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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8q4tTSbn7rd84T6jSgDXthK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900241</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005001502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170114</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Home Blood Pressure Monitoring as an Alternative to Confirm Diagnoses of Hypertension in Adolescents with Elevated Office Blood Pressure from a Brazilian State Capital</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s Inacio Rolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Roriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Karla Lorena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Resende Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascente</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Miquetichuc Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Superior de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Fisioterapia de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Fisioterapia de Goi&#225;s (ESEFFEGO) - Universidade Estadual de Goi&#225;s (UEG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Goi&#225;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thiago de Souza Veiga Jardim,</bold> Rua B20 QD 13B LT 7. Postal Code 74885-614, Jardins Paris, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>thiagoveiga@cardiol.br</email>, <email>thiagoloirin@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining funding, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jardim TSV, Povoa TIR, Carneiro CS, Roriz V, Mendon&#231;a KL, Morais PRS, Fl&#225;via Nascente MN, Souza WKSB, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>241</fpage>
      <lpage>247</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Regional differences of using home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) as an alternative to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in hypertensive adolescents are unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Define if HBPM is an option to confirm diagnoses of hypertension in adolescents from a Brazilian capital with elevated office blood pressure (BP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Adolescents (12-18years) from public and private schools with BP &gt; 90th percentile were studied to compare and evaluate the agreement among office BP measurements, HBPM and ambulatory BP monitoring. Office BP measurements, HBPM and ABPM were performed according to guidelines recommendations. Semi-automatic devices were used for BP measurements. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We included 133 predominantly males (63.2%) adolescents with a mean age of 15&#177;1.6 years. HBPM systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure mean values were similar to the daytime ABPM values (120.3 &#177; 12.6 mmHg x 121.5 &#177; 9.8 mmHg - p = 0.111 and 69.4 &#177; 7.7 mmHg x 70.2 &#177; 6.6 mmHg - p = 0.139) and lower than the office measurement values (127.3 &#177; 13.8 mmHg over 74.4 &#177; 9.5 mmHg - p &lt; 0,001). The Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between HBPM and ABPM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>HBPM is an option to confirm diagnoses of hypertension in adolescents from a Brazilian state capital with elevated office BP and can be used as an alternative to ABPM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Primary hypertension (HT) is no longer regarded as a rare phenomenon in childhood and adolescence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is strongly related to obesity, a condition that continues to increase in young population, therefore HT prevalence will continue to grow among them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Blood pressure (BP) values are important markers in the evaluation of cardiovascular risk in adults,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> however, for children and teenagers there is scarce information regarding different BP measurement methods, and only in the last decade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> the interest in this subject has increased.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, although many studies have assessed the prevalence of high blood pressure in adolescents in recent years, differences in measurement techniques and normalcy criteria according to regional differences make it difficult to know the actual prevalence. A systematic review of the literature found the prevalence ranging from 2.5 to 30.9%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The national representative ERICA study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> evaluated 73.399 adolescents and identified a 9.6% prevalence of hypertension (values above the 95th percentile).</p>
      <p>Investigate the viability and reliability of BP evaluation methods is necessary and contributes to clinical practice. For diagnosis, office BP measurements rank as the most common method and have a prognostic meaning for cardiovascular risk in adults. Nevertheless, BP values vary due to physiological and environmental stimulation, which indicates that a more accurate determination of BP values is needed. Identifying such variability may lead to more precise risk stratification, thus allowing early interventions initiatives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Taking multiple BP measurements within a short time period improves the reproducibility and increases the chances of obtaining accurate BP values. This repetition of measurements is possible with various BP monitoring methods, including ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), in which dozens of measurements are performed over a 24-hour period and is considered the gold standard,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> or home BP monitoring (HBPM), in which some measurements are performed over a few days throughout the week. The use of ABPM has limitations due to its higher costs, on the other hand HBPM which may be a potential diagnostic alternative, needs more investigation when used in adolescents, particularly considering regional differences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> HBPM shows good viability if performed by the adolescents themselves or by a responsible adult with semi-automatic equipment and a specific protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The most common indication to use ABPM and HBPM in this particular subset of patients is for white coat hypertension (WCHT) diagnose, characterized by office BP measurement increased despite normal HBPM or ABPM values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Another indication is to detect masked hypertension, in which normal office BP is identified in patients with elevated HBPM or ABPM values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To increase scientific knowledge regarding BP measurement methods for adolescents considering regional differences, the objective of this study was to compare BP values obtained from office measurements, HBPM and ABPM and to evaluate the agreement among these methods.