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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FTshffgg6r8hZTqBH8JLG4C</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900185</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Minute-Ventilation Variability during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test is Higher in Sedentary Men Than in Athletes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Pedrosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Robson Kluser</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Claudio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio (LACE) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Marinha do Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Naval Marc&#237;lio Dias</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marc&#237;lio Dias - Marinha do Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de Castro</bold>, &#8226; LACE-UFF - Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo, 101 / Sala 106. Postal Code 24210-130, S&#227;o Domingos, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>castrorrt@gmail.com,</email>
					<email>rrcastro@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Castro RRT, N&#243;brega ACL; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Castro RRT, Lima SP, Sales ARK; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Castro RRT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>185</fpage>
      <lpage>190</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The occurrence of minute-ventilation oscillations during exercise, named periodic breathing, exhibits important prognostic information in heart failure. Considering that exercise training could influence the fluctuation of ventilatory components during exercise, we hypothesized that ventilatory variability during exercise would be greater in sedentary men than athletes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare time-domain variability of ventilatory components of sedentary healthy men and athletes during a progressive maximal exercise test, evaluating their relationship to other variables usually obtained during a cardiopulmonary exercise test.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Analysis of time-domain variability (SD/n and RMSSD/n) of minute-ventilation (Ve), respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (Vt) during a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test of 9 athletes and 9 sedentary men was performed. Data was compared by two-tailed Student T test and Pearson&#180;s correlations test.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Sedentary men exhibited greater Vt (SD/n: 1.6 &#177; 0.3 vs. 0.9 &#177; 0.3 mL/breaths; p &lt; 0.001) and Ve (SD/n: 97.5 &#177; 23.1 vs. 71.6 &#177; 4.8 mL/min x breaths; p = 0.038) variabilities than athletes. VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> correlated to Vt variability (RMSSD/n) in both groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Time-domain variability of Vt and Ve during exercise is greater in sedentary than athletes, with a positive relationship between VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> pointing to a possible influence of ventilation-perfusion ratio on ventilatory variability during exercise in healthy volunteers.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Breathing</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Function Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentary Lifestyle</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Ventilation</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>During a progressively increasing work rate exercise test, ventilation is expected to exhibit a curvilinear behavior when plotted against time, as work rate is increased above anaerobic threshold.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Some heart failure patients' ventilation versus time plot does not comply with this physiological pattern and exhibits oscillations, with sequenced ups and downs in their ventilation versus time graphics during a cardiopulmonary exercise test. The presence of abnormal ventilatory oscillations in exercise test, named periodic breathing, is a powerful predictor of adverse outcome which prevalence varies from 25 to 31% of heart failure patients, depending on the criteria used to define it<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and regardless of the presence of other classic prognostic parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recently, the prognostic value of oscillatory ventilation has been described in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and its occurrence has been described in apparently healthy people.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Despite the prognostic value of this ventilatory parameter, there is still disagreement about the criteria that should be used to detect this phenomenon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Noteworthy, many variables that indicate prognosis in cardiopulmonary exercise tests are analyzed in a dichotomized approach. This means that a cut-off point categorize patients regarding their risk. Although this is convenient, there may be loss of important information.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In fact, we have previously shown that some patients' ventilation versus time plot exhibits modest oscillations that although are not normal neither comply to any established criteria of periodic breathing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Thus there is a grey area of ventilation variability pattern that is usually neglected by a binary approach. This is probably indicating that periodic breathing is the abnormal extreme of a more insidious process characterized by the inability to keep minute ventilation varying around an accepted set point. Thus, a method capable of quantifying the ventilation variability may not only add to the understanding of ventilatory patterns during exercise, but also to analyze prognosis in a leveled approach that could be more detailed than a binary one.</p>
