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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LH8FtxfXQ7vjNrQdQrdsYLk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000800148</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170094</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005001301</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Primary Mitral Valve Regurgitation Outcome in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis 1 Year After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Echocardiographic Evaluation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Florentino</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cedro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Amably Pessoa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Roginski Mendes dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bignoto</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Amably Pessoa Corr&#234;a,</bold> Rua Maestro Callia n101 apt 81. Postal Code 04012-100, Vila Mariana, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>amablypessoa@hotmail.com</email>, <email>amablypessoa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Florentino TM, Le Bihan DCS, Abizaid AAC, Cedro AV, Corr&#234;a AP, Santos ARM, Souza AC, Bignoto TC, Rego e Sousa JEM, Rego e Sousa AGM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>148</fpage>
      <lpage>155</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Mitral valve regurgitation (MR), present in up to 74% of the patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), can be a negative prognostic factor when moderate or severe. The outcome of MR after percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and predictors associated with that outcome have not been well established in the literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the outcome of primary MR in patients submitted to TAVI and to identify associated factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Observational study of patients with symptomatic severe AS submitted to TAVI from January 2009 to April 2015 at two specialized centers. Echocardiographic outcome was assessed with data collected before and 1 year after TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 91 patients with MR submitted to TAVI and followed up for at least 12 months, 67 (73.6%) had minimum/mild MR before the procedure and 24 (26.4%) had moderate/severe MR. Of those with minimum/mild MR, 62 (92.5%) had no change in the MR grade (p &lt; 0.001), while 5 (7.5%) showed worsening. Of those with moderate/severe MR, 8 (33.3%) maintained the same grade and 16 (66.7%) improved it (p = 0.076). Patients with moderate/severe MR who improved MR grade had lower EuroSCORE II (p = 0.023) and STS morbidity (p = 0.027) scores, as compared to those who maintained the MR grade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>MR grades change after TAVI. This study suggests a trend towards improvement in moderate/severe MR after TAVI, which was associated with lower preoperative risk scores. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Aortic stenosis (AS) is one of the most prevalent heart valve diseases worldwide, being increasingly frequent because of the population ageing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Data from the American Heart Association have shown a prevalence of AS of 0.4% in the North American population, and of moderate or severe AS of 2.8% in patients older than 75 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A new therapeutic option for those patients appeared in 2002, when Cribier et al. performed the first percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> TAVI has been established as a safe, effective and less-invasive treatment for patients with severe AS and high surgical risk, who used to have no therapeutic alternative for a highly lethal disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is commonly associated with AS, whose prevalence can reach up to 74% in the MR population. Literature has shown that approximately 15% of the patients submitted to TAVI have significant MR. The presence of moderate or significant MR can have important implications in deciding between percutaneous or surgical treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> While in some studies MR has proved to be an important negative prognostic factor, it has shown no interference with mortality in patients submitted to TAVI in others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In most reference centers, significant MR (&gt; 3+) can be a contraindication to TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Retrospective studies with a limited number of patients have suggested a reduction in MR after TAVI, with better prognosis in patients with smaller residual MR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Some factors have been associated with that improvement, such as low ejection fraction, pulmonary artery pressure under 60 mmHg, and secondary etiology of MR (no structural lesion of the leaflets).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, data on the impact of TAVI in patients with AS and MR in the Brazilian population still lack. In addition, there is no study including only patients with MR of primary etiology.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing patients submitted to TAVI who had primary MR associated with AS. We analyzed the clinical and echocardiographic findings of those patients 1 year after TAVI to identify possible factors associated with MR improvement or worsening.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is an observational study including all patients with severe symptomatic AS submitted to TAVI from January 2009 to April 2015 at two centers, where the same multidisciplinary team works, in the city of S&#227;o Paulo - SP, Brazil. The study project was approved by the Ethics Committee of both institutions. All patients provided written informed consent prior to the TAVI procedure.</p>
      <p>Clinical data, such as age, sex, functional class (NYHA) and associated comorbidities, were obtained via complete clinical exam, and the following complementary tests were performed: resting electrocardiography, chest X-ray, laboratory tests, transthoracic echocardiography with protocol to measure the aortic complex, computed tomography angiography of the heart and total aorta, and coronary angiography. On a second assessment, a team of cardiologists specialized in several areas decided which procedure should be performed, its access route and most suitable prosthesis. Intra-operative transesophageal echocardiogram was performed routinely.</p>
      <p>In the population studied, the presence of primary MR prior to the transcatheter implantation of the aortic prosthesis and its outcome 1 year after that procedure were assessed. In a secondary analysis, that outcome was correlated with other variables considered to be of clinical importance. Primary MR was defined as that resulting from changes in the tissue constituting any of the mitral valve elements, such as leaflets, ring and subvalvular apparatus, corresponding to valvular calcification, valvular prolapse or rheumatic disease. Secondary MR was defined as that related to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, with no impairment of the valvular tissue itself.</p>
      <p>We obtained data from 250 patients classified based on the MR grade. To define the MR severity, effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) and regurgitant volume were determined by using the proximal isovelocity surface area method (PISA), according to the latest American Society of Echocardiography recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To calculate the ERO and regurgitant volume, the baseline of color flow mapping was lowered to values between 30 and 40 cm/s. The velocity-time integral of the regurgitant jet and the peak velocity of the regurgitant jet were obtained with continuous-wave Doppler, which was also used to measure the mitral transvalvular gradients. The linear measures of the cardiac chambers were obtained in the left parasternal acoustic window (long-axis view), using two-dimensional echocardiography. Left ventricular systolic function was assessed by use of the ventricular volume measures, obtained from the images of the orthogonal apical planes, in an acoustic window from four- and two-chamber view (Simpson&#8217;s method). The mitral valve area was calculated by measuring pressure half time (PHT) or with the continuity equation, depending on the case. Pulmonary artery pressure was measured based on the gradient between the right ventricle and the right atrium, obtained with continuous Doppler, and that difference was added to the estimate of the right atrial pressure, determined from the diameter and collapse of the inferior vena cava.</p>
      <p>The patients were divided according to the MR severity before and after TAVI into two large groups: trace/mild MR, composed of patients with ERO &lt; 0.2 cm<sup>2</sup> and regurgitant volume &lt; 30 mL/beat; and moderate/severe MR, composed of patients with ERO &gt; 0.2 cm<sup>2</sup> and regurgitant volume &gt; 30 mL/beat. Of those groups, we selected 91 patients with primary MR on the pre-procedure echocardiogram who completed 1-year follow-up for analysis of clinical and echocardiographic data.</p>
      <p>In all cases, the following characteristics of the procedure were registered: access route; bioprosthesis type and size; and angiographic and echocardiographic results. The patients on vasoactive drugs and/or with hemodynamic instability signs were considered as being critically ill. All patients were cared for by the same medical team, the Heart Team of both hospital centers.</p>