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional study approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution (Register: 017/2010).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>Adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years with altered BP (&gt; 90th percentile for the respective age, gender and height)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> were identified by office measurement from a sample of 1025 young students from 26 schools. This was a representative sample of adolescents from a large city (1,302,001 inhabitants) in the Midwest of Brazil. Additionally, 33 normotensive adolescents were included. All subjects had an informed consent signed by their parents or legal guardians. The exclusion criteria were: physical handicap; pregnancy; chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus, kidney or heart disease); use of anti-hypertensive, antidepressants, anxiolytics, steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and contraceptives; and absence of sexual maturation (subjects with Tanner stages = 1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric evaluation</title>
        <p>The anthropometric evaluation was performed using the standardization suggested by the World Health Organization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The measured variables were body weight, height and waist circumference. In addition, the body mass index (BMI) was calculated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure measurements</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Office measurement</title>
          <p>Office measurements were performed by trained health professionals, based on the 4<sup>th</sup> Task Force Technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The procedure took place at the schools, in two different moments (one-week interval) and with two measurements (with a three-minute interval) at each time point. For the analysis, the mean of the second measurements was considered. We utilized OMRON, model HEM-705CP semi-automatic equipment, which was validated for use with adolescents,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and cuffs in three different sizes (9x16 cm, 13x23 cm and 15x30 cm) were selected according to the adolescent&#8217;s right arm circumference (80 to 100%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Home Monitoring (HBPM)</title>
          <p>The same equipment, cuffs and techniques that were used for the office measurements were used for HBPM. Adolescents received the device at school and were told to perform two measurements (with three-minute intervals) during the day (between 06:00 and 10:00 a.m.) and two at night (between 06:00 and 10:00 p.m.) over 6 days, for a total of 24 readings. The overall mean value was considered for analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ambulatory Monitoring (ABPM)</title>
        <p>A <italic>Spacelabs</italic>&#174; device model 90207 was used. The cuff size was the same of the office measurement and HBPM, and the exam was performed based on the American Heart Association technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The equipment was programmed to perform one measurement every 15 minutes during the day (07:00 to 23:00) and one measurement every 20 minutes at night (11:00 p.m. to 07:00 a.m.). The adolescents were instructed to keep their arms relaxed during inflation/deflation and to return after 24 hours of monitoring with a report containing their primary activities during that period. Records in which at least 70% of the measurements were valid were accepted, and for the analysis, the mean of daytime obtained values was considered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were entered in duplicate and validated with Epi-Info (version 3.5.1), and the statistical analysis was performed with <italic>SPSS</italic> software (version 20.0; IBM Chicago, USA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for data distribution evaluation and the paired Student&#8217;s t test for the comparison of systolic and diastolic pressure values between the methods. The continuous variables with normal distribution are presented as means and standard deviations. Pearson`s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the blood pressure measurements. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. We generated Bland-Altman plots<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> to provide a visualization of the agreement between the measurements and a &#8220;mountain plot&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> to provide information about the distribution of differences between the methods. The ABPM method (daytime measurement) was subtracted from the other methods to obtain the mountain plots. The Bland-Altman and mountain plots were produced using <italic>Medcalc software</italic> (Version 12.7.0).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Among the 143 adolescents invited to participate the study, 133 (93%) accepted and 10 (7.0%) declined. No subject was excluded due to sexual maturation criteria. The final sample was composed of 133 adolescents, including 100 with altered BP and 33 normotensives. Overall, 63.2% were male with a mean age of 15 (&#177; 1.6) years. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the sample characteristics.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sample characteristics (n = 133)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">Standard Deviation</th>
              <th align="center">Minimum</th>
              <th align="center">Maximum</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">15.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;1.6</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">65.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;16.3</td>
              <td align="center">37.9</td>
              <td align="center">131.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">167.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;7.8</td>
              <td align="center">149.0</td>
