<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PxtrhqYGxD9w8ZLwCyMcBZR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900222</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005001501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170112</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reproducibility and Reliability Of QTc and QTcd Measurements and Their Relationships with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hemodialysis Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alonso</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ang&#233;lica Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valentine de Almeida Costa de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angela Magalh&#227;es de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lugon</surname>
            <given-names>Jocemir Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Ang&#233;lica Gon&#231;alves Alonso,</bold> Rua <email>mangelica180@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Alonso MAG, Carreira MAMQ, Lugon JR; Acquisition of data: Alonso MAG, Lima VACC, Carreira MAMQ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Alonso MAG, Lima VACC, Carreira MAMQ, Lugon JR; Statistical analysis: Alonso MAG, Lima VACC, Lugon JR; Writing of the manuscript: Alonso MAG, Lugon JR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Alonso MAG, Carreira MAMQ, Lugon JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>222</fpage>
      <lpage>230</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is very common in hemodialysis patients and an independent risk factor for mortality in this population. The myocardial remodeling underlying the LVH can affect ventricular repolarization causing abnormalities in QT interval.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of measurements of corrected QT interval (QTc) and its dispersion (QTcd) and correlate these parameters with LVH in hemodialysis patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Case-control study involving hemodialysis patients and a control group. Clinical examination, blood sampling, transthoracic echocardiogram, and electrocardiogram were performed. Intra- and interobserver correlation and concordance tests were performed by Pearson&#180;s correlation, Cohen&#8217;s Kappa coefficient and Bland Altman diagram. Linear regression was used to analyze association of QTc or QTcd with HVE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Forty-one HD patients and 37 controls concluded the study. Hemodialysis patients tended to have higher values of QTc, QTcd and left ventricular mass index (LVMi) than controls but statistical significance was not found. Correlation and concordance tests depicted better results for QTc than for QTcd. In HD patients, a poor but significant correlation was found between QTc and LVMi (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.12; p = 0.03). No correlation was found between values of QTcd and LVMi (R<sup>2</sup>= 0.00; p=0.940). For the control group, the correspondent values were R<sup>2</sup>= 0.00; p = 0.67 and R<sup>2</sup>= 0.00; p = 0.94, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We found that QTc interval, in contrast to QTcd, is a reproducible and reliable measure and had a weak but positive correlation with LVMi in HD patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Dialysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Despite the improvement of the quality of dialysis over the years, patients with end-stage renal disease still have a high mortality rate. Heart disease remains the leading cause of death in these patients, with coronary artery disease and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as the most frequent cardiovascular abnormalities. LVH is very common in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and an independent risk factor for mortality in this populaton.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Myocardial remodeling is not a homogeneous phenomenon and can affect ventricular repolarization causing non-uniform abnormalities in QT interval (QT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The QT interval (QT) represents the electrical ventricular systole, and QT dispersion (QTd), defined as the difference between the maximal and minimal QT on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), reflects the regional heterogeneity of the myocardial repolarization. Several studies have reported an association between increased values of any of these two parameters and all-cause mortality, sudden death, ventricular arrhythmias and coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The measurement of QT is not an easy task and involves a number of pitfalls, as follows: recognizing the onset of the QRS complex and especially the end of the T wave may be difficult; the leads chosen to measure the QT interval varies among studies; there is more than one formula to adjust the QT interval for the cardiac rate; and finally, cut-off values for both QT and QTd are not well defined and the role of gender adjustment in this regard is disputable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>While ECG is available in almost every dialysis center, the echocardiogram (ECO), considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of LVH, is not. In view of that we thought it would be of interest to investigate the reproducibility and reliability of corrected QT (QTc) and its dispersion (QTcd) measurements and their relationships with LVH in HD patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This study used the database generated by a previous study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the university medical school under the number 0125.0258.000-10/2010 and a written informed consent was obtained from every patient. We conducted a case-control study with HD patients recruited from a single dialysis center and a control group matched by gender and age without overt kidney disease. HD patients should be on treatment for at least 3 months, in a schedule of 4-hour duration sessions, 3 times a week. The control group consisted of individuals referred for exercise testing at the university hospital. Participants should be aged between 18 and 70 years. Exclusion criteria were as follow: arrhythmias that prevent proper assessment of heart rate, presence of symptomatic heart disease, and, in the control group, an estimated glomerular filtration rate by the CKD-EPI equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> lower than 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. Regular medications were not discontinued for the study. Cardiac evaluation was performed in the interval between dialysis sessions, in the middle of the week, and consisted of clinical examination, transthoracic ECO, and ECG. Blood samples were collected before the HD procedure for determination of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein and hemoglobin. The urea reduction ratio (URR) was calculated as the average of the last three determinations prior to enrollment. In the control group, blood sample collection (for determination of C-reactive protein, creatinine and hemoglobin levels) and cardiac evaluation were performed 30 min before the exercise test. C-reactive protein was analyzed by an immunoturbidimetric assay (Dimension RxLMax, Siemens, Berlin, Germany).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>A two-dimensional transthoracic ECO was performed with GE VIVID 7 System (General Electric Company, USA) by an experienced echocardiographist without prior knowledge of the results of other tests. Determination of internal chamber size, global and segmental ventricular systolic function, diastolic function and structural changes were performed. Patients and controls were considered to have LVH if left ventricular mass index (LVMi) were higher than 88 g/m<sup>2</sup> in women and 102 g/m<sup>2</sup> in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiogram and QT measurement</title>
        <p>A 3-channel recorder was used for the electrocardiographic traces (Ergo 13, Heart Ware Co., Minas Gerais, Brazil). The twelve electrocardiographic leads were recorded on paper at a speed of 25 mm/s with patients at rest. Two observers (unaware of each other&#8217;s results) manually measured the QT and its dispersion on the same electrocardiographic traces at two different times with an interval of one week between measurements. QTs were measured using the method of the tangent,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in which the end of the T wave is defined at the intersection point of the tangent line, drawn at the point of greatest slope of the last portion of the T wave, with the baseline. In the presence of the U wave, the tangent was drawn crossing the meeting point between the U and T waves. The chosen leads were DII or V5 (which had the highest value of QT) and the cutoff value for an enlarged QTc was &#8805; 450 ms for men and &#8805; 460 ms for women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Leads in which a tangent could not be drawn because of unclear definition of T wave morphology were excluded from analysis. The correction of the QT for heart rate was performed by the method of Hodges<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> with the formula: QTc = QT + 1.75 (RR interval - 60). QT dispersion was obtained as usual, i.e. as the difference between the highest and the lowest QT value on a 12 lead ECG. Values of QTcd &gt; 60 ms were considered abnormal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation for normally distributed data and median and range otherwise. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and compared using the Fisher Test. Comparisons between two continuous variables were accomplished by the non-paired T test (for normal distribution) or its nonparametric equivalent (Mann-Whitney test). For evaluation of the reproducibility and reliability of QTc and QTcd measures, intra and inter observer agreement, and concordance tests were performed employing Pearson&#180;s correlation, Cohen's Kappa coefficient and Bland Altman diagram, respectively. Linear regression was used to analyze association of QTc and QTcd with LVH. p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalcversion 16.4.3 (Medcalcsoftware bvba, Belgium).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From a total of 125 patients from a single dialysis center, after application of exclusion criteria, 51 agreed to participate and signed the consent form. Ten patients did not show up for the exams resulting in 41 HD patients that concluded the study. From 41 control patients initially selected, 4 were excluded: 2 due to incomplete data and 2 had estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. Data for LVMi were available in 38 HD patients and 30 controls. The general features of participants are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The most common etiologies of the renal disease were: hypertensive nephrosclerosis (56%), chronic glomerulonephritis (17%), polycystic kidney disease (10%), and diabetic nephropathy (7%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General features of 41 patients and 37 controls and echocardiogram data available in 38 patients and 30 controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Hemodialysis patients</th>
              <th align="center">Controls</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">50 &#177; 14<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">50 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">0.975</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (51.2)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (48.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.145</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (65.9)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (48.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.402</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">25.1 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dialysis vintage, months</td>
              <td align="center">67.2 &#177; 47.3</td>
