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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7tyNntP3Pc9F8wSgY5q9pvv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000800124</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170090</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005001203</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ruthenium Complex Improves the Endothelial Function in Aortic Rings From Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vatanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Izabela Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Nascimento dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buzinari</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Francisco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Santana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Jhonatan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Izabela Pereira Vatanabe,</bold> Avenida Miguel Damha, 1515. Postal Code 15063-000, Residencial Gaivotas I, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>izabelavatanabe1@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vatanabe IP, Rodrigues GJ, Silva RS; Acquisition of data: Vatanabe IP, Rodrigues CNS, Buzinnari TC, Moraes TF; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Vatanabe IP; Obtaining funding: Vatanabe IP, Rodrigues GJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>124</fpage>
      <lpage>131</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The endothelium is a monolayer of cells that extends on the vascular inner surface, responsible for the modulation of vascular tone. By means of the release of nitric oxide (NO), the endothelium has an important protective function against cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Verify if cis- [Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>)(NO)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (BPY) improves endothelial function and the sensibility of conductance (aorta) and resistance (coronary) to vascular relaxation induced by BPY.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Normotensive (2K) and hypertensive (2K-1C) Wistar rats were used. For vascular reactivity study, thoracic aortas were isolated, rings with intact endothelium were incubated with: BPY(0.01 to10 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) and concentration effect curves to acetylcholine were performed. In addition, cumulative concentration curves were performed to BPY (1.0 nM to 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) in aortic and coronary rings, with intact and denuded endothelium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In aorta from 2K-1C animals, the treatment with BPY 0.1<italic>&#181;</italic>M increased the potency of acetylcholine-induced relaxation and it was able to revert the endothelial dysfunction. The presence of the endothelium did not modify the effect of BPY in inducing the relaxation in aortas from 2K and 2K-1C rats. In coronary, the endothelium potentiated the vasodilator effect of BPY in vessels from 2K and 2K-1C rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our results suggest that 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M of BPY is able to normalize the relaxation endothelium dependent in hypertensive rats, and the compound BPY induces relaxation in aortic from normotensive and hypertensive rats with the same potency. The endothelium potentiate the relaxation effect induced by BPY in coronary from normotensive and hypertensive rats, with lower effect on coronary from hypertensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Ruthenium</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>S&#227;o Paulo Research Fundatio</funding-source>
          <award-id>2012/24477-8</award-id>
          <award-id>2014/02231-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development</funding-source>
          <award-id>478849/2013-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This work was supported by grants from S&#227;o Paulo Research Fundation (FAPESP grant 2012/24477-8 and 2014/02231-2) and National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq grant 478849/2013-3).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdution</title>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction is characterized mainly by decreasing the ability of endothelial cells to release nitric oxide (NO),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and it has been associated with hypertension as well as other cardiovascular diseases, furthermore, it includes release and superoxide anion (O<sub>2</sub>
				<sup>-</sup>) increased bioavailability generating to peroxinitrite (ONOO<sup>-</sup>) join reaction with NO. This reaction is present in dysfunctional endothelial cells 2K-1C animals, due to the current Angiotensina II increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>NO is involved in diverse pathophysiological process that encourages the emergence of researches about drugs that can be able to modulate NO concentration for therapeutic purpose,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> including NO donors.</p>
      <p>On preliminary results, we have observed that the ruthenium complex <italic>cis-</italic>[Ru(H-dcbpy)<sub>2</sub>(Cl)(NO)] (dcbpy) improved the relaxation endothelium dependent induced by acetylcholine in aortic rings from hypertensive rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>. This compound also is able to induce relaxation by NO release in higher concentration, and the improvement in endothelial function was attributed to inactivation of O<sub>2</sub>
