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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hsKFP5TqPL7sVd9NYTkMqLB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000800165</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170110</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypotension and Renal Dysfunction: The Ghosts of Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Sterque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Villacorta Junior Rua Sacop&#227;, 173 Apto 502. CEP 22471-180, Lagoa, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email>, <email>huvillacorta@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>165</fpage>
      <lpage>168</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypotension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Hypotension, bradycardia and renal dysfunction as obstacles to the treatment of heart failure</title>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>"We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of light."</italic>
        </p>
        <attrib>
          <italic>Plato</italic>
        </attrib>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a chronic, high morbidity and high cost disease. The treatment of HF due to left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is well determined and is listed in Medical Guidelines. However, innumerable situations may limit treatment, causing the physician to fail to implement the guidelines. Some serious patients may not tolerate medications or recommended doses; others may have side effects. In some cases, however, there is an excess of caution, failing to prescribe the recommended treatment, fearing complications. The purpose of this article is to demystify, based on the literature, some situations that may prevent the optimized drug treatment from being offered to the HF patient.</p>
      <p>The two major side effects that may act as barriers to the treatment of HF are hypotension and worsening renal function. Besides these, we will comment on bradycardia and hyperkalemia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Arterial Hypotension</title>
        <p>The main limiting factor in the treatment of HF is the lack of understanding of the concept of hypotension in this scenario. Patients with HF due to LV systolic dysfunction, in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV, when adequately medicated, usually have systolic blood pressure (BP) levels as low as 90 mmHg, with no symptoms. In some cases, of non-ischemic etiology, up to 80 mmHg of systolic pressure may be tolerated. A patient of this type, when presented with "normal" BP, 120x80 mmHg, may be submedicated, although these parameters may change, in cases of hypertensive heart disease. Therefore, for the diagnosis of hypotension in these cases, we can not only rely on the absolute value of BP. Symptoms of hypotension, such as lightheadedness, dizziness, weakness, cold hands, asthenia, pre-syncope, or syncope, need to be present.</p>
        <p>We must remember that patients with HF have several activated neurohormonal systems, resulting in vasoconstriction (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, endothelin, etc.).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is therefore necessary that vasodilators be used, to antagonize these effects and reduce afterload, relieving cardiac work. In fact, it is well established in the literature that the use of drugs that combat such systems, such as beta blockers,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> inhibitors of conversion enzyme (ACE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (spironolactone),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> result in increased survival and should be prescribed for all HF patients at the doses recommended in the Medical Guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Other vasodilators, such as the nitrate-hydralazine combination, have also shown increased survival in a specific setting and may be added to the previous regimen or even replace ACE inhibitor in cases of intolerance or limitations due to renal function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A fall in BP accompanied by symptoms after drug prescription identifies patients of greater severity, since hypovolemia is removed. Nevertheless, an asymptomatic drop in BP with medications used to treat HF may not have a prognostic impact. Indeed, there are data in the literature that suggest that the "lower" BP is actually a marker that treatment is being effective. For example, in the SOLVD study, where enalapril was compared to placebo in patients with HF, systolic BP at study admission averaged 125.3 and 124.5 mm Hg in the enalapril and placebo groups, respectively. At the end of the study, BP fall was greater in the enalapril group than in the placebo group (4.7 vs 4.0 mmHg). However, the survival was higher in the enalapril group, despite a greater fall in PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The same was observed in the CONSENSUS study, also with enalapril.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> More recently, we highlight the PARADIGM-HF study, where LCZ 696 (valsartan + sacubitril) was compared to enalapril. There was a higher incidence of hypotension in the LCZ 696 group, but the LCZ696 reduced 20% the outcome cardiovascular death and hospitalizations for HF, compared to enalapril.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Therefore, we should not suspend or reduce doses of medications because BP is "low." Only if there are symptoms of hypotension the dose should be reduced. Even in these cases, hypotension is often due to diuretics and not to ACE inhibitors. Check the patient's fluid status. If there are no objective signs of congestion, discontinue the diuretic first, as there may be hypovolemia. Then reduce the dose or stop the nitrate-hydralazine combination. ACE and ARB should be the last ones on the list because their benefits are greater.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Worsening Renal Function</title>
