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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jxWjgyhpbm3B7JSFTKLqRwG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900191</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005014102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Cardiometabolic Parameters and Elevated Resting and Effort Heart Rate in Schoolchildren</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Fernanda da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Burgos</surname>
            <given-names>Miria Suzana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Tatiana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Burgos</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Tibiri&#231;&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Welser</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sehn</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Horta</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Elza Daniel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reuter</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;zane Priscila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz do Sul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: C&#233;zane Priscila Reuter,</bold> Avenida Independ&#234;ncia, 2293 - Bloco 42, sala 4206. Postal Code 96815-900, Universit&#225;rio, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cpreuter@hotmail.com</email>, <email>cezanereuter@unisc.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva CF, Burgos MS, Burgos LT, Mello ED, Reuter CP; Acquisition of data: Silva CF, Burgos MS, Silva PT, Burgos LT, Welser L, Sehn AP, Horta JA, Reuter CP; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva CF, Burgos MS, Silva PT, Burgos LT, Welser L, Sehn AP, Horta JA, Mello ED, Reuter CP; Statistical analysis: Reuter CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>191</fpage>
      <lpage>198</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Little has been studied on heart rate and its relationship with metabolic disorders.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To identify possible association between heart rate (HR) and metabolic disorders in children and adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study evaluated 2.098 subjects, aged between 7 and 17 years. The variables evaluated were: HR, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), double-product (DP), myocardial oxygen consumption (mVO<sub>2</sub>), lipids, glucose and uric acid levels, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). The values of HR at rest and effort were divided into quartiles. The association between continuous values of HR and cardiometabolic indicators was tested by linear regression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>LDL cholesterol presented a significantly higher mean (p = 0.003) in schoolchildren with resting HR greater or equal to 91 bpm, compared to students with less than 75 bpm. Compared with the quartiles of effort HR, SBP, DBP, glucose and uric acid presented high values when HR was greater or equal than 185 bpm. SBP, glucose and HDL cholesterol demonstrated a significant association with resting HR. Uric acid was observed as a predictor of increased effort HR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Schoolchildren with a higher resting HR have higher mean of LDL cholesterol. For effort HR, there was an increase in blood pressure, glucose and uric acid levels. Uric acid has been shown to be a predictor of elevated effort HR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Child Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolism Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Rest</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The search for new information that may contribute to the development of mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic complications leads to different lines of research.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In childhood and adolescence, the focus of these studies has been the association between obesity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> cardiorespiratory fitness,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> changes in the lipid profile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, a variable that has received increasing attention is cardiac autonomic modulation in children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac autonomic changes can be investigated by means of a change in heart rate (HR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> HR is a physiological variable that is easy to obtain and measure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Because it is a parameter of low cost and associated with reliable variables of effort measurement, HR is often used to assess cardiovascular system response during exercise and recovery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The association of HR with metabolic disorders has still been poorly studied, however, it is known that physical condition and the presence of pathologies may influence resting HR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study carried out in Campinas-SP aimed to verify the existence of differences in the cardiovascular condition of obese and non-obese children under resting conditions. That study found that childhood obesity causes a greater overload on the resting heart due to a significant elevation of HR in obese children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> According to Freitas Junior et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, a high amount of body fat leads to the release of inflammatory adipokines in the bloodstream which contributes to the development of chronic diseases, as well as the change in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities in children and adolescents, aspect which may cause an increase in resting heart rate.</p>
      <p>Little has been studied about HR and its relationships with metabolic dysfunctions in childhood and adolescence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> At rest, low heart rate values may be associated with health, reflecting a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A study by Fernandes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> analyzed the association between resting HR and blood pressure in male children and adolescents and identified a positive association between these variables, suggesting that elevated HR also causes an increase in blood pressure in the pediatric population. Bruneto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> have associated an increased morbidity rate and the onset of cardiovascular disease with the reduced practice of physical activity and low levels of conditioning in obese children and adolescents. In view of these perspectives, it is useful to investigate associations between heart rate and cardiometabolic indicators. In this way, we will be contributing to the construction of subsidies for the creation and implementation of health prevention and promotion policies aimed at improving the quality of life of the child and adolescent population. Thus, the present study aims to verify if there is an association between heart rate and metabolic dysfunctions in children and adolescents.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The participants of this cross-sectional study are 2.098 subjects, female and male, aged between 7 and 17 years, belonging to municipal, state and private schools in the urban and rural area of the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. The present study is part of a larger study entitled "Health of schoolchildren - Phase III", approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research (CEP) with Human Beings under protocol number 714.216 and CAAE: 31576714.6.0000.5343.</p>
      <p>The variables used to evaluate this study were: resting and effort heart rate (HR), resting blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure (PP), double product (DP), myocardial oxygen consumption (mVO<sub>2</sub>), biochemical indicators, evaluated by means of serum (lipid and glycemic profile), anthropometrics: body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). To measure the resting HR, the student should be seated, with 5 minutes at rest. HR was assessed using the FT1 model frequency meter (Polar, Finland), with the heart rate sensor attached on the pectoral line over the sternum with an elastic band. The lowest value stabilized by the frequency meter was considered for resting HR. The exercise heart rate was evaluated after performing the 6-minute run/walk test, applied on the athletics track at the University of Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC. For the 6-minute run/walk test, the guidelines of the protocol recommended by the Brazilian Sport Project - PROESP-BR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> were followed. The schoolchildren were previously instructed to wear light clothing and appropriate footwear (sneakers) and walk the longest distance possible throughout the test. The obtained results were collected immediately after the interruption of the test. Stress HR values were obtained through the frequency meter and expressed in beats per minute (bpm). For the evaluation of BP, the same procedure was applied to the resting HR, and the evaluation was performed in the left arm, with the student sitting. After 5 minutes at rest, two BP measurements were performed, using a sphygmomanometer, stethoscope and cuff suitable for the student's brachial perimeter. Only the lowest values of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressure were considered, and PP was obtained by the difference between SBP and DBP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> All evaluations were performed at the University.</p>
      <p>The biochemical indicators evaluated included lipid profile and glucose and uric acid levels, through serum samples from the children, who were oriented to maintain a previous fast of 12 hours. For the lipid profile, the following markers were measured: total cholesterol (TC) and HDL fraction (HDL-C) (high-density lipoprotein) as well as triglycerides. LDL-C (LDL-C) cholesterol was calculated according to the Friedewald, Levy and Fredrickson equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Data obtained follow the recommendations of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and the American Diabetes Association,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> to assess the lipid and glycemic profile, respectively. All analysis were performed on automated equipment Miura One (I.S.E., Rome, Italy), using commercial kits.</p>