      <p>The patients were further divided into four subgroups according to the MR grade before and after TAVI: group 1, patients with moderate/severe MR, who maintained the MR grade after TAVI; group 2, patients with moderate/severe MR prior to the procedure, who changed to trace/mild MR; group 3, patients with trace/mild MR, who remained with the same MR grade after TAVI; group 4, patients with trace/mild MR prior to the procedure, whose MR worsened after the procedure.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were recorded in appropriate forms developed for this study, stored in electronic sheets and submitted to statistical analysis. The continuous variables were presented as median and difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles. The categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. The continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney test for independent samples, while the categorical variables, by using Fisher exact test or chi-square test. The McNemar test was used to assess the binary categorical variables and their proportion throughout time. All statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS 19 and R programs, 3.1.2 version. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study sample comprised 91 patients with MR and submitted to TAVI, who underwent a minimum follow-up of 12 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study design. TAVI: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation; MR: mitral regurgitation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0148-70094-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic data, comorbidities and prognostic scores, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the echocardiographic parameters of the population studied. Of the 91 patients, 54 (59.3%) were of the female sex, and the median age was 84 (8.25) years. Regarding comorbidities, 33 (36.26%) had significant pulmonary arterial hypertension (systolic pulmonary artery pressure - sPAP &gt; 55 mm Hg), 7 (7.69%) had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 11 (12.1%) had atrial fibrillation. The medians were as follows: EuroSCORE I, 21.69 (15.39); EuroSCORE II, 5.7 (4.23); STS mortality, 5.65 (4.22); and STS morbidity, 27.25 (11.65); mean aortic gradient, 53 (22.5) mm Hg; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 62.5 (19)%; left atrial diameter, 45 (9) mm; sPAP, 47.5 (20.75) mmHg; and aortic valve area, 0.7 (0.23) cm<sup>2</sup>. The etiology of primary MR was valvular tissue calcification, including ring and leaflets, in all cases. Mitral stenosis, when present, was mild and related to calcification of the ring and leaflet base, and all patients had a valvular area &gt; 1.5 cm<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and clinical data of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Patients (n = 91)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Moderate/severe MR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Trace/mild MR</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Group 1 (n = 8)</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2 (n = 16)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">Group 3 (n = 62)</th>
              <th align="center">Group 4 (n = 5)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">84 (8.25)</td>
              <td align="center">85.5(7.50)</td>
              <td align="center">85(10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
              <td align="center">84(9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">80(21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.45 (6.01)</td>
              <td align="center">23.83(3.87)</td>
              <td align="center">26.44(8.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">26.67(6.14)</td>
              <td align="center">27.73(6.64)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">54(59.3)</td>
              <td align="center">3(37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">12(75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">38(61.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2(40)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cardiovascular risk factors, n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">75(82.4)</td>
              <td align="center">5(62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">13(81.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">53(86.9)</td>
              <td align="center">3(60)</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">23(25.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2(12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
              <td align="center">20(32.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">60(65.6)</td>
              <td align="center">6(75)</td>
              <td align="center">9(56.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">41(67.2)</td>
              <td align="center">3(60)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cardiovascular conditions, n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PVD</td>
              <td align="center">17(18.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1(12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">4(25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
              <td align="center">12(19.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1(20)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carotid lesion &gt; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">13(14.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2(25)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
              <td align="center">10(16.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1(20)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PAH &gt; 55 mm Hg</td>
              <td align="center">33(36.2)</td>
              <td align="center">3(37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">7(43.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">19(33.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3(60)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke</td>
              <td align="center">7(7.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1(6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">5(8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1(20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD &gt; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">43(47.2)</td>
              <td align="center">4(50)</td>
              <td align="center">6(37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
              <td align="center">29(46.7)</td>
              <td align="center">4(80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">11(12.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2(25)</td>
              <td align="center">4(25)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">4(6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1(20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA FC I/II</td>
              <td align="center">20(22.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1(12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">2(12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">16(25.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1(20)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA FC III/IV</td>
              <td align="center">71(78.0)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (87.5)</td>
              <td align="center">14(87.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">46 (74.2)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Non-cardiac conditions, n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">7(7.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1(12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1(6.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">3(4.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2(40)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CrCl &lt; 50 ml/min</td>
              <td align="center">59(64.8)</td>
              <td align="center">6(75)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (56.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">40(64.5)</td>
              <td align="center">2(40)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Critical illness</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2(3.23%)</td>
              <td align="center">1(20%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Risk scores</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EuroSCORE I</td>
              <td align="center">21.69(15.39)</td>
              <td align="center">26.91(26.02)</td>
              <td align="center">25.13(18.17)</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
              <td align="center">19.75(11.96)</td>
              <td align="center">32.14(19.48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EuroSCORE II</td>
              <td align="center">5.7(4.23)</td>
              <td align="center">8.95(9.84)</td>
              <td align="center">4.91(5.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">5.63(4.31)</td>
              <td align="center">6.6(4.35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STS mortality</td>
              <td align="center">5.65(4.22)</td>
              <td align="center">6.06(6.79)</td>
              <td align="center">4.21(5.49)</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">5.7(3.40)</td>
              <td align="center">5.36(2.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STS morbidity</td>
              <td align="center">27.25(11.65)</td>
              <td align="center">33.81(14.67)</td>
              <td align="center">22.22(10.41)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">26.4(11.29)</td>
              <td align="center">31.45(12.76)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of aortic prosthesis, n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Accurate</td>
              <td align="center">24(26.4)</td>
              <td align="center">4(50)</td>
              <td align="center">5(31.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">12(19.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3(60)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
              <td align="center">35(38.5)</td>
              <td align="center">2(25)</td>
              <td align="center">4(25)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">26(41.9)</td>
              <td align="center">2(40)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sapien XT</td>
              <td align="center">32(35.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2(25)</td>