              <td align="center">185.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">23.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;4.8</td>
              <td align="center">15.9</td>
              <td align="center">42.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">75.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;10.9</td>
              <td align="center">58.0</td>
              <td align="center">120.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>HBPM presented mean SBP and DBP values that were similar to the daytime ABPM values and lower than the office measurement values. Office measurement presented higher mean values than those observed for daytime ABPM, and the correlation among the methods was moderate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison and correlation among office, home and ambulatory BP measurements (n = 133)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Daytime ABPM</th>
              <th align="center">HBPM</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">r (p value)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">121.5 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">120.3 &#177; 12.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.111</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 (&lt; 0.001)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">70.2 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">69.4 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.139</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 (&lt; 0.001)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Daytime ABPM</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Office</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">121.5 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">127.3 &#177; 13.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 (&lt; 0.001)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">70.2 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">74.4 &#177; 9.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.45 (&lt; 0.001)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>HBPM</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Office</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">120.3 &#177; 12.6</td>
              <td align="center">127.3 &#177; 13.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 (&lt; 0.001)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">69.4 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">74.4 &#177; 9.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.53 (&lt; 0.001)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Values expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation. SBP: systolic blood pressure (mmHg); DBP: diastolic blood pressure (mmHg). r- Pearson's correlation test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>paired Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The overall mean of 24-hour ABPM BP was 118.3 &#177; 9.1 mmHg for SBP and 66.4 &#177; 6.0 mmHg for DBP, which were significantly different than the overall mean of HBPM (SBP, p = 0.009; DBP, p &lt; 0.001) and the office measurement (p&lt;0.001 for SBP and DBP). A strong correlation (r = 0.72, p &lt; 0.001) was found between SBP from 24-hour ABPM and HBPM, whereas a slight correlation (r = 0.39, p = 0.005) was found for DBP. There was also a correlation between the 24-hour ABPM and office measurement values (r = 0.57 for SBP and r = 0.24 for DBP; both with p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>According to the Bland-Altman graphs, agreement was verified (and no systematic errors were identified) between HBPM and daytime ABPM for SBP and DBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1-A</xref>); the means of the differences plotted in the central horizontal lines were close to zero (1.3 mmHg for SBP and 0.9 mmHg for DBP). Both daytime ABPM and HBPM agreed with the office measurement values; however, the magnitude was lower: daytime ABPM vs. office, difference in the means of 5.8 mmHg for SBP and 4.1 mmHg for DBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1-B</xref>); HBPM vs. office, difference in the means of 7.0 mmHg for SBP and 5.0 mmHg for DBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1-C</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Bland-Altman plot agreement analysis between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) values (mmHg) determined by (A) HBPM and daytime ABPM, (B) daytime ABPM and office and (C) HBPM and office.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0241-70114-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>From the mountain plots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), with daytime ABPM as the reference (axis X), the differences between HBPM and ABPM were generally lower than those observed between the office measurement and daytime ABPM.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mountain plots for agreement between (A) systolic blood pressure (SBP) and (B) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) determined by daytime ABPM (reference) and measured by HBPM and office measurement.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0241-70114-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study provides initial information regarding the utilization of HBPM in a Brazilian sample composed exclusively of adolescents, mostly with BP levels higher than normal values. We have identified results similar to those in adults,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> for whom office measurements present higher values than HBPM and ABPM for both SBP and DBP. The same phenomenon has already been identified in other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">5</xref> in hypertensive children and adolescents but only with SBP. In contrast to our results, office measurements were similar to HBPM for subjects over 12 years old according to Stergiou et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> who examined a larger sample (n = 765); however, that study only observed normotensive children and adolescents. There is evidence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> that the population type (hypertensive vs. normotensives) interferes with the results obtained by office measurement or HBPM.</p>
