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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4M3r4FFDb399ggXLmkvBkFJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000800132</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005001304</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Subclinical Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity in a Rat Model by Speckle-Tracking Imaging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kang</surname>
            <given-names>Yu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Hang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Qiao</surname>
            <given-names>Zhiqing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shen</surname>
            <given-names>Xuedong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>He</surname>
            <given-names>Ben</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Shanghai Jiaotong University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Renji Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Shanghai</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Renji Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Shanghai Jiaotong University</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Yu Kang and Wei Wang contribute equally to this work,</bold> Xuedong Shen, N&#176;. 1630 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai, China. E-mail: <email>shenxd@hotmail.com</email>. Ben He, N&#176;. 1630 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai, China. E-mail: <email>heben@medmail.com.cn</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Kang Y, Shen X; Acquisition of data: Kang Y, Wang W, Zhao H, Qiao Z; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kang Y, Wang W, Zhao H; Statistical analysis: Kang Y, Wang W; Obtaining funding, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kang Y; Supervision: Shen X, He B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>132</fpage>
      <lpage>139</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Backgrounds:</title>
          <p>Despite their clear therapeutic benefits, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is a major concern limiting the ability to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with cancers. The early identification of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is of vital importance to assess the cardiac risk against the potential cancer treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether speckle-tracking analysis can provide a sensitive and accurate measurement when detecting doxorubicin-induced left ventricular injury.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups with 8 rats each, given doxorubicin intraperitoneally at weekly intervals for up to 4 weeks. Group 1: 2.5 mg/kg/week; group 2: 3 mg/kg/week; group 3: 3.5mg/kg/week; group 4: 4mg/kg/week. An additional 5 rats were used as controls. Echocardiographic images were obtained at baseline and 1 week after the last dose of treatment. Radial (Srad) and circumferential (Scirc) strains, radial (SRrad) and circumferential (SRcirc) strain rates were analyzed. After the experiment, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was analyzed and the heart samples were histologically evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>After doxorubicin exposure, LVEF was significantly reduced in group 4 (p = 0.006), but remained stable in the other groups. However, after treatment, Srads were reduced in groups 2, 3 and 4 (p all &lt; 0.05). The decrease in Srads was correlated with cTnI (rho = -0.736, p = 0.000) and cardiomyopathy scores (rho = -0.797, p = 0.000).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Radial strain could provide a sensitive and noninvasive index in early detection of doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury. The changes in radial strain had a significant correlation with myocardial lesions and serum cardiac troponin I levels, indicating that this parameter could accurately evaluate cardiotoxicity severity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicins</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorubicin</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin I</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81401411</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Shanghai Natural Science Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>14ZR1425200</award-id>
          <award-id>16ZR1420600</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#176; 81401411) and Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (N&#176; 14ZR1425200, 16ZR1420600).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiotoxicity, which may result from cardiac oxidative stress, is the main limiting factor of the anticancer therapy using anthracycline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Noninvasive techniques for the identification of patients who are at high risk of developing anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy are critically important for the prevention and management of this complication.</p>
      <p>Currently, two-dimensional speckle-tracking imaging (STI), based on tracking local image details from frame to frame throughout the cardiac cycle, has been reported as a simple and accurate method for the assessment of left ventricular mechanics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It has been applied for early detection of myocardial injury in ischemic heart disease or various cardiomyopathies in both humans and experimental animals, allowing more accurate measurements of regional myocardial systolic performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to determine, by means of an experimental rat model using doxorubicin, whether STI could provide a more sensitive and accurate measurement in detecting left ventricular injury.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal treatment</title>
        <p>This protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Shanghai Jiaotong University and was in compliance with the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" published by the National Academy Press. Thirty-seven adult male Wistar rats, weighing 250.4 &#177; 4.3 g, were housed at constant temperature, with freely available food and water. The sample size calculation was performed based on the following assumptions: after anthracycline exposure, the difference in strain values was 20% between groups, the standard deviation within the group was 10%, power was 0.80, and the significance level was 0.05. As a result, we calculated a required sample size of 8 rats in each treatment group. Rats were randomized into 4 groups with 8 rats each, based on the process published by Martin RA et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> given doxorubicin intraperitoneally at weekly intervals for up to 4 weeks. Group 1: 2.5 mg/kg/week, total dose 10 mg/kg; group 2: 3 mg/kg/week, total dose 12 mg/kg; group 3: 3.5mg/kg/week, total dose 14 mg/kg; group 4: 4 mg/kg/week, total dose 16 mg/kg. An additional 5 rats were used as controls, which received 1 mL of 0.9% saline solution intraperitoneally.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography protocol</title>
