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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XrjzBCFFHmZqFBkTJq6ps3w</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170119</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005016101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictors of Mediastinitis Risk after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: Applicability of Score in 1.322 Cases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Delfino Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Maggi da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Abdala Karam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Antonieta Pereira de Moraes</bold>, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>antonieta_moraes@uol.com.br</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira FS, Freitas LDO, Silva ERR, Costa LM, Kalil RAK, Moraes MAP; Acquisition of data: Oliveira FS, Freitas LDO, Costa LM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva ERR, Kalil RAK, Moraes MAP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>207</fpage>
      <lpage>212</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Mediastinitis is a severe surgical complication of low incidence, but high lethality. Scores used in the preoperative period to stratify the risk of postoperative mediastinitis may contribute to improve the results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To test the applicability of the MagedanzSCORE in predicting the risk factors for mediastinitis in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting at a cardiology reference hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Historical cohort study with adult patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. The analyzed variables were contemplated in the MagedanzSCORE: reoperation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obesity, class IV unstable angina, polytransfusion therapy, mediastinitis and death as outcome variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 1.322 patients examined, 56 (4.2%) developed mediastinitis. Of these, 26 (46.4%) were classified as high risk for mediastinitis and 15 (26.8%) at very high risk for mediastinitis. Three of the five variables of the Magendanz Score showed statistically significant differences: reoperation, COPD and obesity. Class IV unstable angina and postoperative polytransfusion were not associated with mediastinitis after coronary artery by-pass grafting. The area under the ROC curve was 0.80 (CI 95% 0.73 - 0.86), indicating the model's satisfactory ability to predict the occurrence of mediastinitis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The tool was useful in the preoperative assessment demonstrating the risk for mediastinitis in this population of intensive care patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Mediastinitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Management</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Mediastinitis is characterized as a deep infection of the surgical wound of heart surgery, with involvement of the retrosternal space, associated or not with sternal instability/osteomyelitis. The literature data suggest an incidence of 0.6 to 5.6% of this complication, with mortality rates between 14 and 32%, resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, extended duration of hospitalization, delayed postoperative recovery and increased hospital costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In addition, it may be associated with a number of factors, including smoking, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and the use of two mammary artery bypass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estimating mediastinitis risks may contribute to the identification of potential complications in the preoperative period (PP), predicting in an individualized way which patients will need more intensive care, in order to develop preventive strategies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Previous studies point to tissue hypoperfusion, polytransfusion, impaired asepsis, surgical reintervention, infections and the use of antibiotic therapy as risk factors associated with a higher prevalence of mediastinitis during cardiac surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use in clinical practice of tools that help decision making in the face of possible complications will certainly bring benefits to this population at greater risk. National authors developed a scoring model to predict the risk of mediastinitis in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization (CABG) surgery. Among the 2,809 patients evaluated, five variables were identified as independent predictors for the occurrence of mediastinitis: stable angina class IV/unstable angina (UA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obesity, surgical reintervention and polytransfusion at the PP. The risk score proved to be easy to apply and directed to clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Careful clinical examination, associated with such instruments, allows health professionals to improve the identification of infection predictors during clinical evaluation. In view of the increasing number of cardiac surgeries, the high mortality rate in the occurrence of mediastinitis and the absence of data in our professional environment, it was developed this study with the objective of testing the applicability of MagedanzSCORE to predict the risk of mediastinitis in patients submitted to CABG in a reference hospital in cardiology in RS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design</title>
        <p>Observational study of historical cohort.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population and sample</title>
        <p>Study conducted with patients of both sexes, aged 18 years or older, submitted to isolated CABG, with or without CPB. Exclusion criteria were patients who had not recorded all the variables requested by the score. The convenience sample was estimated for variables predictors of infection. Considering a previous incidence of 1.0% in the institution, with OR of 3.5 of the surgical reintervention variable of the MagedanzSCORE, for a power of 80% and a level of statistical significance of 0.05, 1.322 patients were required.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study variables and outcomes</title>
