes podem se beneficiar de medidas que possam melhorar sua QVRS.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo teve por objetivo comparar a QVRS, estimada pelo Question&#225;rio SF-36 (<italic>Short-Form Health Survey</italic>), em pacientes com e sem IC, e ainda entre os dois fen&#243;tipos, ICFER e ICFEP, na comunidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O Estudo Digitalis, transversal e incluindo 633 volunt&#225;rios, teve sua metodologia publicada em outra ocasi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Resumindo, indiv&#237;duos com idades entre 45 e 99 anos, registrados no Programa de M&#233;dicos de Fam&#237;lia (PMF) da cidade de Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, foram selecionados aleatoriamente para visitas comunit&#225;rias. Os dados foram coletados de julho de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. No in&#237;cio, as unidades de sa&#250;de do PMF foram selecionadas de maneira aleat&#243;ria, proporcionalmente ao n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos arrolados. Ent&#227;o, em cada unidade, aqueles com idade entre 45 e 99 anos foram selecionados aleatoriamente.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo I, indiv&#237;duos com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (grupo IC - n = 59); e grupo II, indiv&#237;duos sem IC (n = 574). O grupo IC foi dividido em ICFEP (n = 35) e ICFER (n = 24).</p>
        <p>A vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s do Question&#225;rio SF-36 foi usada para classificar a QVRS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica com o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 21.0 (Chicago, Illinois, EUA). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros absolutos e/ou porcentagens. Como a qualidade de vida e seus dom&#237;nios tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana, as diferen&#231;as entre as categorias foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil, sendo avaliadas com o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Todas as compara&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com testes bilaterais. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, revisada em 2000, com protocolo aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o (n&#250;mero 0077.0.258.000-10).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Avaliamos 633 indiv&#237;duos (59,6 &#177; 10,4 anos; 62% mulheres; 63% com pele negra ou parda). Os pacientes com IC eram mais idosos, tinham n&#237;vel educacional mais baixo, consumiam menos &#225;lcool e, entre eles, havia maior preval&#234;ncia de ex-fumantes. O escore global m&#233;dio, a dor e a percep&#231;&#227;o geral de sa&#250;de diferiram entre os pacientes sem IC e aqueles com IC. Duas dimens&#245;es, aspectos f&#237;sicos e emocionais, variaram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e escores m&#233;dios das dimens&#245;es do SF-36 de indiv&#237;duos com e sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Sem IC (n = 574)</th>
                <th align="center">IC (n = 59)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">58,4 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">71,1 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo feminino (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">61,8</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">0,901</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Nunca estudou (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">17,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Renda familiar (m&#233;dia em d&#243;lares)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">484,63 &#177; 461,71</td>
                <td align="center">406,85 &#177; 463,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pele negra ou parda(%)</td>
                <td align="center">63,2</td>
                <td align="center">63,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,929</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Uso de tabaco</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ex-fumante (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31,2</td>
                <td align="center">42,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>Seguro de sa&#250;de privado</bold> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15,3</td>
                <td align="center">15,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,949</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dimens&#245;es do SF-36</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Capacidade funcional</td>
                <td align="center">85 (60-90)</td>
                <td align="center">55(25-80)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos f&#237;sicos</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos emocionais</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center">70(50-85)</td>
                <td align="center">65(40-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de mental</td>
                <td align="center">80(60-92)</td>
                <td align="center">78(57-96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos sociais</td>
                <td align="center">100(62-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87(53-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,296</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor</td>
                <td align="center">70(45-100)</td>
                <td align="center">80(49-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,865</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percep&#231;&#227;o geral de sa&#250;de</td>
                <td align="center">70(50-85)</td>
                <td align="center">67(45-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore global do SF-36</td>
                <td align="center">535(403-615)</td>