      <p>Another important aspect of BP measurement is the equipment type, and in most studies, the oscillometric method was used. Moreover, analyzing the HBPM protocol is relevant because, currently, there is no consensus on the minimum number of measurements required for pediatric populations. In the present study, we used a total of 24 measurements (with a minimum of 12 measurements) over 6 days, whereas Stergiou et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> opted for a 12-measurement protocol (with a minimum of 2 measurements) over 3 days. This lower number of measurements in HBPM may have contributed to its agreement with the office measurements.</p>
      <p>Some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> have shown lower HBPM values than daytime ABPM in children and adolescents, which may be explained by the high physical activity levels during childhood, which can increase BP values.</p>
      <p>In this study, the result was different, as the BP values measured by HBPM were similar to those obtained by daytime ABPM, which is a commonly observed pattern for adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> This finding is probably related to the fact that the sample consists only of adolescents, who have lower levels of physical activity during the day when compared to children.</p>
      <p>Regarding the agreement among methods, a significant number of the studies used the correlation coefficient as an agreement indicator; however, the intrinsic variability of BP renders this index, by itself, inappropriate and requires a variability analysis among measures, such as that accomplished by Bland-Altman plots.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The strength of a correlation between two variables does not necessarily indicate agreement between them. In this study, we showed that the correlation among the three methods was moderate; however, using Bland-Altman plots,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> we verified that there was no systematic error among the three methods, particularly between HBPM and daytime ABPM, which showed a difference of zero between the means of the systolic and diastolic pressures. This finding suggests that HBPM may be used as a substitute for ABPM when necessary. Nevertheless, because ABPM is the gold standard, it is still considered the first choice for confirming a diagnosis after detection of high BP by office measurements.</p>
      <p>In adults, HBPM shows better reliability and agreement with ABPM than office measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> In adolescents, we observed a similar phenomenon, which has also been verified in other children and teenage populations, in which HBPM presents better reproducibility than office measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The differences between office measurements and the other methods may result in the overestimation of BP values and, consequently, label adolescents as hypertensive when they are actually normotensive. When there is no diagnostic confirmation with other types of evaluation such as HBPM or ABPM, adolescents may be misdiagnosed, with all its social and economic consequences, and even engage in unnecessary treatment by taking medicine. For example, in a study by Hornsby et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> 44% of the children evaluated as hypertensive by office measurements were reclassified and considered as white coat hypertensive after ABPM.</p>
      <p>It has been suggested that office measurements must be a screening method for adolescents and for those who present SBP or DBP values in the &gt; 90th percentile an out-of-office blood pressure method must be performed to confirm the diagnosis. ABPM is the preferred option and HBPM an alternative.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>HBPM is more comfortable, easy to perform and has a lower cost than ABPM. In this study, daytime ABPM was similar to HBPM. Therefore, HBPM represents an acceptable alternative for a more accurate diagnosis. Nevertheless, when available and financially viable, ABPM should be the first option because it provides a more comprehensive evaluation.</p>
      <p>This study was limited by the use of normal values of office measurements proposed for the American population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as Brazilian studies proposing normal values for adolescents are lacking in the literature. A similar limitation for the HBPM use exists, since the normalcy data for adolescents is based in one study conducted with European students.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another potential limitation was the inclusion of adolescents enrolled in schools, which excluded adolescents who were out of school. Since the sample studied was obtained from both public and private schools, and since the education system coverage in Brazil is reported as almost universal, this limitation was attenuated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Longitudinal studies with adolescents that compare the three methods &#8722; office, home and ambulatory &#8722; and establish adequate normality criteria for different regions of the world are still required.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>HBPM is an alternative option to confirm diagnosis of hypertension with results comparable to ABPM in adolescents from a Brazilian state capital with altered BP values.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Thais Inacio Rolim Povoa, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <name>
              <surname>Peixoto</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carneiro</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
              <given-names>TI</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sedentary lifestyle and its associated factors among adolescents from public and private schools of a Brazilian state capital</article-title>
          <source>BMC Public Health</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1177</fpage>
