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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nkyxJqVpdNys5rs5qFcrhXw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900199</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005014103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Playful Interventions Increase Knowledge about Healthy Habits and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children: The CARDIOKIDS Randomized Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cecchetto</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia - Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucia Campos Pellanda,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis e Writing of the manuscript: Cecchetto FH, Pena DB; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data e Obtaining funding: Cecchetto FH, Pena DB, Pellanda LC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pena DB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>199</fpage>
      <lpage>206</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Childhood obesity is an important health problem worldwide. In this context, there is a need for the development and evaluation of innovative educational interventions targeting prevention and formation of health habits.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To ascertain the impact of ludic workshops on children&#8217;s knowledge, self-care, and body weight.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a randomized, clinical study with 79 students aged 7-11 years, conducted from March to November 2012. Anthropometric measurements were collected and two questionnaires (Typical Day of Physical Activities and Food Intake, in Portuguese, and the CARDIOKIDS, a questionnaire of knowledge about cardiovascular risk factors) were applied at baseline, at the end of intervention, and three months thereafter. The intervention consisted of eight playful workshops, which involved the presentation of a play.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Seventy-nine students were randomized to the intervention (n = 40) or the control group (n = 39). Mean age was 10.0 &#177; 1.1 years. After eight weeks, the intervention group showed significant improvement in the knowledge score (p &lt; 0.001). There was an increase in physical activity scores in both groups, but with no difference between the groups at the end of intervention (p = 0.209). A reduction in the BMI percentile was observed in the intervention group, but there was no significant statistical difference between the two groups after the intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Playful interventions may improve knowledge and physical activity levels in children and, when combined with other strategies, may be beneficial to prevent child obesity and improve self-care.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Pediatric Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Motor Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Games, Recreational</kwd>
        <kwd>Knowledge</kwd>
        <kwd>Randomized Controlled Trial as Topic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Childhood obesity is an important health problem worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A study including 144 countries projected an increase of excess weight from 4.2% in 2010 to 9.1% in 2020, representing 60 million children; of those, 35 million will be from developing countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although genetic factors can influence the susceptibility to weight gain, the consensus is that a sedentary lifestyle, inadequate dietary practices and changes in family structure all contribute to this epidemic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Urbanization and other environmental factors bring profound habits changes, especially regarding eating habits and physical activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In Brazil, economic and media globalization contributed to significant changes regarding diet (with more spread use of processed and ultraprocessed foods in detriment to more traditional preparations) and family habits, such as having all the meals together.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The number of children between 5 and 9 years with excess weight more than doubled in the country from 1989 to 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, escalating from 15% to 34.8%, while the number of obese children of the same age increased 30%, from 4.1% to 16.6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies have shown an association between childhood obesity and risk factors for the development of chronic illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Therefore, there is an urgent need to focus on early prevention. Early health promotion strategies with comprehensive nutritional and physical activity guidance have shown to increase knowledge and improve self-care among patients with chronic conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, studies regarding educational interventions for obesity prevention in children are heterogeneous and yield different results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Recent meta-analysis of educational interventions for obese and non-obese children showed positive results regarding blood pressure and waist circumference reduction, but a less clear effect on body mass index (BMI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this context, there is a need for development and evaluation of innovative educational interventions targeting prevention and health habit formation. We designed a low-cost educational intervention based on playful workshops for children, in a low resource setting, that could be useful in many contexts worldwide. The objective of the present study is to ascertain the impact of this intervention on children's knowledge, physical activity levels and BMI in a low resource community in a developing country.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a cluster randomized, controlled study, carried out from March to November 2012. Seventy-nine students in four classes participated in the study and were randomly divided into two groups with two classes each, 40 participants in the intervention group and 39 students in the control group. The study was registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry under the code RBR-8f6wr7 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8f6wr7/">http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8f6wr7/</ext-link>). All parents signed the informed consent.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were children from seven to eleven years of age, who attended a philanthropic program during non-school hours for children with low socio-economic conditions in the city of Porto Alegre in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. All children were healthy and were also enrolled in regular schools.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were clinical diseases that would prevent participation in the program or anthropometric evaluation. No children had any of these conditions, and therefore there were no exclusions after the signing of the consent form.</p>
        <p>After randomization, 6 children in the intervention group and 5 in the control group were lost to follow up, because they moved to other schools or refused to continue in the study, thus resulting in 40 children in the intervention group and 39 in the control group. All other children attended to all sessions and completed the study. For those children that could not attend in a specific day, another day was scheduled.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Randomization</title>
        <p>A table with random numbers representing each class was created by an investigator who was not related to the study, with the aid of the randomization tool available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.randomization.com/">www.randomization.com</ext-link>. These numbers were placed and sealed in brown envelopes. After inclusion of all participants, an investigator who was not related to the study opened the envelopes and the classes were assigned to the arms of intervention or control (cluster randomization).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interventions</title>
        <p>Intervention consisted of eight weekly Playful workshops lasting between 30 and 60 minutes during 60 to 90 minutes each. The workshops included collage, painting, games creation, physical activity, music and dance, and simulations of real life situations, all involving the importance of healthy habits for heart health, especially relating to healthy foods and physical activity. The same investigator (FHC, a Registered Nurse) performed all the activities in the classroom or in the school patio. The workshops are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">box 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Box 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The workshops.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="5%"/>
              <col width="95%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Workshop 1</td>
                <td align="left">Students were divided in small groups of four. The task proposed to the groups was to make collages depicting healthy and unhealthy foods using old magazines, always with the guidance of the tutor. After completing the tasks, all groups discussed on the subject.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Workshop 2</td>