              <td align="center">7(43.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">24(38.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data expressed as median (interquartile interval) or frequency (%); MR: mitral regurgitation; Group 1 - patients whose moderate/severe MR remained after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI); Group 2 - patients whose moderate/severe MR improved to trace/mild after TAVI; Group 3 - patients whose trace/mild MR remained after TAVI; Group 4 - patients whose trace/mild MR worsened to moderate/severe after TAVI; BMI: body mass index; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; CAD: coronary artery disease; CrCl: creatinine clearance; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association; FC: functional class; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic data of 91 patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) submitted to transcatheter aortic valve implantation and followed up for 1 year</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">Patients (n = 91)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Moderate/severe MR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Trace/mild MR</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="center">Group 1</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center">Group 3</th>
              <th align="center">Group 4</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">(n = 8)</th>
              <th align="center">(n = 16)</th>
              <th align="center">(n = 62)</th>
              <th align="center">(n = 5)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62.5(19)</td>
              <td align="center">47(35.5)</td>
              <td align="center">59.5(14.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.358</td>
              <td align="center">64(16.50)</td>
              <td align="center">67(43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.848</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">50(10)</td>
              <td align="center">53(8.5)</td>
              <td align="center">49.5(9.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.326</td>
              <td align="center">50(10)</td>
              <td align="center">45(24.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.905</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVESD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">31.5(10.25)</td>
              <td align="center">31.5(22.25)</td>
              <td align="center">32(11.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.620</td>
              <td align="center">32(10.25)</td>
              <td align="center">27.5(19.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">45(9)</td>
              <td align="center">50(6.25)</td>
              <td align="center">46.5(9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.539</td>
              <td align="center">43(8)</td>
              <td align="center">48(8.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.135</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum AoG (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">87(34.75)</td>
              <td align="center">76.5(42)</td>
              <td align="center">81(45.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.603</td>
              <td align="center">89(33.5)</td>
              <td align="center">78(28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.133</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean AoG (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">53(22.5)</td>
              <td align="center">46.5(30.75)</td>
              <td align="center">49(29.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.520</td>
              <td align="center">56(21)</td>
              <td align="center">50(18.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.115</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AoVA (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7(0.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7(0.33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.65(0.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.458</td>
              <td align="center">0.7(0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7(0.25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.578</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SPAP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">47.5(20.75)</td>
              <td align="center">49(29)</td>
              <td align="center">59.5(20.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.391</td>
              <td align="center">45(16)</td>
              <td align="center">56(14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.130</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral stenosis (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (9.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">4 (9.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic regurgitation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Trace/mild</td>
              <td align="center">83 (91%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (87.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (93.75%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">56 (90.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe</td>
              <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (6.25%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">6(9.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tricuspid regurgitation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.829</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.269</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Trace/mild</td>
              <td align="center">76 (83.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (62.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">55 (88.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe</td>
              <td align="center">12 (13.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (37.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Not available</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Data expressed as median (interquartile interval) or frequency (%); LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LA: left atrium; AoG: aortic gradient; AoVA: aortic valve area; SPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The access routes used were as follows: femoral, 77 patients (84%); transaortic, 7 patients; apical, 6; and iliac, 1. The prosthesis types used were as follows: CoreValve, 38.5% of the patients; Sapien XT, 35.1%; and Accurate, 26.4%.</p>
      <p>During the 1-year follow-up, 99.9% of the patients were in functional class (FC) I or II, and only one patient was in FC III.</p>
      <p>Of the 91 patients, 67 (73.6%) had trace/mild MR before the procedure, and 24 (26.4%) had moderate/severe MR. Considering the entire group of patients, there was a significant change in the MR grade after TAVI (p = 0.013) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Change in mitral regurgitation grade. TAVI - transcatheter aortic valve implantation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0148-70094-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Of the patients with moderate/severe MR, 8 (33.3%) maintained the same grade and 16 (66.7%) improved their MR (p = 0.076) as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Change in mitral regurgitation (MR) grade in the minimum/mild MR and moderate/severe MR groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Pre-TAVI</th>
              <th align="center">Post-TAVI</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Trace/mild (n = 67)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Trace/mild</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
              <td align="center">92,5</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Moderate/severe</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">7,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Moderate/severe (n = 24)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Trace/mild</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">66,7</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.076</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Moderate/severe</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">33,3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The patients with moderate/severe MR showed an association between surgical risk, based on the scores, and MR improvement after TAVI. The subgroup with persistent moderate/severe MR had the following medians: EuroSCORE I, 26.91 (26.02); EuroSCORE II, 8.95 (9.84); STS morbidity, 33.81 (14.67); and STS mortality, 6.06 (6.79). The subgroup that improved MR had the following medians: EuroSCORE I, 25.13 (18.17); EuroSCORE II, 4.9 (5.23); STS morbidity, 4.21 (5.49); and STS mortality, 22.22 (10.41). The p values for that difference were 0.35, 0.023, 0.027 and 0.14, respectively.</p>
      <p>Regarding the patients with moderate/severe MR, variations in the following echocardiographic parameters were assessed: LVEF; left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD); left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD); and left atrial diameter. In group 1, a 0.5-mm reduction in the left atrial diameter was observed on the echocardiogram 1 year after the procedure, and, in group 2, a 4-mm reduction in the left atrial diameter was observed, with statistical significance (p = 0.023 - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic parameters pre-procedure and after 1 year</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Moderate/severe MR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Trace/mild MR</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Group 1</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">Group 3</th>
              <th align="center">Group 4</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7(27.75)</td>
              <td align="center">3.5(12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.5(10)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;5(16.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;1.5(4.25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5(8.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;2(6)</td>