      <p>BMI was obtained after weight and height were evaluated, using a balance and stadiometer, respectively. The BMI was calculated by dividing the weight by height, squared.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The WC was evaluated with an inelastic tape measure, and the smallest perimeter of the trunk between the ribs and the iliac crest was evaluated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The values of DP were obtained by the calculation of the SBP x HR. The mVO<sub>2</sub> values were obtained using the DP conversion formula: mVO<sub>2</sub> = (DP x 0.0014) - 6.3, as proposed by Hellerstein and Wenger.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The evaluation of the maturational stage was performed by Tanner's classification, considering the maturational development in 5 phases, for both sexes, being evaluated the development of pubic hairiness and genitalia. For the application of the test, each of the phases was shown to the student through drawings and he was oriented to choose the phase that most closely resembled his current stage of development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis of the data was performed in the statistical program SPSS v. 23.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The descriptive characteristics were presented in frequency and percentage for categorical variables. For continuous variables, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of the data (HR at rest and effort, SBP, DBP, PP, glucose, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and uric acid). Data were presented on average (standard deviation), since they had a normal distribution. Subsequently, HR values of rest and effort were divided into quartiles. Comparison of the mean values of the cardiometabolic indicators, according to categorization with the resting HR quartiles (Q1: &lt; 75 bpm, Q2: 75-82 bpm, Q3: 83-90 bpm and Q4: &#8805; 91 bpm) and effort (Q1: &lt; 152 bpm; Q2: 152-171 bpm, Q3: 172-184 bpm and Q4: &#8805; 185 bpm), was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), with a Tukey Post Hoc test for comparison between groups. The association between the continuous values of rest and effort HR with the cardiometabolic indicators was tested by linear regression, adjusted for the variables gender, age, body mass index and maturational stage. For all analysis, the differences for p &lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The characteristics of the evaluated students, with respect to sex, maturational stage, age and rest and effort HR, can be visualized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. Of the 2.098 students evaluated, 903 (43%) were males and 1195 (57%) female, with a mean age of 11.50 &#177; 2.77 years.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Descriptive characteristics of subjects. Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 2014-2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">903 (43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">1195 (57)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Maturational stage</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">517 (25)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">510 (24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">437 (21)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">478 (23)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">V</td>
              <td align="center">156 (7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Mean (standard deviation)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">11.50 (2.77)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resting HR(bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">82.67 (10.40)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Effort HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">168.40 (22.47)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Comparison of the mean values of cardiometabolic indicators, according to resting HR quartiles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), shows that there was a significant association between DP (0.678 p &lt; 0.001) and mVO<sub>2</sub> (0.678 p &lt; 0.001) with HR, in rest. For LDL-C values, there was also a significant difference (p = 0.003), with a higher mean in the fourth quartile (88.68 mg / dL) compared to the first quartile (82.66 mg/dL). In addition, a significant difference was observed in the values of DP and mVO<sub>2</sub> from one quartile to another and all quartiles differed from each other. There was no significant association between PP and HR.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of mean values of cardiometabolic indicators according to resting HR quartiles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Quartiles of resting HR</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <bold>Q1 (n = 513)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <bold>Q2 (n = 515)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <bold>Q3 (n = 540)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <bold>Q4 (n = 530)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 75 bpm</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>75-82 bpm</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>83-90 bpm</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#8805; 91 bpm</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">106.94 (14.61)</td>
              <td align="center">105.95 (13.85)</td>
              <td align="center">105.03 (14.28)</td>
              <td align="center">107.02 (14.94)</td>
              <td align="center">0.081</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">65.47 (10.60)</td>
              <td align="center">64.62 (10.75)</td>
              <td align="center">64.49 (11,01)</td>
              <td align="center">65.18 (11.19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.412</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">89.85 (9.52)</td>
              <td align="center">89.44 (9.29)</td>
              <td align="center">89.31 (9.49)</td>
              <td align="center">90.24 (9.14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.354</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">158.62 (30.93)</td>
              <td align="center">160.60 (30.20)</td>
              <td align="center">161.85 (30.32)</td>
              <td align="center">163.70 (31.22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.055</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">62.16 (10.86)</td>
              <td align="center">60.95 (11.48)</td>
              <td align="center">60.77 (12.40)</td>
              <td align="center">60.49 (11.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.098</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">82.66 (28.45)</td>
              <td align="center">85.11 (25.93)</td>
              <td align="center">86.47 (26.03)</td>
              <td align="center">88.68 (26.61)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">I</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">69.82 (30.76)</td>
              <td align="center">71.80 (31.61)</td>
              <td align="center">72.75 (36.96)</td>
              <td align="center">71.73 (34.40)</td>
              <td align="center">0.552</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UA (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">4.30 (1.57)</td>
              <td align="center">4.14 (1.26)</td>
              <td align="center">4.16 (2.44)</td>
              <td align="center">4.16 (1.19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.381</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DP (bpm/mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">7354.33 (1073.25)</td>
              <td align="center">8364.62 (1136.90)</td>
              <td align="center">9087.20 (1253.50)</td>
              <td align="center">10257.53 (1522.47)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">II</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">mVO<sub>2</sub> (mlO<sub>2</sub>/100.LV.min)</td>
              <td align="center">3.99 (1.50)</td>
              <td align="center">5.41 (1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">6.42 (1.75)</td>
              <td align="center">8.06 (2.13)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">II</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">41.47 (9.69)</td>
              <td align="center">41.34 (9.22)</td>
              <td align="center">40.54 (9.56)</td>
              <td align="center">41.84 (10.68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.176</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Analysis of variance (ANOVA); Data expressed as mean (standard deviation); Q1: quartile 1; Q2: quartile 2; Q3: quartile 3; Q4: quartile 4; Bpm: beats per minute; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; UA: uric acid; DP: double-product; MVO<sub>2</sub>: consumption of oxygen by the myocardium; PP: pulse pressure; Tukey Post Hoc:</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>I</label>
            <p>Significant difference from Q1 to Q4 (p = 0.002);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>II</label>
            <p>significant difference from Q1 to Q2 (p &lt; 0.001), for Q3 (p &lt; 0.001) and for Q4 (p &lt; 0.001); (p &lt; 0.001), from Q2 to Q4 (p &lt; 0.001) and from Q3 to Q4 (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When the cardiometabolic indicators were compared with the effort HR quartiles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>), mean values were higher in the fourth quartile compared to the first quartile for SBP (108.71 mmHg); p &lt; 0.001), DBP (66.43 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001), glucose (90.58 mg/dL, p = 0.028) and uric acid (4.40 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the mean values of the cardiometabolic indicators according to the quartiles of the effort HR</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Quartiles of effort FC</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q1 (n = 508)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q2 (n = 537)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q3 (n = 506)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q4 (n = 547)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&lt; 152 bpm</th>
              <th align="center">152-171 bpm</th>
              <th align="center">172-184 bpm</th>
              <th align="center">&#8805; 185 bpm</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">103.72 (13.80)</td>
              <td align="center">105.44 (13.83)</td>
              <td align="center">106.89 (14.69)</td>
              <td align="center">108.71 (14.95)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">I</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">63.52 (10.59)</td>