              <td align="center">n.a</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (9.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (10.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.467</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.104</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Familial CAD, f (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (36.6)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (43.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.669</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Familial hypertension, (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (63.4)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (54.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary, (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (80.5)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (59.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.082</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of blood pressure drugs (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (80.5)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (51.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.860</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">14 (34.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (16.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.411</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretic</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (21.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.599</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium channel blocker</td>
              <td align="center">5 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitor/ARB</td>
              <td align="center">12 (29.3)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (40.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.433</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clonidine</td>
              <td align="center">8 (19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alfa-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">6 (14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C-reactive protein, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 1.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">URR, %</td>
              <td align="center">68.7 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">n.a.</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">11.5&#177;1.4</td>
              <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular mass index, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">128 &#177; 52</td>
              <td align="center">107 &#177; 30</td>
              <td align="center">0.054</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular hypertrophy, % <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">0.118</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc, ms</td>
              <td align="center">418 &#177; 29</td>
              <td align="center">407 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">0.085</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTcd, ms</td>
              <td align="center">57 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">50 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">0.189</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Enlarged QTc<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">c</xref></sup>, %</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.268</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTcd &gt; 60 ms, %</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">0.314</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Mean &#177; S.D.;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>&gt; 110 g/m<sup>2</sup> for male and &gt;88 g/m<sup>2</sup> for female;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>&#8805; 450 msec for male and &#8805; 460 msec for female; ACE: angiotensin-converting&#8211;enzyme; ARB - AT1: receptor blocker; CAD: coronary artery disease; URR: urea reduction ratio; QTc: corrected QT interval; QTcd: Dispersion of QTc. Differences between continuous variables were tested by non-paired T test; For categorical variables, the Fisher Test was employed.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Systolic function of the left ventricle, as analyzed by the ejection fraction, was similar between groups (66.1 &#177; 10.1% <italic>vs.</italic> 68.6 &#177; 5.4% for HD patients and controls, respectively, p = 0.167). The mean LVMi and the prevalence of LVH tended to be higher in HD patients than in controls but statistical significance was not found (128 &#177; 52 g/m<sup>2</sup>
				<italic>vs.</italic> 107 &#177; 30 g/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.054 and 71% <italic>vs.</italic> 46%, p = 0.165, respectively).</p>
      <p>Observer 1 excluded for analysis 11 leads at the first measurement and 22 leads at the second one in HD group, and 36 leads and 44 leads at first and second measurement, respectively in the control group. Observer 2 excluded for analysis 13 leads at the first measurement and 18 at the second one in HD group, and 28 and 16 leads at first and second measurements, respectively in the control group.</p>
      <p>In HD patients, mean QTc and QTcd measures were 416.6 &#177; 29.5 ms and 48.3 &#177; 17.4 ms, respectively by observer 1, and 420.1 &#177; 30.6 ms and 65.9 &#177; 30.2 ms for observer 2. In controls, mean values for QTc and QTcd were 408 &#177; 30.0 ms and 47 &#177; 17.3 ms for observer 1 and 406.2 &#177; 27 ms and 54.6 &#177; 28.6msec for observer 2.</p>
      <p>Frequency distributions of both QTc and QTcd measures for patients and controls are in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. Intra and inter observer linear correlation coefficients for QTc and QTcd of HD patients and controls are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Intra and inter observer concordance (inter-rater agreement) of measures of QTc and QTcd for each group are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. The Bland Altman diagrams addressing intra and inter observer agreement for these variables are in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency distribution of corrected QT interval, QTc (panel A) and dispersion of QTc, QTcd (panel B) in 41 hemodialysis patients and 37 controls. Data refer to the mean values of the two observers.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0222-70112-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Intra- and interobserver linear correlation coefficients of QTc and QTcd in 41 hemodialysis patients and 37 controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Intraobserver<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Interobserver</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#961; (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#961; (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Patients</td>
              <td align="center">QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.83 (0.69 &#8211; 0.90)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 (0.85 &#8211; 0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">QTcd</td>
              <td align="center">0.50 (0.22 &#8211; 0.70)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 (0.53 &#8211; 0.84)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Controls</td>
              <td align="center">QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.62 &#8211; 0.88)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 (0.68 &#8211; 0.90)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">QTcd</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 (0.07 &#8211; 0.63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
              <td align="center">0.50 (0.22 &#8211; 0.71)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>observer 1; QTc: corrected QT interval; QTcd: dispersion of QTc; &#961;: Pearson correlation coefficient.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Intra- and inter-observer concordance (inter-rater agreement) of measures of QTc and QTcd in 41 hemodialysis patients and 37 controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Intraobserver<sup>a</sup></th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Interobserver</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#312; (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#312; (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Patients</td>
              <td align="center">QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.66 (0.36 &#8211; 0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.83 (0.60 &#8211; 1.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">QTcd</td>
              <td align="center">0.14 (&#8211;0.21 &#8211; 0.49)</td>
              <td align="center">0.44 (0.17 &#8211; 0.70)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Controls</td>
              <td align="center">QTc</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (1.0 &#8211; 1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.38 &#8211; 1.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">QTcd</td>
              <td align="center">0.37 (&#8211;0.07 &#8211; 0.80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32(&#8211;0.01 &#8211; 0.66)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Observer 1; &#312;: Cohen's Kappa coefficient; QTc: corrected QT interval; QTcd: dispersion of QTc.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intra-observer concordance (Bland Altman analysis of agreement) of measures of corrected QT interval, QTc (panel A) and dispersion of QTc, QTcd (panel B) in 41 hemodialysis patients and 37 controls of the study. Data refer to observer 1. Number of markers can be lower than the number of participants due to overlapping of markers.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0222-70112-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Linear regression of left ventricular mass index with corrected QT interval, QTc (panel A) and dispersion of QTc, QTcd (panel B) in 38 hemodialysis patients and thirty controls: data refer to observer 1.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0222-70112-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The association of QTc or QTcd with LVH was evaluated by linear regression analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). In HD patients, a poor but significant correlation was found between values of QTc interval and LVMi (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.12; p = 0.033). In contrast, no correlation was present between values of QTcd and LVMi (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.00; p = 0.940). For the control group, the correspondent values were R<sup>2</sup> = 0.00; p = 0.67 and R<sup>2</sup>= 0.00; p = 0.94, respectively.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>LVH is a frequent abnormality and a marker of cardiovascular events and death in HD patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Although alterations in QT are also associated with overall mortality and cardiovascular events in the general population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> studies correlating LVH and changes in QT in HD patients are scarce. In the present study, we analyzed the reproducibility and reliability of QTc and QTcd measurements and their relationship with LVH as diagnosed by ECO in HD patients and in a control group. For this purpose, we resorted to a database derived from a study in which HD patients suitable to engage in an exercise treadmill test were enrolled.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Mean age, gender distribution, skin color, and body mass index of patients and controls were similar. Since some diabetic patients were judged as not apt to undergo an exercise treadmill test, this may in part explain why diabetic patients have a low representation in our sample when compared to national data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and to international series.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In agreement with the majority of reported series, a notable number of the HD patients were in use of blood pressure drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Serum levels of C-reactive protein were greater in HD patients, which are well recognized for their chronic inflammatory state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> It should be pointed out that HD patients had a standard dialysis treatment as evidenced by their mean URR and mean hemoglobin levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence rate of LVH found in the ECO of HD patients (71%) is consistent with previous report<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and tended to be higher than in controls (46%), also in accordance with a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In contrast, left ventricular systolic function was similar in both groups, perhaps due to our recruitment criteria that privileged healthier patients able to undergo an exercise test.</p>