        <p>Images were obtained at baseline and 1 week after the last dose of anthracycline treatment. Rats were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of 10% chloral hydrate at a dose of 0.3 ml/Kg. The rats were put in left lateral decubitus position and scanned using a commercially available echo-scanner, the Vivid ultrasound cardiovascular system (GE Healthcare Inc., Horten, Norway.), using a 10S (11.5MHz) phased array pediatric transducer and a cardiac application with high temporal and spatial resolution. The transmission frequency was 10MHz, the depth 2.5 cm, and the frame rate was 225 frames per second. The standard two-dimensional (2D) short-axis images acquired at the papillary muscle level were digitally stored for further off-line analysis. Left ventricular dimensions were measured using M-mode echocardiography through the short-axis view of the mid-papillary level and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated using the Teicholz method.</p>
        <p>EchoPAC 11.0 (GE Healthcare In,. Norway) was used for radial strain (Srad), circumferential strain (Scirc), radial strain rate (SRrad), and circumferential strain rate (SRcirc) analysis. This 2D-strain program tracked the movement of strong reflectors that were observed in the B-mode images, frame by frame, after segmenting the ventricular silhouette into six segments. The endocardial border was marked, while the outer border was adjusted to fit the epicardial contour. The software automatically tracked and computed strain and strain rate in radial and circumferential directions throughout the cardiac cycle. Peak systolic Srad, Scirc, SRrad and SRcirc were obtained from 6 segments of the papillary muscle levels. Data of at least three distinct cardiac cycles were averaged.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histological study</title>
        <p>One week after the end of the doxorubicin administration, the animals were euthanized with an overdose of chloral hydrate. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Left ventricles at the level of papillary muscles were fixed in phosphate-buffered 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at a thickness of 5&#181;m. These sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The frequency and severity of myocardial lesions induced by doxorubicin were assessed semiquantitatively by light microscopic examination. The changes were graded based on the number of myocytes showing myofibrillar loss and cytoplasmic vacuolization (score from 0 to 3 according to Billingham.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>) Animals that died spontaneously during the study also underwent necropsy, but they were not included in the data analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Serum levels of cTnI</title>
        <p>Blood samples were centrifuged and the serum samples were frozen at -80&#176;C until analyzed. Serum concentrations were determined by immunoassay (Denley Dragon Wellscan MK 3, Thermo, Finland). The cardiomyopathy scores were calculated by an expert and cTnI levels were recorded by a technician, who were blinded to the experimental process and echocardiographic data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables close to a normal distribution were expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation. Non-normal, skewed data were expressed as medians and boundaries of interquartile ranges. One sample K-S test was used to determine the normality of data. Differences in echocardiographic data before and after treatment, and between each group were determined using repeated measure ANOVA analysis. Values of cTnI levels and cardiomyopathy scores between each group were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test. Spearman analysis was used in determining the correlation between strain values, cTnI and cardiomyopathy scores. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software, version 16.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>General toxicity and gross anatomic changes</title>
        <p>One of the rats from group 3 died after the third dose of doxorubicin. No terminal blood sample of this animal was available, and thus it was excluded from the study. At the necropsy, excessive amounts of pericardial and peritoneal fluids were observed in 4 of 8 animals from group 2, in 6 of 7 animals from group 3 and all animals from group 4. Excess fluid was also observed in the animal that died spontaneously. Accumulation of fluid was not found in the animals from group 1 and animals that received saline solution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Systolic functions</title>
        <p>There was no significant difference in LVEF at baseline between the groups. After doxorubicin exposure, LVEF reduced from 85.50 &#177; 1.06% to 82.50 &#177; 1.85% (p = 0.006) in animals given 16mg/kg doxorubicin. However, LVEF in the other animals receiving lower doses of doxorubicin showed no statistical difference before and after treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>LVEF and speckle-tracking indices in doxorubicin-treated and control rats</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Control group</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Group 1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Group 2</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Group 3</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Group 4</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">After</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">After</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">After</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">After</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">After</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">85.4 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">84.8 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.591</td>
                <td align="center">86.2 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">86.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.890</td>
                <td align="center">84.6 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">84.3 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.714</td>
                <td align="center">83.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">83.3 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.220</td>
                <td align="center">85.5 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">82.5 &#177; 1.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Srad (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52.2 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">52.6 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.730</td>
                <td align="center">51.2 &#177; 6.8</td>
                <td align="center">49.4 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.061</td>
                <td align="center">52.1 &#177; 5.6</td>
                <td align="center">43.2 &#177; 5.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
                <td align="center">52.5 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">38.6 &#177; 4.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