				<sup>-</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The NO donors are pharmacologically active substances that release NO. The NO donors most widely used in medical practice are organic and inorganic nitrates, nitroglycerine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively. However prolonged treatment with these drugs have induced adverse effects, such as intolerance, endothelial dysfunction, release of toxic compounds, reflex tachycardia and other adverse effects that are limiting factors to the use of these NO donors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, the macrocyclic nitrosyl ruthenium complexes are being studied as NO donors, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> which are attractive because they have active forms that are stable and have low toxicity under physiological conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Another important feature displayed by these compounds is the sustained release of NO, as we noted in prolonged hypotensive effect generated in hypertensive animals <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and that was also observed in studies of release kinetics NO <italic>in vitro.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exogenous NO donors agents based on ruthenium-derived metal nitrosyl complexes have been developed as strategy to reduce side effects and cytotoxicity. They have not displayed any toxic effects and they are able to induce vascular relaxation and decrease blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> being the cis- [Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub>)(NO)] (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (BPY) able to induce aortic relaxation and decrease blood pressure in normotensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, drugs in which the center of the metal is ruthenium, as BPY, have good clinical application, especially considering that the low toxicity of the metal ion is similar to the physical and chemical properties present in the iron metal ion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The body can protect from the effects caused by excess of iron ions with the formation of transferrin and albumin, therefore it is believed that the mechanism of protection against the toxicity of ruthenium would be the same.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Thus, based on literature existing surrounding this issue, it appears that the BPY is more attractive to present active form under physiological conditions predicting a good future clinical application.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objective</title>
      <p>This study was made to evaluate if BPY improves endothelial function, and the sensibility of conductance (aorta) and resistance (coronary) to vascular relaxation induced by BPY.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Materials used (Drugs and chemicals), Acetylcholine (Ach) and phenylephrine (Phe) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA); Compound cis- [Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub>)(NO)] (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (BPY) was synthesized by a partner in University of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental animals</title>
        <p>Male Wistar rats were used weighing between 180-200 grams. The animals were maintained on a standard diet with a 12 h cycle light/dark and free access to food (standard diet) and water. The animals were anaesthetized with Tribromoethanol (2.5 mg/kg, ip) after a midline laparotomy a silver clip with an internal diameter of 0.20 mm was placed around the left renal artery as previously described for 2K-1C by Goldblatt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, where only one renal artery is restricted to reduce chronic renal perfusion. Normotensive two-kidney rats (2K, n = 6) were only submitted to laparotomy. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by a method of indirect tail plethysmography (MLT125R pulse pressure transducer/Cuss coupled to PowerLab 4/S-digital converter; AD Instruments Pty Ltd, Castle Hill, Australia) in animals not anaesthetized. The animal were considered hypertensive when systolic blood pressure was greater than 160 mmHg six weeks after surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>Experimental protocols followed standards and policies of Animal Care and Use Committee of the Federal University of S&#227;o Carlos (CEUA: 012/2013).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular reactivity study</title>
        <p>Six weeks after surgery, rats were killed by decapitation and the thoracic aorta or coronary were dissected, cut into rings and placed in bath chambers containing Krebs solution at 37&#176;C, pH 7.4, continuously bubbled with 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, in an isometric myograph (Mulvany-Halpern-model 610 DMT-USA, Marietta, GA) and recorded by a PowerLab8/SP data acquisition system (ADInstruments Pty Ltd., Colorado Springs, CO).</p>
        <p>Endothelial integrity was assessed by the degree of relaxation induced by 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L acetylcholine after contraction of the aortic ring by phenylephrine (0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l). The ring was discarded if relaxation with acetylcholine was lower than 80% in 2K and 60% in 2K-1C rat aortas. After the endothelial integrity test, aortic rings were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) and then were constructed concentration-effect curves to acetylcholine (0,01 <italic>&#181;</italic>M to 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) and BPY (1,0 nM to 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M), similarly in coronary artery rings, with and without intact endothelium, pre-contracted contractile agent (serotonin 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) cumulative concentration curves were performed for the purpose BPY compound.</p>
        <p>Aortic rings from 2K and 2K-1C were treated for 30 min with BPY (at concentrations: 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) or PBS (control). The concentration of BPY chosen (0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) is close to EC<sub>50</sub>. After incubation, aortic rings were washed three times to remove drugs, pre-contracted and concentration-effect curves to acetylcholine were constructed. The potency values (pD2) and maximum relaxant effect (ME) were analyzed. The curves concentration effect for BPY were realized without previous incubation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Normality of distribution was checked with the Kolmogorov-Sminorv test, differences in means were compared by ANOVA. When significance was indicated, a Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis was used with statistical significance set at p &lt; 0.05 (Software Prisma 3.0, Graphpad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA). Data are expressed as mean &#177; S.D.</p>
        <p>To calculate the sample size was followed the statistical formula for the calculation of the sample in an infinite population. In preclinical studies, we found that the standard deviation in the power of relaxation induced by acetylcholine in normotensive rat arteries was 0.31. We consider a tolerable sampling error of 0.25, thus define the size of the sample used in accordance with the formula: n = (1.96X0.31/0.25) 2 = 5.9 animals.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular reactivity studies</title>