      <p>Mean QTc and QTcd in our sample were lower than the ones reported in major international studies on HD patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Again, one of the reasons that could account for this difference was our enrollment criteria, which excluded patients with overt heart failure who are more prone to QT alterations. In support of previous reports, the mean values for QTc and QTcd as well as the frequency of enlargement in each of these two parameters tended to be higher in HD patients than in controls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Other possible explanation for the discrepancy of our results in comparison to literature may reside in the methodology chosen for the measurement of the QT and the moment the ECG was performed. We decided not to use the traditional Bazett formula to calculate heart-rate-corrected QT. The decision was taken to comply with the current recommendations of ECG interpretation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> which explicitly discourage the use of Bazett formula because of its inability to properly correct the QT for heart rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It has long been known that the use of Bazett formula overestimate QT at fast heart rates and underestimate it at low heart rates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>. A recent well designed study found that the Hodges formula is associated with lower QTc variability over the whole range of the investigated heart rates and seem to be the most accurate in determining the correct QTc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> For measuring the QT, we preferred to use the tangent technique rather than the conventional methodology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A study conducted in a central ECG laboratory conclude that when ECGs are interpreted by trained readers using sophisticated on-screen tools and high quality digital ECGs recorders, the results are comparable for the tangent and the conventional method. However, the QT measured by the tangent method may be shorter than the conventional method by up to 10 milliseconds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> When QT measurements were manually evaluated by inexperienced readers on prints of 12-lead ECGs, the results were favorable to the method of tangent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Furthermore, we chose to record the electrocardiogram in the interdialytic period, instead of during the HD procedure, in contrast to most of the studies that addressed the relationship between electrolyte disturbances and QT changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When looking at the pattern of frequency distribution of QTc, it can be realized that baseline values of patients are higher than controls. Accordingly, mean values of QTc tended to be higher than in the control group. These findings are consistent with other studies and may be related to the higher prevalence of LVH and electrolyte imbalance in HD patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In contrast, distribution of QTcd looked frequencies very similar for patients and controls. It should be mentioned that many drugs, including some anti-hypertensive medications, are known to prolong the QT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Of note, the frequency of use of clonidine and alpha-blockers was higher in HD patients than in the controls and could potentially account for the differences in QT between groups. However, when consulting a website that is thought to be an excellent source of information regarding drugs that may affect the QT interval,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> such medications were not found in any of the four listed categories.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main purpose of our study was to address the reliability and reproducibility of QTc and QTcd measurements. A good correlation was found for the intraobserver measurements of QTc values in both, patients and controls. However, the intraobserver correlation of QTcd values for the two groups was poor. The interobserver values followed the same trend but, as a whole, correlation tended to be a little bit better than for the intraobserver measures probably because the mean of the two measures made by each observer was used for comparisons.</p>
      <p>Values of kappa coefficient showed a strong intra- and interobserver agreement for QTc values and a weak one for QTcd for both patients and controls. In the Bland-Altman plots, our results showed concordance between measures of QTc, except in the intraobserver analysis of patients group. For QTcd we found a biased proportion in interobserver analysis of control group and absence of concordance in interobserver analysis of patients&#8217; group. In summary, we found that QTcd results for reproducibility and reliability were significantly poorer than QTc, in accordance to previous reports in healthy subjects,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> patients with cardiovascular disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> or undergoing HD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> discouraging the use of QTcd routinely. In contrast, QTc seems to be a reliable and reproducible measure.</p>
      <p>A linear regression was applied to assess the relationship of QTc and QTcd with LVH. In patients, a poor but significant correlation was found between values of QTc interval and LVMi and no correlation was found for QTcd. In the control group, there was no correlation between values of either QTc or QTcd interval and LVMi. The absence of correlation between LVH and QTc in the control group could be accounted for by the fact that we enrolled volunteers assigned to undergo an exercise treadmill test and had a high chance to have coronary artery disease. Predisposing risk factors for QTc prolongation include advanced age, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, myocardial ischemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, elevated serum cholesterol, high body mass index, slow heart rate, electrolyte imbalance (including hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia) and drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> In the control group, in which the prevalence of LVH was not as high as in HD patients, ischemic alterations may have prevailed upon muscle hypertrophy as mechanism affecting repolarization.</p>
      <p>The link between LVH and prolonged QT found in HD patients in the present study has previously been demonstrated by a number of authors in patients with hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and also in HD patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> However, the correlation between QTcd and LVH in HD patients is uncertain with some studies reporting positive correlation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and others, corroborating our findings, absence of correlation between these variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> The current review of literature on the electric heterogeneity in LVH allows us to conclude that electrical disturbances do indicate ventricular structural abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> The relationship between LVH and prolonged QTc has a rational biological basis although the cause of the phenomenon has not been completely defined. In the hypertrophic myocardium, multiple pathological changes occur, such as myocardial fibrosis, myocyte hypertrophy, cell death, and neurohormonal dysregulation that may have an important effect on QTc prolongation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> The reasons for the contradictory results of the link between QTcd and LVH in the literature can probably be explained by the poor reproducibility and reliability of QTcd.</p>
      <p>The present study carries some limitations such as the relatively small number of patients and the exclusion criteria. Further studies involving larger patient populations are needed to determine associations between alterations in QTc interval or its dispersion and LVH, and to determine the optimal time to measure these parameters (pre-dialysis, during dialysis, or after dialysis), as well as the standardization of cut off points for these parameters, techniques of measurements and correction for heart rate.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, we found that QTc interval, in contrast to QTcd, is a reproducible and reliable measure and had a weak but positive correlation with LVMi in HD patients. Our findings suggest that precision of measurement can be improved if the mean of two measures are obtained using the tangent technique and by the application of Hodges formulae to correct QT interval.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria Ang&#233;lica Gon&#231;alves Alonso, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Harnett JD, Foley RN, Kent GM, Barre PE, Murray D, Parfrey PS. Congestive heart failure in dialysis patients: prevalence, incidence, prognosis and risk factors. Kidney Int. 1995;47(3):884-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harnett</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foley</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kent</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barre</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murray</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parfrey</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Congestive heart failure in dialysis patients: prevalence, incidence, prognosis and risk factors</article-title>
          <source>Kidney Int</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>884</fpage>
          <lpage>890</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Di Lullo L, Gorini A, Russo D, Santoboni A, Ronco C. Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease patients: from pathophysiology to treatment. Cardiorenal Med. 2015;5(4):254-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Di Lullo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gorini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santoboni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ronco</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease patients: from pathophysiology to treatment</article-title>
          <source>Cardiorenal Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>254</fpage>
          <lpage>266</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Dimopoulos S, Nicosia F, Donati P, Prometti P, De Vecchi M, Zulli R, et al. QT dispersion and left ventricular hypertrophy in elderly hypertensive and normotensive patients. Angiology. 2008;59(5):605-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dimopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicosia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donati</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prometti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Vecchi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zulli</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT dispersion and left ventricular hypertrophy in elderly hypertensive and normotensive patients</article-title>
          <source>Angiology</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>605</fpage>
          <lpage>612</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Okin PM, Devereux RB, Howard BV, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Welty TK. Assessment of QT interval and QT dispersion for prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2000;101(1):61-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okin</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabsitz</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welty</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of QT interval and QT dispersion for prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Niemeijer MN, van den Berg ME, Eijgelsheim M, van Herpen G, Stricker BH, Kors JA, et al. Short-term QT variability markers for the prediction of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death: a systematic review. Heart. 2014;100(23):1831-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Niemeijer</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van den Berg</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eijgelsheim</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Herpen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stricker</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kors</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-term QT variability markers for the prediction of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>1831</fpage>