                <td align="left">Children played the role of a healthy heart and "all the things a happy heart enjoys" in a play developed by the group.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Workshop 3</td>
                <td align="left">The students discussed the importance of physical activity and with drawings and other materials, represented the activities that they liked most.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Workshop 4</td>
                <td align="left">Drawing and collages about healthy and unhealthy foods</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Workshop 5</td>
                <td align="left">Dance class with music.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Workshop 6</td>
                <td align="left">Students showed some of the physical activities they liked and discussed in groups ways to perform them more frequently.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Workshop 7</td>
                <td align="left">Children built a "memory game" from recycled materials. The game contained pictures of healthy foods and different physical activities. This material was later used every day by the teacher in classes, for about 10 minutes.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Workshop 8</td>
                <td align="left">The investigator brought to class foods such as fruits, chocolate, vegetables, oil, eggs, salt and sugar. For each food, the group discussed its properties and if it was healthy or unhealthy. The students drew little happy or unhappy hearts accordingly. In all cases, it was discussed that all foods have good and "not so good" characteristics, and it is important to be aware of the quantities and frequency of consumption.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: Cecchetto,Pellanda 2013</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The control group maintained their usual activities in math, language and music with their teacher in their class in the same period. They also had their usual physical education classes, including soccer, capoeira and tennis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>The primary outcome considered was increased knowledge about healthy habits and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, measured by the CARDIOKIDS questionnaire (Portuguese validated version, see below) immediately after and four weeks after intervention.</p>
        <p>Secondary outcomes were change in physical activity levels and body mass index immediately after intervention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Instruments</title>
        <p>Two structured questionnaires were used in this study.</p>
        <p>The Portuguese version of the "typical day of physical activity and food intake" (DAFA, <italic>Dia T&#237;pico de Atividades F&#237;sicas e de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o</italic>) is an illustrated and structured questionnaire developed by a group of Brazilian researchers with the objective to obtain information about weekly habits of physical activity in children aged seven to eleven years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The instrument contains 36 illustrations of physical activities in different intensities, and a score system was developed to summarize the answers. Of a total of 141 points, values below 36 are classified as "less active," 37 to 58 as "intermediate," and 59 to 141 as "more active".</p>
        <p>The questionnaire regarding knowledge of healthy habits and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CARDIOKIDS) was also developed in Brazil and validated for children from 7 to 11 years. It contains twelve illustrated questions, divided in two dimensions: healthy habits (healthy eating and physical activity) and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Response options consist of three faces: "happy" (good for the heart), "unhappy" (bad for the heart), and "neutral" (do not know). Scores of 11-12 correct answers were considered as "excellent knowledge," 8-10 correct answers were considered "good knowledge," and scores below 7 correct answers were considered "insufficient knowledge".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>Data collection took place at three moments between March and November of 2012, beginning soon after obtaining the informed consent from their parents.</p>
        <p>At baseline, anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were performed and two questionnaires (DAFA and CARDIOKIDS) were applied. The same parameters were measured just after the intervention. Twelve weeks after completion of the program, the CARDIOKIDS questionnaire was repeated to evaluate knowledge retention.</p>
        <p>Anthropometric measurements were obtained according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> For weight measurement, the participants were asked to remove their shoes and heavy clothing. A Plenna Wind digital scale was used, with a maximum capacity of 150 kg, accuracy of 100 g, and a stadiometer with a measuring range of 192 cm. Weight and height were measured twice by one of the investigators. Children above the 85th BMI percentile were considered overweight, and above the 95th were considered obese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The sample size was based on previous results from a pilot study on 38 individuals, in which an average of eight correct answers in the CARDIOKIDS questionnaire was observed, with standard deviation of 2.0. We estimated a 30% increase in the knowledge scores in the intervention group with a power of 95% and 0.05 level of significance, yielding a minimum sample of 44 participants (22 in each group). Considering possible losses during the study and the cluster effect, a total sample of 40 participants for each group was planned. Data analysis and processing was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 14.0. Continuous variables are expressed by means and standard deviations and categorical variables are expressed by absolute and relative frequencies. Normality of data was evaluated with histograms and the Kolmogorov-Smirnof test. For comparisons between groups after the intervention we used the paired Student t test for continuous variables and the chi-squared test for categorical variables. GEE (generalized estimating equations) were used for comparisons between groups and within groups across different periods (baseline, immediately after and 12 weeks after intervention) adjusting for age and gender. The Bonferroni adjustment was used to identify differences in paired analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare different points in time between groups. In all comparisons, a p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The institution receives a total of 185 students from 7 to 11 years old. Parents or guardians of 25 children did not sign the consent form, and 70 children did not meet the inclusion criteria, thus resulting in a total sample of 90 children, 46 randomized in the intervention group and 44 in the control group.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> presents the flow chart according to consort recommendations (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.consort-statement.org/">www.consort-statement.org</ext-link>.). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>contains baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups. Students in the control group were older (p = 0.007) and more likely to be in grades 5-6 (p &lt; 0.001) than students in the intervention group. Most children were classified as less active.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CONSORT &#64258;ow chart depicting recruitment and randomization of the children into the study groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0199-70107-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of students in the intervention and control groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Participants (n = 79)</th>
              <th align="center">Intervention (n = 40)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">*9.3 &#177; (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">10.03 &#177; (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.730</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">*20 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (56.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">20 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (43.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ethnicity n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caucasian</td>
              <td align="center">30(75%)</td>
              <td align="center">29(74.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">African</td>
              <td align="center">10(25%)</td>
              <td align="center">10(25.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Current school grade n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grades 2-4</td>
              <td align="center">23 (57.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (25.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grades 5-6</td>
              <td align="center">17 (42.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (74.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm) mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">136.9&#177;(11.5)</td>