          <lpage>1177</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MRPA) como alternativa para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial em adolescentes de uma capital brasileira com press&#227;o de consult&#243;rio elevada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s Inacio Rolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Roriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Karla Lorena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Resende Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascente</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Miquetichuc Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Fisioterapia de Goi&#225;s (ESEFFEGO) - Universidade Estadual de Goi&#225;s (UEG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thiago de Souza Veiga Jardim,</bold> Rua B20 QD 13B LT 7. CEP 74885-614, Jardins Paris, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>thiagoveiga@cardiol.br</email>, <email>thiagoloirin@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Povoa TIR, Jardim TV, Carneiro CS, Ferreira VR, Mendon&#231;a KL, Morais PRS, Nascente FMN, Souza WKSB, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>S&#227;o desconhecidas as diferen&#231;as regionais na utiliza&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) como alternativa &#224; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) em adolescentes hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Definir se MRPA &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o para confirmar diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial em adolescentes de uma capital brasileira com press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Adolescentes (12-18 anos) de escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas com percentil de PA &gt; 90 foram estudados para comparar e avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas de PA, MRPA e MAPA. As medidas de PA de consult&#243;rio, MRPA e MAPA foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes. Foram utilizados dispositivos semiautom&#225;ticos para medi&#231;&#245;es de PA. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 133 adolescentes predominantemente do sexo masculino (63,2%) com idade m&#233;dia de 15 &#177; 1,6 anos. Os valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica da MRPA foram semelhantes aos valores de MAPA diurnos (120,3 &#177; 12,6 mmHg x 121,5 &#177; 9,8 mmHg - p = 0,111 e 69,4 &#177; 7,7 mmHg x 70,2 &#177; 6,6 mmHg - p = 0,139) e inferiores aos valores de consult&#243;rio (127,3 &#177; 13,8 mmHg por 74,4 &#177; 9,5 mmHg - p &lt; 0,001). Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman mostraram boa concord&#226;ncia entre MRPA e MAPA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>MRPA &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o para confirmar diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial em adolescentes de uma capital brasileira com PA de consult&#243;rio elevada e pode ser usada como alternativa &#224; MAPA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (HA) prim&#225;ria j&#225; n&#227;o &#233; vista como um fen&#244;meno raro na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Ela est&#225; fortemente relacionada &#224; obesidade, condi&#231;&#227;o que continua a aumentar na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem, portanto a preval&#234;ncia da HA continuar&#225; a crescer entre eles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Os valores da press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o importantes marcadores na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular em adultos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> no entanto, para crian&#231;as e adolescentes, h&#225; escassa informa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a diferentes m&#233;todos de medida de PA, e somente na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> o interesse por esse assunto aumentou.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, embora muitos estudos tenham avaliado a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial nos adolescentes nos &#250;ltimos anos, as diferen&#231;as nas t&#233;cnicas de medi&#231;&#227;o e os crit&#233;rios de normalidade, de acordo com as diferen&#231;as regionais, tornam dif&#237;cil conhecer a preval&#234;ncia real. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura encontrou a preval&#234;ncia de 2,5 a 30,9%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O estudo representativo nacional ERICA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> avaliou 73,399 adolescentes e identificou uma preval&#234;ncia de 9,6% de hipertens&#227;o (valores acima do percentil 95).</p>
        <p>Investigar a viabilidade e a confiabilidade dos m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de PA &#233; necess&#225;rio e contribui para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Para o diagn&#243;stico, as medidas de PA do consult&#243;rio s&#227;o o m&#233;todo mais comum e t&#234;m um significado progn&#243;stico para o risco cardiovascular em adultos. No entanto, os valores de PA variam devido &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica e ambiental, o que indica que &#233; necess&#225;ria uma determina&#231;&#227;o mais precisa dos valores de PA. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dessa variabilidade pode levar a uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais precisa, permitindo, assim, iniciativas de interven&#231;&#227;o precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas medi&#231;&#245;es de PA num curto per&#237;odo de tempo melhora a reprodutibilidade e aumenta as chances de obter valores de PA precisos. Esta repeti&#231;&#227;o de medi&#231;&#245;es &#233; poss&#237;vel com v&#225;rios m&#233;todos de monitoramento de PA, incluindo monitoramento ambulatorial de PA (MAPA), em que dezenas de medi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o realizadas em um per&#237;odo de 24 horas e &#233; considerado o padr&#227;o ouro,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ou monitoramento residencial da PA (MRPA), em que algumas medidas s&#227;o realizadas durante alguns dias ao longo da semana. O uso de MAPA tem limita&#231;&#245;es devido aos seus custos mais elevados, por outro lado a MRPA que pode ser uma alternativa diagn&#243;stica potencial, precisa de mais investiga&#231;&#227;o quando usado em adolescentes, particularmente considerando diferen&#231;as regionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> MRPA mostra boa viabilidade se realizado pelos pr&#243;prios adolescentes ou por um adulto respons&#225;vel com equipamento semiautom&#225;tico e um protocolo espec&#237;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o mais comum para o uso de MAPA e MRPA neste subconjunto espec&#237;fico de pacientes &#233; para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o do avental branco (HAB), caracterizada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da medida da PA no consult&#243;rio apesar dos valores normais de MRPA ou MAPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Outra indica&#231;&#227;o &#233; detectar a hipertens&#227;o mascarada, em que a PA normal &#233; identificada no consult&#243;rio em pacientes com valores elevados de MRPA ou MAPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para aumentar o conhecimento cient&#237;fico sobre os m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o de PA para adolescentes considerando diferen&#231;as regionais, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os valores de PA obtidos das medidas de consult&#243;rio, MRPA e MAPA e avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre esses m&#233;todos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o (Registro: 017/2010).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sujeitos</title>