          <lpage>1836</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Davey P. A new physiological method for heart rate correction of the QT interval. Heart. 1999;82(2):183-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davey</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A new physiological method for heart rate correction of the QT interval</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>183</fpage>
          <lpage>186</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Sagie A, Larson MG, Goldberg RJ, Bengtson JR, Levy D. An improved method for adjusting the QT interval for heart rate (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 1992;70(7):797-801.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sagie</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bengtson</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An improved method for adjusting the QT interval for heart rate (the Framingham Heart Study)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>797</fpage>
          <lpage>801</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Carreira MA, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, et al. Detection of autonomic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients using the exercise treadmill test: the role of the chronotropic index, heart rate recovery, and R-R variability. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128123.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carreira</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pena</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiuchi</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detection of autonomic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients using the exercise treadmill test: the role of the chronotropic index, heart rate recovery, and R-R variability</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0128123</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, et al; CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604-12. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(6):408.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levey</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stevens</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmid</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>HI</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>150</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>604</fpage>
          <lpage>612</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(6):408.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):233-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernande</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>233</fpage>
          <lpage>270</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Postema PG, De Jong JS, Van der Bilt IA, Wilde AA. Accurate electrocardiographic assessment of the QT interval: Teach the tangent. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(7):1015-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Postema</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Jong</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van der Bilt</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilde</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accurate electrocardiographic assessment of the QT interval: Teach the tangent</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1015</fpage>
          <lpage>1018</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, Childers R, Deal BJ, et al; American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; American College of Cardiology Foundation; Heart Rhythm Society. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am CollCardiol. 2009;53(11):982-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rautaharju</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Surawicz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gettes</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Childers</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deal</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology Foundation</collab>
            <collab>Heart Rhythm Society</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society</article-title>
          <source>J Am CollCardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>982</fpage>
          <lpage>991</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Salles GF, Cardoso CRL, Deccache W. Multivariate associates of QT interval parameters in diabetic patients with arterial hypertension: importance of left ventricular mass and geometric patterns. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17(8):561-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salles</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>CRL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deccache</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multivariate associates of QT interval parameters in diabetic patients with arterial hypertension: importance of left ventricular mass and geometric patterns</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>567</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Guney M, Ozkok A, Caliskan Y, Pusuroglu H, Yazici H, Tepe S, et al. QT dispersion predicts mortality and correlates with both coronary artery calcification and atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(3):599-605.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guney</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozkok</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caliskan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pusuroglu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yazici</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tepe</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT dispersion predicts mortality and correlates with both coronary artery calcification and atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients</article-title>
          <source>Int Urol Nephrol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>599</fpage>
          <lpage>605</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 de Bruyne MC, Hoes AW, Kors JA, Hofman A, Van Bemmel JA, Grobbee DE. Prolonged QT interval predicts cardiac and all-cause mortality in the elderly. Eur Heart J. 1999;20(4):278-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Bruyne</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoes</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kors</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hofman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Bemmel</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grobbee</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prolonged QT interval predicts cardiac and all-cause mortality in the elderly</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>278</fpage>
          <lpage>284</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Sesso RC, Lopes AA, Thom&#233; FS, Lugon JR, Martins CT. Brazilian Chronic Dialysis Census 2014. J Bras Nefrol. 2016;38(1):54-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sesso</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thom&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lugon</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Chronic Dialysis Census 2014</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Nefrol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>54</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 United States Renal Data System. 2011 Annual Data Report. Collins AJ, Foley RN, Chavers B, Gilbertson D, Herzog C, Johansen K, et al. Atlas of chronic kidney disease &amp; end-stage renal disease in the United States: incidence, prevalence, patient characteristics, and treatment modalities. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(1 Suppl 1):e1-420.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>United States Renal Data System. 2011 Annual Data Report</collab>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foley</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chavers</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilbertson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herzog</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johansen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atlas of chronic kidney disease &amp; end-stage renal disease in the United States: incidence, prevalence, patient characteristics, and treatment modalities</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>420</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Vega A, P&#233;rez Garc&#237;a R, Abad S, Verde E, L&#243;pez G&#243;mez JM, Jofr&#233; R, et al. Peripheral vascular disease: prevalence, mortality and relationship with inflammation in hemodialysis. Nefrologia. 2008;28(3):311-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vega</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez Garc&#237;a</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abad</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verde</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez G&#243;mez</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jofr&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Peripheral vascular disease: prevalence, mortality and relationship with inflammation in hemodialysis</article-title>
          <source>Nefrologia</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>311</fpage>
          <lpage>316</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Alseiari M, Meyer KB, Wong JB. Evidence Underlying KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) guideline recommendations: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(3):417-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alseiari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence Underlying KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) guideline recommendations: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>417</fpage>
          <lpage>422</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Jakubovic BD, Wald R, Goldstein MB, Leong-Poi H, Yuen DA, Perl J, et al. Comparative assessment of 2-dimensional echocardiography vs cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in measuring left ventricular mass in patients with and without end-stage renal disease. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29(3):384-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jakubovic</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wald</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leong-Poi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuen</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perl</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparative assessment of 2-dimensional echocardiography vs cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in measuring left ventricular mass in patients with and without end-stage renal disease</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>384</fpage>
          <lpage>390</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Stewart GA, Gansevoort RT, Mark PB, Rooney E, McDonagh TA, Dargie HJ, et al. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and uremic cardiomyopathy. Kidney Int. 2005;67(1):217-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gansevoort</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mark</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rooney</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dargie</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrocardiographic abnormalities and uremic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Kidney Int</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>217</fpage>
          <lpage>226</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Familoni OB, Alebiosu CO, Ayodele OE. Effects and outcome of haemodialysis on QT intervals and QT dispersion in patients with chronic kidney disease. Cardiovasc J S Afr. 2006;17(1):19-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Familoni</surname>
              <given-names>OB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alebiosu</surname>