              <td align="center">64.25 (10.28)</td>
              <td align="center">65.47 (10.81)</td>
              <td align="center">66.43 (11.63)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">II</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">89.23 (9.90)</td>
              <td align="center">89.93 (9.40)</td>
              <td align="center">89.02 (8.72)</td>
              <td align="center">90.58 (9.34)</td>
              <td align="center">0.028<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">III</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">159,21 (30.31)</td>
              <td align="center">161.47 (27.42)</td>
              <td align="center">162.73 (33.54)</td>
              <td align="center">161.45 (31.34)</td>
              <td align="center">0.323</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">60.80 (11.86)</td>
              <td align="center">61.42 (11.16)</td>
              <td align="center">60.62 (11.54)</td>
              <td align="center">61.45 (11.63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.544</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">84.12 (26.79)</td>
              <td align="center">85.84 (24.29)</td>
              <td align="center">87.80 (28.78)</td>
              <td align="center">85.33 (27.33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.175</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">70.82 (31.96)</td>
              <td align="center">70.25 (31.88)</td>
              <td align="center">72.25 (36.33)</td>
              <td align="center">72.83 (34.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.559</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">3.91 (1.20)</td>
              <td align="center">4.28 (2.33)</td>
              <td align="center">4.16 (1.21)</td>
              <td align="center">4.40 (1.70)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">IV</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Analysis of variance (ANOVA); Data expressed as mean (standard deviation); Q1: quartile 1; Q2: quartile 2; Q3: quartile 3; Q4: quartile 4; Bpm: beats per minute; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein; Post Hoc of Tukey:</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>I</label>
            <p> Significant difference of Q1 for Q3 (p = 0.002) and Q1 for Q4 (p &lt; 0.001);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>II</label>
            <p> significant difference from Q1 to Q3 (p = 0.022) and Q1 to Q4 (p &lt; 0.001);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>III</label>
            <p> significant difference from Q3 to Q4 (p = 0.035);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>IV</label>
            <p>significant difference from Q1 to Q2 (p = 0.002) and Q1 to Q4 (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When the association between HR and cardiometabolic indicators is analyzed by means of linear regression (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), SBP, glucose and HDL-C were associated with resting HR; however, this association, although significant, was weak. An association between resting HR and mVO<sub>2</sub> (&#946; = 3.46; p &lt; 0.001) was found. For exercise HR, only uric acid was associated (&#946; = 0.73, p = 0.015), demonstrating that it was a predictor of increased exercise HR in the sample evaluated. On the other hand, when the Pearson correlation coefficient was evaluated, a moderate association was found only between resting HR with DP (r = 0.678, p &lt; 0.001) and mVO<sub>2</sub> (r = 0.678, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between heart rate and cardiometabolic indicators Rest HR Effort HR</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Rest HR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Effort HR</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#946;</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">1</xref></sup></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>r</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">2</xref></sup></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#946;</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>EP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">1</xref></sup></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>r</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">2</xref></sup></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-0.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.967</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.096</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.500</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.795</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.884</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.684</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.911</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.030</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.060</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.252</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">-0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
              <td align="center">-0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.156</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.451</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">-0.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.096</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.168</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.122</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides</td>
              <td align="center">-0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.285</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.631</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.546</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Uric acid</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0,13</td>
              <td align="center">0.806</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.132</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DP</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.678</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">mVO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">3.46</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.678</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.820</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>Linear regression adjusted for sex, age, body mass index and maturational stage; SE: standard error; R: Pearson's correlation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>value of significance for the linear regression test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>2</label>
            <p> significance value for the Pearson correlation test; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; DP: double-product; MVO<sub>2</sub>: consumption of oxygen by the myocardium; PP: pulse pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study sought to evaluate possible associations between heart rate and metabolic disorders. We found that high resting HR (equal to or greater than 91 bpm) was associated with higher LDL-C levels (88.68 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001). High HR was associated with high SBP values (108.71 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001), DBP (66.43 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001), glucose (90.58 mg/dL, p = 0.028) and uric acid (4.40 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001). A study in Presidente Prudente-SP found similar data and showed a positive association between resting HR and dyslipidemia, and students with higher values of HR had higher levels of TC and triglycerides. However, no association was found with LDL-C values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, the analysis of the association between HR and cardiometabolic indicators found a significant association among SBP, glucose and HDL-C, with resting HR, but this association was weak. Only uric acid, related to exercise HR, showed a good association (&#946; = 0.73, p = 0.015), which may be considered a predictor of increased cardiometabolic risks in the sample studied, considering that uric acid at high levels is associated with the occurrence of MS in adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The mechanism by which the relationship between uric acid and MS could be explained is in the fact that the hepatic consequence of MS is expressed through non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) .<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, alterations in some specific components of MS, such as BP, glucose metabolism and lipids, suggest to be indicators of the aggravating installation of MS, including initial manifestations of NAFLD, an aspect that in this study already seems to have an impact on lower cardiovascular conditions for activities with high respiratory demands, thus reflecting a change in effort HR values. Likewise, uric acid, as an isolated component, would also be a more sensitive variable to capture these alterations. This hypothesis would be justified by the finding of NAFLD in the evaluated students. However, this relationship was not tested in the present study. On the other hand, a study carried out in Campina Grande, Brazil, with 129 children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years, evaluated the relationship between uric acid concentration according to the presence of NAFLD and / or MS in children and adolescents with excess weight. The study identified that high levels of uric acid are associated with MS, SBP and adolescence, but this association was not observed with NAFLD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, the low age range used in the study might have hampered the finding of NAFLD, since the condition would take time to set up. There is evidence that uric acid levels are significantly lower in children than in adolescents (4.74 &#177; 1.05 vs. 5.52 &#177; 1.49 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001), with boys tending to reach higher peak of uric acid between 12-14 years of age and girls between 10-12 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In addition, the study pointed out that individuals with elevated SBP were four times more likely to have hyperuricemia and that high levels of uric acid were associated with individual components of MS, such as BMI, WC and BP, which is similar to the findings pointed out in this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Likewise, although the association of SBP, glucose and HDL-C with HR was weak, these data suggest to be indicative of the establishment of an early stage of MS, considering that recent studies have indicated positive associations between MS and changes in these metabolic indicators.