      <p>Time-domain variability techniques are used in cardiology for the analysis of heart rate variability. We have previously replicated this technique to analyze ventilatory variability in heart failure patients during a maximal exercise test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exercise training confers adaptations capable of modifying not only resting ventilatory parameters, but also their acute responses to a single exercise section.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The adaptability of ventilatory variability to physical training is still unknown, but we have previously reported the reversal of periodic breathing, and reduction of ventilatory variability, after 14 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation in a patient with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering that exercise training could influence the fluctuation of ventilation during a progressive exercise test, we hypothesized that time-domain ventilatory variability during exercise would be greater in sedentary men than in athletes. Thus, the present study was designed to compare time-domain minute-ventilation variability of sedentary healthy men and athletes during a progressive maximal exercise test.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Volunteers</title>
        <p>Eighteen male volunteers (9 sedentary and 9 athletes) were invited to participate in the study. All of them were considered healthy after clinical history and physical examination. None of them was a smoker or had been in regular use of any medication. Sedentary men were not involved in any regular physical activity during the last three months and have never been considered as athletes before. Athletes were professional soccer players from the same soccer team, playing first division in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>All volunteers provided written informed consent to participate in the study after full explanation of the procedures and their potential risks. The investigation conformed to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and have been approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee on Human Research.</p>
        <p>All volunteers performed a maximal cardiopulmonary treadmill (Trackmaster 30x30, USA) exercise test following an individualized ramp protocol up to exhaustion. All tests achieved at least three of the following criteria to be considered maximum:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> achievement of oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) plateau; perceived exertion (modified BORG scale) = 10; achievement of maximal predicted heart rate (220-age); respiratory exchange ratio &#8805; 1,10.</p>
        <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed with gas exchange and ventilatory variables being analyzed breath-by-breath using a calibrated computer-based exercise system (<italic>Ultima CardiO<sub>2</sub> System</italic>, Medical Graphics Corporation, USA). The O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> analyzers were calibrated before each test using a reference gas (12% O<sub>2</sub>; 5% CO<sub>2</sub>; nitrogen balance). The pneumotachograph used was also calibrated, with a 3L syringe using different flow profiles. During each cardiopulmonary exercise test, a 12-lead electrocardiogram was continuously recorded (<italic>Cardioperfect</italic>, Welch Allin, USA) and heart rate automatically derived. Carbon dioxide production (CO<sub>2</sub>), VO<sub>2</sub>, tidal volume (Vt) and respiratory rate (RR), were registered breath-by-breath. Minute ventilation (VE), O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> ventilatory equivalents (VE/VO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) were automatically calculated (<italic>Breeze Software</italic> 6.4.1, Medical Graphics, USA). All breath-by-breath results were exported to an Excel spreadsheet (<italic>Microsoft Corporation</italic>, USA), where standard deviation (SD) and root mean square successive difference (RMSSD) of VE during exercise test were calculated for each patient. Considering that the number of observations has a direct influence on variability measurement, results (SD and RMSSD) were normalized to the number of respiratory cycles during the test, reducing the probability that a greater number of observations registered in longer tests would be the sole responsible for greater variability (SD/n and RMSSD/n, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the software Statistica 7.0 (<italic>Statsoft Inc,</italic> USA). Variables from the cardiopulmonary exercise tests showed normal distribution when analyzed by the <italic>Shapiro Wilk</italic>'s test. Exercise variables in both groups were compared by paired two-tailed Student T test. Significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
        <p>A sample size of twelve individuals (6 in each group) would be needed to provide an 80% power with a 2-sided alpha of 0.05 to detect a difference of 10 &#177; 5 ml/min x breaths in SD/n ventilation variability between the two groups. Considering that ventilatory variability is a new variable, and that there are no published data to guide us regarding expected values, we have decided to increase sample in 50% and that is why the presented study included 18 individuals. After finishing the study, the calculated power of ventilatory variability is 100%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The demographic and anthropometric characteristics of both groups are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. All tests achieved the oxygen consumption plateau and a respiratory quotient greater than 1.10, and thus were considered maximum testes. Peak cardiopulmonary exercise data of both groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and anthropometric data of volunteers (n = 18)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Sedentary men (n = 9)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Athletes (n = 9)</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.128</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">77.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">11.0</td>
              <td align="center">70.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