                <td align="center">52.3 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">34.6 &#177; 7.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Scirc (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;17.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;18.2 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.551</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;16.1 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;17.0 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.113</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;17.2 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;16.7 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.578</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;17.0 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;17.9 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.634</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;17.4 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;14.1 &#177; 1.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SRrad (sec<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">5.5 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.821</td>
                <td align="center">5.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.617</td>
                <td align="center">6.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">6.0 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.983</td>
                <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.987</td>
                <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">5.5 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.786</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SRcirc (sec<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.137</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.556</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.571</td>
                <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.409</td>
                <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.179</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; Scirc: circumferential strain; Srad: radial strain; SRcirc: circumferential strain rate; SRrad: radial strain rate.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with that of baseline.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Strain analysis</title>
        <p>Data on the strain and strain rate values in animals in the various treatment groups were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Baseline characteristics of doxorubicin-treated animals were similar to those of controls. Radial strains reduced after treatment in animals of group 2, group 3, and group 4 (from 52.1 &#177; 5.6% to 43.2 &#177; 5.7%, 52.5 &#177; 5.1% to 38.6 &#177; 4.8% and 52.3 &#177; 7.3% to 34.6 &#177; 7.4% respectively, all p values &lt; 0.05). Circumferential strain reduced from -17.4 &#177; 2.1% to -14.1 &#177; 1.8% in group 4 after treatment (p = 0.004). The reduction of radial strains induced by doxorubicin was dose-related (p = 0.000). Radial strain rate and circumferential strain rate remained stable after exposure, regardless of the doxorubicin doses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Radial strain curves obtained at the short-axis view of rats after doxorubicin treatment. A: rat from group 1, radial strain = 55.23%; B: rat from group 2, radial strain = 41.63%; C: rat from group 3, radial strain = 29.71%; D: rat from group 4, radial strain = 24.95%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial pathology</title>
        <p>Animals treated with doxorubicin developed cardiac lesions that could be identified on light microscopy evaluation. The characteristics of these lesions, cytoplasmic vacuolization and myofibrillar loss, have been previously observed in animal models, as well as in human patients who received anthracycline chemotherapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Data on the incidence and severity of the myocardial lesions were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. The severity of these lesions was significantly higher in group 3 and 4 (who received 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg doxorubicin, respectively) than those who received either 12 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg doxorubicin. The hearts of all animals from the control group were normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiomyopathy scores in Wistar rats treated with doxorubicin for 4 weeks</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Dose of doxorubicin (mg/kg/w)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">No. of animals</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6">Cardiomyopathy score</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">0</th>
                <th align="center">1</th>
                <th align="center">1.5</th>
                <th align="center">2</th>
                <th align="center">2.5</th>
                <th align="center">3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2.5</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Saline control</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Cardiomyopathy scores are based on the percentage of myocytes showing cytoplasmic vacuolization and/or myofibrillar loss and are graded from 0 to 3 as follows: 0 = no alterations, 1 &#8804; 5%, 1.5 = 5% to 15%, 2.0 = 16% to 25%, 2.5 = 26% to 35%, and 3 &#8805; 35%.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Cardiomyopathy scores were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than in those receiving 3 mg/kg/w or less doxorubicin.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Cardiomyopathy scores were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than in those receiving 2.5 mg/kg/w or less doxorubicin.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Myocardial changes after doxorubicin treatment at the light microscopy level (&#215; 400). Vacuolization of the cytoplasm, loss of myofbrils was more severe in rats from group 4 (D). A: rat from group 1; B: rat from group 2; C: rat from group 3; D: rat from group 4.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Levels of cTnI</title>
        <p>The levels of cTnI in the control group and groups 1,2,3, and 4 were 7.62 (3.06) ng/mL, 6.92 (4.04) ng/mL, 17.03 (8.46) ng/mL, 22.57 (12.21) ng/mL and 34.93 (11.24) ng/mL, respectively. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>, the serum cTnI levels in group 1 were not significantly different from those of the control group. However, compared with those of the animals that received saline, cTnI levels significantly increased with the rise of total cumulative doses of doxorubicin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Scatter diagram of serum levels of cTnI in individual rat. *: p &lt; 0.05 compared with that of baseline.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlations between strain values, cTnI levels and histological lesions</title>