              <td align="center">141.7 &#177; (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">***</xref>0.041</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg) mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">36.7 &#177; (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">38.1 &#177; (10.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.571</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (km/m<sup>2</sup>) mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">19.1&#177;(3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">19.2 &#177; (4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.875</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nutritional status n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.952</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 85<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
              <td align="center">25(62.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">24(61.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 85<sup>th</sup> percentile (overweight)</td>
              <td align="center">6(15%)</td>
              <td align="center">7(18%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile (obese)</td>
              <td align="center">9(22.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">8(20.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity (DAFA classification) n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.209</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Less active</td>
              <td align="center">30(75%)</td>
              <td align="center">28(71.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">8(20%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (25.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">More Active</td>
              <td align="center">1(5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1(2.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Continuous variables are expressed by means and standard deviations and categorical variables are expressed by absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>chi-squared test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>paired t test.</p>
          </fn>
          <attrib>Source: Cecchetto, Pellanda 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents the results for knowledge scores before and after the educational intervention. The results demonstrate that both groups had good knowledge before the intervention period, according to both dimensions of the questionnaire. However, there was a significant difference between the groups after intervention due to an increase in the scores of the intervention group. In the 12<sup>th</sup> week of evaluation, the results showed a reduction in the intervention group's knowledge scores, but still a significant difference in relation to the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Knowledge dimension before, immediately after and after 12 weeks of intervention or control activities</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Before intervention</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">After intervention</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">12 weeks after intervention</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Variation before-immediately after (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Variation before-12 weeks after (95% CI)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Mean(SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Mean(SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Mean(SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dimension:Health habits</td>
              <td align="center">Intervention(n = 40)</td>
              <td align="center">4.2(0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">5.6(0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">5.2(0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.4(0.9 - 2.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0(0.3 - 1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Control(n = 39)</td>
              <td align="center">4.1(0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">4.1(0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">4.1(0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.02(-0.6 - 0.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04(-0.6 - 0.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dimension:Risk factors</td>
              <td align="center">Intervention(n = 40)</td>
              <td align="center">5.2(0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">5.6(0.1)</td>
              <td align="center">5.7(0.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.129</td>
              <td align="center">0.5(-0.01 - 1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5(0.03 - 1.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Control(n = 39)</td>
              <td align="center">5.3(0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">5.4(0.1)</td>
              <td align="center">5.4(0.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.04(-0.5 - 0.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04(-0.5 - 0.5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Interaction between group and time - Anova -repeated measures.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Adjusted means (age and gender) and standard errors (SE).</p>
          </fn>
          <attrib>Source: Cecchetto,Pellanda 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intra- and between-group comparisons of knowledge at baseline, immediately after and at 12 weeks after the intervention. P-value for differences between the groups: 0.016; P-value for differences immediately after and 12 weeks after the intervention as compared with baseline in the intervention group: &lt; 0.001; P for differences immediately after and 12 weeks after the intervention as compared with baseline in the control group group: 0.337; P-value for interaction between group and time: 0.002</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0199-70107-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the results for BMI percentiles and physical activity pre- and post-intervention. There were no differences for BMI percentiles. After the intervention, both groups showed a significant increase in physical activity level from baseline (p &lt; 0.001), but there was no significant difference between groups after intervention (p = 0.804).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between groups before and after the intervention period: BMI and Physical activity score, n = 79</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Intervention (n = 40) Mean (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 39) Mean (95% CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                <bold>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Before</td>
              <td align="center">70.9 (62.5; 79.3)</td>
              <td align="center">62(52.0; 72.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">After</td>
              <td align="center">69.9 (61.9; 77.9)</td>
              <td align="center">63.8 (54.5; 73.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean difference (CI 95%)</td>
              <td align="center">- 1.0 (-3.7; 1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 (-1.0; 4.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Difference between groups: p = 0.240<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								<break/>Interaction between group and time: p = 0.669</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical Activity (Score)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Before</td>
              <td align="center">31.9 (26.7; 37.1)</td>
              <td align="center">27.3 (22.6; 32.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">After</td>
              <td align="center">34.1 (29.2; 39.0)</td>
              <td align="center">29.7 (24.9; 34.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean difference (95 CI%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 (1.0; 3.4)</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 (1.5; 3.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Difference between groups: p = 0.201<break/>Interaction between group and time: p = 0.804</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>chi-squared test. BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
          <attrib>Source: Cecchetto,Pellanda 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This randomized controlled trial showed that an educational intervention based on playful activities was effective in increasing physical activity scores and knowledge about healthy habits and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>The school environment is considered to be a good setting for health promotion because it allows reaching children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Playful activities focusing on health themes are an opportunity to create a bond to facilitate the sharing of experiences and knowledge, empowering a child to take care of the own health.</p>
      <p>This is increasingly important in a context of rising prevalence of chronic diseases and unhealthy habits very early in life. In accordance with this context, approximately 38% of this sample of school children was overweight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In south Brazil, 28% of children aged 11-18 years were overweight and 10% were obese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, both groups had previous knowledge of healthy habits and cardiovascular risk factors before the educational interventions, with no significant difference between groups at baseline. One possible explanation for these results is the fact that schools and the media have recently become more concerned about providing guidance on nutrition and the importance of physical activity for improved quality of life and prevention of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. However, these data suggest that playful activities may be a good educational strategy for students, and that knowledge about healthy habits and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is present among students in this age group.</p>