              <td align="center">1.75</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">1.75</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.866</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">25.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">3.04</td>
              <td align="center">23.05</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">1.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.064</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Comparison between groups by student T test. BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Peak exercise data during graded maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test performed by athletes and sedentary men in a treadmill</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Athletes (n = 9)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Sedentary men (n = 9)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
              <td align="center">47.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">42.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VCO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
              <td align="center">64.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">54.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RER</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.29</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.380</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ve (L/min)</td>
              <td align="center">128.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">123.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">14.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.550</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Respiratory rate (breaths/min)</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">0.540</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vt (L)</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.837</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">181</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">186</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0.343</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE/VO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.309</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RR/VO<sub>2</sub>(breaths/ml/Kg/min)</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.363</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub>/HR (ml/ beat)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>VO<sub>2</sub>: peak oxygen consumption; VCO<sub>2</sub>: peak carbon dioxide production; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; Ve: minute-ventilation; Vt: tidal volume. P value refers to the result of paired student&#8217;s T test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Sedentary men exhibited higher time-domain variability of minute-ventilation than athletes during cardiopulmonary exercise test, as showed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Minute-ventilation variability (SD/n and RMSSD/n) of athletes (green bars) and sedentary men (blue bars) during a graded maximal exercise test. * p &lt; 0.05 vs. sedentary. </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0185-70104-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The analysis of minute-ventilation curve during exercise has gained interest since the first reports of exercise oscillatory ventilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Although a lot of progress has been done regarding the prognosis value of this phenomenon since then,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> there was almost no progress in the quantification of this phenomenon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> There are currently two major diagnostic definitions of exercise oscillatory ventilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Both definitions require the visualization of the ventilatory pattern during exercise to determine the presence or absence of exercise oscillatory ventilation, in a dichotomized way. We have previously shown that applying time-domain variability techniques can be easily performed and may help quantifying exercise ventilatory oscillations. Olson and Johnson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have also proposed a software application to quantify measures of exercise oscillatory ventilation in heart failure patients.</p>
      <p>Considering that most ventilatory parameters exhibit some adaptation to physical training, it is conceivable to hypothesize that ventilatory variability would also be affected by chronic exposure to physical exercise. The present study compared ventilatory variability throughout exercise in athletes and sedentary men and concluded that untrained volunteers exhibited greater minute-ventilation variability than soccer athletes.</p>
      <p>It is important to note that all volunteers were healthy and without any cardiovascular or respiratory disease. Therefore, some mechanisms involved in <italic>Cheyne-Stokes</italic> respiration and periodic breathing, such as hypocapnia, and pulmonary blood flow fluctuations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> which are considered key mechanisms of periodic breathing in heart failure, would probably not be useful in understanding physiological ventilatory variability during exercise in healthy subjects. Increased central and peripheral chemosensitivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> is also involved with <italic>Cheyne-Stokes</italic> respiration. Ohyabu et al showed that ventilatory sensitivity during hypoxia was attenuated in long-distance runners and sprinters compared to non-athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In fact, endurance training reduces the ventilatory response to a given level of work due to an attenuated chemosensitivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> So, it is possible that reduced chemosensitivity would explain the findings of the present study.</p>