                <td align="center">447(356-537)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Valor de p (associado com teste t bicaudal para amostras independentes); teste do qui-quadrado com corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade; mediana (intervalo interquartil) com teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A capacidade funcional foi menor nos pacientes com IC independentemente de sexo e idade. As mulheres, a despeito da presen&#231;a de IC, apresentaram escore mais baixo para a maioria das dimens&#245;es do que os homens. A capacidade funcional - habilidade e dificuldade de realizar atividades comuns da vida di&#225;ria -, a percep&#231;&#227;o geral de sa&#250;de e o escore global foram significativamente piores nos pacientes com IC independentemente de sexo e idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escores m&#233;dios do SF-36 por sexo e idade em pacientes com e sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Masculino (n= 242)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Feminino (n = 391)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Idade (45 - 59 anos) (n = 357)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Idade (60 - 99 anos) (n= 276)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <th align="left">Dimens&#245;es do SF36</th>
                <th align="center">Sem IC(n = 219)</th>
                <th align="center">IC(n = 23)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Sem IC(n = 355)</th>
                <th align="center">IC(n = 36)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Sem IC(n = 344)</th>
                <th align="center">IC(n = 13)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Sem IC(n = 230)</th>
                <th align="center">IC(n = 46)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Capacidade funcional</td>
                <td align="center">95(75-100)</td>
                <td align="center">55(23,7-81,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">80(55-95)</td>
                <td align="center">55(30-80)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">90(65-95)</td>
                <td align="center">60(22,5-77,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">80(55-95)</td>
                <td align="center">55(25-80)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos f&#237;sicos</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos emocionais</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center">80(60-90)</td>
                <td align="center">67,5(38,7-85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">60(45-85)</td>
                <td align="center">60(40-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,571</td>
                <td align="center">70(45-85)</td>
                <td align="center">50(32,5-67,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">75(50-90)</td>
                <td align="center">70(45-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,215</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de mental</td>
                <td align="center">84(72-96)</td>
                <td align="center">80(68-96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,455</td>
                <td align="center">76(52-88)</td>
                <td align="center">68(52-96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,987</td>
                <td align="center">76(52-96)</td>
                <td align="center">70(51-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
                <td align="center">80(60-92)</td>
                <td align="center">80(57-96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,891</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos sociais</td>
                <td align="center">100(75-100)</td>
                <td align="center">93,7(59,4-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,228</td>
                <td align="center">100(62-100)</td>
                <td align="center">88(50-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,419</td>
                <td align="center">100(75-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87,5(68,7-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
                <td align="center">100(62,5-100)</td>
                <td align="center">88(50-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,260</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor</td>
                <td align="center">80(57-100)</td>
                <td align="center">80(61-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,685</td>
                <td align="center">70(45-90)</td>
                <td align="center">80(42,5-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,160</td>
                <td align="center">70(45-90)</td>
                <td align="center">57.5(27,5-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
                <td align="center">80(47,5-100)</td>
                <td align="center">80(57,5-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percep&#231;&#227;o geral de sa&#250;de</td>
                <td align="center">70(55-85)</td>
                <td align="center">67(45-75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
                <td align="center">70(50-85)</td>
                <td align="center">68(45-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
                <td align="center">70(55-80)</td>
                <td align="center">50(25-70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
                <td align="center">70(55-85)</td>
                <td align="center">70(46,2-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore global do SF-36</td>
                <td align="center">585(488,2-632)</td>
                <td align="center">500,2(401,6-564,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">497,7(367,9-591,4)</td>
                <td align="center">425(320,6-515,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">537,5(412-615)</td>
                <td align="center">388(315-487,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">529(386-615)</td>
                <td align="center">475(388,5-555)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; mediana (intervalo interquartil) com teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As mulheres apresentaram pior QVRS (vitalidade e percep&#231;&#227;o geral de sa&#250;de) mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de IC. Indiv&#237;duos com menos de 60 anos tiveram pior QVRS na presen&#231;a de IC, o que n&#227;o foi observado naqueles de 60 anos ou mais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Ainda que sem significado estat&#237;stico (exceto para a dimens&#227;o vitalidade), pacientes com ICFEP apresentaram valores m&#233;dios mais baixos se comparados &#224;queles com ICFER (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore global do SF-36 e de suas dimens&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida ou preservada (ICFER e ICFEP, respectivamente)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Dimens&#245;es do SF36</th>