        <p>Data were collected through the review of medical records in the medical histories and entered in the database of the postoperative unit of cardiac surgery of the institution.</p>
        <p>Demographic data, pre and trans-operative clinical data, antibiotic therapy and length of stay were analyzed. Score-related variables, such as surgical reoperation; COPD, clinically diagnosed and/or radiological study of the thorax and/or spirometry and/or drug treatment with corticosteroids and/or bronchodilator in the preoperative period; obesity (BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); stable angina class IV or UA; polytransfusion (&gt; 3 units of adult red cell concentrate at postoperative period). Outcomes analyzed included in-hospital mediastinitis (up to 30 days after surgery) and death from any cause, considered when it was after the date of diagnosis of Mediastinitis.</p>
        <p>Mediastinitis was considered when it was diagnosed clinically or according to the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/NHSN),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> positive culture for pathogens of tissue or mediastinal fluid obtained during surgical intervention or needle aspiration; evidence of mediastinitis observed during surgical intervention or histopathological examination; patient with at least one of the following signs or symptoms with no other known cause: fever (body temperature&gt; 38&#176;C), chest pain or sternal instability and at least one of the following: purulent discharge in the mediastinal area; organisms cultivated from blood or mediastinal area secretion; widening of the mediastinum on the X-ray. Superficial infection of the operative wound was not considered mediastinitis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tested score</title>
        <p>The instrument used was the MagedanzSCORE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> prepared and validated previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> This is a predictive risk score for mediastinitis in patients undergoing CABG, composed of five variables predictors independent. The sum was classified into four groups: low risk (zero points), medium risk (1 to 2 points), high risk (3 to 4 points) and very high risk (&#8805; 5 points), according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">chart 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>MagedanzSCORE: prediction of risk for mediastinitis.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Clinical profile</th>
                <th align="center">Score</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Surgical reoperation</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Class IV / unstable stable angina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Polytransfusion (post-operative)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations and statistical analysis</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Institute of Cardiology - University Foundation of Cardiology of RS, under the number 4705/12. The Term of Commitment for the Use of Medical History Data was used.Data were analyzed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0.</p>
        <p>Categorical variables were expressed as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies and compared by the chi-square test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation for those with normal or median distribution and interquartile range.</p>
        <p>The performance of the MagedanzSCORE was evaluated by comparing the rate of mediastinitis presumed by the score with the one observed. To measure the discriminant power of the score, the area under the ROC curve was estimated. We used the multivariate analysis of the categorical variables to obtain the odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) with a significance level p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>1.322 patients subjected to isolated CABG were included in this study, 84.5% performed a combined saphenous vein graft with two mammary artery grafts, and 97.4% used CPB. The mean age was 62.4 &#177; 9.8 years, and 72.6% of the patients were male.</p>
      <p>The most prevalent independent predictors for mediastinitis were class IV/unstable angina (58.8%), followed by obesity (25.4%). The characteristics of the population are mentioned in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the population (n = 1322). Porto Alegre-RS</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="70%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">960 (72,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 9,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg / m2) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 4,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of CPB 1.288</td>
              <td align="center">1.288 (97,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Three bypass grafting</td>
              <td align="center">696 (52,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of saphenous and double mammary artery bypass</td>
              <td align="center">1.117 (84,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of antibiotic therapy in the postoperative period</td>
              <td align="center">506 (38,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Preoperative hospitalization time (days) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">7 (0 &#8211; 69)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total length of stay (days)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">41 (7 &#8211; 184)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MagedanzSCORE (predictor variables)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical reoperation</td>