      <p>One recent study carried out with teachers and students aged 5 to 10 years in the Brazilian capital city of Bras&#237;lia showed that, after nutritional interventions, there was an increase of knowledge from 61% to 74% in children, and a similar increase among the teachers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> One study carried on students with higher BMIs out in the southern region of Brazil in 2005 showed that these students have less knowledge and less healthy dietary practices than those observed in the present study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Another recently-published study performed with 464 students in northern Portugal from November 2008 to March 2009, using interventions based on the Model of Health Promotion and cognitive theory, showed satisfactory results in relation to changes in dietary habits of the children in the intervention group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Thus, it is believed that an increased knowledge can improve self-care related to weight control and dietary habit changes.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of BMI percentiles did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups at the end of the intervention period, but a slight reduction in percentile was observed in the intervention group, along with a small increase in the control group. Studies involving interventions in schools for prevention and treatment of obesity have shown controversial results,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> especially in non-selected populations composed of normal weight and overweight children. In these conditions, it is more difficult to observe changes in BMI, since a large part of the population does not need to lose weight. The heterogeneity of the interventions regarding type, duration and number of activities included must also be considered.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> It is also possible that more prolonged and comprehensive interventions show more positive results regarding BMI changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Analysis of baseline data showed that the two groups were homogenous in regards to sex, ethnicity, weight, physical activity and knowledge, but the intervention group was older than the control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is also important to emphasize that BMI is a controversial measure to be pursued as an outcome in children. It is insensitive to changes in body composition (for example, gain of lean mass) and does not account for possible ethnic or body type differences. Additionally, the most important outcomes in children may be permanent habit change, and not BMI.</p>
      <p>In regard to physical activity, our results are similar to various other studies, in which the majority of this population is considered to have low levels of physical activity. Others studies carried out in 2004 in others regions Brazil, showed that 40% to 67% of children and 61% of the adolescents were sedentary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Lifestyle changes of families and students, in which television, videogames and the computer have become the greatest source of entertainment among children and youth contribute to these numbers. Additionally, urban violence, especially in low-income settings, has been described as a barrier for children to become involved in sports and other outdoor activities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>After intervention, we observed an increase in physical activity in both groups. This might be due to contamination (children in the intervention group who became more active may have influenced children in the control group) or to climate changes. While the intervention started during the winter, which is rainy and with temperatures around 10&#176;C in Porto Alegre, and the second evaluation was performed during warmer weather.</p>
      <p>Programs implemented with students to increase their physical activity level and provide dietary guidance have shown good results,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> but controversies exist regarding the best intervention to be applied. This may be due to the fact that these programs are applied to various groups with many cultural and environmental differences and interventions need to be customized according to these factors.</p>
      <p>It must also be emphasized that knowledge is fundamental to motivate change, but is not enough to provoke persistent change. Education and health strategies involving playful activities can improve self-care, but must be done in conjunction with other strategies. Improving knowledge is the first step in any comprehensive prevention strategy, empowering the child for taking care of the own health.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>Some limitations of the study deserve mention. First of all, the study was carried out in an institution with low socioeconomic resources, making it difficult to apply these data to other student populations. The second limitation is related to the non-participation of students' parents in the study, as recent studies report success with strategies that include family members. Also, the intervention period of eight weeks may be too short to observe a significant change in habits resulting in weight loss. Finally, there was a difference of schooling between groups, with more children in the control group belonging to more advanced grades. However, this difference would reduce the differences between groups after intervention, thus altering the results to an opposite direction than that of our hypothesis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our results show that a simple, low-cost intervention consisting of playful educational activities performed with low-income children in a school may help improving knowledge about healthy habits and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and may be useful for the planning of preventive strategies in similar settings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Instituto de Cardiologia and partially funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by F&#225;tima Helena Cecchetto, from Instituto de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>I would like to thank everyone who contributed to the development of this research.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#245;es L&#250;dicas Aumentam o Conhecimento sobre H&#225;bitos Saud&#225;veis e Fatores de Risco Cardiovasculares em Crian&#231;as: Estudo Cl&#237;nico Randomizado CARDIOKIDS</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cecchetto</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia - Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucia Campos Pellanda,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cecchetto FH, Pena DB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Cecchetto FH, Pena DB, Pellanda LC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pena DB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A obesidade infantil &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de no mundo. Nesse contexto, h&#225; uma necessidade para o desenvolvimento e a avalia&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es educativas inovadoras que objetivem a preven&#231;&#227;o e a forma&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto de workshops l&#250;dicos sobre o conhecimento, autocuidado, e peso corporal de crian&#231;as.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Esse foi um estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado, com 79 estudantes com idade entre 7 e 11 anos. Medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram coletadas, e dois question&#225;rios (DAFA, Dia T&#237;pico de Atividades F&#237;sicas e de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o e o CARDIOKIDS, um question&#225;rio de conhecimento sobre fatores de risco cardiovasculares) foram aplicados no basal, ao final da interven&#231;&#227;o, e tr&#234;s meses depois. A interven&#231;&#227;o consistiu em oito workshops l&#250;dicos, que incluiu a apresenta&#231;&#227;o de uma pe&#231;a de teatro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Setenta e nove estudantes foram randomizados para o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 40) ou para o grupo controle (n = 39). A idade m&#233;dia foi 10 &#177; 1,1 anos. Ap&#243;s oito semanas, o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o mostrou uma melhora significativa no escore de conhecimento (p &lt; 0,01). Houve um aumento nos escores de atividade f&#237;sica em ambos os grupos, mas sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos no final da interven&#231;&#227;o (p=0,209). Observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o no percentil do IMC no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es l&#250;dicas podem melhorar o conhecimento e n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica em crian&#231;as e, quando combinadas com outras estrat&#233;gias, podem ser ben&#233;ficas na preven&#231;&#227;o da obesidade e melhoria do autocuidado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade Pedi&#225;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade Motora</kwd>