                <th align="center">ICFEP (n = 35)</th>
                <th align="center">ICFER (n = 24)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Capacidade funcional</td>
                <td align="center">55(25-77,5)</td>
                <td align="center">55(26,2-85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos f&#237;sicos</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos emocionais</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(100-100)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center">55(36,2-70)</td>
                <td align="center">75(52,5-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de mental</td>
                <td align="center">68(44-96)</td>
                <td align="center">80(68-96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos sociais</td>
                <td align="center">93,7(50-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87,5(65,6-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,951</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor</td>
                <td align="center">70(43,7-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100(58,7-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percep&#231;&#227;o geral de sa&#250;de</td>
                <td align="center">62,5(45-80)</td>
                <td align="center">70(46,2-78,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,420</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore global do SF-36</td>
                <td align="center">441(314-520)</td>
                <td align="center">452(406-578)</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>Mediana (intervalo interquartil) com teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com IC apresentaram uma m&#233;dia mais baixa do escore global do SF-36 do que pacientes sem IC (53,1 &#177; 29,6 vs. 76,2 &#177; 24,9; p &lt; 0,001). A piora da QVRS observada neste estudo foi similar &#224;quela relatada na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Idade, vitalidade, dor e escore global do SF-36 foram as quatro caracter&#237;sticas associadas com pior QVRS em pacientes com ICFER. Apenas idade relacionou-se &#224; piora da QVRS em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
        <p>O estudo CHARM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> avaliou a QVRS em pacientes com IC, tendo conclu&#237;do que aqueles com ICFEP apresentam QVRS similar &#224; dos pacientes com baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE). Aquele estudo mostrou que o grau de piora da QVRS independia da FEVE. Nossos dados n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a entre os escores globais do SF-36 de pacientes com ICFEP e de pacientes com ICFER (418,9 &#177; 122,5 vs. 476,6 &#177; 120,5; p = 0,101).</p>
        <p>Em geral, pacientes com IC mais idosos relataram melhor qualidade de vida do que os mais jovens, a despeito do valor da FEVE. Estudos mostraram melhor QVRS entre pacientes mais idosos do que entre os mais jovens com ICFER, embora os mais idosos tivessem pior status funcional e pior desempenho no teste da caminhada de seis minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Nossos dados mostraram que pacientes de 45 a 59 anos com IC apresentam uma piora mais pronunciada da QVRS do que aqueles sem IC (394,0 &#177; 106,4 vs. 501,3 &#177; 139,8; p = 0,012) quando comparados a pacientes com idade &#8805;60 anos (459,9 &#177; 125,7 vs. 497,7 &#177; 138,3; p = 0,113).</p>
        <p>Em geral, pacientes com IC n&#227;o conhecem a causa e o progn&#243;stico de sua doen&#231;a e raras vezes discutem a qualidade e o final de suas vidas com os profissionais envolvidos em seus cuidados. Atualmente, no tocante ao cuidado de pessoas com enfermidade avan&#231;ada e progressiva, prioriza-se mais o diagn&#243;stico do que as necessidades dos pacientes. Indiv&#237;duos com IC avan&#231;ada deveriam receber aten&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;-ativa e destinada a atender suas necessidades espec&#237;ficas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma s&#237;ndrome cr&#244;nica, como a IC, que requer tratamento cont&#237;nuo por tempo indeterminado e que est&#225; ligada ao envelhecimento e &#224; presen&#231;a de comorbidades, acha-se inexoravelmente associada a pior qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es. Seu desenho transversal, com todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas em um &#250;nico dia e sem seguimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, dificultou o estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre IC e perda de qualidade de vida. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o relaciona-se ao reduzido n&#250;mero de casos de IC avaliados, o que diminuiu o poder do estudo, levando &#224; falta de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de algumas associa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Pacientes com IC apresentam baixa qualidade de vida independentemente do fen&#243;tipo da s&#237;ndrome. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria poderia auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que se beneficiariam de um programa de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de pr&#243;-ativo com maior &#234;nfase em suporte multidisciplinar e social. Assim, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias que permitam melhorar a qualidade de vida desses pacientes e conferir-lhes outros benef&#237;cios que n&#227;o o prolongamento de vida sem qualidade associada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares do Prof. Dr Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimento</title>
        <p>Agradecemos o apoio da Prefeitura Municipal de Niter&#243;i na realiza&#231;&#227;o dessa pesquisa.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