        <p>As observed in the previous section in relation to BP, ACE inhibitors promote increased survival, despite increasing creatinine. In the SOLVD study, the use of enalapril reduced mortality, despite increasing the mean creatinine values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> by 0.1 mg/dL. By the mechanism of action of ACEIs, they are expected to increase creatinine, since they promote dilatation of the efferent glomerular artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> But the final effect is of cardio and renoprotection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> There is no definite creatinine value in the literature that contraindicates the use of ACE inhibitors and may even be used in patients on a hemodialysis program,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> although they may cause hypotension in this situation. In the SOLVD study, patients were excluded if they had baseline creatinine greater than 2 mg/dL, but the CONSENSUS study included patients with up to 3.4 mg/dL. Increases in creatinine of up to 30% compared to baseline, after the introduction of ACE inhibitors, appear to be safe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In patients with chronic HF, ACE inhibitors should be prescribed and maintained despite a moderate increase in creatinine provided there is no hyperkalemia or acute renal failure.</p>
        <p>In the hospitalized patient with acute HF, it is common to observe transient creatinine elevations during the treatment of congestion with diuretics by reducing intravascular volume. However, as long as congestion has been adequately treated, these increases are not associated with a worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In our experience, creatinine, in these cases, usually falls at the end of hospitalization or about 30 days after discharge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In other words, elevated creatinine at admission appears to be a reflection of congestion of the renal veins and transient increases are a consequence of the volume reduction process. Congestion, regardless of worsening of renal function, is associated with worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The intense and persistent increase in creatinine seems to indicate a worse prognosis, but transient increases do not.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Therefore, the diuretic and the ACEI should be maintained in this situation, in which there are still evident signs of congestion, despite the increase of slag. Diuretics should only be discontinued in cases of pre-renal renal failure, where creatinine is increased in patients with signs of hypovolemia and ACE inhibitors in cases of severe hyperkalemia or acute renal failure (anuria or oligoanuria associated with increased creatinine).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Bradycardia</title>
        <p>The elevated heart rate (HR) is a marker of severity and is harmful to the patient with HF, and may even be the cause of HF (tachycardiomyopathy).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Since the publication of the study Systolic Heart Failure Treatment With the Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial (SHIFT) it is known that HR is not only a marker of severity, but a therapeutic target in HF, since patients treated with ivabradine, an exclusive HR reducer, showed a reduction in the combined outcome of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization for HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Beta blockers prolong the survival of patients with HF and are medicines that reduce HR. Patients with HF should target HR between 50 and 60 bpm. It is not uncommon to find patients with HR above these values, where the maximum dose of the beta-blocker is not achieved, for fear of bradycardia. In another scenario, we see patients with sinus rhythm, already with maximum doses of beta-blockers, with HR above 70 bpm, where ivabradine would be indicated,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> but the doctor does not prescribe because of fear of bradycardia. In the US Carvedilol study, there was a higher HR decrease in the carvedilol group compared to placebo (mean, 12.6 vs 1.4 beats, respectively) with a higher incidence of bradycardia (9% vs 1%). However, only 0.9% of patients needed to discontinue carvedilol because of bradycardia. In the SHIFT study, the incidence of asymptomatic and symptomatic bradycardia was, respectively, 6% and 5%. However, the drug was therefore suspended in only 1% of cases. Therefore, we must pursue this target of HR between 50 and 60 bpm. If this target is not reached with beta-blockers, ivabradine may be added if the patient is in sinus rhythm, with systolic dysfunction and HR above 70 bpm. We also recall that digoxin may be an option, used in more severe patients, who remain symptomatic despite treatment with the previous regimen and for frequency control in patients with atrial fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hyperkalemia</title>