        <kwd>Jogos Recreativos</kwd>
        <kwd>Conhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Controlado Aleat&#243;rio como Assunto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A obesidade infantil &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de importante em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Um estudo incluindo 144 pa&#237;ses projetou um aumento de excesso de peso de 4,2% em 2010 para 9,1% (60 milh&#245;es de crian&#231;as) em 2020; dessas, 35 milh&#245;es ser&#227;o de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de fatores gen&#233;ticos influenciarem na susceptibilidade ao ganho de peso, existe um consenso de que um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, pr&#225;ticas diet&#233;ticas inadequadas, e mudan&#231;as na estrutura familiar contribuem para essa epidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A urbaniza&#231;&#227;o e outros fatores ambientais trazem mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos profundas, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos h&#225;bitos alimentares e atividade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No Brasil, a globaliza&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica e da m&#237;dia contribu&#237;ram para mudan&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dieta (com aumento no uso de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, em detrimento a prepara&#231;&#245;es mais tradicionais) e a h&#225;bitos familiares, como fazer todas as refei&#231;&#245;es juntos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as entre 5 e 9 anos de idade com excesso de peso aumentou mais que o dobro de 1989 a 2009,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> indo de 15% a 34,8%, ao passo que o n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as obesas da mesma idade aumentou 30%, de 4,1% a 16,6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos mostram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade infantil e fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas tais como diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Assim, h&#225; uma necessidade urgente de se focar em preven&#231;&#227;o precoce. Estrat&#233;gias de promo&#231;&#227;o precoce de sa&#250;de com orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional e de atividade f&#237;sica aumentaram o conhecimento e melhoraram o autocuidado de pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Contudo, estudos sobre interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais para a preven&#231;&#227;o da obesidade em crian&#231;as s&#227;o heterog&#234;neos e geram diferentes resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Uma metan&#225;lise recente de interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais para crian&#231;as obesas e n&#227;o obesas mostraram resultados positivos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, por&#233;m efeitos menos claros em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste contexto, existe uma necessidade de se desenvolver e avaliar interven&#231;&#245;es educativas inovadoras, que visem a preven&#231;&#227;o e a forma&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis. N&#243;s desenvolvemos uma interven&#231;&#227;o educacional de baixo custo, baseada em <italic>workshops</italic> l&#250;dicos para crian&#231;as, em um local de baixa renda e que poderia ser &#250;til em muitos contextos em todo o mundo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto dessa interven&#231;&#227;o sobre o conhecimento, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, e IMC de crian&#231;as em uma comunidade de baixa renda em um pa&#237;s em desenvolvimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo randomizado em grupos, controlado, conduzido entre mar&#231;o a novembro de 2012. Setenta e nove estudantes de quatro turmas participaram do estudo, e foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos com duas turmas cada. Quarenta estudantes foram alocados no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o e 39 no grupo controle. O estudo foi registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos, sob o c&#243;digo RBR-8f6wr7 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8f6wr7/">http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8f6wr7/</ext-link>). Todos os pais assinaram o termo de consentimento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram crian&#231;as com idade entre 7 e 11 anos, que participaram de um programa filantr&#243;pico para crian&#231;as de baixa renda, durante os hor&#225;rios extraescolares, na cidade de Porto Alegre, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no sul do Brasil. Todas as crian&#231;as eram saud&#225;veis e matriculadas em escolas regulares.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram doen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas que impediriam a participa&#231;&#227;o no programa ou avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica. Nenhuma crian&#231;a apresentou qualquer dessas condi&#231;&#245;es e, portanto, n&#227;o houve exclus&#245;es ap&#243;s a assinatura do termo de consentimento.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, 6 crian&#231;as no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o e 5 no grupo controle sa&#237;ram do estudo por se mudarem para outras escolas ou se recusarem a continuar no estudo. Assim, resultaram 40 crian&#231;as no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o e 39 no grupo controle. Todas as crian&#231;as compareceram a todas as sess&#245;es e completaram o estudo. Para as crian&#231;as que n&#227;o puderam comparecer em um dia espec&#237;fico, foi reagendado outro dia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Uma tabela com n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios representando cada turma foi criada por um pesquisador que n&#227;o estava relacionado ao estudo, com aux&#237;lio da ferramenta dispon&#237;vel em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.randomization.com/">www.randomization.com</ext-link>. Esses n&#250;meros foram colocados em envelopes marrons e fechados. Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o de todos os participantes, um pesquisador tamb&#233;m n&#227;o relacionado ao estudo abriu os envelopes e as turmas foram alocadas aos bra&#231;os interven&#231;&#227;o ou controle (randomiza&#231;&#227;o em grupo).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o consistiu em oito <italic>workshops</italic> semanais com dura&#231;&#227;o entre 30 e 60 minutos cada. Os <italic>workshops</italic> inclu&#237;ram colagem, pintura, cria&#231;&#227;o de jogos, atividade f&#237;sica, m&#250;sica e dan&#231;a, e simula&#231;&#245;es de situa&#231;&#245;es da vida real. Todas as atividades envolveram a import&#226;ncia de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis para a sa&#250;de do cora&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o a alimentos saud&#225;veis e atividade f&#237;sica. O mesmo pesquisador (FHC, um enfermeiro registrado) realizou todas as atividades na sala de aula ou no p&#225;tio da escola. Os <italic>workshops</italic> est&#227;o descritos no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">quadro 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Os Workshops.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="5%"/>
                <col width="95%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Workshop</italic> 1</td>
                  <td align="left">Os estudantes foram divididos em pequenos grupos de quatro pessoas. A tarefa proposta foi de os grupos fazerem colagens que representassem alimentos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o saud&#225;veis, usando revistas antigas, sempre sob a orienta&#231;&#227;o do tutor. Ap&#243;s conclu&#237;rem a tarefa, todos os grupos discutiam sobre o tema.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Workshop</italic> 2</td>
                  <td align="left">As crian&#231;as representaram um cora&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel e "todas as coisas de que um cora&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel gosta" em uma pe&#231;a de teatro criada pelo grupo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Workshop</italic> 3</td>
                  <td align="left">Os alunos discutiram a import&#226;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica e representaram, por meio de desenhos e outros materiais, as atividades de que mais gostavam.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Workshop</italic> 4</td>
                  <td align="left">Desenhos e colagens sobre alimentos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o saud&#225;veis.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Workshop</italic> 5</td>
                  <td align="left">Aula de dan&#231;a com m&#250;sica.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Workshop</italic> 6</td>
                  <td align="left">Os alunos mostraram algumas das atividades f&#237;sicas de que mais gostavam e discutiam, em grupo, maneiras de realiz&#225;-las mais frequentemente.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Workshop</italic> 7</td>
                  <td align="left">As crian&#231;as criaram um "jogo da mem&#243;ria" usando materiais recicl&#225;veis. O jogo continha figuras de alimentos saud&#225;veis e diferentes atividades f&#237;sicas. Esse material foi posteriormente usado pelo professor durante as aulas, por cerca de 10 minutos diariamente. </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Workshop</italic> 8</td>