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Recent data from the Cardiovascular Risk Study in Adolescents-ERICA, performed with 37.504 Brazilian adolescents from 27 capitals, showed that the combinations between high BP, high triglycerides and low HDL-C are the most frequently responsible for the diagnosis of MS in schoolchildren.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Thus, the data presented in this research point to elevated levels of HR as independent factor for the risk of dyslipidemias and cardiovascular disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, a study carried out in 27 European cities evaluated 769 adolescents to verify the ability of HR to screen for metabolic risk factors and found that resting HR is not a good predictor for cardiometabolic risks. According to the study, the resting HR provides an underestimated value, so positive associations in studies between chronic degenerative diseases and resting HR would have been found due to the use of the percentiles scale, which would be a limited parameter, as it did not present the accuracy and precision of the HR rates; Thus, the study, using a better analysis, called the ROC curve, could consider the results presented by the study as more reliable. However, the same study pointed out that the isolated analysis of the risk factors identified that the male adolescents presented higher values of SBP (124.4 mmHg, 95% CI: 123.1-125.8) and TC/HDL (3.02; 95% CI: 2.96-3.09) compared to female adolescents (BP: 116.2 mmHg, 95% CI: 115.3-117.1, TC/HDL 2.99; 95% CI: 2.93-3.04). In addition, when compared with their female counterparts, the boys also presented higher resting HR, an aspect that suggests that higher resting HR levels are associated with an increase in BP and TC/HDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, changes in the behavior of HR of adolescents seem to be related to MS, both regarding changes to higher values and to reduced values. Studies with adolescents with obesity and alterations in the metabolic profile have shown that those with higher glucose levels, levels of TG, LDL-C and BP associated with obesity, in response to increased insulin resistance, alter the functions sympathetic and parasympathetic and results in a decrease in cardiac function and perhaps a reduction in HR values. This long-term fact would explain, in part, the increased risk for cardiovascular events and sudden death in obese individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Positive associations between resting HR and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents were also found in a study carried out in 48 municipalities in the state of Pernambuco, (Northeastern Brazil), in which 4619 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years were evaluated. The study evaluated a set of risk factors and found that resting HR was associated with abdominal obesity (b = 0.106, p = 0.003), sedentary behavior (b = 0.099, p &lt; 0.001), high BP (b = 0.160; p &lt; 0.001) and physical inactivity (b = 0.049, p = 0.034) in boys, and in girls showed association with high BP (b = 0.259, p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, the presence of five risk factors in schoolchildren resulted in significantly higher values of resting HR (p &lt; 0.05), compared to schoolchildren with no cardiovascular risk factors. Thus, study data suggested that resting HR at or above 82.5 bpm (&#177; 13.9 bpm) in boys and 89.8 bpm (&#177; 10.9 bpm) in girls could be considered as a risk factor for CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In relation to the other cardiometabolic components evaluated, our study found a significant association between DP (0.678, p &lt; 0.001) and mVO<sub>2</sub> (0.678, p &lt; 0.001) with HR at rest. In addition, the comparison of mean values of cardiometabolic indicators, according to the resting HR quartiles, showed a significant difference in the values of DP and mVO<sub>2</sub> from one quartile to another and all quartiles differed from each other. These findings provide new perspectives for the use and approach of resting HR, since it is known that elevated HR values at rest are associated with worse functional conditions at more advanced ages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> However, there is scarce information available in the literature for analysis of these variables in the child and adolescent population. Due to the fact that both DP and mVO<sub>2</sub> express the conditions and demands of cardiac work, it is assumed that for the population evaluated, high resting HR can be considered as indicative of the occurrence of health problems or other compromises related to cardiac function, considering the high level of effort expended by the myocardium to develop the vital functions at rest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, the hypothesis raised by the data found in our study indicates that the higher the resting HR, the greater the cardiac overload of the students. Therefore, elevated HR could be used as a predictor, in the first analysis, of altered physiological responses in children and adolescents, and the use of DP and mVO<sub>2</sub> values contributes to a better vision of the cardiac outcome. Moreover, associations among HR, obesity and cardiometabolic variables have indicated that overweight in children and adolescents cause greater impairment in cardiorespiratory fitness and pulmonary function, both at maximum and submaximal level, when compared to adolescents with normal weight, mainly By the commitment of oxygen consumption.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, in providing data demonstrating homeostatic changes in the child and adolescent population, our study supports the evidence that elevated cardiac responses indicate greater physiological fragility. Likewise, this study provides support for the development of new research aimed at better investigating this association, considering that no data were found in the literature regarding studies on possible interactions among HR, DP and mVO<sub>2</sub> with metabolic variables in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>At the same time, it should be noted that this study, however, has some limitations. The infeasibility of evaluating DP and mVO<sub>2</sub> values of effort prevents a broader view of cardiac function and the approach of this variable for the population surveyed. Simultaneously, the unavailability of studies relating such components to this public, restricts the understanding of the data and the formulation of hypotheses. Likewise, the lack of reference values for DP and mVO<sub>2</sub> variables for the pediatric population makes it difficult to interpret the results. However, the analysis presented here were adjusted to the characteristics of the study population and the associations found deserve to be further explored in future studies related to the health of schoolchildren, considering that changes in resting HR, SBP and DP, similar to those found in our analysis, have also been predictive of mortality from coronary events and increased risk of functional decline over the years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> DP is also known to be a stronger predictor of cardiac events than PA, HR and mVO<sub>2</sub>, an aspect that demonstrates the importance of including these variables in the analysis of cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this sense, the data found in this study can be seen as a small cut of an association that needs to be further investigated, since HR indicates to be a potential measure for the diagnosis of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, future research is needed to determine whether these measures may be useful for screening for physiological changes related to HR dynamics in children and adolescents.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Final considerations</title>
      <p>Schoolchildren with resting heart rate equal to or greater than 91 beats per minute present higher mean LDL cholesterol. For exercise heart rate, schoolchildren with 185 or more beats per minute had elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure and glucose and uric acid levels. In addition, uric acid has been shown to be a predictor of elevated effort heart rate.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Indicadores Cardiometab&#243;licos e Eleva&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Repouso e Esfor&#231;o em Escolares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Fernanda da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Burgos</surname>
            <given-names>Miria Suzana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Tatiana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Burgos</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Tibiri&#231;&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Welser</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sehn</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Horta</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Elza Daniel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reuter</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;zane Priscila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: C&#233;zane Priscila Reuter,</bold> Avenida Independ&#234;ncia, 2293 - Bloco 42, sala 4206. CEP 96815-900, Universit&#225;rio, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cpreuter@hotmail.com</email>, <email>cezanereuter@unisc.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva CF, Burgos MS, Burgos LT, Mello ED, Reuter CP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva CF, Burgos MS, Silva PT, Burgos LT, Welser L, Sehn AP, Horta JA, Reuter CP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva CF, Burgos MS, Silva PT, Burgos LT, Welser L, Sehn AP, Horta JA, Mello ED, Reuter CP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Reuter CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pouco se tem estudado sobre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar se existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com 2.098 escolares, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos. As vari&#225;veis avaliadas foram: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD) e de pulso (PP), duplo-produto (DP), consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio (mVO<sub>2</sub>), perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico, n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC). Os valores de FC de repouso e esfor&#231;o foram divididos em quartis. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os valores cont&#237;nuos de FC com indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos foi testada por meio da regress&#227;o linear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O colesterol LDL apresentou m&#233;dia significativamente superior (p = 0,003) nos escolares com FC de repouso maior ou igual a 91 bpm, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos escolares que apresentaram menos de 75 bpm. Comparados com os quartis da FC de esfor&#231;o, a PAS, PAD, glicose e &#225;cido &#250;rico apresentaram valores elevados quando a FC foi igual ou superior a 185 bpm. A PAS, a glicose e o colesterol HDL demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a FC de repouso. Observou-se o &#225;cido &#250;rico como um preditor do aumento da FC de esfor&#231;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Escolares com FC de repouso mais elevada apresentam m&#233;dias superiores de colesterol LDL. Para FC de esfor&#231;o, observou-se eleva&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial, nos n&#237;veis de glicose e de &#225;cido &#250;rico. O &#225;cido &#250;rico demonstrou ser preditor da eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC de esfor&#231;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de da Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de do Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Repouso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A busca por novas informa&#231;&#245;es que possam contribuir no desenvolvimento de mecanismos de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas faz emergir diferentes linhas de pesquisa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, atualmente, o foco dessas pesquisas tem sido a associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, como diabetes e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Contudo, uma vari&#225;vel que vem recebendo crescente aten&#231;&#227;o &#233; a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas card&#237;acas podem ser investigadas por meio da altera&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A FC &#233; uma vari&#225;vel fisiol&#243;gica de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o e mensura&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Por ser um par&#226;metro de baixo custo e estar associado a vari&#225;veis fidedignas de mensura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o, a FC frequentemente &#233; utilizada para avaliar a resposta do sistema cardiovascular durante o esfor&#231;o e a recupera&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A associa&#231;&#227;o da FC com dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos ainda tem sido pouco estudada, contudo, sabe-se que a condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e a presen&#231;a de patologias podem influenciar a FC de repouso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudo realizado em Campinas-SP buscou verificar a exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as na condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de crian&#231;as obesas e n&#227;o obesas em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso. Esse trabalho constatou que a obesidade na inf&#226;ncia provoca maior sobrecarga ao cora&#231;&#227;o em repouso, devido a uma eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa da FC em crian&#231;as obesas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Segundo Freitas Junior et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> uma alta quantidade de gordura corporal propicia a libera&#231;&#227;o de adipocinas inflamat&#243;rias na corrente sangu&#237;nea que contribui no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e, tamb&#233;m, na mudan&#231;a de atividades simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, aspecto que pode ocasionar um aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso.</p>
        <p>Pouco tem se estudado sobre a FC e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com disfun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em repouso, valores baixos de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem ser associados como favor&#225;veis &#224; sa&#250;de, refletindo em menor risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Um estudo realizado por Fernandes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FC de repouso e press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as e adolescentes do sexo masculino e identificou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre essas vari&#225;veis, sugerindo que FC elevada tamb&#233;m provoca aumento da press&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Bruneto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> t&#234;m associado o aumento da taxa de morbidades e o desencadeamento de doen&#231;a cardiovasculares com a pr&#225;tica reduzida de atividade f&#237;sica e n&#237;veis baixos de condicionamento das crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos.</p>
        <p>Diante destas perspectivas, conv&#233;m pesquisar sobre as associa&#231;&#245;es entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos. Deste modo, estaremos contribuindo na constru&#231;&#227;o de subs&#237;dios para cria&#231;&#227;o e implanta&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de preven&#231;&#227;o e promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de direcionada para a melhora da qualidade de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o infanto-juvenil. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar se existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Os participantes do presente estudo, de car&#225;ter transversal, s&#227;o 2.098 sujeitos, do sexo feminino e masculino, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos, pertencentes a escolas municipais, estaduais e particulares da zona urbana e rural do munic&#237;pio de Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. O presente estudo faz parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla, denominada &#8220;Sa&#250;de dos escolares - Fase III&#8221;, aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) com Seres Humanos, sob protocolo n&#250;mero 714.216 e CAAE: 31576714.6.0000.5343.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis utilizadas para avaliar este estudo foram: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) em repouso e esfor&#231;o, press&#227;o arterial (PA) em repouso, press&#227;o de pulso (PP), duplo-produto (DP), consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio (mVO<sub>2</sub>), indicadores bioqu&#237;micos, avaliados por meio do soro (perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico), antropom&#233;tricos: &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC). Para mensura&#231;&#227;o da FC de repouso, o escolar deveria estar sentado, com 5 minutos em repouso. A FC foi avaliada pelo frequenc&#237;metro modelo FT1 (Polar, Finl&#226;ndia), com o sensor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca anexado na linha peitoral sobre o esterno com uma cinta el&#225;stica. Foi considerado, para FC de repouso, o valor mais baixo estabilizado pelo frequenc&#237;metro. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de esfor&#231;o foi avaliada ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de corrida/caminhada de 6 minutos, aplicado na pista de atletismo, da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC. Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de corrida/caminhada de 6 minutos, seguiram-se as orienta&#231;&#245;es do protocolo preconizado pelo Projeto Esporte Brasil - PROESP-BR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os escolares foram orientados, anteriormente, a utilizar roupa leve e cal&#231;ado adequado (t&#234;nis) e percorrer a maior dist&#226;ncia poss&#237;vel durante todo o teste. Os resultados obtidos foram coletados imediatamente ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste. Os valores de FC de esfor&#231;o foram obtidos pelo frequenc&#237;metro e expressos em batimentos por minuto (bpm). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA, obedeceu-se ao mesmo procedimento aplicado a FC de repouso, sendo a avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada no bra&#231;o esquerdo, com o escolar sentado. Ap&#243;s 5 minutos em repouso, foram realizadas duas medidas de PA, utilizando esfigmoman&#244;metro, estetosc&#243;pio e manguito adequado ao per&#237;metro braquial do aluno. Foram considerados apenas os valores mais baixos de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), sendo que a PP foi obtida pela diferen&#231;a entre PAS e PAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas na Universidade.</p>
        <p>Os indicadores bioqu&#237;micos avaliados inclu&#237;ram perfil lip&#237;dico e os n&#237;veis de glicose e &#225;cido &#250;rico, por meio de amostras de soro do escolar, o qual foi orientado a manter jejum pr&#233;vio de 12 horas. Para o perfil lip&#237;dico, foram dosados os seguintes marcadores: colesterol total (CT) e fra&#231;&#227;o HDL (HDL-C) (<italic>high density lipoprotein</italic>; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade), bem como triglicer&#237;deos. O colesterol LDL (LDL-C) foi calculado de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald, Levy e Fredrickson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os dados obtidos seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e do American Diabetes Association,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> para avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico, respectivamente. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no equipamento automatizado Miura One (I.S.E., Roma, It&#225;lia), utilizando kits comerciais.</p>