        <p>The use of spironolactone in patients with NYHA class III and IV HF resulted in a 30% reduction in the risk of death from any cause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Subsequently its use was extended to patients in class II, assuming the same benefit found with eplerenone, another aldosterone antagonist, in the EMPHASIS Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It is a low-cost medicine with a great impact on HF. Its main side effect is gynecomastia, which occurs in 9% of cases. Another complication that scares the doctor for the potential to cause arrhythmias and sudden death is hyperkalemia. In the RALES study, the incidence of severe hyperkalemia occurred in 10 (1%) patients in the placebo group and 14 (2%) in the spironolactone group, a difference with no statistical significance. However, it is common to hear that in the "real world" the incidence of hyperkalemia would be higher. Many point to a study in Canada that showed increased mortality from hyperkalemia following the publication of the RALES study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> to justify their fears. However, a more detailed analysis reveals that often behind the hyperkalemia is inadequate use of spironolactone. For example, a study done in the United States before and after the publication of the RALES study in September 1999 showed that there was a 7-fold increase in the prescription of spironolactone after study publication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> However, in 31% of cases the patient did not meet RALES criteria (had creatinine&gt; 2.5 mg/dL or serum potassium &gt; 5.0 mEq/L). In addition, doses above the recommended dose (25 mg/day) are sometimes used in clinical practice, which increases the risk.</p>
        <p>A study in the UK monitored prescriptions for spironolactone between the years 1994 to 2007. There was a marked increase in the prescription of spironolactone following the publication of the RALES Study, but unlike the Canadian study, there was no increase in hospitalizations for hyperkalemia and in outpatients there was a drop in the rates of hyperkalemia, due to the greater monitoring of serum potassium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> These data show the safety of the drug as long as the contraindications are respected and serum potassium and renal function are adequately monitored. The Brazilian guideline for chronic HF does not recommend starting spironolactone if baseline creatinine is above 2.5 mg/dL or serum potassium greater than 5 mEq/L.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Once the drug is started, potassium and creatinine should be monitored frequently. In the RALES study, this was done monthly in the first 3 months and every 3 months in the first year and then every 6 months. We should only suspend spironolactone if there is severe hyperkalemia. The European Society of Cardiology HF Guideline recommends suspension of spironolactone if potassium levels exceed 6.0 mEq/L or if the creatinine exceeds 3.5 mg/dL. For potassium values between 5.6 and 6.0, or creatinine between 2.5 and 3.5 mg/dL, it is recommended to reduce the dose by half and to increase the frequency of monitoring tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>We hope this article will help to give more confidence to the doctor and increase prescription at the correct doses of medications with benefits in HF. Every medication has a built-in risk of complications, which must be weighed against its benefits. And in the case of HF, these benefits are very well proven.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Villacorta Junior H; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Villacorta Junior H, Villacorta AS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipotens&#227;o Arterial e Disfun&#231;&#227;o Renal: Meus Fantasmas na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Sterque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Villacorta Junior</bold> Rua Sacop&#227;, 173 Apto 502. CEP 22471-180, Lagoa, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email>, <email>huvillacorta@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Villacorta Junior H; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Villacorta Junior H, Villacorta AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Hipotens&#227;o arterial, bradicardia e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal como obst&#225;culos ao tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>
            <italic>"Podemos facilmente perdoar uma crian&#231;a que tem medo do escuro; a real trag&#233;dia da vida &#233; quando os homens t&#234;m medo da luz."</italic>
          </p>
          <attrib>
            <italic>Plat&#227;o</italic>