      <p>Although there was no statistical difference regarding weight or body mass index between groups, volunteers in the sedentary group exhibited near significantly higher weight and BMI. One could hypothesize that this slight and non-significant difference could have influenced the different breathing patterns found in the study. In fact, in morbid obese individuals, excessive body weight can induce chest wall restriction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and loosing body weight may improve lung function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Nevertheless, although there was some overweight volunteers in both groups, there was not a single obese volunteer in this study. We could not found any study that compared ventilatory parameters in overweight and not overweight individuals during exercise. Regarding rest breathing patterns, it seems that body mass only influences lung function when obese individuals are in supine position. Our volunteers were non-obese and all tests were performed in the upright position. Thus, it seems unlikely that the slight and non significant difference in BMI between groups would have influenced the ventilatory variability results of the present study.</p>
      <p>The analysis of <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref> shows maximal VO<sub>2</sub> that is not as high as expected for professional soccer players. There are several possible explanations for this finding. First of all, data was collected in the beginning of the season, just after holydays. So, athletes were not in their best shape. It is also important to note that there is clear VO<sub>2max</sub> variation profiles between soccer players accordingly to their playing position and style.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> We have included athletes from all playing positions, from the same team, in the athlete group. So, there were differences between their VO<sub>2max</sub>. Finally, players in Brazil appear to be shorter in stature, similar in body mass and have a lower overall aerobic capacity when compared to their European equivalents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Some operational and technical aspects could have influenced the results of the present study. Subjects were not submitted to rest pulmonary function tests before entering the study. Considering none of them had any past history of pulmonary disease or smoking, the absence of rest pulmonary function tests, although desirable, does not seem to be a major issue influencing the present results.</p>
        <p>The use of different interfaces to breath analysis may influence the depth and rate of breathing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Although this effect appears to be restricted to lower levels of exercise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> it seems reasonable not to interchangeably compare ventilatory variability results recorded using mask, mouthpiece or canopy. All breath-by-breath data in this study was collected throughout a face mask. Thus, the selected interface could not have influenced the different results when both groups were compared.</p>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional study where trained and untrained men were compared. A study that evaluates the effects of physical training would rather have a longitudinal than the present design. Nevertheless, the only difference between both studied groups was their peak VO<sub>2</sub>, which was higher in athletes, as expected. Thus, although athletes were not longitudinally evaluated, it seems that the different exercise responses in both groups could be directly attributable to physical training.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The presence of periodic breathing is a powerful predictor of adverse outcome in heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This is an extreme presentation of a ventilatory variation that although unseen by our eyes can be mathematically calculated. The present study adds information regarding the quantification of exercise minute-ventilation variability, and points to the direction that this is a trainable exercise variable. The exact mechanisms that influence ventilatory variability during exercise remain to be studied.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A variabilidade da Ventila&#231;&#227;o durante Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio &#233; Maior em Homens Sedent&#225;rios do que em Atletas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Pedrosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Robson Kluser</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Claudio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio (LACE) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marc&#237;lio Dias - Marinha do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de Castro</bold>, &#8226; LACE-UFF - Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo, 101 / Sala 106. CEP 24210-130, S&#227;o Domingos, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>castrorrt@gmail.com</email>, <email>rrcastro@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Castro RRT, N&#243;brega ACL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Castro RRT, Lima SP, Sales ARK; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Castro RRT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de oscila&#231;&#245;es de variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria durante o exerc&#237;cio, denominada respira&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica, apresenta importantes informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Considerando que o treinamento f&#237;sico poderia influenciar a flutua&#231;&#227;o dos componentes ventilat&#243;rios durante o exerc&#237;cio, n&#243;s hipotetizamos que a variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria durante o exerc&#237;cio seria maior nos homens sedent&#225;rios do que nos atletas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a variabilidade temporal das componentes ventilat&#243;rias de homens sedent&#225;rios saud&#225;veis e atletas durante um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo progressivo, avaliando sua rela&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis normalmente obtidas durante um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise da variabilidade temporal (SD/n e