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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f9LZMk8D7MHb5zTYmv75VHv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000900183</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170134</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>When to Operate on Pediatric Patients with Congenital Heart Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thomaz</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Augusto Lopes,</bold> Heart Institute, University of S&#227;o Paulo School of Medicine. Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP: 05403-000. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>aablopes@cardiol.b</email>, <email>aablopes@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>183</fpage>
      <lpage>184</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary/congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Care/complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>In pediatric patients with congenital heart disease associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH-CHD), deciding about surgery may be difficult depending on the diagnostic scenario. Most patients with communications between the cardiac chambers or the great arteries can now be operated on quite safely, with excellent results. Pulmonary hypertension accounts for complications in less than 10% of cases. In general, it has been considered that early assignment to surgery is the best strategy to avoid complications. This is unquestionable. However, late referral is still a problem in developing countries and underserved areas. Furthermore, it must be acknowledged that severe pulmonary vasculopathy may be present early in life, leading to the speculation that vascular lesions may develop from birth, or even before. Moderate to severe pulmonary vascular abnormalities limit the success of the repair of cardiac anomalies. First, the so-called postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crises are relatively infrequent in the present era, but still associated with high mortality rates (&gt;20%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Patient management requires sophisticated armamentarium for life support, sometimes extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Second, patients surviving the immediate postoperative period may remain at risk of persistent postoperative PAH, which is associated with poor outcome compared to other etiologies of pediatric PAH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Therefore, while becoming aware of these complications, clinicians and surgeons need to get together and plan the best therapeutic strategy on an individual basis.</p>
    <p>For a long time, cardiac catheterization (with the acute pulmonary vasodilation test, AVT) has been considered as a gold-standard assessment of PAH-CHD. In most tertiary centers indeed, catheterization data occupy a high hierarchical position in the decision to operate on PAH-CHD patients. Also, subclassifications of PAH-CHD according to disease severity are based on hemodynamic parameters. However, obtainment and interpretation of catheterization data are not easy tasks, especially in the pediatric population, for several reasons: </p>
    <p>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <p>1- the procedure is generally performed under general anesthesia, mechanical ventilation and muscle relaxation, therefore, far from the physiological conditions;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>2- even mild systemic hypotension (for example, due to inadequate hydration in regard to the effects of anesthetic drugs) makes results impossible to analyze in subjects with systemic-to-pulmonary shunts;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>3- direct measurement of oxygen consumption, which is essential for calculations of pulmonary and systemic blood flow, is not done in many institutions;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>4- inhaled nitric oxide is expensive and, therefore, unavailable in many centers, limiting the performance of the AVT; it is widely known that challenging the pulmonary circulation with ~100% oxygen is not adequate to test for vasoreactivity, leading to inaccurate results; and</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>5- there has been no consensus about the protocol for the AVT in the pediatric population, and the magnitude of the response does not correlate with outcomes in CHD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In view of all these difficulties, cardiac catheterization remains as an important step in the evaluation of PAH-CHD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> but data are now taken into consideration as part of the whole diagnostic scenario.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </p>
    <p>In the era of the so-called specific drugs for the management of PAH, there have been attempts to treat inoperable patients (older subjects with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and sometimes bidirectional shunting across the communications) aiming at making them operable. This approach has been referred to as &#8220;treat-and-repair strategy&#8221;. However, there has not been sufficient evidence to support such recommendation in a generalized way.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> On one hand, there is no guarantee that drugs will remain effective over the long term. On the other, persistence of severe PAH is a stormy complication after repair of congenital cardiac shunts, with significantly reduced survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Reopening of the communication frequently requires reoperation under cardiopulmonary bypass, a high-risk procedure in PAH patients. In selected cases, repairing an extracardiac lesion while leaving an intracardiac communication unrepaired, or considering partial closure of the defect may be an option.</p>