        <p>The decrease in radial strains exhibited a clear correlation with the cTnI levels (Spearman&#8217;s correlation rho = -0.736, p = 0.000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>) and with cardiomyopathy scores (Spearman&#8217;s correlation rho = -0.797, p = 0.000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlations between radial strains and cTnI levels.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlations between radial strains and cardiomyopathy scores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Anthracycline remains a commonly used chemotherapy agent. However, the clinical efficacy is undermined by potential life-threatening cardiotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> An accurate and noninvasive method for early monitoring of cardiac injury is of vital importance to guide preventive and therapeutic strategies in reducing cardiotoxicity. In this study, we proposed a novel use of speckle-tracking imaging for the assessment of subclinical myocardial injury after anthracycline treatment. In clinical practice, LVEF monitoring is the most important clinical diagnostic tool in the recognition of cardiac dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, they are somewhat insensitive in detecting early signs of cardiac stress, myocardial injury, and changes in myocardial compliance. In the present study, even though myocardial lesions and elevation of serum cTnI levels were observed after the treatment, LVEF remained stable and within the normal range, showing that LVEF was insensitive in early detection of myocardial injury.</p>
      <p>Strain is a dimensionless parameter representing the deformation of a myocardial segment in relation to its original dimensions within a systolic time-frame. Early studies reported that the reduction in left ventricular function, caused by anthracycline, could be assessed by strain and strain rate indices when measured by Doppler imaging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> With the advantages of angle independence, speckle-tracking imaging, a relatively new and more comprehensive technique, could assess both regional and global left ventricular myocardial deformation in three dimensions, providing reliable and sensitive parameters for early cardiac injury detection. Shi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> found that radial strain analysis based on STI could detect acute allograft rejection in a rat heart transplant model, which was more sensitive than conventional echocardiographic parameters. In a rat model of athlete&#8217;s heart, speckle-tracking based strain values correlated well with pressure-volume loop-deprived contractility indices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Previous studies observed that strains decreased significantly after epirubicin treatment, although conventional echocardiographic parameters remained stable and within normal range.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We demonstrated that in our animal model, radial strain was more sensitive than left ventricular ejection fraction in the assessment of cardiac injury at an early stage, which was confirmed by histological examination and serum cTnI. Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity has a regional pattern,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> which could explain the increased sensitivity of strain values compared with the LVEF in the detection of early cardiotoxicity. In addition, we found that the changes in radial strain exhibited a clear correlation with histological lesions and elevation of cTnI levels, indicating that radial strain could accurately evaluate cardiotoxicity severity.</p>
      <p>STI has a better spatial resolution in comparison with the tissue-Doppler imaging-based technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In clinical use, frame rates &gt; 90 frames/s often lead to poor speckle-tracking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> However, because of their faster heart rates, higher frame rates are necessary in rodents. Transducer frequency, sector width and depth, as well as the number of crystals within the transducer will have an impact on scan line resolution, which will in turn affect the quality of speckle-tracking. With high crystal density over a very small sector width and depth, our 11.5 MHz transducer can obtain good images at high frame rates, with no loss of scan line resolution.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Cardiac imaging of the left ventricle in rodents is limited to a few echocardiographic views. Although it is possible to obtain an apical 4-chamber view, the lateral wall is rarely visualized.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The image quality of the longitudinal view was poor and, therefore, we could not provide data about the longitudinal function.</p>
        <p>The type of anesthesia can influence heart rate and intrinsic myocardial contractility. However, in this study, all animal including the treated and control groups underwent the same anesthesia procedure in order to limit the effect of anesthesia on cardiac function analysis. The frame rate related to the heart cycle duration used in this study was lower than studies performed in humans or large animals. Of note, we had similar frame rates as in recent experiments in a rat model of myocardial infarction and acute rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Radial strain based on speckle-tracking imaging can provide a sensitive and noninvasive strategy in early detection of doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#176; 81401411) and Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (N&#176; 14ZR1425200, 16ZR1420600).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Cardiotoxicidade Subcl&#237;nica Induzida por Doxorrubicina em um Modelo de Rato por <italic>Speckle-Tracking</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
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          <name>
            <surname>Kang</surname>
            <given-names>Yu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Hang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Qiao</surname>
            <given-names>Zhiqing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shen</surname>
            <given-names>Xuedong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>He</surname>
            <given-names>Ben</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Renji Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Yu Kang and Wei Wang contribute equally to this work,</bold> Xuedong Shen, No. 1630 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai, China. E-mail: <email>shenxd@hotmail.com</email>. Ben He, No. 1630 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai, China. E-mail: <email>heben@medmail.com.cn</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Kang Y, Shen X; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kang Y, Wang W, Zhao H, Qiao Z; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kang Y, Wang W, Zhao H; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kang Y, Wang W; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kang Y; Supervis&#227;o: Shen X, He B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Apesar dos seus claros benef&#237;cios terap&#234;uticos, a cardiotoxicidade induzida pela antraciclina &#233; uma grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o que limita a capacidade de reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade associadas com c&#226;nceres. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclina &#233; de vital import&#226;ncia para o equil&#237;brio entre o risco card&#237;aco e o potencial tratamento do c&#226;ncer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar se a an&#225;lise por <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> pode fornecer uma medida sens&#237;vel e precisa na detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o ventricular esquerda induzida por doxorrubicina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 4 grupos de 8 ratos cada, e doxorrubicina foi administrada intraperitonealmente em intervalos semanais de at&#233; 4 semanas. Grupo 1: 2,5 mg/kg/semana; Grupo 2: 3 mg/kg/semana; Grupo 3: 3,5 mg/kg/semana; Grupo 4: 4 mg/kg/semana. Foram utilizados 5 ratos adicionais como controles. As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas na linha basal e 1 semana ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima dose do tratamento. Foram analisados o <italic>strain</italic> radial (Srad) e circunferencial (Scirc) e as taxas de <italic>strain</italic> radial (TSrad) e circunferencial (TScirc). Ap&#243;s o experimento, a troponina card&#237;aca I (cTnI) foi analisada e as amostras card&#237;acas foram avaliadas histologicamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; doxorrubicina, a FEVE foi significativamente reduzida no grupo 4 (p = 0,006), mas permaneceu est&#225;vel nos outros grupos. Entretanto, ap&#243;s o tratamento, os Srads foram reduzidos nos grupos 2, 3 e 4 (p &lt; 0,05). A diminui&#231;&#227;o dos Srads foi correlacionada com cTnI (rho = -0,736, p = 0,000) e os escores de cardiomiopatia (rho = -0,797, p = 0,000).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O <italic>strain</italic> radial pode fornecer um &#237;ndice sens&#237;vel e n&#227;o-invasivo na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica induzida pela doxorrubicina. As altera&#231;&#245;es do <italic>strain</italic> radial apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de troponina I card&#237;aca, indicando que esse par&#226;metro pode avaliar com precis&#227;o a gravidade da cardiotoxicidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponiona I</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiotoxicidade, que pode ser o resultado do estresse oxidativo card&#237;aco, &#233; o principal fator limitante da terapia anticancer&#237;gena com antraciclina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> T&#233;cnicas n&#227;o-invasivas para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com alto risco de desenvolver cardiomiopatia induzida por antraciclina s&#227;o de import&#226;ncia cr&#237;tica para a preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento dessa complica&#231;&#227;o. Atualmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de imagem bidimensional por <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> (STI), baseada no rastreamento de detalhes da imagem local quadro a quadro ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco, tem sido considerada como um m&#233;todo simples e preciso para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da mec&#226;nica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Tem sido aplicada para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica ou v&#225;rias cardiomiopatias, tanto em humanos como em modelos animais experimentais, permitindo medidas mais precisas do desempenho sist&#243;lico regional do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar, atrav&#233;s de um modelo de rato experimental usando doxorrubicina, se o STI poderia fornecer uma medida mais sens&#237;vel e precisa na detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento de animais</title>
          <p>Este protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de Cuidados e Uso de Animais da Universidade Jiaotong de Xangai, e estava em conformidade com o "Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio", publicado pela Academia Nacional de Imprensa. Trinta e sete ratos Wistar machos adultos, pesando 250,4 &#177; 4,3 g, foram alojados em um local com temperatura constante e alimento e &#225;gua dispon&#237;veis livremente. O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi realizado com base nos seguintes pressupostos: ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; antraciclina, a diferen&#231;a de valores de <italic>strain</italic> foi de 20% entre os grupos, o desvio padr&#227;o dentro do grupo foi de 10%, o poder foi de 0,80, e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 0,05. Como resultado, calculamos um tamanho de amostra necess&#225;rio de 8 ratos em cada grupo de tratamento. Os ratos foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de 8 ratos cada, com base no processo publicado por Martin RA et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> com administra&#231;&#227;o de doxorrubicina por via intraperitoneal em intervalos semanais de at&#233; 4 semanas. Grupo 1: 2,5 mg/kg/semana, dose total de 10 mg/kg; Grupo 2: 3 mg/kg/semana, dose total de 12 mg/kg; Grupo 3: 3,5 mg/kg/semana, dose total de 14 mg/kg; Grupo 4: 4 mg/kg/semana, dose total de 16 mg/kg. Utilizaram-se 5 ratos adicionais como controles, aos quais foi administrada 1 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9% por via intraperitoneal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
          <p>As imagens foram obtidas na linha basal e 1 semana ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima dose de tratamento com antraciclina. Os ratos foram anestesiados com uma inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de hidrato de cloral a 10% em uma dose de 0,3 mL/Kg. Os ratos foram colocados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e examinados utilizando-se um eco-esc&#226;ner comercialmente dispon&#237;vel, Vivid ultrasound cardiovascular system (GE Healthcare Inc., Horten, Noruega), com um transdutor pedi&#225;trico com arranjo de fase 10S (11,5MHz) e aplica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal e espacial. A frequ&#234;ncia de transmiss&#227;o foi de 10 MHz, a profundidade de 2,5 cm e a taxa de quadros foi de 225 quadros por segundo. As imagens bidimensionais (2D) padr&#227;o de eixo curto, adquiridas a n&#237;vel do m&#250;sculo papilar, foram armazenadas digitalmente para posterior an&#225;lise <italic>off-line</italic>. As dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram medidas utilizando ecocardiografia no modo M no corte de eixo curto do n&#237;vel papilar m&#233;dio, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Teicholz.</p>