                  <td align="left">O pesquisador trouxe &#224; sala de aula, alimentos como frutas, chocolate, vegetais, &#243;leo, ovos, sal e a&#231;&#250;car. Para cada alimento, os alunos discutiram suas propriedades, desenhavam pequenos cora&#231;&#245;es felizes ou infelizes caso o alimento fosse considerado saud&#225;vel ou n&#227;o. Em todos os casos, discutiu-se que todos os alimentos possuem caracter&#237;sticas "boas" e "n&#227;o t&#227;o boas", e que era importante atentar-se &#224;s quantidades e &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de consumo.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: Cecchetto,Pellanda 2013</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>No mesmo per&#237;odo, o grupo controle mantiveram suas atividades habituais de matem&#225;tica, l&#237;nguas e m&#250;sica, com seu professor na sala de aula. Eles tamb&#233;m tiveram aulas habituais de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, incluindo futebol, capoeira e t&#234;nis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o aumento no conhecimento sobre h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, medido pelo question&#225;rio CARDIOKIDS (vers&#227;o validade em portugu&#234;s, ver abaixo) imediatamente ap&#243;s e quatro semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Desfechos secund&#225;rios foram mudan&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica e &#237;ndice de massa corporal imediatamente ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumentos</title>
          <p>Foram usados dois question&#225;rios estruturados no estudo.</p>
          <p>Foi utilizada a vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s do DAFA - Dia T&#237;pico de Atividades F&#237;sicas e de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o - um question&#225;rio ilustrado e estruturado, desenvolvido por um grupo de pesquisadores brasileiros com o objetivo de se obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre h&#225;bitos semanais de atividade f&#237;sica em crian&#231;as com idade de sete a onze anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O instrumento cont&#233;m 36 ilustra&#231;&#245;es de atividades f&#237;sicas em diferentes intensidades e um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o foi desenvolvido para resumir as respostas. De um total de 141 pontos, valores abaixo de 36 s&#227;o classificados como &#8220;menos ativo&#8221;, 37 a 58 como &#8220;intermedi&#225;rio&#8221;, e 59 a 141 como &#8220;mais ativo&#8221;.</p>
          <p>O question&#225;rio sobre o conhecimento a respeito de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e fatores de risco cardiovasculares (CARDIOKIDS) tamb&#233;m foi desenvolvido no Brasil e validado para crian&#231;as de 7 a 11 anos. O instrumento cont&#233;m 12 quest&#245;es ilustradas, divididas em duas dimens&#245;es: h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis (alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel e atividade f&#237;sica), e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. As op&#231;&#245;es de respostas consistem em tr&#234;s faces: &#8220;feliz&#8221; (bom para o cora&#231;&#227;o), &#8220;triste&#8221; (ruim para o cora&#231;&#227;o), e &#8220;neutro&#8221; (n&#227;o sei). Pontua&#231;&#245;es de 11 a 12 respostas corretas foram consideradas como &#8220;conhecimento excelente&#8221;, 8-10 respostas corretas foram consideradas &#8220;bom conhecimento&#8221;, e pontua&#231;&#245;es abaixo de 7 respostas corretas foram consideradas &#8220;conhecimento insuficiente&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados ocorreu em tr&#234;s momentos entre mar&#231;o e novembro de 2012, iniciando logo ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do termo de consentimento assinado pelos pais dos estudantes.</p>
          <p>No momento basal, foram realizadas medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso e altura), e aplicados dois question&#225;rios (DAFA e CARDIOKIDS). Os mesmos par&#226;metros foram medidos logo ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Doze semanas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do programa, o question&#225;rio CARDIOKIDS foi novamente aplicado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da reten&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento.</p>
          <p>As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram obtidas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Para aferi&#231;&#227;o do peso, os participantes foram solicitados para retirarem seus sapatos e roupas pesadas. Foi utilizada uma balan&#231;a digital Plenna Wind, com capacidade m&#225;xima de 150 kg, gradua&#231;&#227;o de 100 g, juntamente com um estadi&#244;metro com capacidade de 192 cm. O peso e a altura foram medidos em duplicata por um dos pesquisadores. Crian&#231;as acima do percentil 85 do IMC foram consideradas com sobrepeso, e acima do percentil 95 foram consideradas obesas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra baseou-se em resultados pr&#233;vios de um estudo piloto com 38 indiv&#237;duos, em que foi observada uma m&#233;dia de oito (e desvio padr&#227;o de 2,0) respostas corretas no question&#225;rio CARDIOKIDS. N&#243;s estimamos um aumento de 30% na pontua&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o com um poder de 95% e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05, resultando em uma amostra m&#237;nima de 44 participantes (22 em cada grupo). Considerando poss&#237;veis perdas durante o estudo e o efeito do agrupamento, planejou-se uma amostra total de 40 participantes para cada grupo. A an&#225;lise e o processamento de dados foram realizados utilizando-se o programa de estat&#237;stica IBM SPSS, vers&#227;o 14.0. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es, e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em frequ&#234;ncias relativa e absoluta. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada por histogramas e pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnof. Para compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, utilizamos o teste t para amostras pareadas para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e o teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Foram usadas equa&#231;&#245;es de estima&#231;&#227;o generalizadas (<italic>GEE, generalized estimating equations</italic>) para compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos e intragrupos ao longo dos diferentes per&#237;odos (basal, imediatamente ap&#243;s e 12 semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o), ajustando-se para idade e sexo. O ajuste de Bonferroni foi usado para identificar diferen&#231;as na an&#225;lise pareada. ANOVA de medidas repetidas foi usada para a compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes tempos entre os grupos. Em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A institui&#231;&#227;o recebe um total de 185 alunos de 7 a 11 anos de idade. Os pais ou respons&#225;veis de 25 crian&#231;as n&#227;o assinaram o termo de consentimento, e 70 crian&#231;as n&#227;o preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Assim, uma amostra total de 90 crian&#231;as foi inclu&#237;da, 46 no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o e 44 no grupo controle.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o fluxograma segundo CONSORT (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.consort-statement.org/">www.consort-statement.org</ext-link>.). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> cont&#233;m caracter&#237;sticas basais do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o e do grupo controle. Os estudantes do grupo controle eram mais velhos (p = 0,007) e mais propensos a estarem na 5&#170; e 6&#170; s&#233;ries (p &lt; 0,001) que estudantes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o. A maioria das crian&#231;as foi classificada como menos ativas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma CONSORT do recrutamento e randomiza&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as aos grupos do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0199-70107-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudantes nos grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Participantes (n = 79)</th>
                <th align="center">Interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 40)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade m&#233;dia</bold>
                  <bold>&#177; SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">*9,3 &#177; (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10,03 &#177; (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,730</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">*20 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (56,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">20 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (43,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>Etnia</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>1,000</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caucasianos</td>
                <td align="center">30(75%)</td>
                <td align="center">29(74,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Africanos</td>
                <td align="center">10(25%)</td>
                <td align="center">10(25,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade atual</bold>
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#233;rie 2-4</td>