              <given-names>CO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayodele</surname>
              <given-names>OE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects and outcome of haemodialysis on QT intervals and QT dispersion in patients with chronic kidney disease</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc J S Afr</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>19</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Bignotto LH, Kall&#225;s ME, Djouki RJ, Sassaki MM, Voss GO, Soto CL, et al. Electrocardiographic findings in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Bras Nefrol. 2012;34(3):235-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bignotto</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kall&#225;s</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Djouki</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sassaki</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voss</surname>
              <given-names>GO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soto</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrocardiographic findings in chronic hemodialysis patients</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Nefrol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>235</fpage>
          <lpage>242</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Valentim B, Pereira A, Coelho P, Pereira T. Study of ventricular electrical systole in patients with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(3):261-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Valentim</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Study of ventricular electrical systole in patients with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>261</fpage>
          <lpage>268</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Nie Y, Zou J, Liang Y, Shen B, Liu Z, Cao X, et al. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and QTc interval in patients undergoing hemodialysis. PLoS One. 2016;12;11(5):e0155445.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nie</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrocardiographic abnormalities and QTc interval in patients undergoing hemodialysis</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0155445</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Lorincz I, M&#225;tyus J, Zilahi Z, Kun C, Kar&#225;nyi Z, Kakuk G. QT dispersion in patients with end-stage renal failure and during hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(6):1297-302.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lorincz</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#225;tyus</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zilahi</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kun</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kar&#225;nyi</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kakuk</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT dispersion in patients with end-stage renal failure and during hemodialysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1297</fpage>
          <lpage>1302</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Schouten EG, Dekker JM, Meppelink P, Kok FJ, Vandenbroucke JP, Pool J. QT interval prolongation predicts cardiovascular mortality in an apparently healthy population. Circulation. 1991;84(4):1516-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schouten</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dekker</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meppelink</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kok</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vandenbroucke</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pool</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT interval prolongation predicts cardiovascular mortality in an apparently healthy population</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1516</fpage>
          <lpage>1523</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Chiladakis J, Kalogeropoulos A, Arvanitis P, Koutsogiannis N, Zagli F, Alexopoulos D. Preferred QT correction formula for the assessment of drug-induced QT interval prolongation. J CardiovascElectrophysiol. 2010;21(8):905-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chiladakis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalogeropoulos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arvanitis</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koutsogiannis</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zagli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preferred QT correction formula for the assessment of drug-induced QT interval prolongation</article-title>
          <source>J CardiovascElectrophysiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>905</fpage>
          <lpage>913</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Hingorani P, Karnad DR, Panicker GK, Deshmukh S, Kothari S, Narula D. Differences between QT and RR intervals in digital and digitized paper electrocardiograms: contribution of the printer, scanner, and digitization process. J Electrocardiol. 2008;41(5):370-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hingorani</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karnad</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panicker</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deshmukh</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kothari</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narula</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differences between QT and RR intervals in digital and digitized paper electrocardiograms: contribution of the printer, scanner, and digitization process</article-title>
          <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>370</fpage>
          <lpage>375</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Hashemi SR, Noshad H, Yazdaninia I, Sohrabi B, Separham A. QT dispersion in the electrocardiogram in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014;25(3):524-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hashemi</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noshad</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yazdaninia</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sohrabi</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Separham</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT dispersion in the electrocardiogram in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients</article-title>
          <source>Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>524</fpage>
          <lpage>529</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Tisdale JE. Drug-induced QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes: role of the pharmacist in risk assessment, prevention and management. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2016;149(3):139-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tisdale</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Drug-induced QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes: role of the pharmacist in risk assessment, prevention and management</article-title>
          <source>Can Pharm J (Ott)</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>152</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Schwartz PJ, Woosley RL. Predicting the unpredictable: drug-induced QT prolongation and Torsades de Pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13):1639-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woosley</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predicting the unpredictable: drug-induced QT prolongation and Torsades de Pointes</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1639</fpage>
          <lpage>1650</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 CREDIBLEMEDS. Qt drugs list (registration required). [Internet]. [Cited in 2016 Dec 10]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://crediblemeds.org/index.php/login/dicheck">https://crediblemeds.org/index.php/login/dicheck</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>CREDIBLEMEDS</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Qt drugs list (registration required)</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2016 Dec 10</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://crediblemeds.org/index.php/login/dicheck">https://crediblemeds.org/index.php/login/dicheck</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Kautzner J, Yi G, Camm AJ, Malik M. Short- and long-term reproducibility of QT, QTc, and QT dispersion measurement in healthy subjects. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1994;17(5 Pt 1):928-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kautzner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short- and long-term reproducibility of QT, QTc, and QT dispersion measurement in healthy subjects</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>928</fpage>
          <lpage>937</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Gang Y, Guo XH, Crook R, Hnatkova K, Camm AJ, Malik M. Computerised measurements of QT dispersion in healthy subjects. Heart. 1998;80(5):459-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>XH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crook</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hnatkova</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Computerised measurements of QT dispersion in healthy subjects</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>459</fpage>
          <lpage>466</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Savelieva I, Yap YG, Yi G, Guo X, Camm AJ, Malik M. Comparative reproducibility of QT, QT peak, and T peak-T end intervals and dispersion in normal subjects, patients with myocardial infarction, and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21(11 Pt 2):2376-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Savelieva</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yap</surname>
              <given-names>YG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparative reproducibility of QT, QT peak, and T peak-T end intervals and dispersion in normal subjects, patients with myocardial infarction, and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 2</issue-part>
          <fpage>2376</fpage>
          <lpage>2381</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Kyriazis J, Pikounis V, Smirnioudis N. Use of the QTc interval and QTc dispersion in patients on haemodialysis: assessment of reproducibility. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(2):516-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kyriazis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pikounis</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smirnioudis</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of the QTc interval and QTc dispersion in patients on haemodialysis: assessment of reproducibility</article-title>
          <source>Nephrol Dial Transplant</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>516</fpage>
          <lpage>517</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Al-Khatib SM, LaPointe NM, Kramer JM, Califf RM. What clinicians should know about the QT interval. JAMA. 2003;289(16):2120-7. Erratum in: JAMA. 2003;290(10):1318</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Khatib</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LaPointe</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kramer</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Califf</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What clinicians should know about the QT interval</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>2120</fpage>
          <lpage>2127</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: JAMA. 2003;290(10):1318</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Gao C, Yang D. Electrical inhomogeneity in left ventricular hypertrophy. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014;69(3):399-404.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrical inhomogeneity in left ventricular hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Cell Biochem Biophys</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>399</fpage>