              <td align="center">2(11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVESD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.5(3.25)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;1(8.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.5(6.63)</td>
              <td align="center">6(4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.5(10)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;4(7.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;1(7)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;1(2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Data expressed as median (interquartile interval); MR: mitral regurgitation; Group 1 - patients whose moderate/severe MR remained after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI); Group 2 - patients whose moderate/severe MR improved to trace/mild after TAVI; Group 3 - patients whose trace/mild MR remained after TAVI; Group 4 - patients whose trace/mild MR worsened to moderate/severe after TAVI; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LA: left atrium.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the patients with -/mild MR before the procedure (n = 67), 92.5% maintained the same MR classification. Worsening to moderate/severe MR was observed in 7.5% of the patients, with a p &lt; 0.01 for remaining in the group with -/mild MR.</p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical parameters, in group 3, 4.8% of the patients had COPD. In group 4, 40% of the patients had COPD (p = 0.042), that being the only clinical variable associated with MR change in those patients.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the variation in echocardiographic parameters after 1 year, patients with trace/mild MR showed no significant variation between the subgroups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Although some studies have assessed the behavior of MR in patients submitted to TAVI, their results are controversial in establishing if MR improves after aortic prosthesis implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In addition, no study on that subject has assessed a Brazilian population. A retrospective study analyzing 101 patients with AS undergoing TAVI or surgical valve replacement has reported an improvement in MR grade regardless of the MR etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study assessed the behavior of MR in 91 patients submitted to TAVI, who underwent a minimum 12-month follow-up at two large Brazilian centers with the same multidisciplinary team involved in the percutaneous treatment of patients with AS.</p>
      <p>The population studied had a median age of 84 years, relatively preserved LVEF, similarly to those of major international studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The presence of associated comorbidities, such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, dyslipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, significant carotid disease, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, COPD and stroke, was similar to that of the major studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The median STS score was 5.65. The mean aortic transvalvular gradient was 54.38 &#177; 16.55 mm Hg (median, 53 mm Hg), higher than that reported in the major studies (mean aortic gradient of 40-50 mm Hg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The surgical risk assessment of the subgroups was performed by using EuroSCORE I and II, STS mortality and morbidity. In the PARTNER study, the mean STS was 11.8 &#177; 3.3 in the A cohort and 11.2 &#177; 5.8 in the B cohort,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> values relatively higher than the ones observed in this study. Likewise, we observed that the patients selected had lower values in EuroSCORE II. However, it is worth noting that those risk scores are not specific for heart valve disease, and they do not contemplate several comorbidities that influence directly or indirectly the surgical outcome. Thus, those patients can be at high surgical risk and/or have technical difficulties for the traditional approach via sternotomy, even having a low score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study population, 67 (73.6%) patients had -/mild MR before the procedure, while 24 (26.4%) had moderate/severe MR. After valve replacement, 78 (85.7%) patients had minimum/mild MR and 13 (14.3%) had moderate/severe MR. The change in MR severity after TAVI was statistically significant (p = 0.013), showing the impact of aortic valve replacement on MR severity, with a general trend towards MR improvement.</p>
      <p>When assessing the subgroup of 24 patients with moderate/severe MR before the procedure, 16 (66.7%) improved MR severity to minimum/mild after TAVI. Although lacking statistical significance, MR improvement can be identified in that specific group. Prospective studies with larger samples are necessary to confirm this trend.</p>
      <p>In addition, MR improvement was accompanied by a significant reduction in the left atrial diameter, which can be explained by the reduction of intracavitary filling pressures and regurgitant volume into the atrium. In the general population, the left atrial size is associated with mortality, heart failure and stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> New studies are required to determine if the left atrial reduction in patients undergoing TAVI, either associated or not with MR change, has prognostic value.</p>
      <p>An association was observed between patients with moderate/severe MR who maintained the same MR grade after the procedure and higher surgical risk scores. This might result from the fact that individuals with higher scores have a higher number of chronic mitral valve changes. Studies with larger samples are required to confirm risk scores as independent predictors of the persistence of severe MR after TAVI.</p>
      <p>The subgroup with trace/mild MR that worsened after the procedure had a higher prevalence of COPD. A previous publication by the same team has reported COPD as an independent cause of mortality in patients submitted to TAVI, and can represent a critically-ill subgroup,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> although the reasons for that finding are not clear. Thus, new studies might clarify that association.</p>
      <p>In a recent publication, Kiramijyan et al. have compared the progression of secondary versus primary MR in 70 patients submitted to TAVI, 30 of which had primary MR. The population was assessed 1 month and 1 year after the intervention, and similar survival was evidenced in both groups in the short and long term. Similarly to our findings, in that study MR improved in both groups. However, patients with primary MR had a less marked improvement in MR as compared to those with secondary MR (p = 0.0008).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> This emphasizes that patients with primary or secondary MR should be assessed in different ways.</p>
      <p>The main limitation of this study relates to the fact that it is a retrospective cohort, with a relatively small number of patients. Therefore, a multivariate analysis to determine independent associations that could justify MR improvement could not be performed. However, we believe this is an important Brazilian study on the subject showing that the percutaneous treatment can be an acceptable therapeutic option in patients with AS, even when there is primary MR associated.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this group of patients, a significant change in MR grade was observed after TAVI, those with trace/mild MR maintaining it and those with moderate/severe MR showing a trend towards improvement. In patients with moderate/severe MR, MR grade improvement correlated with lower preoperative risk scores. However, the presence of COPD associated with MR worsening in patients with mild MR before the procedure.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Prim&#225;ria em Pacientes com Estenose A&#243;rtica Grave 1 Ano Ap&#243;s Implante Transcateter de Valva A&#243;rtica: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica Evolutiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Florentino</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cedro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Amably Pessoa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Roginski Mendes dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bignoto</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Amably Pessoa Corr&#234;a,</bold> Rua Maestro Callia n101 apt 81. CEP 04012-100, Vila Mariana, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>amablypessoa@hotmail.com</email>, <email>amablypessoa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Florentino TM, Le Bihan DCS, Abizaid AAC, Cedro AV, Corr&#234;a AP, Santos ARM, Souza AC, Bignoto TC, Rego e Sousa JEM, Rego e Sousa AGM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral (IM), presente em at&#233; 74% dos pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) grave, pode representar um fator progn&#243;stico negativo quando moderada ou importante. A evolu&#231;&#227;o da IM ap&#243;s implante percut&#226;neo de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVI) e preditores associados a essa evolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos: </title>
          <p>Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da IM prim&#225;ria em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI e identificar fatores associados a essa evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Realizou-se um estudo observacional em pacientes com EA grave sintom&#225;tica, submetidos ao TAVI no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2009 a abril de 2015 em dois centros especializados. Foram avaliados desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos com dados antes e 1 ano ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados: </title>