                <td align="center">23 (57,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#233;rie 5-6</td>
                <td align="center">17 (42,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (74,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Altura (cm)</bold>
                  <bold>m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">136,9 &#177; (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">141,7 &#177; (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">***</xref>0,041</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Peso (kg)</bold>
                  <bold>m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36,7 &#177; (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">38,1 &#177; (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,571</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) m&#233;dia</bold>
                  <bold>&#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,1 &#177; (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">19,2 &#177; (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,875</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estado nutricional</bold>
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,952</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; percentil 85</td>
                <td align="center">25(62,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">24(61,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; percentil 85 (sobrepeso)</td>
                <td align="center">6(15%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7(18%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; percentil 95 (obeso)</td>
                <td align="center">9(22,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8(20,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica (classifica&#231;&#227;o DAFA) n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Menos ativo </td>
                <td align="center">30(75%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">28(71,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">8(20%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mais ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1(5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1(2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>teste t pareado.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Cecchetto e Pellanda 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
						</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a pontua&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o educativa. Os resultados apontam que ambos os grupos possu&#237;am bom conhecimento antes do per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com ambas as dimens&#245;es do question&#225;rio. No entanto, houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o devido a um aumento na pontua&#231;&#227;o no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o. Na 12&#170; semana de avalia&#231;&#227;o, os resultados mostraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na pontua&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, mas mantendo-se uma diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dimens&#227;o do conhecimento antes, imediatamente ap&#243;s e 12 semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o ou atividades no grupo controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Antes da interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">12 semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Varia&#231;&#227;o antes-imediatamente ap&#243;s (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Varia&#231;&#227;o antes <break/> -12 semanas <break/> ap&#243;s (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (EP)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">**</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (EP)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">**</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (EP)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">**</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dimens&#227;o:H&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">Interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 40)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2(0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5,6(0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2(0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,4(0,9 - 2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0(0,3 - 1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle (n = 39)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1(0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1(0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1(0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,02(-0,6 - 0,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04(-0,6 - 0,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dimens&#227;o:Fatores de risco </td>
                <td align="center">Interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 40)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2(0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5,6(0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5,7(0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,129</td>
                <td align="center">0,5(-0,01 - 1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5(0,03 - 1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle (n = 39)</td>
                <td align="center">5,3(0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4(0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4(0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,04(-0,5 - 0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04(-0,5 - 0,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Intera&#231;&#227;o entre grupo e tempo - Anova - medidas repetidas.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>M&#233;dias ajustadas (idade e sexo) e erros padr&#245;es (EP)</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Cecchetto e Pellanda 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
						</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento antes, imediatamente ap&#243;s e 12 semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Valor de p para diferen&#231;as entre os grupos: 0,016; valor de p para diferen&#231;as entre imediatamente ap&#243;s e 12 semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o: p &lt; 0.001; valor de p para diferen&#231;as entre imediatamente ap&#243;s e 12 semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal no grupo controle; valor de P para intera&#231;&#227;o entre grupo e tempo: 0,002.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0199-70107-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os resultados dos percentis de IMC e de atividade f&#237;sica antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos percentis de IMC. Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, ambos os grupos mostraram um aumento significativo no n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica do basal (p &lt; 0,001), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,804).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o: IMC e pontua&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica, n = 79</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 40) M&#233;dia (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 39) M&#233;dia (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antes</td>
                <td align="center">70,9 (62,5; 79,3)</td>
                <td align="center">62(52,0; 72,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depois</td>
                <td align="center">69,9 (61,9; 77,9)</td>
                <td align="center">63,8 (54,5; 73,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (IC 95%)</td>
                <td align="center">- 1,0 (-3,7; 1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (-1,0; 4,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diferen&#231;a entre grupos: p = 0.240<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
									<break/>Intera&#231;&#227;o entre grupo e tempo: p = 0.669</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica (pontua&#231;&#227;o)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antes</td>
                <td align="center">31,9 (26,7; 37,1)</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 (22,6; 32,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depois</td>
                <td align="center">34,1 (29,2; 39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">29,7 (24,9; 34,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (IC 95%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 (1,0; 3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (1,5; 3,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diferen&#231;a entre grupos: p = 0,201<break/>Intera&#231;&#227;o entre grupo e tempo: p = 0,804</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>teste do qui-quadrado. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Cecchetto e Pellanda 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