RMSSD/n) da ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto (Ve), da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (RR) e do volume corrente (Vt) durante um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo em 9 atletas e 9 homens sedent&#225;rios. Os dados foram comparados pelo teste T de Student bicaudal e pelo teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os homens sedent&#225;rios apresentaram maior variabilidade Vt (SD/n: 1,6 &#177; 0,3 vs 0,9 &#177; 0,3 mL/respira&#231;&#245;es, p &lt; 0,001) e Ve (SD/n: 97,5 &#177; 23,1 vs. 71,6 &#177; 4,8 mL/min x respira&#231;&#245;es; p = 0,038) do que os atletas. VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> correlacionou-se &#224; variabilidade de Vt (RMSSD/n) em ambos os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A variabilidade temporal de Vt e Ve durante o exerc&#237;cio &#233; maior em sedent&#225;rios do que em atletas, com uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> apontando para uma poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o na variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria durante o exerc&#237;cio em volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Respira&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida Sedent&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventila&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Durante um teste de esfor&#231;o carga de trabalho com incrementos progressivos, espera-se que a ventila&#231;&#227;o exiba um comportamento curvil&#237;neo quando a carga de trabalho ultrapassa o limiar anaer&#243;bico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A curva ventila&#231;&#227;o x tempo em alguns pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o obedece a este padr&#227;o fisiol&#243;gico e exibe oscila&#231;&#245;es, com altos e baixos sequenciados em seus gr&#225;ficos de ventila&#231;&#227;o versus tempo durante um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar. A presen&#231;a de oscila&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias anormais no teste de esfor&#231;o, denominada ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica, &#233; um poderoso preditor de desfecho adverso cuja preval&#234;ncia varia de 25 a 31% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dependendo dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para defini-la<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e independentemente da presen&#231;a de outros cl&#225;ssicos par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recentemente, o valor progn&#243;stico da ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica tem sido descrito em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e sua ocorr&#234;ncia tem sido tamb&#233;m descrita em pessoas aparentemente saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A despeito do valor progn&#243;stico deste par&#226;metro ventilat&#243;rio, ainda h&#225; discord&#226;ncia quanto aos crit&#233;rios que devem ser utilizados para a detec&#231;&#227;o desse fen&#244;meno.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Digno de nota que muitas vari&#225;veis que indicam progn&#243;stico em testes de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar s&#227;o analisadas em uma abordagem dicotomizada. Isto significa que um ponto de corte categoriza os pacientes quanto ao seu risco. Embora isso seja conveniente, pode haver perda de informa&#231;&#245;es importantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> De fato, j&#225; mostramos anteriormente que a curva de ventila&#231;&#227;o plotada contra o tempo exibe oscila&#231;&#245;es modestas que, embora n&#227;o sejam normais, n&#227;o atendem a qualquer crit&#233;rio estabelecido de ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Assim, h&#225; uma &#225;rea cinzenta do padr&#227;o de variabilidade da ventila&#231;&#227;o que &#233; geralmente negligenciada por uma abordagem bin&#225;ria. Isto provavelmente indica que a ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica &#233; o extremo anormal de um processo mais insidioso caracterizado pela incapacidade de manter a ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto variando em torno de um <italic>set point</italic> aceito. Assim, um m&#233;todo capaz de quantificar a variabilidade da ventila&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o s&#243; aumentar a compreens&#227;o dos padr&#245;es ventilat&#243;rios durante o exerc&#237;cio, mas tamb&#233;m analisar o progn&#243;stico em uma abordagem estratificada que poderia ser mais detalhada do que uma bin&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>As t&#233;cnicas de variabilidade no dom&#237;nio do tempo s&#227;o utilizadas na cardiologia para a an&#225;lise da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. N&#243;s j&#225; j&#225; utilizamos essa t&#233;cnica essa t&#233;cnica para analisar a variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico confere adapta&#231;&#245;es capazes de modificar n&#227;o apenas os par&#226;metros ventilat&#243;rios de repouso, mas tamb&#233;m suas respostas agudas a uma &#250;nica se&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A adaptabilidade da variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria ao treinamento f&#237;sico ainda &#233; desconhecida, mas j&#225; relatamos a revers&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica e a redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria ap&#243;s 14 semanas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando que o treinamento f&#237;sico poderia influenciar a flutua&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o durante um teste de esfor&#231;o progressivo, n&#243;s hipotetizamos que a variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria no dom&#237;nio do tempo durante o exerc&#237;cio seria maior nos homens sedent&#225;rios do que nos atletas. Assim, o presente estudo foi desenhado para comparar a variabilidade temporal da ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto de homens saud&#225;veis sedent&#225;rios e atletas durante um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo progressivo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Volunt&#225;rios</title>