              <td align="center">73 (5,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">59 (4,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">336 (25,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angina class IV / unstable</td>
              <td align="center">777 (58,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Polytransfusion (postoperative)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (3,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mediastinitis</td>
              <td align="center">56 (4,2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death</td>
              <td align="center">7 (0,5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Data presented in mean &#177; standard deviation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>Data presented in median and intermediate. CPB: extracorporeal circulation; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Classification of risk and presence of mediastinitis according to MagedanzSCORE</title>
        <p>The risk of mediastinitis according to the MagedanzSCORE and the classification of that risk identified that 384 (29.1%) patients presented low risk, 651 (49.3%) medium risk, 256 (19.4%) high risk and 30 (2.3%) patients were classified with very high risk of developing the outcome (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Presence of mediastinitis according to MagedanzSCORE. N = 56.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0207-70119-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Fifty-six (4.2%) patients developed mediastinitis after CABG. Of these, 26 (46.4%) were classified as having high risk and 15 (26.8%) with very high risk. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the distribution of the patients who presented the outcome, according to the MagedanzSCORE.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between demographic variables and MagedanzSCORE in the occurrence of mediastinitis (multivariate analysis). Porto Alegre-RS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="center">1,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 &#8211; 3,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 &#8211; 1,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,382</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Surgical reoperation</td>
                <td align="center">37,76</td>
                <td align="center">18,75 &#8211; 77,92</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">3,83</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 &#8211; 10,46</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">2,71</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 &#8211; 5,16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina class IV / unstable</td>
                <td align="center">1,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 &#8211; 3,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Polytransfusion (postoperative)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 &#8211; 1,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,236</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>It was evidenced that three of the five variables predictive of infection presented statistically significant associations among them, namely, surgical reoperation, COPD and obesity. Demographic variables gender and age, as well as class IV / unstable angina and postoperative polytransfusion were not associated with mediastinitis after CABG.</p>
        <p>The area under the ROC curve, used to measure the discriminant power of the score, was 0.80 (95% CI 0.73-0.87), demonstrating the model's satisfactory ability to predict the occurrence of mediastinitis at CABG isolated PP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), compared to the validation study of the score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> that had accuracy measured by the area under the ROC curve of 0.73 (95% CI 0.68-0.80).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Area over the ROC curve in the measurement of the occurrence of mediastinitis. C: area under ROC curve; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; 0.80 (95% CI 0.73-0.87).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0207-70119-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results showed that the MagedanzSCORE is applicable and satisfactory to predict the risk of mediastinitis in this population of patients subjected to CABG. The applicability of risk scores in cardiac surgery is quite relevant, however it must be well evaluated, based on the real world population, so as not to underestimate or overestimate possible hospital events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The incidence of mediastinitis in this population was 4.2%, a value within the limits described in the literature, between 0.6 and 5.6%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> although higher than the 3.3% published in the study that originated the score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> An important result was that 73.2% of the patients who developed mediastinitis were classified in the high and very high risk groups. Similar results were found in the study that validated the instrument.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> These findings reinforce the effectiveness of the score to predict the outcome.</p>