          </attrib>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, de elevada morbimortalidade e alto custo. O tratamento da IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) est&#225; bem determinado e consta em Diretrizes M&#233;dicas. No entanto, in&#250;meras situa&#231;&#245;es podem limitar o tratamento, fazendo com que o m&#233;dico n&#227;o consiga aplicar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Diretrizes. Alguns pacientes graves podem n&#227;o tolerar os medicamentos ou as doses recomendadas; outros podem apresentar efeitos colaterais. Em alguns casos, no entanto, observa-se um excesso de cautela, deixando-se de prescrever o tratamento preconizado, temendo complica&#231;&#245;es. O objetivo deste artigo &#233; desmistificar, com base na literatura, algumas situa&#231;&#245;es que podem impedir que o tratamento medicamentoso otimizado seja oferecido ao paciente com IC.</p>
        <p>Os dois principais efeitos colaterais que podem funcionar como obst&#225;culos ao tratamento da IC s&#227;o a hipotens&#227;o arterial e a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Al&#233;m desses, comentaremos sobre a bradicardia e a hipercalemia.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Hipotens&#227;o Arterial</title>
          <p>O principal fator limitante no tratamento da IC &#233; a falta de entendimento do conceito de hipotens&#227;o arterial nesse cen&#225;rio. Pacientes com IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE, em classe funcional III ou IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), quando adequadamente medicados, costumam apresentar n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica t&#227;o "baixos" quanto 90 mmHg, sem apresentar sintomas. Em alguns casos, de etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, at&#233; 80 mmHg de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pode ser tolerado. Um paciente desse tipo, quando se apresenta com PA "normal", 120x80 mmHg, pode estar submedicado, embora esses par&#226;metros possam mudar, nos casos de cardiopatia hipertensiva. Portanto, para o diagn&#243;stico de hipotens&#227;o arterial nesses casos, n&#227;o podemos nos basear apenas no valor absoluto da PA. &#201; necess&#225;rio que haja sintomas de hipotens&#227;o, como lipotimia, tonteiras, fraqueza, m&#227;os frias, astenia, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope.</p>
          <p>Devemos lembrar que os pacientes com IC tem v&#225;rios sistemas neuro-hormonais ativados, resultando em vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o (sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, endotelinas, etc).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201;, portanto, necess&#225;rio que vasodilatadores sejam usados, para antagonizar esses efeitos e reduzir a p&#243;s-carga, aliviando o trabalho card&#237;aco. De fato, &#233; muito bem estabelecido na literatura que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos que combatem esses sistemas, como betabloqueadores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o (IECA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> ou bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (BRA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides (espironolactona),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> resultam em aumento de sobrevida e devem ser prescritos para todos os pacientes com IC, nas doses preconizadas nas Diretrizes m&#233;dicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Outros vasodilatadores, como a associa&#231;&#227;o nitrato-hidralazina, tamb&#233;m mostraram aumento de sobrevida em um cen&#225;rio espec&#237;fico e podem ser adicionados ao esquema anterior ou at&#233; substituir os IECA em casos de intoler&#226;ncia ou limita&#231;&#245;es pela fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Uma queda da PA acompanhada de sintomas ap&#243;s a prescri&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa identifica pacientes de maior gravidade, desde que afastada a hipovolemia. Mas uma queda assintom&#225;tica da PA com os medicamentos usados no tratamento da IC, pode n&#227;o ter impacto progn&#243;stico. Na verdade, h&#225; dados na literatura que sugerem que a PA mais "baixa" &#233;, na verdade um marcador de que o tratamento est&#225; sendo eficaz. Por exemplo, no estudo SOLVD, onde enalapril foi comparado a placebo em pacientes com IC, a PA sist&#243;lica na admiss&#227;o ao estudo foi em m&#233;dia de 125,3 e 124,5 mmHg nos grupos enalapril e placebo, respectivamente. Ao final do estudo, a queda de PA foi maior no grupo enalapril que no grupo placebo (4,7 vs 4,0 mmHg). Mas a sobrevida foi maior no grupo enalapril, a despeito de maior queda de PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O mesmo foi observado no estudo CONSENSUS, tamb&#233;m com enalapril.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Mais recentemente, ressaltamos o estudo PARADIGM-HF, onde o LCZ 696 (valsartan+sacubitril) foi comparado a enalapril. Houve maior incid&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o arterial no grupo LCZ 696, mas o LCZ696 reduziu em 20% o desfecho morte cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao enalapril.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Portanto, n&#227;o devemos suspender ou reduzir as doses das medica&#231;&#245;es porque a PA est&#225; "baixa". Somente se houver sintomas de hipotens&#227;o arterial a dose deve ser reduzida. Mesmo nesses casos, muitas vezes a hipotens&#227;o deve-se ao diur&#233;tico e n&#227;o o IECA. Cheque o status vol&#234;mico do paciente. Se n&#227;o h&#225; sinais objetivos de congest&#227;o, suspenda primeiro o diur&#233;tico, pois &#233; poss&#237;vel que haja hipovolemia. Em seguida, reduza a dose ou suspenda a associa&#231;&#227;o nitrato-hidralazina. IECA e BRA devem ser os &#250;ltimos na lista, pois seus benef&#237;cios s&#227;o maiores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Piora da Fun&#231;&#227;o renal</title>