          <p>Dezoito volunt&#225;rios do sexo masculino (9 sedent&#225;rios e 9 atletas) foram convidados a participar do estudo. Todos foram considerados saud&#225;veis ap&#243;s o exame f&#237;sico e anamnese. Nenhum deles era fumante ou estava em uso regular de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o. Homens sedent&#225;rios n&#227;o estavam envolvidos em qualquer atividade f&#237;sica regular durante os &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses e nunca foram considerados atletas antes. Os atletas eram jogadores de futebol profissional da mesma equipe de futebol, jogando na primeira divis&#227;o no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de estudo</title>
          <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios forneceram consentimento informado por escrito para participar do estudo ap&#243;s explica&#231;&#227;o completa dos procedimentos e seus riscos potenciais. A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios enunciados na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e foi aprovado pela <italic>Institutional Research Ethics Committee on Human Research</italic>.</p>
          <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios realizaram um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo (<italic>Trackmaster</italic> 30x30, EUA) seguindo um protocolo de rampa individualizado at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. Todos os testes obtiveram pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seguintes crit&#233;rios para serem considerados m&#225;ximos:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A ocorr&#234;ncia de plat&#244; de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>); esfor&#231;o percebido (escala BORG modificada) = 10; alcance da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista (220-idade); raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria &#8805; 1,10.</p>
          <p>Os testes de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar foram realizados com an&#225;lise de trocas gasosas e das vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias sendo analisadas respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o usando um sistema de exerc&#237;cio computadorizado calibrado (<italic>Ultima CardiO2 System</italic>, Medical Graphics Corporation, EUA). Os analisadores de O<sub>2</sub> e CO<sub>2</sub> foram calibrados antes de cada ensaio utilizando um g&#225;s de refer&#234;ncia (12% de O<sub>2</sub>; 5% de CO<sub>2;</sub> e balan&#231;o de nitrog&#234;nio). O pneumotac&#243;grafo utilizado tamb&#233;m foi calibrado, com uma seringa 3L utilizando diferentes perfis de fluxo. Durante cada teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, um eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi registrado continuamente (<italic>Cardioperfect</italic>, Welch Allin, EUA) e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi obtida automaticamente. A produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (CO<sub>2</sub>), VO<sub>2</sub>, volume corrente (Vt) e frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (RR) foram registrados respira&#231;&#227;o por respira&#231;&#227;o. A ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto (VE), O<sub>2</sub> e os equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios de CO<sub>2</sub> (VE/VO<sub>2</sub> e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) foram calculados automaticamente (<italic>Breeze Software</italic> 6.4.1, Medical Graphics, EUA). Todos os resultados, ventila&#231;&#227;o &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o, foram exportados para uma planilha do Excel (<italic>Microsoft Corporation</italic>, EUA), onde foram calculados o desvio padr&#227;o (SD) e a varia&#231;&#227;o sucessiva da raiz quadrada m&#233;dia (RMSSD) de VE durante o teste de esfor&#231;o para cada paciente. Considerando que o n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es tem uma influ&#234;ncia direta na medida da variabilidade, os resultados (SD e RMSSD) foram normalizados pelo n&#250;mero de ciclos respirat&#243;rios durante o teste, reduzindo a probabilidade de que um maior n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es registradas em testes mais longos fosse o &#250;nico respons&#225;vel pela maior variabilidade (SD/n e RMSSD/n, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software Statistica 7.0 (<italic>Statsoft</italic> Inc, EUA). As vari&#225;veis dos testes de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal quando analisadas pelo teste de Shapiro Wilk. As vari&#225;veis de exerc&#237;cio em ambos os grupos foram comparadas por teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado bicaudal. A signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Uma amostra de doze indiv&#237;duos (6 em cada grupo) seria necess&#225;ria para fornecer uma pot&#234;ncia de 80% com um alfa bicaudal de 0,05 para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 10 &#177; 5 ml/min x respira&#231;&#245;es na variabilidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o SD/n entre os grupos. Considerando que a variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria &#233; uma nova vari&#225;vel e que n&#227;o h&#225; dados publicados que nos orientem sobre os valores esperados, decidimos aumentar a amostra em 50% e &#233; por isso que o estudo apresentado incluiu 18 indiv&#237;duos. Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do estudo, o poder calculado da variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria &#233; de 100%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas de ambos os grupos est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 1</xref>. Todos os testes alcan&#231;aram o patamar de consumo de oxig&#234;nio e um quociente respirat&#243;rio maior que 1,10 e, portanto, foram considerados testes m&#225;ximos. Os dados de pico do exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar de ambos os grupos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e antropom&#233;tricos dos volunt&#225;rios (n = 18)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Homens Sedent&#225;rios (n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Atletas (n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">77,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1,75</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,75</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,866</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">3,04</td>