          <p>Utilizou-se o EchoPAC 11.0 (GE Healthcare In, Noruega) para a an&#225;lise de <italic>strain</italic> radial (Srad), <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial (Scirc), taxa de <italic>strain</italic> radial (TSrad) e circunferencial (TScirc). Este programa de <italic>strain</italic> em 2D monitorou o movimento de refletores fortes que foram observados nas imagens no modo B, quadro a quadro, ap&#243;s segmentar a silhueta ventricular em seis segmentos. A borda endoc&#225;rdica foi marcada, enquanto a borda externa foi ajustada para se adequar ao contorno epic&#225;rdico. O software automaticamente rastreou e calculou o <italic>strain</italic> e a taxa de <italic>strain</italic> nas dire&#231;&#245;es radial e circunferencial ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco. O pico sist&#243;lico do Srad, Scirc, TSrad e TScirc foi obtido a partir de 6 segmentos a n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares. Foram calculados os dados de pelo menos tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos distintos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo histol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>Uma semana ap&#243;s o fim da administra&#231;&#227;o de doxorrubicina, os animais foram sacrificados com uma superdosagem de hidrato de cloral. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de troponina I card&#237;aca (cTnI). Os ventr&#237;culos esquerdos a n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares foram fixados em formalina tamponada com fosfato a 10%, embebida em parafina e seccionados com espessura de 5 &#181;m. Essas se&#231;&#245;es foram coradas com hematoxilina e eosina. A frequ&#234;ncia e a gravidade das les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas induzidas pela doxorrubicina foram avaliadas semiquantitativamente por microscopia &#243;ptica. As altera&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas com base no n&#250;mero de mi&#243;citos mostrando perda miofibrilar e vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o citoplasm&#225;tica (pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 3 de acordo com Billingham.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>) Animais que morreram espontaneamente durante o estudo tamb&#233;m foram submetidos &#224; necropsia, mas n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cTnI</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram centrifugadas e as amostras de soro foram congeladas a -80&#176;C at&#233; serem analisadas. As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas foram determinadas por imunoensaio (Denley Dragon Wellscan MK 3, Thermo, Finl&#226;ndia). Os escores de cardiomiopatia foram calculados por um especialista e os n&#237;veis de cTnI foram registrados por um t&#233;cnico, cegado para o processo experimental e dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas pr&#243;ximas a uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Os dados n&#227;o-normais, assim&#233;tricos, foram expressos como medianas e intervalos interquartis. Utilizou-se o teste K-S para uma amostra para determinar a normalidade dos dados. As diferen&#231;as em dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento, e entre cada grupo, foram determinadas utilizando-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas. Os valores dos n&#237;veis de cTnI e os escores de cardiomiopatia entre cada grupo foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. A an&#225;lise de Spearman foi utilizada na determina&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o entre valores de <italic>strain</italic>, cTnI e cardiomiopatia. Os dados foram analisados atrav&#233;s do software SPSS, vers&#227;o 16.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL, EUA). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Toxicidade geral e altera&#231;&#245;es macro-anat&#244;micas</title>
          <p>Um dos ratos do grupo 3 morreu ap&#243;s a terceira dose de doxorrubicina. Nenhuma amostra de sangue terminal desse animal estava dispon&#237;vel e, portanto, ele foi exclu&#237;do do estudo. Na necropsia, foram observadas quantidades excessivas de fluido peric&#225;rdico e peritoneal em 4 dos 8 animais do grupo 2, em 6 dos 7 animais do grupo 3 e todos do grupo 4. Tamb&#233;m se observou um excesso de fluido no animal que morreu espontaneamente. O ac&#250;mulo de fluido n&#227;o foi encontrado em animais do grupo 1 e nos animais que receberam solu&#231;&#227;o salina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na FEVE no in&#237;cio do estudo entre os grupos. Ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; doxorrubicina, a FEVE reduziu de 85,50 &#177; 1,06% para 82,50 &#177; 1,85% (p = 0,006) em animais que receberam doxorrubicina a 16 mg/kg. No entanto, a FEVE em outros animais que receberam menores doses de doxorrubicina n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndices de speckle-tracking e FEVE em ratos tratados com doxorrubicina e ratos controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupo controle</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupo 1</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupo 2</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupo 3</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupo 4</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">Depois</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">Depois</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">Depois</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">Depois</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">Depois</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,4 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">84,8 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,591</td>
                  <td align="center">86,2 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">86,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,890</td>
                  <td align="center">84,6 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">84,3 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,714</td>
                  <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">83,3 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,220</td>
                  <td align="center">85,5 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">82,5 &#177; 1,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Srad (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,2 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">52,6 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,730</td>
                  <td align="center">51,2 &#177; 6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">49,4 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                  <td align="center">52,1 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">43,2 &#177; 5,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">52,5 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">38,6 &#177; 4,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">52,3 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">34,6 &#177; 7,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Scirc (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;18,2 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,551</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,1 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,0 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,113</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,2 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,7 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,578</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,0 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,9 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,634</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,4 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;14,1 &#177; 1,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TSrad (sec<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,821</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,617</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,983</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,987</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,786</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TScirc(sec<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,137</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,556</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,571</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,409</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,179</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Scirc: strain circunferencial; Srad: strain radial; TScirc: taxa de strain circunferencial; TSrad: taxa de strain radial.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor basal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise do strain</title>