          <p>Adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 18 anos com PA alterada (&gt; 90 percentil para a respectiva idade, sexo e estatura)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> foram identificados por medida de consult&#243;rio de uma amostra de 1025 jovens estudantes de 26 escolas. Esta foi uma amostra representativa de adolescentes de uma grande cidade (1.302.001 habitantes) no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Adicionalmente, foram inclu&#237;dos 33 adolescentes normotensos. Todos os sujeitos tinham um consentimento informado assinado por seus pais ou respons&#225;veis legais. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: defici&#234;ncia f&#237;sica; gravidez; doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas (diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a renal ou card&#237;aca); uso de anti-hipertensivos, antidepressivos, ansiol&#237;ticos, anti-inflamat&#243;rios esteroidais ou n&#227;o-ester&#243;ides e contraceptivos; e aus&#234;ncia de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual (indiv&#237;duos com est&#225;gio de Tanner = 1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica foi realizada por meio da padroniza&#231;&#227;o sugerida pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As vari&#225;veis medidas foram peso corporal, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. Al&#233;m disso, o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas de press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o no consult&#243;rio</title>
            <p>As medidas do consult&#243;rio foram realizadas por profissionais de sa&#250;de treinados, com base na <italic>4<sup>th</sup> Task Force Technique</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O procedimento ocorreu nas escolas, em dois momentos diferentes (intervalo de uma semana) e com duas medidas (com intervalo de tr&#234;s minutos) em cada ponto temporal. Para a an&#225;lise, foi considerada a m&#233;dia das segundas medidas. Utilizou-se o equipamento <italic>OMRON</italic>, modelo HEM-705CP semiautom&#225;tico, validado para uso com adolescentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e bra&#231;adeira em tr&#234;s tamanhos diferentes (9x16 cm, 13x23 cm e 15x30 cm) foram selecionados de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o direito dos adolescentes (80 a 100%).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Monitoramento Residencial (MRPA)</title>
            <p>O mesmo equipamento, punhos e t&#233;cnicas que foram utilizados para as medi&#231;&#245;es de consult&#243;rio foram usados para MRPA. Adolescentes receberam o aparelho na escola e foram instru&#237;dos a realizar duas medi&#231;&#245;es (com intervalos de tr&#234;s minutos) durante o dia (entre 06:00 e 10:00) e duas &#224; noite (entre 18:00 e 22:00) durante 6 dias, para um total de 24 leituras. O valor m&#233;dio global foi considerado para an&#225;lise, sendo exclu&#237;dos os exames com medidas&lt;12.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoramento ambulatorial (MAPA)</title>
          <p>Foi utilizado um dispositivo <italic>Spacelabs</italic>&#174; modelo 90207. O tamanho do manguito foi o mesmo da medida do consult&#243;rio e MRPA e o exame foi realizado com base na t&#233;cnica da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O equipamento foi programado para realizar uma medi&#231;&#227;o a cada 15 minutos durante o dia (das 07:00 &#224;s 23:00) E uma medi&#231;&#227;o a cada 20 minutos &#224; noite (das 11:00 &#224;s 07:00). Os adolescentes foram instru&#237;dos a manter os bra&#231;os relaxados durante a infla&#231;&#227;o/defla&#231;&#227;o e retornar ap&#243;s 24 horas de monitoramento com um relat&#243;rio contendo suas atividades prim&#225;rias durante esse per&#237;odo. Os registros em que pelo menos 70% das medidas foram v&#225;lidas foram aceitos, e para a an&#225;lise, foi considerada a m&#233;dia de valores diurnos obtidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram inseridos em duplicata e validados com Epi-Info (vers&#227;o 3.5.1), e a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software SPSS (vers&#227;o 20.0, IBM Chicago, EUA). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados e o teste t de Student pareado para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica entre os m&#233;todos. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas de press&#227;o arterial. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos. N&#243;s geramos Bland-Altman plots<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> para fornecer uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia entre as medi&#231;&#245;es e um "mountain plot"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> para fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a distribui&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as entre os m&#233;todos. O m&#233;todo MAPA (medi&#231;&#227;o diurna) foi subtra&#237;do dos outros m&#233;todos para obten&#231;&#227;o do mountain plot. Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman e o &#8220;mountain plot&#8221; foram produzidas usando o software <italic>Medcalc</italic> (Vers&#227;o 12.7.0).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre os 143 adolescentes convidados a participar do estudo, 133 (93%) aceitaram e 10 (7,0%) recusaram. Nenhum sujeito foi exclu&#237;do devido a crit&#233;rios de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual. A amostra final foi composta por 133 adolescentes, sendo 100 com PA alterada e 33 normotensos. Em geral, 63,2% eram do sexo masculino com idade m&#233;dia de 15 (&#177; 1,6) anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra (n = 133)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">Desvio Padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">15,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso corporal (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">65,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 16,3</td>
                <td align="center">37,9</td>
                <td align="center">131,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">167,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">149,0</td>