        <p>O IMC foi obtido ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do peso e estatura, avaliados com balan&#231;a e estadi&#244;metro, respectivamente. O c&#225;lculo do IMC foi realizado fazendo a divis&#227;o do peso pela estatura, elevada ao quadrado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A CC foi mensurada com fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica, sendo avaliado o menor per&#237;metro do tronco entre as costelas e a crista il&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Os valores de DP foram obtidos pelo c&#225;lculo da PAS x FC. Os valores de mVO2 foram obtidos por meio da f&#243;rmula de convers&#227;o do DP <italic>: mVO2 = (DP x 0,0014) - 6,3,</italic> proposta por Hellerstein e Wenger.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o do est&#225;gio maturacional foi realizada pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Tanner, considerando o desenvolvimento maturacional em 5 fases, para ambos os sexos, sendo avaliado o desenvolvimento da pilosidade pubiana e dos genitais. Para aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste, cada uma das fases foi mostrada ao escolar por meio de desenhos e este foi orientado a escolher a fase que mais se assemelhava ao seu est&#225;gio de desenvolvimento atual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados foi realizada no programa estat&#237;stico SPSS v. 23.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, EUA). As caracter&#237;sticas descritivas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncia e percentual para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, primeiramente foi aplicado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para testar a normalidade dos dados (FC de repouso e esfor&#231;o, PAS, PAD, PP, glicose, CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG e &#225;cido &#250;rico). Os dados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o), pois apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Posteriormente, os valores da FC de repouso e esfor&#231;o foram divididos em quartis. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios dos indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos, de acordo a categoriza&#231;&#227;o com os quartis da FC de repouso (Q1: &lt; 75 bpm; Q2: 75-82 bpm; Q3: 83-90 bpm e Q4: &#8805; 91 bpm) e esfor&#231;o (Q1: &lt; 152 bpm; Q2: 152-171 bpm; Q3: 172-184 bpm e Q4: &#8805; 185 bpm), foi realizada por meio da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), com teste Post Hoc de Tukey para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os valores cont&#237;nuos de FC de repouso e esfor&#231;o com os indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos foi testada por meio da regress&#227;o linear, ajustada para as vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e est&#225;gio maturacional. Para todas as an&#225;lises, foram consideradas significativas as diferen&#231;as para p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos escolares avaliados, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, est&#225;gio maturacional, idade e FC de repouso e esfor&#231;o, podem ser visualizados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref>. Dos 2098 escolares avaliados, 903 (43%) eram do sexo masculino e 1195 (57%) do sexo feminino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 11,50 &#177; 2,77 anos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas descritivas dos sujeitos. Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 2014-2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">903 (43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1195 (57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Est&#225;gio maturacional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">517 (25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">510 (24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">437 (21)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">478 (23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V</td>
                <td align="center">156 (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">11,50 (2,77)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC repouso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">82,67 (10,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC esfor&#231;o (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">168,40 (22,47)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios dos indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos, de acordo com os quartis da FC de repouso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>), demonstra que houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre DP (0,678 p &lt; 0,001) e mVO2 (0,678 p &lt; 0,001) com FC, em repouso. Para valores de LDL-C tamb&#233;m houve diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,003), com m&#233;dia superior no quarto quartil (88,68 mg/dL), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro quartil (82,66 mg/dL). Ainda, constatou-se diferen&#231;a significativa nos valores de DP e mVO<sub>2</sub> de um quartil para outro, sendo que todos os quartis diferiram, de forma crescente, entre si. N&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre PP e FC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios dos indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos de acordo com os quartis da FC de repouso</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Quartis da FC de repouso</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Q1 (n = 513)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Q2 (n = 515)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Q3 (n = 540)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Q4 (n = 530)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 75 bpm</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>75-82 bpm</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>83-90 bpm</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#8805; 91 bpm</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">106,94 (14,61)</td>
                <td align="center">105,95 (13,85)</td>
                <td align="center">105,03 (14,28)</td>
                <td align="center">107,02 (14,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">65,47 (10,60)</td>
                <td align="center">64,62 (10,75)</td>
                <td align="center">64,49 (11,01)</td>
                <td align="center">65,18 (11,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,412</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">89,85 (9,52)</td>
                <td align="center">89,44 (9,29)</td>
                <td align="center">89,31 (9,49)</td>
                <td align="center">90,24 (9,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,354</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">158,62 (30,93)</td>
                <td align="center">160,60 (30,20)</td>
                <td align="center">161,85 (30,32)</td>
                <td align="center">163,70 (31,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">62,16 (10,86)</td>
                <td align="center">60,95 (11,48)</td>
                <td align="center">60,77 (12,40)</td>
                <td align="center">60,49 (11,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">82,66 (28,45)</td>
                <td align="center">85,11 (25,93)</td>
                <td align="center">86,47 (26,03)</td>
                <td align="center">88,68 (26,61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">I</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">69,82 (30,76)</td>
                <td align="center">71,80 (31,61)</td>
                <td align="center">72,75 (36,96)</td>
                <td align="center">71,73 (34,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,552</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AU (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4,30 (1,57)</td>
                <td align="center">4,14 (1,26)</td>
                <td align="center">4,16 (2,44)</td>
                <td align="center">4,16 (1,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP (bpm/mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">7354,33 (1073,25)</td>
                <td align="center">8364,62 (1136,90)</td>
                <td align="center">9087,20 (1253,50)</td>
                <td align="center">10257,53 (1522,47)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">II</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mVO2 (mlO<sup>2</sup>/100.VE.min)</td>
                <td align="center">3,99 (1,50)</td>
                <td align="center">5,41 (1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">6,42 (1,75)</td>
                <td align="center">8,06 (2,13)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">II</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">41,47 (9,69)</td>
                <td align="center">41,34 (9,22)</td>
                <td align="center">40,54 (9,56)</td>
                <td align="center">41,84 (10,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,176</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA); dados expressos em m&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o); Q1: quartil 1; Q2: quartil 2; Q3: quartil 3; Q4: quartil 4; bpm: batimentos por minuto; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (high density lipoprotein); LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (low density lipoprotein); TG: triglicer&#237;deos; AU: &#225;cido &#250;rico; DP: duplo-produto; mVO2: consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio; PP: press&#227;o de pulso; Post Hoc de Tukey:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>I</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a significativa do Q1 para o Q4 (p = 0,002);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>II</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a significativa do Q1 para Q2 (p &lt; 0,001), para Q3 (p &lt; 0,001) e para Q4 (p &lt; 0,001); do Q2 para Q3 (p &lt; 0,001), do Q2 para Q4 (p &lt; 0,001) e do Q3 para Q4 (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando os indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos foram comparados com os quartis da FC de esfor&#231;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>), observam-se valores m&#233;dios mais elevados no quarto quartil em compara&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro quartil para PAS (108,71 mmHg); p &lt; 0,001), PAD (66,43 mmHg; p &lt; 0,001), glicose (90,58 mg/dL; p = 0,028) e &#225;cido &#250;rico (4,40 mg/dL; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios dos indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos de acordo com os quartis da FC de esfor&#231;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Quartis da FC de esfor&#231;o</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q1 (n = 508)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q2 (n = 537)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q3 (n = 506)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q4 (n = 547)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&lt; 152 bpm</th>
                <th align="center">152-171 bpm</th>
                <th align="center">172-184 bpm</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 185 bpm</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">103,72 (13,80)</td>
                <td align="center">105,44 (13,83)</td>
                <td align="center">106,89 (14,69)</td>
                <td align="center">108,71 (14,95)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">I</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">63,52 (10,59)</td>