    <p>Choosing the best therapeutic strategy in PAH-CHD, especially in the pediatric population, is something to be done on an individual basis. Sometimes, surgery must be considered even without expectation of complete hemodynamic normalization. This may be the case, for example, of a child with unrestrictive ventricular septal defect and PAH, with severe mitral regurgitation and nearly failing left ventricle. In this case, left heart disease will probably be more life limiting than PAH itself. Therefore, one could attempt to define operability in a general sense, not linking it to any single specific index of parameter cut-off. A patient should be deemed operable, if on the basis of all diagnostic data, the multiprofessional team is convinced that surgery can be offered with acceptable risk, with significant benefits envisioned over the medium and long term.</p>
    <p>We would like to complement this view on the problem by presenting a summary of clinical features and diagnostic parameters that have been used for decision making about surgery in PAH-CHD, with emphasis on the pediatric population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Age and complexity of the cardiac anomaly must be considered. For example, while <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic> is now successfully repaired early in life, it is associated with development of severe pulmonary vasculopathy with increasing age. Echocardiography is useful for assessing the severity of PAH and right ventricular adaptation or dysfunction, provided that numeric parameters can be obtained in addition to anatomic information. Echocardiography is particularly useful when repeated measurements are needed in pediatric patients, before and after operation. Finally, cardiac catheterization with direct measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance should be considered in all patients with unrestrictive cardiac septal defects with no history of congestive heart failure and failure to thrive. Rather than looking at a single parameter, the best policy is to use a holistic diagnostic approach in these delicate patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In terms of decision making about surgery, &#8220;benign neglect&#8221; is probably the best humanistic attitude when risk overcomes benefits. Otherwise, decision to operate must be based on multiple diagnostic aspects and the opinion of an expert multiprofessional team.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Clinical features and noninvasive and invasive parameters considered for decision making about surgery in pediatric PAH-CHD</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="33%"/>
          <col width="33%"/>
          <col width="33%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">Favorable scenario</th>
            <th align="center">Parameters</th>
            <th align="center">Unfavorable scenario</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&lt; 9 months</td>
            <td align="center">Age</td>
            <td align="center">&gt; 2 years</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Pre-tricuspid or simple post-tricuspid defects</td>
            <td align="center">Complexity of cardiac anomaly</td>
            <td align="center">Complex defects<break/> Truncus arteriosus<break/> Transposition of the great arteries<break/> Atrioventricular septal defect in Down syndrome</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Present in clinical history / physical examination</td>
            <td align="center">Congestive heart failure<break/> Pulmonary congestion<break/> Failure to thrive</td>
            <td align="center">Absent</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&gt; 93%, no gradient</td>
            <td align="center">Systemic oxygen saturation, gradient right arm vs. lower extremities</td>
            <td align="center">&lt; 90%, presence of gradient</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
              <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&gt; 2.5</td>
            <td align="center">Pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs)</td>
            <td align="center">&lt; 2.0</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&gt; 24 cm</td>
            <td align="center">Velocity-time integral of blood flow in pulmonary veins</td>
            <td align="center">&lt; 20 cm</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Left to right</td>
            <td align="center">Direction of flow across the cardiac communication</td>
            <td align="center">Bidirectional</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
              <bold>Cardiac catheterization</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&#8805; 20%</td>
            <td align="center">% decrease in pulmonary-to-systemic vascular resistance ratio (Rp/Rs) from baseline, during nitric oxide (NO) inhalation</td>
            <td align="center">&lt; 20%</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&lt; 5.0 Wood units&#8226;m<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td align="center">Level of pulmonary vascular resistance achieved on NO</td>
            <td align="center">&gt; 8.0 Wood units&#8226;m<sup>2</sup></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&lt; 0.27</td>
            <td align="center">Lowest Rp/Rs achieved during NO inhalation</td>
            <td align="center">&gt; 0.33</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quando Operar Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos com Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita e Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thomaz</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Augusto Lopes,</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP. Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP:05403-000. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>aablopes@cardiol.b</email>, <email>aablopes@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar/cong&#234;nito</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s Operat&#243;rios/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Em se tratando de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar associada a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (HP-CC), a decis&#227;o pela cirurgia pode ser dif&#237;cil, dependendo do cen&#225;rio diagn&#243;stico. A maioria dos pacientes com comunica&#231;&#227;o entre as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas ou os grandes vasos pode agora ser operada de maneira segura e com excelentes resultados. A HP apresenta complica&#231;&#245;es em menos de 10% dos casos. Em geral, considera-se o encaminhamento precoce para cirurgia a melhor estrat&#233;gia para evitar complica&#231;&#245;es. Isso &#233; inquestion&#225;vel. Entretanto, o encaminhamento tardio ainda &#233; um problema em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento e &#225;reas carentes. Ademais, deve-se reconhecer que a vasculopatia pulmonar grave pode estar presente numa fase precoce da vida, levando &#224; especula&#231;&#227;o de que les&#245;es vasculares possam se desenvolver a partir do nascimento, ou at&#233; antes. Anormalidades vasculares pulmonares moderadas a graves limitam o sucesso da corre&#231;&#227;o das anomalias card&#237;acas. Em primeiro lugar, as denominadas crises hipertensivas pulmonares p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias s&#227;o relativamente infrequentes na atualidade, mas ainda se associam a altas taxas de mortalidade (&gt;20%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O manejo do paciente requer sofisticado armament&#225;rio de suporte &#224; vida, como a oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO). Em segundo, os pacientes que sobrevivem ao p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato podem permanecer com risco de HP persistente p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, que se associa com mau desfecho em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras etiologias de HP pedi&#225;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Portanto, ao se conscientizarem dessas complica&#231;&#245;es, cl&#237;nicos e cirurgi&#245;es precisam se unir e planejar a melhor estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica de maneira individual.</p>
      <p>Por muito tempo, o cateterismo card&#237;aco (com teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar aguda, TVA) foi considerado o padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o de HP-CC. Na maioria dos centros terci&#225;rios, a informa&#231;&#227;o fornecida pelo cateterismo ocupa uma alta posi&#231;&#227;o hier&#225;rquica no processo de decis&#227;o pela opera&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com HP-CC. Al&#233;m disso, subclassifica&#231;&#245;es da HP-CC conforme a gravidade da doen&#231;a s&#227;o baseadas em par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. Entretanto, nem a obten&#231;&#227;o nem a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados do cateterismo s&#227;o f&#225;ceis, em especial na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, por v&#225;rias raz&#245;es: </p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>1- o procedimento, em geral, &#233; realizado sob anestesia geral, com ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e relaxamento muscular, estando, portanto, fora das condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>2- at&#233; mesmo a hipotens&#227;o sist&#234;mica leve (como a consequente &#224; hidrata&#231;&#227;o inadequada relacionada aos efeitos dos anest&#233;sicos) impossibilita a an&#225;lise dos resultados em indiv&#237;duos com <italic>shunts</italic> sist&#234;mico-pulmonar;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>3- a medida direta do consumo de oxig&#234;nio, essencial ao c&#225;lculo dos fluxos sangu&#237;neos pulmonar e sist&#234;mico, n&#227;o &#233; realizada em muitas institui&#231;&#245;es;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>4- &#243;xido n&#237;trico inalante &#233; caro, n&#227;o estando dispon&#237;vel em muitos centros, o que limita o desempenho do TVA; sabe-se ser inapropriada a exposi&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar a oxig&#234;nio ~100% para se testar a vasorreatividade, pois leva a resultados imprecisos; e</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>5- n&#227;o h&#225; consenso quanto ao protocolo para o TVA na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, n&#227;o se correlacionando a magnitude da resposta com o desfecho em CC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O cateterismo card&#237;aco permanece uma etapa importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de HP-CC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mas, devido a essas dificuldades, seus dados devem ser considerados como parte do cen&#225;rio diagn&#243;stico integral.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Na era das drogas espec&#237;ficas para manejo da HP, tentou-se tratar pacientes inoper&#225;veis (indiv&#237;duos mais idosos com elevada resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e, por vezes, <italic>shunt</italic> bidirecional atrav&#233;s das comunica&#231;&#245;es) com o objetivo de torn&#225;-los oper&#225;veis. Tal abordagem ficou conhecida como &#8220;estrat&#233;gia tratar e reparar&#8221;. Entretanto, n&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia suficiente para embasar tal recomenda&#231;&#227;o de maneira generalizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Se por um lado, n&#227;o h&#225; garantia de que as drogas permanecer&#227;o efetivas no longo prazo, por outro, a persist&#234;ncia de HP grave &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o preocupante ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o de <italic>shunts</italic> card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos, com significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Frequentemente, a reabertura da comunica&#231;&#227;o requer reopera&#231;&#227;o com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, um procedimento de alto risco para pacientes com HP. Em alguns casos, pode-se optar pelo reparo da les&#227;o extracard&#237;aca sem a corre&#231;&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aca, ou ainda pelo fechamento parcial do defeito.</p>