      <p>Patients with Class IV or unstable angina and obese constituted a large proportion of the sample studied, and each of these variables contributed with 1 and 2 points, respectively, to the risk score. A German study evaluating 1.700 similar patients found a strong association of obesity with infection, reinforcing that each increase of one kilogram of body mass per square meter produces a 3% increase in the risk of developing mediastinitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The pathological mechanism involved in the association between obesity and mediastinitis is not yet well established. A previous study suggests that factors such as inadequate distribution of antibiotics due to increased body mass, difficult skin preparation, and large amounts of adipose tissue serving as a substrate for surgical wound infections may be involved in the mechanism of that association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Surgical reintervention is considered a predictor factor for the development of infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In the present study, 5.5% of patients required reoperation and presented statistical significance when associated with the occurrence of mediastinitis. In a study that sought to identify similar risk factors in diabetics undergoing CABG, surgical reintervention was also relevant as a variable associated with increased risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another equally important predictor of risk among the results of this investigation was the presence of COPD, which had a strong association with the occurrence of mediastinitis, presenting statistical significance. Similar findings were described in previous investigations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Another study has cited COPD as a risk factor but not as an independent one. Patients with COPD would be more vulnerable to surgical wound infection due to tissues hypoxemia, and the use of corticosteroids at the pre and / or postoperative period would be a factor that could facilitate the installation of infectious processes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Class IV stable angina / unstable angina and postoperative polytransfusion, although independent predictors for the development of mediastinitis, were less important when they were associated with the outcome in this casuistic, although previous studies have linked these variables with increased risk of infection and morbidity at PP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In contrast to these findings, other authors found lower death rates in patients with UA undergoing isolated CA compared to those considered stable, attributing those results to possibly receiving better drug therapy, invasive monitoring and hemodynamic support with greater frequency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this population studied, transfusion was not predictive of complication or worsening of results. However, data from the literature indicate that blood transfusions in the PP have been a constant concern, often reported as a contributing factor for infectious episodes, such as mediastinitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Previous studies corroborate these data and reinforce that the number of units of concentrate of red blood cells in the PP is directly associated with an increased risk of complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is known that diabetes mellitus (DM) may difficult the recovery of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgeries; however, in this study this was not evaluated, because DM was not an independent predictor of risk for mediastinitis among the population that originated the score. We assume that these findings, considering the rigorous glycemic control and the continuous insulin use, could have collaborated for a satisfactory prognosis.</p>
      <p>Many factors have been associated with the development of mediastinitis following cardiovascular surgery; however, there is no consensus in the literature about which are the most important and how much each represents as an independent predictor of high risk for mediastinitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Other predictors cited in previous scores, such as age, sex and combined procedures, were evaluated and the five most important predictors for the development of MagedanzSCORE were defined.</p>
      <p>Finally, the findings of this study allow us to infer that the instrument tested in the local population serves as a basis to aid in clinical practice. The limitations of the present study are those that are due to its retrospective nature and the search for medical records. Another factor worth highlighting is that the study has been developed in a single center specialized in cardiology, other studies are necessary to corroborate our observations, in order to disseminate the use of the score in clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Results showed that the score tested was applicable and satisfactory to predict the risk of mediastinitis in patients undergoing CABG at this institution. It could be incorporated into clinical practice as a useful tool to help identify risk predictors for the development of nfection in this more intensive care population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the Postgraduate course Nursing in Cardiology By Maria Antonieta Pereira de Moares, from Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de Risco de Mediastinite ap&#243;s Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio: Aplicabilidade de Score em 1.322 Casos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Delfino Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Maggi da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Abdala Karam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Antonieta Pereira de Moraes</bold>, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>antonieta_moraes@uol.com.br</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira FS, Freitas LDO, Silva ERR, Costa LM, Kalil RAK, Moraes MAP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira FS, Freitas LDO, Costa LM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva ERR, Kalil RAK, Moraes MAP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A mediastinite &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica grave de baixa incid&#234;ncia, por&#233;m com alto poder de letalidade. Escores utilizados no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para estratificar o risco de sua ocorr&#234;ncia podem contribuir para melhorar os resultados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Testar a aplicabilidade do <italic>MagedanzSCORE</italic> em prever risco de mediastinite em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte hist&#243;rica conduzido com pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; CRM. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram as contempladas no <italic>MagedanzSCORE</italic>: reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), obesidade, angina est&#225;vel classe IV/angina inst&#225;vel, politransfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, mediastinite e &#243;bito como vari&#225;veis de desfecho.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dentre os 1.322 pacientes analisados, 56 (4,2%) desenvolveram mediastinite. Destes, 26 (46,4%) foram classificados com risco elevado e 15 (26,8%) com risco muito elevado. Tr&#234;s das cinco vari&#225;veis do escore apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas: reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, DPOC e obesidade. Angina classe IV/inst&#225;vel e politransfus&#227;o (p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria) n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com mediastinite ap&#243;s a CRM. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0,80 (IC 95% 0,73 - 0,86), demonstrando capacidade satisfat&#243;ria do modelo em prever a ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O instrumento mostrou-se &#250;til para auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria por apontar o risco de mediastinite nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de cuidados intensivos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Mediastinite</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Gest&#227;o de Riscos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A mediastinite &#233; caracterizada como uma infec&#231;&#227;o profunda da ferida operat&#243;ria de cirurgia card&#237;aca, com comprometimento do espa&#231;o retroesternal, associada ou n&#227;o a instabilidade esternal/osteomielite. Dados da literatura apontam uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,6 a 5,6% dessa complica&#231;&#227;o, com letalidade entre 14 e 32%, resultando em elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade, prorroga&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, retardo na recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos custos hospitalares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Pode estar ainda associada a in&#250;meros fatores, entre eles o tabagismo, o tempo prolongado de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de duas pontes mam&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estimar riscos de mediastinite pode contribuir para identificar potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (PO), predizendo de forma individualizada quais pacientes necessitar&#227;o de cuidados mais intensivos, a fim de elaborar estrat&#233;gias preventivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios apontam a hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual, a politransfus&#227;o, a assepsia prejudicada, a reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, as infec&#231;&#245;es e o uso de antibioticoterapia como fatores de risco associados a uma maior preval&#234;ncia de mediastinite durante a cirurgia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Fazer uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de ferramentas que auxiliem a tomada de decis&#227;o frente &#224;s poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es certamente trar&#225; benef&#237;cios a esta popula&#231;&#227;o de maior risco. Autores nacionais desenvolveram um modelo de escore para predizer risco de mediastinite em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM). Dentre os 2.809 pacientes avaliados, cinco vari&#225;veis foram apontadas como preditoras independentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite: angina est&#225;vel classe IV/angina inst&#225;vel (AI), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), obesidade, reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e politransfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea no PO. O escore de risco mostrou-se de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e direcionado &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O exame cl&#237;nico cuidadoso, associado a tais instrumentos, permite aprimorar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores de infec&#231;&#227;o durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos profissionais de sa&#250;de. Diante do crescente n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas, da alta taxa de mortalidade na ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite e da aus&#234;ncia de dados em nosso meio, desenvolveu-se este estudo com o objetivo de testar a aplicabilidade <italic>do MagedanzSCORE</italic> em prever risco de mediastinite em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia no RS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional de coorte hist&#243;rica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra</title>
          <p>Estudo conduzido com pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, submetidos &#224; CRM isolada, com ou sem CEC. Exclu&#237;ram-se os pacientes que n&#227;o tinham registradas todas as vari&#225;veis contempladas pelo escore.</p>
          <p>A amostra de conveni&#234;ncia foi estimada para as vari&#225;veis preditoras da infec&#231;&#227;o. Considerando uma incid&#234;ncia pr&#233;via de 1,0% na institui&#231;&#227;o, com OR de 3,5 da vari&#225;vel de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do <italic>MagedanzSCORE</italic>, para um poder de 80% e um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 0,05, foram necess&#225;rios 1.322 pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis e desfechos do estudo</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados atrav&#233;s da revis&#227;o dos registros m&#233;dicos nos prontu&#225;rios e inseridos no banco de dados da unidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em cirurgia card&#237;aca da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Foram analisados os dados demogr&#225;ficos, os dados cl&#237;nicos pr&#233; e transoperat&#243;rio, uso de antibioticoterapia e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao escore, como reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; DPOC, diagnosticada clinicamente e/ou estudo radiol&#243;gico do t&#243;rax e/ou espirometria e/ou tratamento medicamentoso com corticosteroide e/ou broncodilatador no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); angina est&#225;vel classe IV ou AI; politransfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea (&gt; 3 unidades de concentrado de hem&#225;cias adulto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio).</p>