          <p>Assim como observado na se&#231;&#227;o anterior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA, os IECA promovem aumento de sobrevida, apesar de aumentar a creatinina. No estudo SOLVD, o uso de enalapril reduziu a mortalidade, apesar de aumentar em 0,1 mg/dL em m&#233;dia, os valores de creatinina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Pelo mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o dos IECA, &#233; esperado que eles aumentem a creatinina, j&#225; que promovem dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria glomerular eferente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Mas o efeito final &#233; de cardio e renoprote&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> N&#227;o h&#225; na literatura um valor definido de creatinina que contraindique a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de IECA e podem ser usados at&#233; mesmo em pacientes em programa de hemodi&#225;lise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> embora possam causar hipotens&#227;o arterial nessa situa&#231;&#227;o. No estudo SOLVD, pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos se tivessem creatinina basal maior que 2 mg/dL, mas o estudo CONSENSUS incluiu pacientes com at&#233; 3,4 mg/dL. Aumentos de creatinina de at&#233; 30% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal, ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o de IECA, parecem ser seguros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica, os IECA devem ser prescritos e mantidos apesar de moderado aumento da creatinina, desde que n&#227;o haja hipercalemia ou insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda.</p>
          <p>No paciente hospitalizado com IC aguda &#233; comum observarmos eleva&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias da creatinina durante o processo de tratamento da congest&#227;o com diur&#233;ticos, pela redu&#231;&#227;o do volume intravascular. No entanto, desde que a congest&#227;o tenha sido adequadamente tratada, esses aumentos n&#227;o est&#227;o associados a pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em nossa experi&#234;ncia, a creatinina, nesses casos, costuma cair ao final da interna&#231;&#227;o ou cerca de 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em outras palavras, a creatinina elevada &#224; admiss&#227;o parece ser reflexo da congest&#227;o das veias renais e os aumentos transit&#243;rios s&#227;o consequ&#234;ncia do processo de redu&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica. A congest&#227;o, independente da piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, &#233; que est&#225; associada a pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O aumento intenso e persistente da creatinina parece indicar pior progn&#243;stico, mas os aumentos transit&#243;rios n&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Portanto, deve-se manter o diur&#233;tico e os IECA nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, em que ainda h&#225; evidentes sinais de congest&#227;o, apesar do aumento de esc&#243;rias. Os diur&#233;ticos s&#243; devem ser suspensos nos casos de insufici&#234;ncia renal pr&#233;-renal, onde h&#225; aumento da creatinina em paciente com sinais de hipovolemia e os IECA em casos de hipercalemia grave ou insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (an&#250;ria ou oligoan&#250;ria associada a aumento da creatinina).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bradicardia</title>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) elevada &#233; marcador de gravidade e &#233; prejudicial ao paciente com IC, podendo inclusive ser a causa de IC (taquicardiomiopatia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Desde a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo Systolic Heart Failure Treatment With the If Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial (SHIFT) sabe-se que a FC n&#227;o &#233; apenas um marcador de gravidade, mas um alvo terap&#234;utico na IC, uma vez que os pacientes tratados com ivabradina, um redutor exclusivo da FC, apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho combinado mortalidade cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Betabloqueadores prolongam a sobrevida de pacientes com IC e s&#227;o medicamentos que reduzem a FC. Pacientes com IC devem ter como alvo uma FC entre 50 a 60 bpm. N&#227;o &#233; incomum encontrarmos pacientes com FC acima desses valores, onde a dose de m&#225;xima do betabloqueador n&#227;o &#233; alcan&#231;ada, por receio de bradicardia. Em um outro cen&#225;rio, vemos pacientes em ritmo sinusal, j&#225; com doses m&#225;ximas de betabloqueadores, com FC acima de 70 bpm, onde a ivabradina estaria indicada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> mas o m&#233;dico n&#227;o prescreve, por temer a bradicardia. No estudo US Carvedilol, houve maior queda da FC no grupo carvedilol, comparado a placebo (em m&#233;dia, 12,6 vs 1,4 batimentos, respectivamente) com