          <lpage>404</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Kang YJ. Cardiac hypertrophy: a risk factor for QT-prolongation and cardiac sudden death. Toxicol Pathol. 2006;34(1):58-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac hypertrophy: a risk factor for QT-prolongation and cardiac sudden death</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Pathol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>58</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reprodutibilidade e Confiabilidade das Medidas de QTc e DQTc e suas Rela&#231;&#245;es com a Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda em Pacientes em Hemodi&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alonso</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ang&#233;lica Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valentine de Almeida Costa de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angela Magalh&#227;es de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lugon</surname>
            <given-names>Jocemir Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Ang&#233;lica Gon&#231;alves Alonso,</bold> Rua Santos Dumont, 24/404. CEP 24220-280, Icara&#237;, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mangelica180@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Alonso MAG, Carreira MAMQ, Lugon JR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Alonso MAG, Lima VACC, Carreira MAMQ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Alonso MAG, Lima VACC, Carreira MAMQ, Lugon JR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Alonso MAG, Lima VACC, Lugon JR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Alonso MAG, Lugon JR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Alonso MAG, Carreira MAMQ, Lugon JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) &#233; muito comum em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e um fator de risco independente de mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. O remodelamento do mioc&#225;rdio, subjacente &#224; HVE, pode afetar a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, causando anormalidades no intervalo QT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>avaliar a reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade das medidas do intervalo QT corrigido (QTc) e sua dispers&#227;o (QTcd), e correlacionar esses par&#226;metros com HVE em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo caso-controle envolvendo pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e um grupo controle. Foram realizados avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, coleta de sangue, ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, e eletrocardiograma. Testes de correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador foram realizados por correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, coeficiente kappa de Cohen e diagrama de Bland Altman. A regress&#227;o linear foi usada para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre QTc ou QTcd e HE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Quarenta e um pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e 37 controles completaram o estudo. Houve uma tend&#234;ncia de os pacientes apresentarem valores mais altos de QTc, QTcd e de &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda que os controles, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Os testes de correla&#231;&#227;o e de concord&#226;ncia apresentaram melhores resultados para QTc que para QTcd. Em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise, uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca, mas significativa foi encontrada entre QTc e IMVE (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,12; p = 0,03). N&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre QTcd e IMVE (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,00; p=0,940). Para o grupo controle, esses valores correspondentes foram R<sup>2</sup> = 0,00; p = 0,67 e R<sup>2</sup> = 0,00; p = 0,94, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>o intervalo QTc, diferentemente do intervalo QTcd, &#233; uma medida reprodut&#237;vel e confi&#225;vel, e apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca, mas positiva com o IMVE em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise Renal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar da melhora na qualidade da di&#225;lise ao longo dos anos, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica ainda t&#234;m uma alta taxa de mortalidade. A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca continua sendo a principal causa de morte nesses pacientes, e as anormalidades cardiovasculares mais comuns s&#227;o a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE). A HVE &#233; muito comum em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise (HD), e um fator de risco independente de mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O remodelamento do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o &#233; um fen&#244;meno homog&#234;neo e pode afetar a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, causando anormalidades n&#227;o homog&#234;neas no intervalo QT (QT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O QT representa a s&#237;stole ventricular el&#233;trica e a dispers&#227;o do intervalo (QTd), definida como a diferen&#231;a entre o QT m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo no eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, reflete a heterogeneidade regional da repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. V&#225;rios estudos relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores aumentados de qualquer desses par&#226;metros e mortalidade por todas as causas, morte s&#250;bita, arritmias ventriculares e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A medida do QT n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa f&#225;cil e envolve dificuldades no reconhecimento do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS e especialmente do final da onda T, as deriva&#231;&#245;es escolhidas para medir o intervalo QT variam entre os estudos, existe mais de uma f&#243;rmula para ajustar o intervalo QT para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e, finalmente, os valores de corte tanto do QT como do QTd n&#227;o s&#227;o bem definidos, e o ajuste por sexo nesse sentido &#233; question&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Enquanto o ECG est&#225; dispon&#237;vel na maioria dos centros de di&#225;lise, o ecocardiograma (ECO), m&#233;todo padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE, n&#227;o est&#225;. Diante disso, decidimos investigar a reprodutibilidade e a confiabilidade de medidas do QT corrigido (QTc) e sua dispers&#227;o (QTcd) e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com HVE em pacientes em HD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, utilizamos o banco de dados gerado em um estudo pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O protocolo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (n&#250;mero 0125.0258.000-10/2010), e um consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de cada paciente. Realizamos um estudo caso-controle com pacientes em HD recrutados de um &#250;nico centro de di&#225;lise, e um grupo controle pareado por sexo e idade, sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal. Os pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise deveriam estar em tratamento por no m&#237;nimo 3 meses, em sess&#245;es de 4 horas de dura&#231;&#227;o, 3 vezes por semana. O grupo controle consistiu em indiv&#237;duos encaminhados ao hospital universit&#225;rio para realizarem teste de exerc&#237;cio. Os participantes deveriam ter idade entre 18 e 70 anos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: arritmias que prejudicariam a avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica e, no grupo controle, uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada pela equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> menor que 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>. O uso regular de medicamentos n&#227;o foi interrompido para o estudo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi realizada no intervalo entre as sess&#245;es de di&#225;lise no meio da semana, e consistiu de exames cl&#237;nicos, ECO transtor&#225;cico, e ECG. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes da sess&#227;o de HD para a determina&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C-reativa e hemoglobina. A taxa de redu&#231;&#227;o da ureia (URR) foi calculada como a m&#233;dia das tr&#234;s &#250;ltimas medidas antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo. No grupo controle, a coleta de sangue (para determina&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na C-reativa, creatinina e hemoglobina), e a avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foram realizadas 30 minutos antes do teste de exerc&#237;cio. A prote&#237;na C-reativa foi analisada por imunoturbidimetria (Dimension RxLMax, Siemens, Berlim, Alemanha).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
          <p>Um ECO transtor&#225;cico bidimensional System (General Electric Company, EUA) foi realizado por um ecocardiografista experiente, sem conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos resultados dos outros testes, utilizando o sistema GE VIVID 7. Foram determinados o tamanho interno da c&#226;mara e a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global e segmentar. O crit&#233;rio de diagn&#243;stico de HVE em pacientes e controles foi a presen&#231;a de um &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) maior que 88g/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres e 102 g/m<sup>2</sup> em homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma e medida do QT</title>
          <p>Os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram registrados por um aparelho de 3 canais (Ergo 13, Heart Ware Co., Minas Gerais, Brasil). As doze deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram registradas em papel a velocidade de 25 mm/s com os pacientes em repouso. Dois observadores (cada um desconhecia os resultados do outro) mediram o QT e sua dispers&#227;o manualmente, nos mesmos tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em dois momentos, com um intervalo de uma semana entre as medidas. Os intervalos foram medidos pelo m&#233;todo da tangente, em que o final da onda T &#233; definido no ponto de interse&#231;&#227;o da linha tangente, desenhada no ponto de maior inclina&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o final da onda T, com a linha de base.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Na presen&#231;a da onda U, a tangente foi desenhada atravessando-se o ponto de encontro entre as ondas U e T. As deriva&#231;&#245;es escolhidas foram DII ou V5 (que apresentou o maior valor do QT), e o valor de corte para um QTc aumentado foi &#8805; 450 ms para homens e &#8805; 460 ms para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As deriva&#231;&#245;es em que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel tra&#231;ar uma tangente devido &#224; m&#225; defini&#231;&#227;o da morfologia da onda T foram exclu&#237;das das an&#225;lises. A corre&#231;&#227;o do QT para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Hodges,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> utilizando-se a seguinte f&#243;rmula: QTc = QT + 1,75 (intervalo RR - 60). A dispers&#227;o do QT foi obtida pelo m&#233;todo usual, i.e., como a diferen&#231;a entre o valor mais alto e o valor mais baixo do QT em um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Valores de QTcd &gt; 60 ms foram considerados anormais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou em mediana e intervalo para dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias e comparadas pelo teste de Fisher. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre duas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram realizadas pelo teste T n&#227;o pareado (se distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou seu equivalente n&#227;o param&#233;trico (teste de Mann-Whitney). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade das medidas de QTc e QTcd, concord&#226;ncia intra e interobservadores e testes de concord&#226;ncia, foram aplicados a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, o coeficiente de Cohen Kappa, e o diagrama de Bland Altman, respectivamente. A regress&#227;o linear foi usada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de QTc e QTcd com HVE. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. An&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) e MedCalcversion 16.4.3 (Medcalcsoftware bvba, B&#233;lgica).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De um total de 125 pacientes de um centro de di&#225;lise, ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 51 concordaram em participar e assinaram o termo de consentimento. Dez pacientes n&#227;o compareceram para os exames, resultando 41 pacientes em HD que conclu&#237;ram o estudo. Dos 41 pacientes controle inicialmente selecionados, 4 foram exclu&#237;dos: 2 por dados incompletos e 2 por apresentaram taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>. Os dados de IMVE estavam dispon&#237;veis de 38 pacientes em HD e 30 controles. As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos participantes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. As etiologias mais comuns da doen&#231;a renal foram: nefrosclerose hipertensiva (56%), glomerulonefrite cr&#244;nica (17%), doen&#231;a renal polic&#237;stica (10%), e nefropatia diab&#233;tica (7%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais de 41 pacientes e 37 controles e dados de ecocardiografia dispon&#237;veis de 38 pacientes e 30 controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise</th>