          <p>Os desfechos analisados inclu&#237;ram a mediastinite intra-hospitalar (at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia) e &#243;bito por qualquer causa, considerado quando posterior &#224; data do diagn&#243;stico de mediastinite.</p>
          <p>A mediastinite foi considerada quando diagnosticada clinicamente ou segundo os crit&#233;rios do <italic>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/NHSN),</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> cultura positiva para pat&#243;genos do tecido ou fluido mediastinal, obtido durante interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou pun&#231;&#227;o aspirativa por agulha; evid&#234;ncia de mediastinite observada durante interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou exame histopatol&#243;gico; paciente com pelo menos um dos seguintes sinais ou sintomas sem outra causa conhecida: febre (temperatura corporal &gt; 38&#176;C), dor no peito ou instabilidade esternal e pelo menos uma das seguintes op&#231;&#245;es: secre&#231;&#227;o purulenta na &#225;rea mediastinal; organismos cultivados a partir de sangue ou secre&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea mediastinal; alargamento do mediastino na radiografia. Infec&#231;&#227;o superficial da ferida operat&#243;ria n&#227;o foi considerada mediastinite.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escore testado</title>
          <p>O instrumento utilizado foi o <italic>MagedanzSCORE,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> elaborado e validado previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Trata-se de um escore de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco para mediastinite em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM, composto de cinco vari&#225;veis preditoras independentes. O somat&#243;rio classificou em quatro grupos: baixo risco (zero pontos), m&#233;dio risco (1 a 2 pontos), elevado risco (3 a 4 pontos) e muito elevado risco (&#8805; 5 pontos), conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">quadro 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>MagedanzSCORE: predi&#231;&#227;o de risco para mediastinite.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="70%"/>
                <col width="30%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Perfil cl&#237;nico</th>
                  <th align="center">Escore</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Reinterven&#231;&#227;o cirurgica</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina est&#225;vel classe IV/inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Politransfus&#227;o (p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do RS, sob n&#250;mero 4705/12. Foi usado o Termo de Compromisso para Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de Dados de Prontu&#225;rios.</p>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados atrav&#233;s do programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 22.0.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%) e comparadas pelo teste qui-quadrado. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
          <p>O desempenho do <italic>MagedanzSCORE</italic> foi avaliado atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mediastinite presumida pelo escore com a observada. Para aferir o poder discriminante do escore foi estimada a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC. Utilizou-se a an&#225;lise multivariada das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas para a obten&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o de chances (OR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo 1.322 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM isolada, 84,5% realizaram enxerto de ponte de safena combinado com dois enxertos de art&#233;rias mam&#225;rias, e 97,4% fizeram uso de CEC. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 62,4 &#177; 9,8 anos, e 72,6% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis preditoras independentes para mediastinite mais prevalentes foram angina classe IV/inst&#225;vel (58,8%), seguida de obesidade (25,4%). As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o citadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o (n = 1322). Porto Alegre-RS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">960 (72,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 9,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 4,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de CEC</td>
                <td align="center">1.288 (97,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Enxerto de tr&#234;s pontes</td>
                <td align="center">696 (52,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de ponte de safena e dupla mam&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">1.117 (84,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de antibioticoterapia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">506 (38,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (dias) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7 (0 &#8211; 69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o total (dias) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">41 (7 &#8211; 184)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>MagedanzSCORE (vari&#225;veis preditoras)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica</td>