          <p>Os dados sobre os valores do <italic>strain</italic> e taxa de <italic>strain</italic> em animais nos v&#225;rios grupos de tratamento foram resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos animais tratados com doxorrubicina foram semelhantes &#224;s dos controles. Os <italic>strains</italic> radiais foram reduzidos ap&#243;s o tratamento em animais do grupo 2, grupo 3 e grupo 4 (de 52,1 &#177; 5,6% para 43,2 &#177; 5,7%, 52,5 &#177; 5,1% para 38,6 &#177; 4,8% e 52,3 &#177; 7,3% para 34,6 &#177; 7,4% respectivamente, com todos os valores de p &lt; 0,05). O <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial foi reduzido de -17,4 &#177; 2,1% para -14,1 &#177; 1,8% no grupo 4 ap&#243;s o tratamento (p = 0,004). A redu&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>strains</italic> radiais induzida pela doxorrubicina foi relacionada &#224; dose (p = 0,000). As taxas de <italic>strain</italic> radial e circunferencial permaneceram est&#225;veis ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o, independente das doses de doxorrubicina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de strain radial obtidas a partir do corte de eixo curto de ratos ap&#243;s tratamento com doxorrubicina. A: rato do grupo 1, strain radial = 55,23%; B: rato do grupo 2, strain radial = 41,63%; C: rato do grupo 3, strain radial = 29,71%; D: rato do grupo 4, strain radial = 24,95%.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patologia mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>Os animais tratados com doxorrubicina desenvolveram les&#245;es card&#237;acas que foram identificadas em microscopia &#243;ptica. As caracter&#237;sticas dessas les&#245;es, vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o citoplasm&#225;tica e perda miofibrilar, t&#234;m sido observadas previamente em modelos animais, bem como em pacientes humanos que receberam quimioterapia com antraciclina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os dados sobre a incid&#234;ncia e a gravidade das les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. A gravidade dessas les&#245;es foi significativamente maior nos grupos 3 e 4 (com 14 mg/kg e 16 mg/kg de doxorrubicina, respectivamente) do que naqueles que receberam 12 mg/kg ou 10 mg/Kg de doxorrubicina. Os cora&#231;&#245;es de todos os grupos controle estavam normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Escores de cardiomiopatia em ratos Wistar tratados com doxorrubicina durante 4 semanas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Dose de doxorrubicina (mg/kg/semana)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">No. de animais</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="6">Escore de cardiomiopatia</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">0</th>
                  <th align="center">1</th>
                  <th align="center">1,5</th>
                  <th align="center">2</th>
                  <th align="center">2,5</th>
                  <th align="center">3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Solu&#231;&#227;o salina controle</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>Os escores de cardiomiopatia s&#227;o baseados na porcentagem de mi&#243;citos que apresentam vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o citoplasm&#225;tica e/ou perda miofibrilar, e s&#227;o classificados de 0 a 3 da seguinte forma: 0 = sem altera&#231;&#245;es, 1 &#8804; 5%, 1,5 = 5% a 15%, 2,0 = 16% a 25%, 2,5 = 26% a 35% e 3 &#8805; 35%.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Escores de cardiomiopatia significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) maiores do que naqueles que receberam 3 mg/kg/semana ou menos de doxorrubicina.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Escores de cardiomiopatia foram significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) maiores do que naqueles que receberam 2,5 mg/kg/semana ou menos de doxorrubicina.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas ap&#243;s tratamento com doxorrubicina vistas sob microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico (&#215; 400). Vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o do citoplasma, perda de miofbrilas mais grave em ratos do grupo 4 (D). A: rato do grupo 1; B: rato do grupo 2; C: rato do grupo 3; D: rato do grupo 4.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;veis de cTnI</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de cTnI no grupo de controle e nos grupos 1,2,3,4 foram 7,62 (3,06) ng/mL, 6,92 (4,04) ng/mL, 17,03 (8,46) ng/mL, 22,57 (12,21) ng/mL e 34,93 (11,24) ng/mL, respectivamente. Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cTnI no grupo 1 n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes daqueles do grupo de controle. No entanto, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais que receberam soro fisiol&#243;gico, os n&#237;veis de cTnI aumentaram significativamente com o aumento das doses cumulativas totais de doxorrubicina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Diagrama de dispers&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cTnI em ratos individuais. *: p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor basal.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre os valores de strain, n&#237;veis de cTnI e as les&#245;es histol&#243;gicas</title>