      <p>A escolha da melhor estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica na HP-CC, em especial na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, deve ser feita em bases individuais. &#192;s vezes, deve-se considerar a cirurgia mesmo sem a perspectiva de completa normaliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Esse pode ser o caso, por exemplo, de uma crian&#231;a com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular n&#227;o restritiva e HP, com grave regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo quase insuficiente. Nesse caso, a cardiopatia esquerda provavelmente representar&#225; maior limita&#231;&#227;o &#224; vida do que a pr&#243;pria HP. Assim, poder&#237;amos tentar definir operabilidade no sentido geral, sem relacion&#225;-la com qualquer ponto de corte de um &#237;ndice espec&#237;fico. Um paciente deve ser considerado oper&#225;vel quando, com base em todos os dados diagn&#243;sticos, uma equipe multiprofissional estiver convencida de que a cirurgia pode ser realizada com riscos aceit&#225;veis, vislumbrando-se significativos benef&#237;cios em m&#233;dio e longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de complementar tal vis&#227;o do problema apresentando um resumo das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e par&#226;metros diagn&#243;sticos que v&#234;m sendo usados para a tomada de decis&#227;o sobre a cirurgia na HP-CC, com &#234;nfase na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Devem ser consideradas a idade do paciente e a complexidade da anomalia card&#237;aca. Por exemplo, enquanto atualmente o <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic> &#233; corrigido com sucesso em uma fase precoce da vida, ele se associa ao desenvolvimento de grave vasculopatia pulmonar com o aumento da idade. A ecocardiografia &#233; &#250;til para avaliar a gravidade da HP e a adapta&#231;&#227;o ou a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, pois par&#226;metros num&#233;ricos, al&#233;m de informa&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, podem ser obtidos. A ecocardiografia &#233; particularmente &#250;til quando medidas repetidas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias nos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, antes e depois da opera&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, o cateterismo card&#237;aco com medida direta da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar deve ser considerado em todos os pacientes com defeitos do septo card&#237;aco n&#227;o restritivos e sem hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e comprometimento do desenvolvimento. Em lugar de se considerar apenas um &#250;nico par&#226;metro, a melhor pol&#237;tica &#233; usar a abordagem diagn&#243;stica hol&#237;stica nesses pacientes delicados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Quanto &#224; decis&#227;o sobre a cirurgia, &#8220;neglig&#234;ncia benigna&#8221; &#233; provavelmente a melhor atitude humanista quando os riscos superam os benef&#237;cios. Caso contr&#225;rio, a decis&#227;o pela cirurgia deve ser baseada em m&#250;ltiplos aspectos diagn&#243;sticos e na opini&#227;o de uma equipe multiprofissional de especialistas.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e par&#226;metros invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos a serem considerados na tomada de decis&#227;o sobre cirurgia em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar associada a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cen&#225;rio favor&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center">Par&#226;metros</th>
              <th align="center">Cen&#225;rio desfavor&#225;vel</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 9 meses</td>
              <td align="center">Idade</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 2 anos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Defeito pr&#233;-tric&#250;spide ou simples p&#243;s-tric&#250;spide</td>
              <td align="center">Complexidade da anomalia card&#237;aca</td>
              <td align="center">Defeitos complexos<break/><italic>Truncus arteriosus</italic><break/> Transposi&#231;&#227;o dos grandes vasos<break/> Comunica&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular na s&#237;ndrome de Down</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Presente na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica / exame f&#237;sico</td>
              <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">Ausente</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Congest&#227;o pulmonar</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Comprometimento do desenvolvimento</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 93%, sem gradiente</td>
              <td align="center">Satura&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de oxig&#234;nio, gradiente bra&#231;o direito vs. extremidades inferiores</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 90%, com gradiente</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 2,5</td>
              <td align="center">Raz&#227;o fluxo sangu&#237;neo pulmonar/sist&#234;mico (Qp/Qs)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 2,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 24 cm</td>
              <td align="center">Integral velocidade-tempo do fluxo sangu&#237;neo <break/> nas veias pulmonares</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 20 cm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Esquerda para direita</td>
              <td align="center">Dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo atrav&#233;s da comunica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</td>
              <td align="center">Bidirecional</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Cateterismo card&#237;aco</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">% de redu&#231;&#227;o na raz&#227;o resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar/sist&#234;mica (Rp/Rs) a partir do basal, durante inala&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 20%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 5,0 unidades Wood&#8226;m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">N&#237;vel de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar obtida com NO</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 8,0 unidades Wood&#8226;m<sup>2</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 0,27</td>
              <td align="center">Menor Rp/Rs obtida durante inala&#231;&#227;o de NO</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 0,33</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