                <td align="center">64,25 (10,28)</td>
                <td align="center">65,47 (10,81)</td>
                <td align="center">66,43 (11,63)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">II</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">89,23 (9,90)</td>
                <td align="center">89,93 (9,40)</td>
                <td align="center">89,02 (8,72)</td>
                <td align="center">90,58 (9,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,028<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">III</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">159,21 (30,31)</td>
                <td align="center">161,47 (27,42)</td>
                <td align="center">162,73 (33,54)</td>
                <td align="center">161,45 (31,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,323</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">60,80 (11,86)</td>
                <td align="center">61,42 (11,16)</td>
                <td align="center">60,62 (11,54)</td>
                <td align="center">61,45 (11,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,544</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">84,12 (26,79)</td>
                <td align="center">85,84 (24,29)</td>
                <td align="center">87,80 (28,78)</td>
                <td align="center">85,33 (27,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">70,82 (31,96)</td>
                <td align="center">70,25 (31,88)</td>
                <td align="center">72,25 (36,33)</td>
                <td align="center">72,83 (34,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,559</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,91 (1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">4,28 (2,33)</td>
                <td align="center">4,16 (1,21)</td>
                <td align="center">4,40 (1,70)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">IV</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA); dados expressos em m&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o); Q1: quartil 1; Q2: quartil 2; Q3: quartil 3; Q4: quartil 4; bpm: batimentos por minuto; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (high density lipoprotein); LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (low density lipoprotein); Post Hoc de Tukey:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>I</label>
              <p> diferen&#231;a significativa do Q1 para o Q3 (p = 0,002) e do Q1 para o Q4 (p &lt; 0,001);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>II</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a significativa do Q1 para o Q3 (p = 0,022) e do Q1 para o Q4 (p &lt; 0,001);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>III</label>
              <p> diferen&#231;a significativa do Q3 para o Q4 (p = 0,035);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>IV</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a significativa do Q1 para o Q2 (p = 0,002) e do Q1 para o Q4 (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando &#233; analisada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FC e indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos, por meio da regress&#227;o linear (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>), a PAS, a glicose e o HDL-C estiveram associados com a FC de repouso; por&#233;m, esta associa&#231;&#227;o, apesar de significativa, foi fraca. Foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre a FC de repouso com o mVO<sub>2</sub> (&#946; = 3,46; p &lt; 0,001). Para a FC de esfor&#231;o, somente o &#225;cido &#250;rico esteve associado (&#946; = 0,73; p = 0,015), demonstrando ser um preditor do aumento da FC de esfor&#231;o, na amostra avaliada. Por outro lado, quando avaliado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o moderada apenas entre FC de repouso com DP (r = 0,678; p &lt; 0,001) e com o mVO<sub>2</sub> (r = 0,678; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FC Repouso</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FC Esfor&#231;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">EP</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">1</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">2</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">&#946; </th>
                <th align="center">EP</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">1</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">2</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,967</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,500</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,795</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,884</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,684</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,911</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,252</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">-0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">-0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,156</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,451</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">-0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,168</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,285</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,631</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,546</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cido &#250;rico</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,806</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,132</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,678</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">3,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,678</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,820</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <p>Regress&#227;o linear ajustada para sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e est&#225;gio maturacional; EP: erro-padr&#227;o; r: correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>valor de signific&#226;ncia para o teste de regress&#227;o linear;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>valor de signific&#226;ncia para o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (high density lipoprotein); LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (low density lipoprotein); DP: duplo-produto; mVO2: consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio; PP: press&#227;o de pulso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo buscou avaliar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos. Identificamos que FC de repouso elevada (igual ou superior &#224; 91 bpm) esteve associada com maiores n&#237;veis de LDL-C (88,68 mg/dL; p &lt; 0,001). Em exerc&#237;cio, a FC elevada esteve associada com valores elevados de PAS (108,71 mmHg; p &lt; 0,001), PAD (66,43 mmHg; p &lt; 0,001), glicose (90,58 mg/dL; p = 0,028) e &#225;cido &#250;rico (4,40 mg/dL; p &lt; 0,001). Um estudo em Presidente Prudente-SP encontrou dados semelhantes e apontou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre FC de repouso e dislipidemia, sendo que escolares com valores superiores de FC apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis de CT e triglicer&#237;deos. Contudo, n&#227;o foi encontrado associa&#231;&#227;o com valores de LDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, a an&#225;lise relativa &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre FC e indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre PAS, glicose e o HDL-C, com FC de repouso, por&#233;m, esta associa&#231;&#227;o, foi fraca. Somente o &#225;cido &#250;rico, relacionado &#224; FC de esfor&#231;o, demonstrou boa associa&#231;&#227;o (&#946; = 0,73; p = 0,015), podendo ser considerado um preditor do aumento de riscos cardiometab&#243;licos na amostra pesquisada, tendo em vista que o &#225;cido &#250;rico em n&#237;veis elevados est&#225; associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de SM em adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O mecanismo pelo qual poderia ser explicada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#225;cido &#250;rico e SM est&#225; no fato de que a consequ&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica da SM se expressa atrav&#233;s da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica (DHGNA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, altera&#231;&#245;es em alguns componentes espec&#237;ficos da SM, como PA, metabolismo dos glic&#237;dios e lip&#237;dios sugerem ser indicadores da instala&#231;&#227;o mais agravante da SM, incluindo ainda, manifesta&#231;&#245;es iniciais da DHGNA, aspecto que neste estudo j&#225; parecem impactar em menores condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares para atividades com altas demandas respirat&#243;rias, refletindo, deste modo, em altera&#231;&#227;o nos valores de FC de esfor&#231;o. Da mesma forma, o &#225;cido &#250;rico, como componente isolado, tamb&#233;m seria uma vari&#225;vel mais sens&#237;vel para captar essas altera&#231;&#245;es. Essa hip&#243;tese se justificaria pela constata&#231;&#227;o da DHGNA nos escolares avaliados. Contudo, essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi testada no presente estudo. Por outro lado, um estudo realizado em Campina Grande- PB, com 129 crian&#231;as e adolescentes, de 2 a 18 anos de idade, avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de DHGNA e/ou SM em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com excesso de peso. O estudo identificou que elevados n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico est&#227;o associados &#224; SM, PAS e &#224; adolesc&#234;ncia, mas esta associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada com a DHGNA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, a baixa faixa et&#225;ria utilizada no estudo pode ter dificultado a constata&#231;&#227;o da DHGNA, visto que a condi&#231;&#227;o levaria tempo para se instalar. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que os n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#227;o significativamente menores em crian&#231;as em compara&#231;&#227;o a adolescentes (4,74 &#177; 1,05 vs 5,52 &#177; 1,49 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001), sendo que meninos tendem a atingir maiores pico de &#225;cido &#250;rico entre os 12-14 anos de idade e meninas entre os 10-12 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o estudo apontou que indiv&#237;duos com PAS elevada foram quatro vezes mais propensos a ter hiperuricemia e que n&#237;veis elevados de &#225;cido &#250;rico estiveram associados com componentes individuais da SM, como IMC, CC e PA, o que se assemelha aos achados apontados neste estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, embora a associa&#231;&#227;o de PAS, glicose e HDL-C com FC tenha sido fraca, esses dados sugerem ser indicativos da instala&#231;&#227;o de um quadro, em est&#225;gio inicial, de SM, considerando que estudos recentes t&#234;m apontado associa&#231;&#245;es positivas entre SM e altera&#231;&#245;es nesses indicadores metab&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Dados recentes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes-ERICA, realizado com 37.504 adolescentes brasileiros de 27 capitais, demostraram que as combina&#231;&#245;es entre PA elevada, triglicer&#237;deos elevados e HDL-C baixos s&#227;o as mais frequentemente respons&#225;veis pelo diagn&#243;stico de SM em escolares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Dessa forma, os dados apresentados nesta pesquisa apontam n&#237;veis elevados de FC como fator independente para risco de dislipidemias e dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, um estudo realizado em 27 cidades europeias avaliou 769 adolescentes para verificar a capacidade da FC para triagem de fatores de riscos metab&#243;licos e constatou que a FC de repouso n&#227;o &#233; um bom preditor para riscos cardiometab&#243;licos. De acordo com o estudo, a FC de repouso proporciona um valor subestimado, logo associa&#231;&#245;es positivas em estudos entre doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas degenerativas e FC de repouso teriam sido encontradas devido ao uso da escala de percentis, que seria um par&#226;metro limitado, por n&#227;o apresentar a exatid&#227;o e precis&#227;o das taxas de FC; assim, o estudo, ao utilizar uma an&#225;lise mais aprimorada, denominada curva ROC, p&#244;de considerar os resultados apresentados pelo estudo, como mais confi&#225;veis. No entanto, o mesmo estudo apontou que a an&#225;lise isolada dos fatores de risco identificou que os adolescentes do sexo masculino apresentaram valores mais elevados de PAS (124,4 mmHg; IC 95%: 123,1-125,8) e TC/HDL (3,02; IC 95%: 2,96-3,09) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s adolescentes do sexo feminino (PA: 116,2 mmHg; IC 95%: 115,3-117,1; TC/HDL 2,99; IC 95%: 2,93-3,04). Al&#233;m disso, quando comparados com os seus pares do sexo feminino, os meninos apresentaram, tamb&#233;m, maior FC de repouso, aspecto que sugere que maiores n&#237;veis de FC de repouso est&#227;o associados a eleva&#231;&#227;o de PA e TC/HDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, altera&#231;&#245;es no comportamento da FC de adolescentes parecem estar relacionadas a SM, tanto no que se refere a altera&#231;&#245;es para valores mais elevados, quanto para valores reduzidos. Estudos realizados com adolescentes com obesidade e altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil metab&#243;lico t&#234;m constatado que aqueles que apresentam valores mais elevados de glicose, n&#237;veis de TG, LDL-C e PA associados &#224; obesidade, em resposta a maior resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, t&#234;m uma altera&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es simp&#225;ticas e parassimp&#225;ticas, o que reflete na diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e resultaria em uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de FC. Esse fato a longo prazo explicaria, em parte, o maior risco para incid&#234;ncias cardiovasculares e morte s&#250;bita em obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#245;es positivas entre FC de repouso e fatores de riscos cardiovasculares em adolescentes tamb&#233;m foram encontradas em estudo realizado em 48 munic&#237;pios do estado de Pernambuco (nordeste do Brasil), em que foram avaliados 4619 adolescentes com idades entre 14 e 19 anos. O estudo avaliou um conjunto de fatores de risco e constatou que FC de repouso esteve associada com a obesidade abdominal (b = 0,106; p = 0,003), comportamento sedent&#225;rio (b = 0,099; p &lt; 0,001), PA elevada (b = 0,160; p &lt; 0,001) e inatividade f&#237;sica (b = 0,049, p = 0,034), em meninos, e nas meninas apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com PA elevada (b = 0,259, p &lt; 0,001). Ainda, a presen&#231;a de cinco fatores de risco em escolares resultou em valores significativamente maiores de FC de repouso (p &lt; 0,05), em compara&#231;&#227;o aos escolares sem quaisquer fatores de risco cardiovascular. Assim, os dados do estudo sugeriram que FC de repouso igual ou acima de 82,5 bpm (&#177; 13,9 bpm) em meninos e de 89,8 bpm (&#177; 10,9 bpm) em meninas poderia ser considerada como fator de risco para DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais componentes cardiometab&#243;licos avaliados, nosso estudo encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre DP (0,678; p &lt; 0,001) e mVO<sub>2</sub> (0,678; p &lt; 0,001) com FC, em repouso. Al&#233;m disso, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios dos indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos, de acordo com os quartis da FC de repouso, apontaram diferen&#231;a significativa nos valores de DP e mVO<sub>2</sub> de um quartil para outro, sendo que todos os quartis diferiram, de forma crescente, entre si. Esses achados trazem novas perspectivas para o uso e abordagem da FC de repouso, visto que se sabe que valores elevados de FC em repouso est&#227;o associados a piores condi&#231;&#245;es funcionais em idades mais avan&#231;adas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Contudo, s&#227;o escassas as informa&#231;&#245;es existentes na literatura voltadas &#224;s an&#225;lises dessas vari&#225;veis na popula&#231;&#227;o infanto-juvenil. Pelo fato de que tanto DP, como mVO<sub>2</sub> expressarem as condi&#231;&#245;es e demandas de trabalho card&#237;aco, sup&#245;e-se que para a popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, a FC de repouso elevada, pode ser considerada indicadora de ocorr&#234;ncia de problemas de sa&#250;de ou outros comprometimentos relacionadas a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, visto o alto n&#237;vel de esfor&#231;o dispendido pelo mioc&#225;rdio para desenvolver as fun&#231;&#245;es vitais em repouso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, a hip&#243;tese levantada pelos dados encontrados no nosso estudo indica que quanto maior a FC de repouso, maior a sobrecarga card&#237;aca do escolar. Logo, a FC elevada poderia ser utilizada como preditor, em primeira an&#225;lise, de respostas fisiol&#243;gicas alteradas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, sendo que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de valores de DP e mVO<sub>2</sub>, contribui para uma melhor vis&#227;o do desfecho card&#237;aco. Ainda, associa&#231;&#245;es entre FC, obesidade e vari&#225;veis cardiometabolicas t&#234;m apontado que o excesso de peso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes causa maior preju&#237;zo na aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, tanto a n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo, quanto a n&#237;vel subm&#225;ximo, quando comparados aos adolescentes com peso normal, principalmente pelo comprometimento do consumo de oxig&#234;nio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, ao fornecer dados que demonstram altera&#231;&#245;es homeost&#225;ticas na popula&#231;&#227;o infanto-juvenil, nosso estudo apoia as evid&#234;ncias de que elevadas respostas card&#237;acas indicam maior fragilidade fisiol&#243;gica. Do mesmo modo, este estudo traz subs&#237;dios para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas que visem investigar melhor esta associa&#231;&#227;o, considerando que n&#227;o foram encontrados na literatura dados a respeito de estudos sobre poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es entre FC, DP e mVO<sub>2</sub> com vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
        <p>Paralelamente, &#233; preciso ressaltar que este estudo, no entanto, tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A inviabilidade de avaliar valores de DP e mVO<sub>2</sub> de esfor&#231;o impede uma vis&#227;o mais ampliada da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e da abordagem desta vari&#225;vel para a popula&#231;&#227;o pesquisada. Simultaneamente, a indisponibilidade de estudos relacionando tais componentes para este p&#250;blico, restringe a compreens&#227;o dos dados e a formula&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;tese. De mesmo modo, a falta de valores de refer&#234;ncias para vari&#225;veis de DP e mVO<sub>2</sub> para popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica dificulta a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
        <p>Contudo, as an&#225;lises apresentadas aqui foram ajustadas &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e as associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas merecem ser mais exploradas em estudos futuros relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de dos escolares, tendo em vista que altera&#231;&#245;es da FC de repouso, PAS e DP, similares &#224;s encontradas em nossas an&#225;lises, tem sido igualmente preditivas de mortalidade por eventos coron&#225;rios e maior risco de decl&#237;nio funcional ao longo dos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Ainda, sabe-se que DP tem sido apontado como um preditor mais forte de eventos card&#237;acos que PA, FC e mVO<sub>2</sub>, aspecto que demonstra a import&#226;ncia de incluir essas vari&#225;veis na an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, os dados encontrados neste estudo podem ser vistos como um pequeno recorte de uma associa&#231;&#227;o que precisa ser mais aprofundada, visto que a FC indica ser uma medida potencial para o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares. Contudo, pesquisas futuras s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para determinar se estas medidas podem ser &#250;teis para o rastreio de altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas relacionadas &#224; din&#226;mica da FC em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</title>
        <p>Escolares com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso igual ou maior que 91 batimentos por minuto apresentam m&#233;dias mais elevadas de colesterol LDL. Para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de esfor&#231;o, escolares com 185 ou mais batimentos por minuto apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e nos n&#237;veis de glicose e de &#225;cido &#250;rico. Al&#233;m disso, o &#225;cido &#250;rico demonstrou ser preditor da eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de esfor&#231;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