                <th align="center">Controles</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 14<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,975</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (51,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (48,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,145</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o brancos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (65,9)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (48,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,402</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">25,1 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de di&#225;lise, meses</td>
                <td align="center">67,2 &#177; 47,3</td>
                <td align="center">n,a</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC familiar (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (36,6)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (43,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,669</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o familiar (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (63,4)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (54,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (59,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (51,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,860</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">14 (34,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,411</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,599</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (40,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,433</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clonidina</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alfabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C-reativa, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 1,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">URR, %</td>
                <td align="center">68,7 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">n,a,</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">11,5&#177;1,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMVE, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">128 &#177; 52</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HVE, % <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc, ms</td>
                <td align="center">418 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">407 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTcd, ms</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">0,189</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref></sup> aumentado%</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,268</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTcd&gt; 60 ms, %</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">0,314</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; DP.;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>&gt; 110 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e &gt; 88 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>&#8805; 450 ms para homens e &#8805; 460 ms para mulheres; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: antagonista do receptor da angiotensina II; URR: taxa de redu&#231;&#227;o da ureia; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HVE: hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; QTc: intervalo QT corrigido; QTcd: dispers&#227;o do QTc. Diferen&#231;as entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas pelo teste t n&#227;o pareado; para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi usado o teste de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, analisada pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, foi similar entre os grupos (66,1 &#177; 10,1% <italic>vs.</italic> 68,6 &#177; 5,4% para pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e controles, respectivamente, p = 0,167). O IMVE m&#233;dio e a preval&#234;ncia de HVE tenderam a ser maior nos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise que nos controles, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (128&#177;52 g/m<sup>2</sup>
					<italic>vs.</italic> 107 &#177; 30 g/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,054 e 71% <italic>vs.</italic> 46%, p = 0,165, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>O observador 1 excluiu das an&#225;lises 11 deriva&#231;&#245;es na primeira medi&#231;&#227;o e 22 deriva&#231;&#245;es na segunda medi&#231;&#227;o no grupo HD, e 36 deriva&#231;&#245;es na primeira medida e 44 na segunda no grupo controle. O observador 2 excluiu das an&#225;lises 13 deriva&#231;&#245;es na primeira medi&#231;&#227;o e 22 deriva&#231;&#245;es na segunda medi&#231;&#227;o no grupo HD, e 28 deriva&#231;&#245;es na primeira medida e 16 na segunda medi&#231;&#227;o no grupo controle.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes em HD, as m&#233;dias de QTc e QTcd foram 416,6 &#177; 29,5 ms e 48,3 &#177; 17,4 ms, respectivamente, pelo observador 1, e 408 &#177; 30,0 ms e 47 &#177; 17,3 ms, respectivamente, pelo observador 2. No grupo controle, as m&#233;dias de QTc e QTcd foram 408,6 &#177; 30 ms e 47,0 &#177; 17,3 ms, respectivamente, pelo observador 1, e 406,2 &#177; 27 ms e 54,6 &#177; 28,6 ms, respectivamente, pelo observador 2.</p>
        <p>As distribui&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncia das medidas de QTc e QTcd dos pacientes e controles encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>, e os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o linear intraobservador e interobservador para QTc e QTcd de pacientes em HD e controles na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. A concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador (&#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia entre avaliadores) das medidas de QTc e QTcd para cada grupo encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. Os diagramas de Bland Altman representando a concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador para essas vari&#225;veis encontram-se nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia do intervalo QT corrigido, QTc (A) e dispers&#227;o do QTc, QTcd (B) nos 41 pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e 37 controles do estudo; dados referentes aos valores m&#233;dios dos dois avaliadores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0222-70112-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o linear intraobservador e interobservador para QTc e QTcd de 41 pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e 37 controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Intraobservador<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Interobservador</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#961; (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">&#961; (IC95%I)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,69 &#8211; 0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 (0,85 &#8211; 0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">QTcd</td>
                <td align="center">0,50 (0,22 &#8211; 0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,53 &#8211; 0,84)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Controles</td>
                <td align="center">QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,62 &#8211; 0,88)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 (0,68 &#8211; 0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">QTcd</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 (0,07 &#8211; 0,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">0,50 (0,22 &#8211; 0,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>observador 1; QTc: intervalo QT corrigido; QTcd: dispers&#227;o do QTc; &#961;: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador das medidas de QTc e QTcd (&#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia entre avaliadores) em 41 pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e 37 controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Intraobservador<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Interobserver</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#312; (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">&#312; (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 (0,36 - 0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,60 - 1,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">QTcd</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 (-0,21 - 0,49)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44 (0,17 - 0,70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Controles</td>
                <td align="center">QTc</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (1,0 - 1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,38 - 1,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">QTcd</td>
                <td align="center">0,37 (-0,07 - 0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32(-0,01 - 0,66)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Observador 1; &#312;: coeficiente Kappa de Cohen; QTc: intervalo QT corrigido; QTcd: dispers&#227;o do QTc.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concord&#226;ncia intraobservador (an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia de Bland Altman) das medidas do intervalo QT corrigido, QTc (A) e dispers&#227;o do QTc, QTcd (B) em 41 pacientes e 37 controles. Dados referente ao observador 1. O n&#250;mero de marcadores pode ser menor que o n&#250;mero de participantes devido &#224; sobreposi&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0222-70112-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regress&#227;o linear do &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda com intervalo QT corrigido, QTc (A) e dispers&#227;o do QTc, QTcd (B) em 38 pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e 30 controles; dados referentes ao observador 1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0222-70112-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o do QTc e do QTcd com HVE foi avaliada por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). No grupo HD, foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o baixa, por&#233;m significativa entre os valores de QTc e IMVE (R<sup>2</sup>= 0,12; p = 0,033). Por outro lado, n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre valores de QTcd e IMVE (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,00; p = 0,940). Para o grupo controle, os valores correspondentes foram R<sup>2</sup> = 0,00; p = 0,67 e R<sup>2</sup>= 0,00; p = 0,94, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A HVE &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o anormal frequente e um marcador de eventos cardiovasculares e morte em pacientes em HD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Apesar de altera&#231;&#245;es no QT estarem tamb&#233;m associadas com mortalidade global e eventos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o geral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> estudos correlacionando a HVE e altera&#231;&#245;es no QT em pacientes em HD s&#227;o escassos. No presente estudo, n&#243;s analisamos a reprodutibilidade e a confiabilidade do QTc e QTcd e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com HVE diagnosticado por ECO em pacientes em HD e em um grupo controle. Para isso, recorremos a uma base de dados