          <p>Dos 91 pacientes com IM que realizaram TAVI e tinham acompanhamento de pelo menos 12 meses, 67 (73,6%) apresentavam IM m&#237;nima ou discreta antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento e 24 (26,4%), IM moderada ou grave. Entre os com IM m&#237;nima ou discreta, 62 (92,5%) n&#227;o apresentaram mudan&#231;a no grau de refluxo (p &lt; 0,001) e 5 (7,5%) tiveram piora. Entre os com IM moderada ou grave, 8 (33,3%) permaneceram na mesma classe e 16 (66,7%) tiveram melhora (p = 0,076). Pacientes com IM moderada ou grave que melhoraram o grau de insufici&#234;ncia apresentavam menores valores de EuroSCORE II (p = 0,023) e STS morbidade (p = 0,027), quando comparados aos que continuaram na mesma classe.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o: </title>
          <p>Observou-se mudan&#231;a significativa no grau de IM ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de TAVI. Este estudo sugere uma tend&#234;ncia de melhora da IM moderada ou grave ap&#243;s TAVI, o que se associou a escores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios menos elevados. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) &#233; uma das valvopatias mais prevalentes no mundo, tornando-se cada vez mais frequente com o envelhecimento populacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Dados da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> demonstram preval&#234;ncia de 0,4% de EA na popula&#231;&#227;o americana, e 2,8% de EA moderada ou grave em pacientes com mais de 75 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma nova op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para esses pacientes surgiu em 2002, quando Cribier et al. fizeram o primeiro implante percut&#226;neo de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Hoje, o TAVI &#233; estabelecido como alternativa terap&#234;utica segura, eficaz e menos invasiva para pacientes com EA grave e alto risco cir&#250;rgico, que outrora n&#227;o possu&#237;am alternativa terap&#234;utica para uma doen&#231;a de alta letalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral (IM) est&#225; comumente associada &#224; EA, podendo apresentar preval&#234;ncia de at&#233; 74% nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Dados da literatura mundial mostram que aproximadamente 15% dos pacientes submetidos ao TAVI apresentam IM significativa. Nesse contexto, a presen&#231;a de uma IM moderada ou importante pode ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es na decis&#227;o entre o tratamento percut&#226;neo ou cir&#250;rgico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em alguns estudos, a IM se mostrou um importante fator progn&#243;stico negativo. J&#225; em outros, n&#227;o apresentou interfer&#234;ncia na mortalidade dos pacientes submetidos ao TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Na maior parte dos centros de refer&#234;ncia, a IM importante (&gt; 3+) pode representar uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos retrospectivos, com limitado n&#250;mero de pacientes, sugerem diminui&#231;&#227;o da IM ap&#243;s TAVI, com melhor progn&#243;stico naqueles pacientes com menor IM residual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Alguns fatores foram associados a essa melhora, como a presen&#231;a de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o baixa, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar abaixo de 60 mmHg e etiologia secund&#225;ria da IM (aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o estrutural das c&#250;spides).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; dados sobre o impacto do TAVI nos pacientes com EA e IM na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Ademais, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos at&#233; o presente momento que incluam apenas pacientes cuja IM possui etiologia prim&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Este trabalho buscou avaliar os pacientes submetidos ao TAVI que apresentavam IM prim&#225;ria associada &#224; EA. Analisamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica desses pacientes um ano ap&#243;s o implante, a fim de identificar poss&#237;veis fatores associados com a melhora ou piora da IM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um estudo observacional que incluiu todos os pacientes com EA grave sintom&#225;tica, submetidos ao TAVI no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2009 a abril de 2015 em dois centros, onde atuam uma mesma equipe multidisciplinar em S&#227;o Paulo - SP, Brasil, sendo o projeto aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de ambas as institui&#231;&#245;es. Todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes do procedimento de TAVI.</p>
        <p>Foram obtidos dados cl&#237;nicos como idade, sexo, classe funcional (NYHA) e comorbidades associadas, por meio de exame cl&#237;nico completo e da realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares como eletrocardiografia de repouso, radiografia de t&#243;rax, exames laboratoriais, ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com protocolo para medidas do complexo a&#243;rtico, angiotomografia computadorizada de cora&#231;&#227;o e aorta total e cineangiocoronariografia. Em um segundo momento, em reuni&#227;o de uma equipe composta por cardiologistas especializados em diversas &#225;reas, foram decididos qual procedimento realizar, vias de acesso e pr&#243;tese mais adequada. Foi realizado ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico de rotina no intraoperat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, analisou-se a presen&#231;a de IM prim&#225;ria antes do implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o com 1 ano. Numa an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria, foi correlacionado esse desfecho com outras vari&#225;veis consideradas de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Insufici&#234;ncia mitral prim&#225;ria foi definida como aquela em que havia altera&#231;&#227;o do tecido que comp&#245;e qualquer um dos elementos da valva mitral, tais como c&#250;spides, anel ou aparelho subvalvar. Portanto, esses casos poderiam corresponder &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar, ao prolapso valvar ou &#224; doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral secund&#225;ria foi definida como aquela relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sem comprometimento do tecido valvar propriamente dito.</p>
        <p>Foram obtidos dados de 250 pacientes que foram classificados segundo o grau de IM. Para defini&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IM, utilizou-se a determina&#231;&#227;o do orif&#237;cio efetivo de refluxo (ERO) e do volume regurgitante, calculados pela t&#233;cnica do PISA (<italic>proximal isovelocity surface area method)</italic>, de acordo com as &#250;ltimas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do ERO e do volume regurgitante, a linha de base do mapeamento colorido de fluxo foi baixada para valores entre 30 e 40 cm/s. A integral velocidade-tempo do jato de refluxo, bem como a velocidade de pico desse jato, foram obtidos pelo Doppler cont&#237;nuo. Essa t&#233;cnica tamb&#233;m foi utilizada para a medida dos gradientes transvalvares mitrais. As medidas lineares das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas foram obtidas na janela ac&#250;stica paraesternal esquerda em eixo longitudinal, utilizando a ecocardiografia bidimensional. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da medida dos volumes ventriculares, obtidos a partir de imagens de planos apicais ortogonais, em janela ac&#250;stica de quatro e duas c&#226;maras (m&#233;todo de Simpson). O c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea valvar mitral foi realizado pela medida do <italic>pressure half time</italic> (PHT) ou pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade, de acordo com o caso. A press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar foi aferida a partir da medida do gradiente entre ventr&#237;culo direito e &#225;trio direito, obtido por meio do Doppler cont&#237;nuo, sendo somada a essa diferen&#231;a a estimativa da press&#227;o do &#225;trio direito, determinada a partir do di&#226;metro e colapso da veia cava inferior.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com a gravidade da IM antes e ap&#243;s o TAVI em dois grandes grupos: IM m&#237;nima/discreta, composto por pacientes com ERO &lt; 0,2 cm<sup>2</sup> e volume regurgitante &lt; 30 mL/bat; e pacientes com IM moderada/grave, composto por indiv&#237;duos com ERO &gt; 0,2 cm<sup>2</sup> e volume regurgitante &gt; 30 mL/bat. Desse total, foram selecionados 91 pacientes com IM prim&#225;ria no ecocardiograma pr&#233;-procedimento que atingiram evolu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 1 ano para an&#225;lise dos dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>Em todos os casos, foram registrados detalhes do procedimento, tais como: via de acesso, tipo e tamanho da biopr&#243;tese, resultado angiogr&#225;fico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Os pacientes que estavam em uso de drogas vasoativas e/ou apresentavam sinais de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica foram considerados como em estado cr&#237;tico. Todos os pacientes foram atendidos por uma mesma equipe m&#233;dica, a qual representa o <italic>Heart Team</italic> dos dois centros hospitalares.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro subgrupos, de acordo com o grau de IM pr&#233;via ao implante e seu comportamento ap&#243;s o TAVI: grupo 1, pacientes com IM moderada ou grave que permanecem com a mesma classifica&#231;&#227;o; grupo 2, pacientes com IM moderada ou grave que evolu&#237;ram para m&#237;nima ou discreta; grupo 3, pacientes com IM m&#237;nima ou discreta que apresentaram manuten&#231;&#227;o do grau de IM ap&#243;s o procedimento; grupo 4, pacientes com IM m&#237;nima ou discreta previamente ao procedimento que apresentaram piora do grau de refluxo ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram registrados em formul&#225;rios apropriados, desenvolvidos para o estudo, armazenados em planilhas eletr&#244;nicas e submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram demonstradas como mediana e diferen&#231;a entre os percentis 25 e 75. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, em n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes e, para as categ&#243;ricas, o teste exato de Fisher ou Qui-quadrado. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas bin&#225;rias e sua propor&#231;&#227;o no tempo, foi utilizado o teste de McNemar. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com os programas SPSS 19 e R vers&#227;o 3.1.2. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 91 pacientes realizaram TAVI, apresentavam IM e tiveram acompanhamento de pelo menos 12 meses completos at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desenho do estudo. TAVI: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation; MR: mitral regurgitation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0148-70094-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises demogr&#225;ficas, de comorbidades e escores progn&#243;sticos podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> e os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. Entre os 91 pacientes, 54 (59,3%) eram do sexo feminino. A mediana de idade foi de 84 (8,25) anos, 33 (36,26%) tinham hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar significativa (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar - PSAP &gt; 55 mmHg), 7 (7,69%) tinham doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) e 11 (12,1%) tinham fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A mediana para EuroSCORE I foi de 21,69 (15,39), para o EuroSCORE II foi de 5,7 (4,23), para o STS mortalidade foi de 5,65 (4,22), e para o STS morbidade, 27,25 (11,65). O valor de mediana encontrado para o gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio foi de 53 (22,5) mmHg. A mediana da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi de 62,5 (19)%, do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo foi de 45 (9) mm, da PSAP de 47,5 (20,75) mmHg e da &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica foi de 0,7 (0,23) cm<sup>2</sup>. A etiologia da IM prim&#225;ria foi calcifica&#231;&#227;o do tecido valvar, incluindo anel e c&#250;spides, em todos os casos. A estenose mitral, quando presente, foi de grau discreto, relacionada &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel e da base das c&#250;spides, com todos os pacientes apresentando &#225;rea valvar &gt; 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Todos (n = 91)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">IM moderada/grave</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">IM m&#237;nima/ discreta</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1 (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 3 (n = 62)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 4 (n = 5)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">84 (8,25)</td>
                <td align="center">85,5(7,50)</td>
                <td align="center">85(10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center">84(9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">80(21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,45 (6,01)</td>
                <td align="center">23,83(3,87)</td>
                <td align="center">26,44(8,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">26,67(6,14)</td>
                <td align="center">27,73(6,64)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">54(59,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3(37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12(75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">38(61,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2(40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco cardiovasculares, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">75(82,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5(62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">13(81,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">53(86,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3(60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">23(25,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2(12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td align="center">20(32,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">60(65,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6(75)</td>
                <td align="center">9(56,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">41(67,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3(60)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVP</td>
                <td align="center">17(18,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1(12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4(25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
                <td align="center">12(19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1(20)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o carot&#237;dea &gt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">13(14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2(25)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">10(16,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1(20)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAP &gt; 55mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">33(36,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3(37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7(43,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">19(33,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3(60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">7(7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1(6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">5(8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1(20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC &gt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">43(47,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4(50)</td>
                <td align="center">6(37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">29(46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4(80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">11(12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2(25)</td>
                <td align="center">4(25)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">4(6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1(20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA CF I/II</td>
                <td align="center">20(22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1(12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2(12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16(25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1(20)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA CF III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">71(78,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">14(87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">46 (74,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">7(7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1(12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1(6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">3(4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2(40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ClCr &lt; 50ml/min</td>
                <td align="center">59(64,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6(75)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (56,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">40(64,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2(40)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado cr&#237;tico</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2(3,23%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(20%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escores de risco</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EuroSCORE I</td>
                <td align="center">21,69(15,39)</td>
                <td align="center">26,91(26,02)</td>
                <td align="center">25,13(18,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">19,75(11,96)</td>
                <td align="center">32,14(19,48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EuroSCORE II</td>
                <td align="center">5,7(4,23)</td>
                <td align="center">8,95(9,84)</td>
                <td align="center">4,91(5,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">5,63(4,31)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6(4,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STS mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">5,65(4,22)</td>
                <td align="center">6,06(6,79)</td>
                <td align="center">4,21(5,49)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">5,7(3,40)</td>
                <td align="center">5,36(2,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STS morbidade</td>
                <td align="center">27,25(11,65)</td>
                <td align="center">33,81(14,67)</td>
                <td align="center">22,22(10,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">26,4(11,29)</td>
                <td align="center">31,45(12,76)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Accurate</td>
                <td align="center">24(26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4(50)</td>
                <td align="center">22,22(10,41)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">12(19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3(60)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
                <td align="center">35(38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2(25)</td>
                <td align="center">4(25)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">26(41,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2(40)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sapien XT</td>
                <td align="center">32(35,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2(25)</td>