maior incid&#234;ncia de bradicardia (9% vs 1%). No entanto, apenas 0,9% dos pacientes precisaram suspender o carvedilol devido &#224; bradicardia. No estudo SHIFT, a incid&#234;ncia de bradicardia assintom&#225;tica e sintom&#225;tica foi, respectivamente, de 6% e 5%. Contudo, a droga foi suspensa por esse motivo em apenas 1% dos casos. Devemos, portanto, perseguir esse alvo de FC entre 50 a 60 bpm. Se esse alvo n&#227;o for atingido com betabloqueadores, a ivabradina pode ser adicionada, se o paciente estiver em ritmo sinusal, com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e FC acima de 70 bpm. Lembramos ainda que a digoxina pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o, usada nos pacientes mais graves, que permane&#231;am sintom&#225;ticos apesar do tratamento com o esquema medicamentoso anterior e para controle de frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hipercalemia</title>
          <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona em pacientes com IC classe funcional III e IV da NYHA resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% no risco de morte por qualquer causa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Posteriormente seu uso foi estendido para pacientes em classe II, assumindo-se o mesmo benef&#237;cio encontrado com eplerenone, um outro antagonista da aldosterona, no Estudo EMPHASIS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#201; um medicamento de baixo custo, com grande impacto na IC. Seu principal efeito colateral &#233; a ginecomastia, que ocorre em 9% dos casos. Uma outra complica&#231;&#227;o que assusta o m&#233;dico pelo potencial de causar arritmias e morte s&#250;bita &#233; a hipercalemia. No estudo RALES a incid&#234;ncia de hipercalemia grave ocorreu em 10 (1%) pacientes no grupo placebo e em 14 (2%) no grupo que tomou espironolactona, uma diferen&#231;a sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Todavia, &#233; comum ouvirmos que no "mundo real" a incid&#234;ncia de hipercalemia seria maior. Muitos apontam um estudo feito no Canad&#225;, que mostrou aumento da mortalidade por hipercalemia ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo RALES,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> para justificar seus temores. No entanto, uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada revela que muitas vezes, por tr&#225;s da hipercalemia est&#225; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o inadequada da espironolactona. Por exemplo, um estudo feito nos Estados Unidos antes e ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo RALES em setembro de 1999, mostrou que houve um aumento de 7 vezes na prescri&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Contudo, em 31% dos casos o paciente n&#227;o preenchia os crit&#233;rios do RALES (tinham creatinina &gt; 2,5 mg/dL ou pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico &gt;5,0 mEq/L). Al&#233;m disso, doses acima da preconizada (25 mg/dia) &#224;s vezes s&#227;o utilizadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o que aumenta o risco.</p>
          <p>Um estudo no Reino Unido monitorou as prescri&#231;&#245;es de espironolactona entre os anos de 1994 a 2007. Observou-se aumento marcante na prescri&#231;&#227;o da espironolactona ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do Estudo RALES, mas diferentemente do estudo Canadense, n&#227;o houve aumento de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por hipercalemia e em pacientes ambulatoriais houve queda nas taxas de hipercalemia, devido a maior monitora&#231;&#227;o do pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Esses dados mostram a seguran&#231;a do f&#225;rmaco, desde que respeitadas as contraindica&#231;&#245;es e a monitora&#231;&#227;o do pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico e da fun&#231;&#227;o renal seja feita de forma adequada. A diretriz Brasileira de IC cr&#244;nica n&#227;o recomenda o in&#237;cio da espironolactona se a creatinina basal for acima de 2,5 mg/dL ou o pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico maior que 5 mEq/L.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Uma vez iniciado o f&#225;rmaco, deve-se monitorar o pot&#225;ssio e a creatinina com frequ&#234;ncia. No estudo RALES, isso foi feito mensalmente nos primeiros 3 meses e a cada 3 meses no primeiro ano e, em seguida, a cada 6 meses. S&#243; devemos suspender a espironolactona se houver hipercalemia grave. A Diretriz de IC da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomenda suspens&#227;o da espironolactona se os n&#237;veis de pot&#225;ssio ultrapassarem 6,0 mEq/L ou se a creatinina ultrapassar 3,5 mg/dL. Para valores de pot&#225;ssio entre 5,6 e 6,0, ou creatinina entre 2,5 e 3,5 mg/dL, recomenda-se a redu&#231;&#227;o da dose para a metade e aumento da frequ&#234;ncia dos exames de monitoramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Esperamos que esse artigo contribua para dar mais confian&#231;a ao m&#233;dico e aumente a prescri&#231;&#227;o nas doses corretas das medica&#231;&#245;es com benef&#237;cios na IC. Todo medicamento tem um risco de complica&#231;&#245;es embutido, que deve ser pesado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus benef&#237;cios. E no caso da IC, esses benef&#237;cios est&#227;o muito bem comprovados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