                <td align="center">185,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center">42,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">75,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">120,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A MRPA apresentou valores m&#233;dios de PAS e PAD que foram semelhantes aos valores di&#225;rios de MAPA e inferiores aos valores de consult&#243;rio. A medida do consult&#243;rio apresentou valores m&#233;dios superiores aos observados para a MAPA diurna e a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos foi moderada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o entre medidas de PA, domiciliar e ambulatorial (n = 133)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">MAPA diurna</th>
                <th align="center">MRPA</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">r (Valor de p)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">121,5 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">120,3 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (&lt; 0,001)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">70,2 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">69,4 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,139</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (&lt; 0,001)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MAPA diurna</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Consult&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">121,5 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">127,3 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (&lt; 0,001)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">70,2 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">74,4 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 (&lt; 0,001)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MRPA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Consult&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">120,3 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">127,3 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 (&lt; 0,001)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">69,4 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">74,4 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 (&lt; 0,001)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg); PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg). r: Teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>teste t Student pareado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A m&#233;dia geral da MAPA foi de 118,3 &#177; 9,1 mmHg para PAS e de 66,4 &#177; 6,0 mmHg para PAD, significativamente diferentes da m&#233;dia geral de MRPA (PAS, p = 0,009; PAD, p &lt; 0,001) e de medida de consult&#243;rio (p &lt; 0,001 para PAS e PAD). Uma correla&#231;&#227;o forte (r = 0,72, p &lt; 0,001) foi encontrada entre PAS de MAPA e MRPA, enquanto uma ligeira correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,39, p = 0,005) foi encontrada para PAD. Houve tamb&#233;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de MAPA e de consult&#243;rio (r = 0,57 para PAS e r=0,24 para PAD, ambos com p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>De acordo com os gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman, verificou-se concord&#226;ncia (e n&#227;o foram identificados erros sistem&#225;ticos) entre MRPA e MAPA diurno para PAS e PAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1-A</xref>); As m&#233;dias das diferen&#231;as tra&#231;adas nas linhas horizontais centrais estavam pr&#243;ximas de zero (1,3 mmHg para PAS e 0,9 mmHg para PAD). Tanto o MAPA diurno quanto o MRPA concordaram com os valores de medi&#231;&#227;o do consult&#243;rio; entretanto, a magnitude foi menor: MAPA diurno vs. consult&#243;rio, diferen&#231;a nas m&#233;dias de 5,8 mmHg para PAS e 4,1 mmHg para PAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1-B</xref>); MRPA vs. consult&#243;rio, diferen&#231;a nas m&#233;dias de 7,0 mmHg para PAS e 5,0 mmHg para PAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1-C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da concord&#226;ncia de Bland-Altman entre os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (mmHg) determinados por (A) MRPA e MAPA diurno, (B) dia MAPA e consult&#243;rio e (C) MRPA e consult&#243;rio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0241-70114-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A partir das <italic>mountain plots</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>), com MAPA diurno como refer&#234;ncia (eixo X), as diferen&#231;as entre MRPA e MAPA foram em geral menores do que as observadas entre a medi&#231;&#227;o de consult&#243;rio e o MAPA diurno.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mountain plots para concord&#226;ncia entre (A) press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e (B) press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) determinada por MAPA diurno (refer&#234;ncia) e medida pela MRPA e medida de consult&#243;rio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0241-70114-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo fornece informa&#231;&#245;es iniciais sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de MRPA em uma amostra brasileira composta exclusivamente de adolescentes, principalmente com n&#237;veis de PA superiores aos valores normais. Foram identificados resultados semelhantes aos observados em adultos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> para os quais as medidas de consult&#243;rio apresentam valores mais elevados do que MRPA e MAPA para PAS e PAD. O mesmo fen&#244;meno j&#225; foi identificado em outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> em crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos, mas apenas com PAS. Em contraste com nossos resultados, as medidas de consult&#243;rio foram semelhantes &#224; MRPA para indiv&#237;duos com mais de 12 anos de idade, de acordo com Stergiou et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> que examinaram uma amostra maior (n = 765); Entretanto, esse estudo apenas observou crian&#231;as e adolescentes normotensos. H&#225; ind&#237;cios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> de que o tipo de popula&#231;&#227;o (hipertensos versus normotensos) interfere nos resultados obtidos por medida de consult&#243;rio ou MRPA.