                <td align="center">73 (5,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">59 (4,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">336 (25,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina classe IV/inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">777 (58,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Politransfus&#227;o (p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediastinite</td>
                <td align="center">56 (4,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">7 (0,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Dados apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil. CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e presen&#231;a de mediastinite segundo <italic>MagedanzSCORE</italic></title>
          <p>O risco de mediastinite de acordo com o <italic>MagedanzSCORE</italic> e a classifica&#231;&#227;o desse risco, identificou que 384 (29,1%) pacientes apresentavam baixo risco, 651 (49,3%) m&#233;dio risco, 256 (19,4%) elevado risco e 30 (2,3%) pacientes foram classificados com risco muito elevado de desenvolver o desfecho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Presen&#231;a de mediastinite segundo MagedanzSCORE. n = 56.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0207-70119-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Cinquenta e seis (4,2%) pacientes desenvolveram mediastinite ap&#243;s a CRM. Destes, 26 (46,4%) foram classificados com risco elevado e 15 (26,8%) com risco muito elevado. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> demonstra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que apresentaram o desfecho, segundo o <italic>MagedanzSCORE</italic>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e do MagedanzSCORE com a ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite (an&#225;lise multivariada). Porto Alegre-RS</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">OR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo </td>
                  <td align="center">1,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 &#8211; 3,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 &#8211; 1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,382</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica</td>
                  <td align="center">37,76</td>
                  <td align="center">18,75 &#8211; 77,92</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">3,83</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 &#8211; 10,46</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">2,71</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42 &#8211; 5,16</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina classe IV/inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 &#8211; 3,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Politransfus&#227;o (p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15 &#8211; 1,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,236</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <p>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; OR: odds ratio; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Foi evidenciado que tr&#234;s das cinco vari&#225;veis preditoras de infec&#231;&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas entre elas, a reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, DPOC e a obesidade. As vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas sexo e idade, assim como angina classe IV/Inst&#225;vel e politransfus&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com mediastinite ap&#243;s CRM.</p>
          <p>A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC, utilizada para medir o poder discriminante do escore, foi de 0,80 (IC 95% 0,73 - 0,87), demonstrando capacidade satisfat&#243;ria do modelo em prever a ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite no PO de CRM isolada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>), comparado ao estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o do escore<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup> que teve acur&#225;cia medida pela &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,73 (IC 95% 0,68 - 0,80).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#193;rea sobre a curva ROC na aferi&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite. c: &#225;rea sob curva ROC; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; 0,80 (IC 95% 0,73 &#8211; 0,87).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0207-70119-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados evidenciaram que o <italic>MagedanzSCORE</italic> &#233; aplic&#225;vel e satisfat&#243;rio em predizer o risco de mediastinite nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. A aplicabilidade de escores de risco em cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; bastante relevante, entretanto deve ser bem avaliada, com base na popula&#231;&#227;o do mundo real, para n&#227;o subestimar ou superestimar poss&#237;veis eventos hospitalares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite nesta popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 4,2%, valor dentro dos limites descritos na literatura, entre 0,6 e 5,6%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> embora superior ao valor de 3,3% publicado no estudo que originou o escore.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Um importante resultado foi que 73,2% dos pacientes que desenvolveram mediastinite foram classificados nos grupos de risco elevado e muito elevado. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados no estudo que validou o referido instrumento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Esses achados refor&#231;am a efetividade do escore em predizer o desfecho.