						</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo randomizado controlado mostrou que uma interven&#231;&#227;o educativa baseada em atividades l&#250;dicas foi efetiva em aumentar a pontua&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica e o conhecimento sobre h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>O meio ambiente escolar &#233; considerado um bom local para a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, pois permite alcan&#231;ar tanto crian&#231;as como adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Atividades l&#250;dicas sobre temas de sa&#250;de s&#227;o oportunidades que facilitam a troca de experi&#234;ncias e de conhecimento, empoderando a crian&#231;a para cuidar de sua pr&#243;pria sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Isso &#233; cada vez mais importante em um contexto de crescente preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e h&#225;bitos n&#227;o saud&#225;veis em fases precoces da vida. Em conformidade com esse contexto, aproximadamente 38% desta amostra de escolares estava com sobrepeso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> No sul do Brasil, 28% das crian&#231;as com idade entre 11 e 18 anos estavam com sobrepeso, e 10% eram obesas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, ambos os grupos tinham conhecimento pr&#233;vio sobre h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e fatores de risco cardiovasculares antes das interven&#231;&#245;es educativas, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos no basal. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esses resultados &#233; o fato de que, recentemente, as escolas e a m&#237;dia tornaram-se mais preocupadas em dar orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre nutri&#231;&#227;o e a import&#226;ncia das atividades f&#237;sicas para melhor qualidade de vida e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e obesidade. No entanto, esses dados sugerem que atividades l&#250;dicas podem ser uma boa estrat&#233;gia educacional para os estudantes, e que o conhecimento sobre h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e fatores de risco cardiovasculares est&#225; presente entre estudantes dessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Um estudo recente conduzido com professores e estudantes com idade entre 5 e 10 anos na capital brasileira, Bras&#237;lia, mostrou que, ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es nutricionais, houve um aumento no conhecimento de 61% para 74% em crian&#231;as, e um aumento similar entre os professores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Um estudo realizado no sul do Brasil em 2005, com crian&#231;as com IMCs maiores, mostrou que esses estudantes t&#234;m menos conhecimento e menos h&#225;bitos diet&#233;ticos saud&#225;veis que aqueles observados no presente estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Outro estudo recentemente publicado, realizado com 464 estudantes na regi&#227;o norte de Portugal entre novembro de 2008 e mar&#231;o de 2009, usando interven&#231;&#245;es baseadas no Modelo de Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de e na teoria cognitiva, mostrou resultados satisfat&#243;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o a mudan&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos diet&#233;ticos de crian&#231;as no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Portanto, acredita-se que um maior conhecimento pode melhorar o autocuidado relacionado ao controle de peso e mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos diet&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos percentis do IMC n&#227;o mostrou uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos no final do per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o, mas houve uma pequena redu&#231;&#227;o no percentil no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, juntamente com um pequeno aumento no grupo controle. Estudos envolvendo interven&#231;&#245;es em escolas, para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da obesidade, mostraram resultados controversos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> especialmente em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o selecionadas compostas de crian&#231;as com peso normal ou sobrepeso. Nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, &#233; mais dif&#237;cil detectar mudan&#231;as no IMC, uma vez que uma grande parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o necessita perder peso. Deve-se tamb&#233;m considerar a heterogeneidade das interven&#231;&#245;es quanto ao tipo, dura&#231;&#227;o, e n&#250;mero das atividades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel que interven&#231;&#245;es mais prolongadas e abrangentes mostrem resultados mais positivos em rela&#231;&#227;o a mudan&#231;as no IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A an&#225;lise dos dados basais mostraram que os dois grupos eram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, etnia, peso, atividade f&#237;sica e conhecimento, no entanto o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o era mais velho que o grupo controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante enfatizar que o uso do IMC como um desfecho a ser alcan&#231;ado &#233; controverso. &#201; uma medida insens&#237;vel a mudan&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal (p.ex., ganho de massa magra) e n&#227;o considera poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as &#233;tnicas e de tipo corporal. Al&#233;m disso, o desfecho mais importante em crian&#231;as pode ser mudan&#231;a de h&#225;bitos permanente, e n&#227;o o IMC.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, nossos resultados s&#227;o similares a de v&#225;rios outros estudos, em que observam-se baixos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica na maioria desta popula&#231;&#227;o. Outros estudos conduzidos em outras regi&#245;es do Brasil em 2004 mostraram que 40-67% das crian&#231;as e 61% dos adolescentes s&#227;o sedent&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida de fam&#237;lias e estudantes, em que televis&#227;o, videogames e computador tornaram-se a principal fonte de entretenimento entre crian&#231;as e jovens contribuem para esses n&#250;meros. Ainda, a viol&#234;ncia urbana, especialmente em locais de baixa renda, foi descrita como uma barreira para crian&#231;as envolverem-se em esportes e outras atividades ao ar livre.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, observamos um aumento na atividade f&#237;sica em ambos os grupos. Tal fato pode ser devido &#224; contamina&#231;&#227;o (crian&#231;as no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o que se tornaram mais ativas podem ter influenciado crian&#231;as no grupo controle) ou a mudan&#231;as clim&#225;ticas. Enquanto a interven&#231;&#227;o come&#231;ou durante o inverno, o qual &#233; chuvoso e com temperaturas em torno de 10&#186;C em Porto Alegre, a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o ocorreu durante um clima mais quente.</p>
        <p>Programas realizados com estudantes que visam aumentar o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e fornecer orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica mostraram bons resultados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> mas existem controv&#233;rsias sobre qual a melhor interven&#231;&#227;o a ser aplicada. Isso pode ser devido ao fato de que esses programas s&#227;o aplicados a v&#225;rios grupos com muitas diferen&#231;as culturais e ambientais, e que as interven&#231;&#245;es necessitam ser adequadas a esses fatores.</p>
        <p>Deve-se tamb&#233;m enfatizar que o conhecimento &#233; fundamental para motivar mudan&#231;a, mas n&#227;o &#233; o suficiente para causar uma mudan&#231;a persistente. Estrat&#233;gias de educa&#231;&#227;o e sa&#250;de envolvendo atividades l&#250;dicas podem melhorar o autocuidado, mas devem ser realizadas em conjunto com outras estrat&#233;gias. O aumento do conhecimento &#233; o primeiro passo em qualquer estrat&#233;gia abrangente de preven&#231;&#227;o, empoderando a crian&#231;a a cuidar da pr&#243;pria sa&#250;de.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que merecem ser mencionadas. Primeiramente, o estudo foi conduzido em uma institui&#231;&#227;o com poucos recursos socioecon&#244;micos, o que torna dif&#237;cil a aplica&#231;&#227;o desses dados em outras popula&#231;&#245;es. A segunda limita&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionada a n&#227;o participa&#231;&#227;o dos pais dos alunos no estudo, uma vez que estudos recentes relatam resultados satisfat&#243;rios das estrat&#233;gias que incluem os membros da fam&#237;lia. Al&#233;m disso, o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o de oito semanas pode ser muito curto para se detectar mudan&#231;as significativas nos h&#225;bitos que resultem em perda de peso. Finalmente, houve uma diferen&#231;a de escolaridade entre os grupos, com mais crian&#231;as do grupo controle pertencentes a s&#233;ries mais avan&#231;adas. Contudo, tal diferen&#231;a reduziria as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, alterando, assim, os resultados em dire&#231;&#227;o oposta &#224; nossa hip&#243;tese.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostram que uma interven&#231;&#227;o simples, de baixo custo, consistindo em atividades educativas l&#250;dicas realizadas na escola, com crian&#231;as de baixa renda, pode melhorar o conhecimento sobre h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e sobre fatores de risco cardiovasculares, e ser &#250;til para o planejamento de estrat&#233;gias preventivas em ambientes similares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Instituto de Cardiologia e parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de F&#225;tima Helena Cecchetto pelo Instituto de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Gostaria de agradecer a todos que contribu&#237;ram para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