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto importante da medi&#231;&#227;o de PA &#233; o tipo de equipamento, e na maioria dos estudos foi utilizado o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico. Al&#233;m disso, analisar o protocolo de MRPA &#233; relevante porque, atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de medidas necess&#225;rias para as popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas. No presente estudo, utilizamos um total de 24 medidas (com um m&#237;nimo de 12 medidas) ao longo de 6 dias, enquanto Stergiou et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> optaram por um protocolo de 12 medi&#231;&#245;es (com um m&#237;nimo de 2 medidas) durante 3 dias. Este menor n&#250;mero de medi&#231;&#245;es em MRPA pode ter contribu&#237;do para a concord&#226;ncia com as medidas de consult&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> demonstraram menores valores de MRPA do que de MAPA diurno em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, o que pode ser explicado pelos altos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica durante a inf&#226;ncia, que pode aumentar os valores de PA.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, o resultado foi diferente, uma vez que os valores de PA medidos pela MRPA foram semelhantes aos obtidos pela MAPA diurna, que &#233; um padr&#227;o comumente observado para adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Esse achado provavelmente est&#225; relacionado ao fato de que a amostra consiste apenas em adolescentes, que apresentam n&#237;veis mais baixos de atividade f&#237;sica durante o dia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s crian&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos, um n&#250;mero significativo de estudos utilizou o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o como indicador de concord&#226;ncia; Entretanto, a variabilidade intr&#237;nseca da PA torna esse &#237;ndice, por si s&#243;, inapropriado e requer uma an&#225;lise de variabilidade entre as medidas, como a realizada pelos gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A for&#231;a de uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o indica necessariamente concord&#226;ncia entre elas. Neste estudo, mostrou-se que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s m&#233;todos foi moderada; entretanto, utilizando-se a an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> verificamos que n&#227;o houve erro sistem&#225;tico entre os tr&#234;s m&#233;todos, particularmente entre MRPA e MAPA diurna, que apresentaram diferen&#231;a de zero entre as m&#233;dias das press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Este achado sugere que MRPA pode ser usado como um substituto para MAPA quando necess&#225;rio. No entanto, como MAPA &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro, ainda &#233; considerada a primeira escolha para a confirma&#231;&#227;o de um diagn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a detec&#231;&#227;o de PA elevada por medidas de consult&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Em adultos, MRPA mostra maior confiabilidade e concord&#226;ncia com MAPA do que com a medi&#231;&#227;o de consult&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Em adolescentes, observamos um fen&#244;meno similar, que tamb&#233;m tem sido verificado em outras crian&#231;as e adolescentes, em que MRPA apresenta melhor reprodutibilidade do que as medi&#231;&#245;es de consult&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as entre as medidas de consult&#243;rio e os outros m&#233;todos podem resultar na superestima&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PA e, consequentemente, classificar os adolescentes como hipertensos quando na verdade s&#227;o normotensos. Quando n&#227;o h&#225; confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica com outros tipos de avalia&#231;&#227;o como MRPA ou MAPA, os adolescentes podem ser incorretamente diagnosticados, com todas as suas consequ&#234;ncias sociais e econ&#244;micas, e at&#233; mesmo se envolver em tratamento desnecess&#225;rio tomando rem&#233;dios. Por exemplo, em um estudo de Hornsby et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> 44% das crian&#231;as avaliadas como hipertensas por medidas de consult&#243;rio foram reclassificadas e consideradas como hipertensas do jaleco branco ap&#243;s MAPA.</p>
        <p>Sugeriu-se que as medidas de consult&#243;rio devem ser um m&#233;todo de triagem para adolescentes e para aqueles que apresentam valores PAS ou PAD no percentil &gt; 90, um m&#233;todo de press&#227;o arterial fora do consult&#243;rio deve ser realizado para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico. MAPA &#233; a op&#231;&#227;o preferida e MRPA &#233; uma alternativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>MRPA &#233; mais confort&#225;vel, f&#225;cil de executar e tem um custo menor do que MAPA. Neste estudo, MAPA diurna foi semelhante &#224; MRPA. Portanto, MRPA representa uma alternativa aceit&#225;vel para um diagn&#243;stico mais preciso. No entanto, quando dispon&#237;vel e financeiramente vi&#225;vel, MAPA deve ser a primeira op&#231;&#227;o, pois oferece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve como limita&#231;&#227;o o uso de valores de normalidade de medidas de consult&#243;rio propostos para a popula&#231;&#227;o americana,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; estudos brasileiros que prop&#245;em valores de normalidade para adolescentes. Existe uma limita&#231;&#227;o semelhante para o uso da MRPA, uma vez que os dados de normalidade para adolescentes baseiam-se num estudo realizado com estudantes europeus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o potencial foi a inclus&#227;o de adolescentes matriculados nas escolas, que excluiu os adolescentes que estavam fora da escola. Como a amostra estudada foi obtida em escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas, e como a cobertura do sistema educacional no Brasil &#233; relatada como quase universal, essa limita&#231;&#227;o foi atenuada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>S&#227;o ainda necess&#225;rios estudos longitudinais com adolescentes que comparem os tr&#234;s m&#233;todos - consult&#243;rio, resid&#234;ncia e ambulat&#243;rio - e estabele&#231;am crit&#233;rios de normalidade adequados para diferentes regi&#245;es do mundo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>MRPA &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o alternativa para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial com resultados compar&#225;veis &#224; MAPA em adolescentes da capital de um estado brasileiro com valores de PA alterados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Tha&#237;s Inacio Rolim P&#243;voa pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