de um estudo que incluiu pacientes em HD capazes de participarem em um teste de exerc&#237;cio na esteira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A idade m&#233;dia, a distribui&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;nero, cor de pele e &#237;ndice de massa corporal dos pacientes e controles foram similares. Alguns dos pacientes foram considerados n&#227;o aptos a participarem do teste de esfor&#231;o, o que pode explicar, em parte, por que pacientes diab&#233;ticos tiveram baixa representatividade na nossa amostra quando comparados a dados nacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e internacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em concord&#226;ncia com a maioria das s&#233;ries relatadas, um n&#250;mero not&#225;vel de pacientes em HD usavam medicamentos para controle de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de prote&#237;na C-reativa foram maiores em pacientes em HD, o que &#233; bem reconhecido dado seu estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Deve-se ressaltar que os pacientes em HD receberam tratamento dial&#237;tico padr&#227;o, evidenciado pelos valores m&#233;dios de URR e hemoglobina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A taxa de preval&#234;ncia de HVE encontrada no ECO de pacientes em HD (71%) est&#225; de acordo com o relatado em um estudo pr&#233;vio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e tendeu a ser maior que nos indiv&#237;duos controles (46%), o que tamb&#233;m est&#225; de acordo com um estudo pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Por outro lado, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi similar em ambos os grupos, talvez devido aos nossos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, que privilegiaram indiv&#237;duos mais saud&#225;veis, capazes de participarem em um teste de esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de QTc e QTcd na nossa amostra foram inferiores aos relatados nos principais estudos internacionais com pacientes em HD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Mais uma vez, uma das poss&#237;veis raz&#245;es para essa diferen&#231;a foi nosso crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o, que excluiu pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os quais t&#234;m maior tend&#234;ncia a apresentarem altera&#231;&#245;es no QT. Corroborando estudos pr&#233;vios, os valores m&#233;dios de QTc e QTcd e a frequ&#234;ncia de aumento em cada um desses dois par&#226;metros tenderam a ser maior nos pacientes em HD que em controles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a discrep&#226;ncia de nossos resultados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos da literatura encontra-se na metodologia escolhida para medir o QT e o momento em que o ECG foi realizado. Decidimos n&#227;o utilizar a f&#243;rmula tradicional de Bazett para o c&#225;lculo do QT corrigido pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> que enfatiza que tal f&#243;rmula n&#227;o &#233; capaz de corrigir adequadamente o QT para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Sabe-se h&#225; muito tempo que o uso da f&#243;rmula de Bazett superestima o QT quando a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; elevada, e o subestima quando a frequ&#234;ncia &#233; baixa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Um estudo recente, bem delineado, encontrou que a f&#243;rmula de Hodges est&#225; associada com menor variabilidade do QTc no intervalo de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca investigado, e parece ser mais preciso na determina&#231;&#227;o de um QTc correto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Para a medida do QT, preferimos utilizar a t&#233;cnica da tangente do que a metodologia convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Um estudo conduzido em um laborat&#243;rio central de ECG concluiu que quando os ECGs s&#227;o interpretados por pessoas treinadas, por meio de ferramentas sofisticadas e aparelhos digitais de ECGs de alta qualidade, os resultados s&#227;o compar&#225;veis aos obtidos pelo m&#233;todo da tangente e o m&#233;todo convencional. No entanto, o QT medido pelo m&#233;todo da tangente pode ser menor em at&#233; 10 ms em compara&#231;&#227;o ao medido pelo m&#233;todo convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Quando os valores de QT foram avaliados manualmente por pessoas inexperientes, utilizando impressos de ECGs de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, os resultados foram favor&#225;veis ao m&#233;todo da tangente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ainda, escolhemos registrar o eletrocardiograma no per&#237;odo interdial&#237;tico e n&#227;o durante a HD, diferentemente da maioria dos estudos que abordaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos e mudan&#231;as no QT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao observarmos o padr&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o de QTc, pode-se perceber que os valores basais de QTc s&#227;o maiores nos pacientes que nos controles. Esses achados s&#227;o consistentes com os de outros estudos, e podem estar relacionados com a maior preval&#234;ncia de HVE e desequil&#237;brio eletrol&#237;tico em pacientes em HD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Por outro lado, as distribui&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncia de QTcd pareceram muito similar para pacientes e controles. Deve-se mencionar que muitos medicamentos, incluindo algumas drogas anti-hipertensivas, prolongam o QT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> De fato, a frequ&#234;ncia do uso de clonidina e de alfabloqueadores foi maior nos pacientes em HD que nos controles, e poderia ter sido a causa das diferen&#231;as no QT entre os grupos. No entanto, ao consultar um <italic>site</italic> conhecido por ser uma excelente fonte de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre medicamentos que possam afetar o QT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> tais medicamentos n&#227;o foram encontrados em nenhuma dessas quatro categorias listadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O principal objetivo de nosso estudo foi avaliar a confiabilidade e a reprodutibilidade das medidas de QTc e QTcd. Uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o intraobservador foi encontrada para as medidas dos valores de QTc, tanto de pacientes como de controles. No entanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o intraobservador dos valores de QTcd foi baixa para ambos os grupos. Os valores interobservadores seguiram a mesma tend&#234;ncia, mas, de modo geral, a correla&#231;&#227;o tendeu a ser um pouco melhor que para as medidas intraobservador, provavelmente porque utilizou-se a m&#233;dia das duas medidas realizadas por cada observador para compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Os valores do coeficiente kappa mostraram uma forte concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador para os valores QTc, e uma fraca concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas de QTcd para ambos os grupos. Nos gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman, nossos resultados mostraram concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas de QTc, exceto pela an&#225;lise intraobservador do grupo de pacientes. Para QTcd, encontramos um vi&#233;s de propor&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise interobservador do grupo controle e aus&#234;ncia de concord&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise interobservador do grupo de pacientes. Em resumo, as an&#225;lises de reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade do QTcd mostraram resultados significativamente piores que QTc, em acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios realizados com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e pacientes em HD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> o que desencoraja o uso do QTcd como rotina. Por outro lado, o QTc parece ser uma medida confi&#225;vel e reprodut&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Uma regress&#227;o linear foi aplicada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o de QTc ou QTcd com HVE. Nos pacientes, uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca, por&#233;m significativa foi encontrada entre os valores do intervalo QTc e IMVE, e n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o para os valores de QTcd. No grupo controle, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre QTc ou QTcd e IMVE. A aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre HVE e QTc no grupo controle pode ser devido ao fato de que n&#243;s inclu&#237;mos volunt&#225;rios recrutados para se submeterem a um teste de esfor&#231;o na esteira, com alta chance de apresentarem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Fatores de risco predisponentes ao prolongamento do QTc incluem idade, HVE, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, colesterol s&#233;rico elevado, alto &#237;ndice de massa corporal, baixa frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, desequil&#237;brio eletrol&#237;tico (incluindo hipocalemia e hipomagnesemia), e drogas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> No grupo controle, no qual a preval&#234;ncia de HVE n&#227;o foi t&#227;o alta como nos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise, altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas podem ter sido mais frequentes que a hipertrofia muscular como mecanismo de dist&#250;rbio da repolariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A liga&#231;&#227;o entre HVE e QT prolongado nos pacientes em HD no presente estudo foi previamente demonstrada por muitos autores em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> No entanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre QTcd e HVE nos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise ainda &#233; incerta, uma vez que alguns estudos relataram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> enquanto outros indicaram aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis, corroborando nossos achados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A revis&#227;o atual da literatura acerca da heterogeneidade el&#233;trica na HVE nos permite concluir que dist&#250;rbios el&#233;tricos podem indicar anormalidades na estrutura ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Apesar de a rela&#231;&#227;o entre HVE e QTc prolongado ter uma base biol&#243;gica racional, a causa desse fen&#244;meno n&#227;o foi completamente definida. No mioc&#225;rdio hipertr&#243;fico, podem ocorrer muitas mudan&#231;as patol&#243;gicas, tais como fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, hipertrofia do mi&#243;cito, morte celular, e desregula&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal que podem ter um efeito importante sobre o prolongamento do QTc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> As raz&#245;es para os resultados contradit&#243;rios da liga&#231;&#227;o entre QTcd e HVE na literatura provavelmente podem ser explicados pela baixa reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade do QTcd.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, tais como o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes e os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o. Outros estudos envolvendo popula&#231;&#245;es maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar associa&#231;&#245;es entre altera&#231;&#245;es no intervalo QTc ou seu intervalo e HVE, e para determinar o melhor tempo para medir esses par&#226;metros (antes, durante ou ap&#243;s a di&#225;lise), bem como a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte para esses par&#226;metros, t&#233;cnicas de medidas e corre&#231;&#227;o para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o intervalo QTc, diferentemente do QTcd, &#233; uma medida reprodut&#237;vel e confi&#225;vel, e teve uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca, mas positiva com o IMVE em pacientes em HD. Nossos achados sugerem que a precis&#227;o da medida pode ser melhorada se a m&#233;dia de duas medidas for obtida usando a t&#233;cnica da tangente, e pela aplica&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula de Hodges para corrigir o intervalo QT.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Maria Ang&#233;lica Gon&#231;alves Alonso pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