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com angina classe IV ou inst&#225;vel e obesos constitu&#237;ram uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o da amostra estudada, e cada uma dessas vari&#225;veis contribu&#237;ram com 1 e 2 pontos, respectivamente, ao escore de risco. Um estudo alem&#227;o que avaliou 1.700 pacientes semelhantes encontrou forte associa&#231;&#227;o da obesidade com infec&#231;&#227;o, refor&#231;ando que cada aumento de um quilo de massa corporal por metro quadrado incorre em aumento de 3% no risco de desenvolver mediastinite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O mecanismo patol&#243;gico envolvido na associa&#231;&#227;o entre a obesidade e a mediastinite ainda n&#227;o &#233; bem consolidado. Um estudo pr&#233;vio sugere que fatores como a distribui&#231;&#227;o inadequada de antibi&#243;ticos, devido ao volume maior de massa corporal, o dif&#237;cil preparo da pele e a grande quantidade de tecido adiposo servindo como substrato para infec&#231;&#245;es da ferida operat&#243;ria possam estar envolvidos no mecanismo dessa associa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; considerada um fator preditor para o desenvolvimento de infec&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No presente estudo, 5,5% dos pacientes necessitaram de reopera&#231;&#227;o e apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando associada com a ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite. Em um estudo que buscou identificar fatores de risco semelhantes em diab&#233;ticos submetidos &#224; CRM, a reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica tamb&#233;m teve destaque como vari&#225;vel associada com aumento do risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro preditor de risco igualmente importante dentre os resultados desta pesquisa foi a presen&#231;a da DPOC, que teve forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite, apresentando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Achados semelhantes foram descritos em pesquisas pr&#233;vias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Outro estudo tem citado a DPOC como um fator de risco, mas n&#227;o de maneira independente. Os pacientes com DPOC estariam mais vulner&#225;veis &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria devido &#224; hipoxemia dos tecidos, e tamb&#233;m o uso de corticosteroides no pr&#233; e/ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio seria um fator que poderia facilitar a instala&#231;&#227;o de processos infecciosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A angina est&#225;vel classe IV/angina inst&#225;vel e a politransfus&#227;o (p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio), embora sejam vari&#225;veis preditoras independentes para o desenvolvimento de mediastinite, tiveram menor import&#226;ncia quando associadas ao desfecho nessa casu&#237;stica, embora estudos pr&#233;vios tenham relacionado essas vari&#225;veis com aumento do risco de infec&#231;&#227;o e morbidade no PO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Diferentemente desses achados, outros autores encontraram taxas de &#243;bito menores em pacientes com AI submetidos &#224; CRM isolada comparadas &#224;s daqueles considerados est&#225;veis, atribuindo esses resultados a possivelmente terem recebido melhor terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o invasiva e suporte hemodin&#226;mico com maior frequ&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a transfus&#227;o n&#227;o foi preditora de complica&#231;&#227;o ou de piora dos desfechos. Entretanto, dados da literatura apontam que as hemotransfus&#245;es no PO t&#234;m sido motivo de preocupa&#231;&#245;es constantes, frequentemente relatadas como fator contribuinte para epis&#243;dios infecciosos, como mediastinite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios corroboram estes dados e refor&#231;am que o n&#250;mero de unidades de concentrado de hem&#225;cias transfundidas no PO est&#225; diretamente associado a um maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que o diabetes mellitus (DM) pode dificultar a recupera&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardiovasculares, entretanto, neste estudo isso n&#227;o foi avaliado, devido ao DM n&#227;o ter se mostrado preditor independente de risco para mediastinite dentre a popula&#231;&#227;o que originou o escore. Assumimos que estes achados, considerando o controle glic&#234;mico rigoroso e o uso de insulina cont&#237;nua, possam ter colaborado para um progn&#243;stico satisfat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>In&#250;meros fatores t&#234;m sido associados ao desenvolvimento de mediastinite ap&#243;s a cirurgia cardiovascular, entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso na literatura sobre quais sejam mais importantes e o quanto cada um representa ser como preditor independente de risco elevado para mediastinite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Outros diferentes preditores citados em escores pr&#233;vios, como idade, sexo e procedimentos combinados, foram tamb&#233;m avaliados, e definidos os cinco preditores com maior signific&#226;ncia para elabora&#231;&#227;o do <italic>MagedanzSCORE</italic>.</p>
        <p>Por fim, os achados deste estudo permitem inferir que o instrumento testado na popula&#231;&#227;o local serve de alicerce para auxiliar na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Consideram-se como limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo &#224;quelas decorrentes de seu car&#225;cter retrospectivo e de busca de prontu&#225;rio. Outro fator que vale salientar &#233; de o estudo ter sido desenvolvido em um &#250;nico centro especializado em cardiologia, outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para corroborar nossas observa&#231;&#245;es, a fim de disseminar o uso do escore na pratica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados evidenciaram que o escore testado mostrou-se aplic&#225;vel e satisfat&#243;rio em predizer o risco de mediastinite nos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM nesta Institui&#231;&#227;o, podendo ser incorporado &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica como uma ferramenta &#250;til para auxiliar a identificar preditores de risco para o desenvolvimento de infec&#231;&#227;o nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de cuidados mais intensivos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o de Enfermagem em Cardiologia de Maria Antonieta Pereira de Moares pelo Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