          <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de <italic>strain</italic> radial exibiu uma clara correla&#231;&#227;o com a concentra&#231;&#227;o de cTnI (correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman rho = -0,736, p = 0,000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>) e com os escores de cardiomiopatia (correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman rho = -0,797, p = 0,000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre strains radiais e n&#237;veis de cTnI.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre strains radiais e escores de cardiomiopatia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0132-70097-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A antraciclina continua a ser um agente quimioter&#225;pico comumente utilizado. No entanto, a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica &#233; prejudicada devido &#224; cardiotoxicidade potencialmente fatal. Um m&#233;todo preciso e n&#227;o invasivo para o monitoramento precoce da les&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; de vital import&#226;ncia para orientar as estrat&#233;gias preventivas e terap&#234;uticas na redu&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade. Nesse estudo, propusemos uma nova aplica&#231;&#227;o da imagem por <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica subcl&#237;nica ap&#243;s o tratamento com antraciclina. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o monitoramento da FEVE &#233; a ferramenta diagn&#243;stica cl&#237;nica mais importante no reconhecimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No entanto, esses n&#237;veis s&#227;o um pouco insens&#237;veis na detec&#231;&#227;o de sinais precoces de estresse card&#237;aco, les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e altera&#231;&#245;es na complac&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica. No presente estudo, apesar de terem sido observadas les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cTnI ap&#243;s o tratamento, a FEVE permaneceu est&#225;vel e dentro do intervalo normal, indicando que a FEVE n&#227;o &#233; sens&#237;vel para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>O <italic>strain</italic> &#233; um par&#226;metro sem dimens&#227;o que representa a deforma&#231;&#227;o de um segmento mioc&#225;rdico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas dimens&#245;es originais dentro de um per&#237;odo de tempo sist&#243;lico. Estudos iniciais relataram que a redu&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, causada pela antraciclina, poderia ser avaliada pelos &#237;ndices de <italic>strain</italic> e taxa de <italic>strain</italic> medidos por Doppler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Com as vantagens da independ&#234;ncia de &#226;ngulo, a t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle-tracking</italic>, uma t&#233;cnica relativamente nova e mais abrangente, poderia avaliar a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ventricular esquerda regional e global em tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es, fornecendo par&#226;metros confi&#225;veis e sens&#237;veis para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#245;es card&#237;acas. Shi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> descobriram que a an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> radial baseada em STI podia detectar rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda de aloenxerto em um modelo de transplante card&#237;aco de rato, que era mais sens&#237;vel do que os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais. Em um modelo de rato de cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta, os valores de <italic>strain</italic> baseados no <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> correlacionaram-se bem com os &#237;ndices de contratilidade privados do loop de press&#227;o-volume.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Estudos anteriores observaram que os <italic>strains</italic> diminu&#237;ram significativamente ap&#243;s o tratamento com epirubicina, embora os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais se mantivessem est&#225;veis e dentro da faixa normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Demonstramos que em nosso modelo animal, o <italic>strain</italic> radial foi mais sens&#237;vel do que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na avalia&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o card&#237;aca em est&#225;gio inicial, o que foi confirmado pelo exame histol&#243;gico e cTnI s&#233;rica. A cardiotoxicidade induzida pela quimioterapia possui padr&#227;o regional,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> o que poderia explicar o aumento da sensibilidade dos valores de <italic>strain</italic> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FEVE na detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade precoce. Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que as altera&#231;&#245;es de <italic>strain</italic> radial exibiram uma clara correla&#231;&#227;o com les&#245;es histol&#243;gicas e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de cTnI, indicando que o <italic>strain</italic> radial pode avaliar com precis&#227;o a gravidade da cardiotoxicidade.</p>
        <p>O STI tem uma melhor resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial em compara&#231;&#227;o com a t&#233;cnica baseada em Doppler tecidual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em uso cl&#237;nico, as taxas de quadros &gt; 90 quadros/s geralmente levam a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ruim por <italic>speckle-tracking.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> No entanto, devido &#224; sua alta frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, maiores taxas de quadros s&#227;o necess&#225;rias em roedores. A frequ&#234;ncia do transdutor, a largura e a profundidade do setor, bem como o n&#250;mero de cristais dentro do transdutor, ter&#227;o um impacto na resolu&#231;&#227;o da linha de varredura, o que por sua vez afetar&#225; a qualidade do <italic>speckle-tracking</italic>. Com alta densidade de cristais em uma largura e profundidade de setor muito pequenas, nosso transdutor de 11,5 MHz pode obter boas imagens em altas taxas de quadros sem perda de resolu&#231;&#227;o da linha de varredura.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A imagem card&#237;aca do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em roedores &#233; limitada a alguns cortes ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Embora seja poss&#237;vel obter um corte apical de 4 c&#226;maras, a parede lateral raramente &#233; visualizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A qualidade da imagem do corte longitudinal foi ruim e, portanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel fornecer dados sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal.</p>
          <p>O tipo de anestesia pode influenciar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica intr&#237;nseca. No entanto, nesse estudo, todos os animais, incluindo os grupos tratados e de controle, foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento de anestesia para limitar o efeito da anestesia na an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A taxa de quadros em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco utilizada nesse estudo foi inferior &#224; dos estudos realizados em humanos ou em animais grandes. Digno de nota, tivemos taxas de quadros semelhantes &#224;s de estudos recentes em um modelo de rato de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O <italic>strain</italic> radial baseado em imagens de <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> pode fornecer uma estrat&#233;gia sens&#237;vel e n&#227;o-invasiva na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica induzida por doxorrubicina.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado peli National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#176; 81401411) and Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (N&#176; 14ZR1425200, 16ZR1420600).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