                <td align="center">23,05</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos pelo teste Student T. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados de pico do exerc&#237;cio durante o teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo realizado por atletas e homens sedent&#225;rios em esteira rolante</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Atletas (n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Homens sedent&#225;rios (n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">47,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">42,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VCO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">64,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">54,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RER</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,29</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ve (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">128,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">123,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">14,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (resp./min)</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,540</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vt (L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,837</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batidas/min)</td>
                <td align="center">181</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0,343</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RR/VO<sub>2</sub>(respira&#231;&#245;es/ml/Kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,363</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub>/HR (ml/freq. card&#237;aca)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>VO<sub>2</sub>: pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VCO<sub>2</sub>: pico de produ&#231;&#227;o de CO2; RER: rela&#231;&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; Ve: ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto; Vt: volume corrente. O valor de p refere-se ao resultado do teste t Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os homens sedent&#225;rios apresentaram maior variabilidade temporal da ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto do que os atletas durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto durante o exerc&#237;cio ganhou interesse desde os primeiros relatos de ventila&#231;&#227;o-peri&#243;dica no exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Embora tenha havido muito progresso no que diz respeito ao valor progn&#243;stico deste fen&#244;meno,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> praticamente n&#227;o houve progresso na quantifica&#231;&#227;o desse fen&#244;meno.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Atualmente, existem duas defini&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas principais da ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica no exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Ambas as defini&#231;&#245;es requerem a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o ventilat&#243;rio durante o exerc&#237;cio para determinar a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de ventila&#231;&#227;o-peri&#243;dica do exerc&#237;cio, de forma dicotomizada. J&#225; mostramos que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas de variabilidade temporal pode ser facilmente realizada e pode ajudar a quantificar as oscila&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias do exerc&#237;cio. Olson e Johnson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> tamb&#233;m propuseram um aplicativo para quantificar medidas de ventila&#231;&#227;o oscilat&#243;ria nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Considerando que a maioria dos par&#226;metros ventilat&#243;rios apresenta alguma adapta&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento f&#237;sico, &#233; conceb&#237;vel a hip&#243;tese de que a variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria tamb&#233;m seria afetada pela exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. O presente estudo comparou a variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria ao longo do exerc&#237;cio em atletas e homens sedent&#225;rios e concluiu que os volunt&#225;rios n&#227;o treinados exibiram maior variabilidade de variabilidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto do que os atletas de futebol.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante notar que todos os volunt&#225;rios todos os volut&#225;rios eram saud&#225;veis saud&#225;veis e sem qualquer doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou respirat&#243;ria. Portanto, alguns mecanismos envolvidos na respira&#231;&#227;o de Cheyne-Stokes e respira&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica, como hipocapnia e flutua&#231;&#245;es do fluxo pulmonar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> considerados mecanismos-chave da respira&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, provavelmente n&#227;o seriam &#250;teis na compreens&#227;o da variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria fisiol&#243;gica durante o exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. O aumento da quimiossensibilidade central e perif&#233;rica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> tamb&#233;m est&#225; envolvido com a respira&#231;&#227;o de Cheyne-Stokes. Ohyabu e colegas demonstraram que a sensibilidade ventilat&#243;ria durante a hip&#243;xia foi atenuada em corredores de longa dist&#226;ncia e velocistas em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#227;o-atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> De fato, o treinamento de resist&#234;ncia reduz a resposta ventilat&#243;ria a