                <td align="center">7(43,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">24(38,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Dados expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou frequ&#234;ncia (%); IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; Grupo 1 - pacientes com IM moderada ou grave que permanecem com a mesma classifica&#231;&#227;o; Grupo 2 - pacientes com IM moderada ou grave que evolu&#237;ram para ausente/m&#237;nima ou discreta; Grupo 3 - pacientes com IM ausente/m&#237;nima ou discreta que permanecem com a mesma classifica&#231;&#227;o; Grupo 4 - pacientes com IM ausente/m&#237;nima ou discreta que evolu&#237;ram para moderada ou grave; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; DVP: doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica; HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; ClCr: clearance de creatinina; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; NYHA: New York Heart Association; CF: classe funcional; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos 91 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) submetidos ao TAVI acompanhados por 1 ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">Todos (n = 91)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">IM moderada/grave</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">IM m&#237;nima/discreta</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="center">Grupo 1</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 3</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 4</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">(n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">(n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">(n = 62)</th>
                <th align="center">(n = 5)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62,5(19)</td>
                <td align="center">47(35,5)</td>
                <td align="center">59,5(14,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,358</td>
                <td align="center">64(16,50)</td>
                <td align="center">67(43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,848</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">50(10)</td>
                <td align="center">53(8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">49,5(9,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,326</td>
                <td align="center">50(10)</td>
                <td align="center">45(24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,905</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">31,5(10,25)</td>
                <td align="center">31,5(22,25)</td>
                <td align="center">32(11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,620</td>
                <td align="center">32(10,25)</td>
                <td align="center">27,5(19,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">45(9)</td>
                <td align="center">50(6,25)</td>
                <td align="center">46,5(9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,539</td>
                <td align="center">43(8)</td>
                <td align="center">48(8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GAo m&#225;ximo (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">87(34,75)</td>
                <td align="center">76,5(42)</td>
                <td align="center">81(45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,603</td>
                <td align="center">89(33,5)</td>
                <td align="center">78(28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,133</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GAo m&#233;dio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">53(22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">46,5(30,75)</td>
                <td align="center">49(29,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,520</td>
                <td align="center">56(21)</td>
                <td align="center">50(18,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,115</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVAo (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7(0,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7(0,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65(0,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,458</td>
                <td align="center">0,7(0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7(0,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,578</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">47,5(20,75)</td>
                <td align="center">49(29)</td>
                <td align="center">59,5(20,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,391</td>
                <td align="center">45(16)</td>
                <td align="center">56(14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estenose mitral (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#237;nima/discreta</td>
                <td align="center">83 (91%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (87,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (93,75%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">56 (90,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,25%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6(9,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,829</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,269</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#237;nima/discreta</td>
                <td align="center">76 (83,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (62,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">55 (88,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (37,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Dados expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou frequ&#234;ncia (%); FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; Gao: gradiente a&#243;rtico; AVAo: &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A via de acesso femoral foi utilizada em 77 pacientes (84%), seguida da transa&#243;rtica (7 casos), apical (6 casos) e a il&#237;aca (1 caso). Entre os tipos de pr&#243;tese, a CoreValve foi utilizada em 38,5% dos casos, a Sapien XT em 35,1% e a Accurate em 26,4%.</p>
        <p>No seguimento de 1 ano, 99,9% dos pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional (CF) I ou II, com apenas 1 paciente em CF III.</p>
        <p>Entre os 91 pacientes, 67 (73,6%) apresentavam IM m&#237;nima ou discreta antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento e 24 (26,4%) apresentavam IM moderada ou grave. Considerando-se o grupo total de pacientes, houve mudan&#231;a significativa no grau de IM ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de TAVI (p = 0,013) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mudan&#231;a no grau de insufci&#234;ncia mitral. TAVI - transcatheter aortic valve implantation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0148-70094-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Entre os pacientes com IM moderada ou grave, 8 (33,3%) permaneceram na mesma classe e 16 (66,7%) tiveram melhora do refluxo mitral (p = 0,076), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mudan&#231;a de grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) nos grupos com IM m&#237;nima ou discreta e IM moderada ou grave</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Pr&#233;-TAVI</th>
                <th align="center">P&#243;s-TAVI</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>M&#237;nima &#8211; discreta (n = 67)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">M&#237;nima &#8211; discreta</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">92,5</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Moderada - grave</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Moderada &#8211; grave (n = 24)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">M&#237;nima &#8211; discreta</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Moderada - grave</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>TAVI: implante percut&#226;neo de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No grupo de pacientes com IM moderada ou grave, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o entre o risco cir&#250;rgico, baseado nos escores, e a melhora da IM ap&#243;s TAVI. Assim, o subgrupo com persist&#234;ncia da IM moderada ou grave apresentou mediana do EuroSCORE I de 26,91 (26,02), do EuroSCORE II de 8,95 (9,84), do STS morbidade de 33,81 (14,67) e do STS mortalidade de 6,06 (6,79). Por outro lado, no subgrupo que evoluiu para melhora da IM, a mediana do EuroSCORE I foi de 25,13 (18,17), do EuroSCORE II de 4,9 (5,23), do STS morbidade de 4,21 (5,49) e do STS mortalidade de 22,22 (10,41); com valores de p = 0,35 para o EuroSCORE I, p = 0,023 para o EuroSCORE II, p = 0,027 para STS morbidade e p = 0,14 para STS mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes com IM moderada ou grave, foram avaliadas as varia&#231;&#245;es da FEVE, do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSFVE), do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE) e do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo. Em se tratando da varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, detectou-se no subgrupo com persist&#234;ncia da IM moderada ou importante (grupo 1) uma redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro em 0,5 mm no ecocardiograma 1 ano ap&#243;s o procedimento e no subgrupo que apresentou melhora da IM (grupo 2), redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo de 4 mm, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,023 - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-procedimento e ap&#243;s 1 ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">IM moderada/grave</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">IM m&#237;nima/discreta</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 3</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 4</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7(27,75)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5(12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,5(10)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;5(16,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;1,5(4,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5(8,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;2(6)</td>
                <td align="center">2(11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,5(3,25)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;1(8,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,5(6,63)</td>
                <td align="center">6(4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,5(10)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;4(7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;1(7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;1(2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Dados expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil); IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; Grupo 1 - pacientes com IM moderada ou grave que permanecem com a mesma classifica&#231;&#227;o; Grupo 2 - pacientes com IM moderada ou grave que evolu&#237;ram para ausente/m&#237;nima ou discreta; Grupo 3 - pacientes com IM ausente/m&#237;nima ou discreta que permanecem com a mesma classifica&#231;&#227;o; Grupo 4 - pacientes com IM ausente/m&#237;nima ou discreta que evolu&#237;ram para moderada ou grave; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise do grupo de pacientes que apresentava IM m&#237;nima ou discreta antes do procedimento (n = 67), 92,5% permaneceu com IM com a mesma classifica&#231;&#227;o. A piora da IM para moderada ou grave foi observada em 7,5% dos pacientes, sendo o valor p &lt; 0,01 para perman&#234;ncia no grupo com IM m&#237;nima ou discreta.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, observou-se que no subgrupo que permaneceu com IM m&#237;nima ou discreta (grupo 3), 4,8% tinham DPOC. J&#225; naqueles que apresentaram piora da IM (grupo 4), 40% dos pacientes apresentavam DPOC (p = 0,042), sendo essa a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica que se associou &#224; mudan&#231;a da IM nesses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise da varia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-procedimento e ap&#243;s 1 ano, naqueles com IM m&#237;nima ou discreta, n&#227;o se observou nenhuma varia&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os subgrupos como exposto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Alguns estudos t&#234;m se dedicado a verificar o comportamento da IM em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI. Entretanto, os resultados desses estudos ainda s&#227;o conflitantes em estabelecer se h&#225; melhora da IM ap&#243;s o implante da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; at&#233; o presente momento nenhum estudo a esse respeito envolvendo uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Em estudo retrospectivo que analisou 101 pacientes com EA que foram submetidos a TAVI ou troca valvar cir&#250;rgica, houve melhora do grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral independente da etiologia da IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo permitiu, ent&#227;o, a an&#225;lise do comportamento da IM em 91 pacientes submetidos ao TAVI, que tinham seguimento m&#237;nimo de 12 meses, em dois grandes centros nacionais que apresentam uma mesma equipe multidisciplinar envolvida no tratamento percut&#226;neo dos pacientes com EA.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o analisada apresentava mediana de idade de 84 anos, com FEVE relativamente preservada, de forma semelhante aos principais estudos na literatura internacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A presen&#231;a de comorbidades associadas, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea significativa, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, DPOC e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) tamb&#233;m foi semelhante &#224; dos principais estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A mediana do STS score encontrada foi de 5,65. O gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio encontrado foi de 54,38 &#177; 16,55 mmHg (mediana de 53 mmHg), valor superior ao descrito nos principais estudos, onde o gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio se encontra entre 40 e 50 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cir&#250;rgico entre os subgrupos foi realizada utilizando EuroSCORE I e II, STS mortalidade e morbidade. Na coorte A do estudo PARTNER, o STS m&#233;dio foi de 11,8 &#177; 3,3, enquanto na coorte B foi de 11,2 &#177; 5,8,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> valores relativamente maiores que os observados neste estudo. Da mesma forma, observamos que os pacientes selecionados tamb&#233;m tinham valores reduzidos na pontua&#231;&#227;o do EuroSCORE II. Entretanto, devemos lembrar que esses escores de risco n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos para valvopatia, e diversas comorbidades, que influenciam direta ou indiretamente no desfecho cir&#250;rgico, n&#227;o s&#227;o contempladas na pontua&#231;&#227;o. Assim, estes pacientes podem apresentar risco cir&#250;rgico elevado e/ou dificuldades t&#233;cnicas para abordagem tradicional por esternotomia, mesmo com baixa pontua&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, 67 (73,6%) pacientes tinham IM m&#237;nima ou discreta antes do procedimento e 24 (26,4%) IM moderada ou grave. Ap&#243;s a troca valvar, 78 (85,7%) pacientes apresentavam IM m&#237;nima ou discreta e 13 (14,3%) IM moderada ou grave. A mudan&#231;a de grau de IM ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de TAVI apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,013), o que demonstra que h&#225; impacto da troca valvar a&#243;rtica na gravidade da IM, com um comportamento geral direcionado para melhora da insufici&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Quando analisado somente o subgrupo de 24 pacientes que apresentava IM moderada ou grave antes do procedimento, 16 (66,7%) apresentaram melhora do grau de IM para m&#237;nima ou discreta ap&#243;s o TAVI. Embora n&#227;o tenha apresentado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, pode-se perceber a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de melhora da IM nesse grupo espec&#237;fico. Estudos prospectivos e com maior amostra s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para comprovar essa tend&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Foi observada, tamb&#233;m, que a melhora da IM foi acompanhada de redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, o que pode ser explicado pela redu&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento intracavit&#225;rias (redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga) e pelo pr&#243;prio fato de reduzir o volume regurgitante para o interior do &#225;trio. Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo est&#225; associado a mortalidade, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Novos estudos seriam necess&#225;rios para determinar se a redu&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo em paciente com TAVI, associado ou n&#227;o &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o da IM, tamb&#233;m apresenta valor progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Observamos associa&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes com IM moderada ou grave que se mantiveram com o mesmo grau de insufici&#234;ncia valvar ap&#243;s o procedimento, com valores mais elevados de escores de risco operat&#243;rio. Esse resultado provavelmente decorre do fato de que aqueles com escores mais elevados tenham mais altera&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas da valva mitral. Estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes seriam necess&#225;rios para confirmar os escores de risco como preditores independentes de persist&#234;ncia da IM grave ap&#243;s o TAVI.</p>
        <p>No subgrupo que apresentava IM m&#237;nima ou discreta que apresentou piora ap&#243;s o procedimento, houve maior preval&#234;ncia de DPOC. Publica&#231;&#227;o anterior desses mesmos servi&#231;os apontou DPOC como causa independente de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI, podendo retratar um subgrupo com maior gravidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> apesar de as raz&#245;es para esse achado n&#227;o serem claras, de forma que novos estudos talvez consigam esclarecer essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em publica&#231;&#227;o recente, Kiramijyan et al. compararam a evolu&#231;&#227;o da IM secund&#225;ria com a prim&#225;ria em 70 pacientes submetidos a TAVI, sendo que 30 pacientes apresentavam IM prim&#225;ria. Essa popula&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada 1 m&#234;s e ano ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, sendo evidenciada sobrevida semelhante entre os dois grupos a curto e longo prazo. De forma semelhante ao presente estudo, nesse trabalho houve melhora da IM em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, o grupo de pacientes com IM prim&#225;ria apresentou melhora menos acentuada da regurgita&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o a IM secund&#225;ria (p = 0,0008).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Esse dado destaca que os pacientes com IM prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria devem ser analisados de forma individualizada.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo est&#225; relacionada com o fato de se tratar de uma coorte retrospectiva, com n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes. Por essa raz&#227;o, uma an&#225;lise multivariada, para determinar associa&#231;&#245;es independentes que justificassem a melhora da IM, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel. Entretanto, acreditamos tratar-se de uma importante experi&#234;ncia nacional neste tema, por mostrar que o tratamento percut&#226;neo pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica aceit&#225;vel em pacientes com EA, mesmo quando existe IM prim&#225;ria associada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste grupo de pacientes, observou-se mudan&#231;a significativa no grau de IM ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de TAVI, com manuten&#231;&#227;o naqueles com insufici&#234;ncia discreta e uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; melhora naqueles com IM moderada ou grave. Nos pacientes com IM moderada ou grave, a melhora da IM se correlacionou a escores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios menos elevados. Por outro lado, a presen&#231;a de DPOC se associou &#224; piora da IM naqueles que apresentavam IM discreta previamente ao procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