um determinado n&#237;vel de trabalho devido a uma quimiossensibilidade atenuada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a quimiossensibilidade reduzida explique os achados do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha havido diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quanto ao peso ou &#237;ndice de massa corporal entre os grupos, os volunt&#225;rios no grupo sedent&#225;rio exibiram peso e IMC significativamente maiores. Poder-se-ia supor que esta ligeira e n&#227;o significativa diferen&#231;a teria influenciado os diferentes padr&#245;es respirat&#243;rios encontrados no estudo. De fato, em indiv&#237;duos obesos m&#243;rbidos, o peso corporal excessivo pode induzir a restri&#231;&#227;o da parede tor&#225;cica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e a perda de peso corporal pode melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> No entanto, embora houvesse alguns volunt&#225;rios com sobrepeso em ambos os grupos, n&#227;o houve um &#250;nico volunt&#225;rio obeso neste estudo. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel encontrar qualquer estudo que comparasse par&#226;metros ventilat&#243;rios em indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e sem sobrepeso durante o exerc&#237;cio. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos padr&#245;es respirat&#243;rios de repouso, parece que a massa corporal s&#243; influencia a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar quando os indiv&#237;duos obesos est&#227;o em posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Nossos volunt&#225;rios n&#227;o eram obesos e todos os testes foram realizados na posi&#231;&#227;o vertical. Assim, parece improv&#225;vel que a discreta e n&#227;o significativa diferen&#231;a no IMC entre os grupos tenha influenciado os resultados da variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> mostra VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo que n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o alto quanto o esperado para jogadores de futebol profissional. Existem v&#225;rias explica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis para essa descoberta. Em primeiro lugar, os dados foram coletados no in&#237;cio da temporada, logo ap&#243;s as f&#233;rias. Assim, os atletas n&#227;o estavam em sua melhor forma. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante notar que h&#225; claros perfis de varia&#231;&#227;o de VO<sub>2max</sub> entre os jogadores de futebol de acordo com sua posi&#231;&#227;o de jogo e estilo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Inclu&#237;mos atletas de todas as posi&#231;&#245;es do jogo, da mesma equipe, no grupo de atletas. Assim, havia diferen&#231;as entre seu VO<sub>2max</sub>. Finalmente, os jogadores no Brasil parecem ter menor estatura, semelhantes em massa corporal e t&#234;m uma menor capacidade aer&#243;bica geral quando comparados aos seus equivalentes europeus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Variabilidade da ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto (SD/n e RMSSD/n) de atletas (barras verdes) e sedent&#225;rios (barras azuis) durante um teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo progressivo. * p &lt; 0,05 vs. sedent&#225;rios. </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-03-0185-70104-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Alguns aspectos operacionais e t&#233;cnicos poderiam ter influenciado os resultados do presente estudo. Os sujeitos n&#227;o foram submetidos a testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar de repouso antes de entrarem no estudo. Considerando que nenhum deles teve antecedentes de doen&#231;a pulmonar ou tabagismo, a aus&#234;ncia de testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar de repouso, embora desej&#225;vel, n&#227;o parece ser uma quest&#227;o importante que influencie o presente resultado.</p>
          <p>O uso de diferentes interfaces para a an&#225;lise da respira&#231;&#227;o pode influenciar a profundidade e a taxa de respira&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Embora pare&#231;a restringir este efeito a n&#237;veis mais baixos de exerc&#237;cios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> parece razo&#225;vel n&#227;o comparar de forma intercambi&#225;vel os resultados da variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria registrados usando m&#225;scara, bucal ou snorkel. Todos os dados ventila&#231;&#227;o &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o neste estudo foram coletados por uma m&#225;scara facial. Assim, a interface selecionada n&#227;o poderia ter influenciado os diferentes resultados quando ambos os grupos foram comparados.</p>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal em que homens treinados e n&#227;o treinados foram comparados. Um estudo que avaliasse os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico teria melhor design com uma abordagem longitudinal do que a do presente projeto. No entanto, a &#250;nica diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos estudados foi o pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, que foi maior nos atletas, como esperado. Assim, embora os atletas n&#227;o fossem avaliados longitudinalmente, parece que as diferentes respostas ao exerc&#237;cio em ambos os grupos poderiam ser diretamente atribu&#237;veis ao treinamento f&#237;sico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica &#233; um poderoso preditor de desfecho adverso na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Esta &#233; uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o extrema de uma varia&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria que, embora invis&#237;vel aos nossos olhos, pode ser calculada matematicamente. O presente estudo acrescenta informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto do exerc&#237;cio, e aponta para a dire&#231;&#227;o de que esta &#233; uma vari&#225;vel do condicionamento f&#237;sico. Os mecanismos exatos que influenciam a variabilidade ventilat&#243;ria durante o exerc&#237;cio permanecer&#227;o pendentes para serem estudados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