        <p>As can be seen at <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, acetylcholine induces relaxation in pre-contracted aortic rings. However, the potency and the maximum relaxant effect was lower in aortic rings from hypertensive rats 2K-1C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>) when compared to aortic rings of normotensive 2K rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>), indicating endothelial dysfunction in aortic rings of hypertensive rats 2K-1C.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentration-response curves (n = 8) for acetylcholine in intact endothelium- aortic rings contracted with phenylephrine. Values are mean &#177; S.D of experiments performed on preparations obtained from different animals. *** indicates signifcant difference (p &lt; 0.001) in pD2 value for 2K vs. 2K-1C.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Potency (pD2) and Maximum relaxant effect (ME) to acetylcholine in endothelium intact aortic rings from 2K and 2K-1C rats incubated with PBS and BPY (0.1<italic>&#181;</italic>M), and ME to acetylcholine in coronary rings from rats with intact (E+) and denuded (E-) endothelium from 2K and 2K-1C incubated with BPY (0.1<italic>&#181;</italic>M). Values are mean of <italic>n</italic> experiments performed on preparations obtained from different animals, and number of animals used</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">2K-1C</th>
                <th align="center">2K</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">PBS</td>
                <td align="center">pD2 Mean; Number of animals (n)</td>
                <td align="center">6.34; n = 6</td>
                <td align="center">7.07; n = 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Emax Mean; Number of animals (n)</td>
                <td align="center">71.01, n = 6</td>
                <td align="center">93.90; n = 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">BPY 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M</td>
                <td align="center">pD2 Mean; Number of animals (n)</td>
                <td align="center">7.74; n= 7</td>
                <td align="center">7.32; n = 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E<sub>max</sub> Mean; Number of animals (n)</td>
                <td align="center">90.85; n = 6</td>
                <td align="center">98.64; n = 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intact endothelium (E+)</td>
                <td align="center">E<sub>max</sub> Mean; Number of animals (n)</td>
                <td align="center">66.90; n = 5</td>
                <td align="center">86.97; n = 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Denuded endothelium (E-)</td>
                <td align="center">E<sub>max</sub> Mean; Number of animals (n)</td>
                <td align="center">34.72; n = 7</td>
                <td align="center">34.88; n = 5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Potency (pD2) and Maximum relaxant effect (ME) to acetylcholine in endothelium intact aortic rings from 2K and 2K-1C rats incubated with PBS and BPY (0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M), and ME to acetylcholine in coronary rings from rats with intact (E+) and denuded (E-) endothelium from 2K and 2K-1C incubated with BPY (0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M). Values are &#177; S.D of <italic>n</italic> experiments performed on preparations obtained from different animals.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">2K-1C</th>
                <th align="center">2K</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">PBS</td>
                <td align="center">Standard Deviation of pD2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Standard Deviation of E<sub>max</sub></td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2.58</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">BPY 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M</td>
                <td align="center">Standard Deviation of pD2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Standard Deviation of E<sub>max</sub></td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1.34</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intact endothelium (E+)</td>
                <td align="center">Standard Deviation of E<sub>max</sub></td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2.11</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Denuded endothelium (E-)</td>
                <td align="center">Standard Deviation of E<sub>max</sub></td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 6.89</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5.45</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Treatment of aortic rings with BPY at 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M was able to increase the potency of acetylcholine (Ach) in aortic rings of 2K-1C animals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, p &lt; 0.001) when compared with control 2K-1C -PBS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentration-response curves for acetylcholine (BPY) in aortic rings with intact endothelium and incubated with different concentrations of cis-[Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>-) (NO)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and contracted with phenylephrine. Values are mean &#177; S.D of experiments performed on preparations obtained from different animals.* indicates signifcant difference 2K-1C PBS vs 2K-1C BPY 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M (p &lt; 0.001) e 2K-1C PBS vs 2K PBS (p &lt; 0.001) in pD2.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Presents differences in the potency (pD2) of acetylcholine in inducing relaxation in aortas with and without cis-[Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>-)(NO)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> treatment. The concentration 0.1 nM normalized relaxation in 2K-1C aortic rings compared to 2K aortic rings. *** - Indicates statistical difference between 2K-1C PBS vs. 2K-1C BPY 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M (p &lt; 0.001) and 2K-1C PBS vs. 2K PBS (p &lt; 0.001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In addition, the treatment with 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M of BPY increased the maximum relaxant effect in aortic rings of 2K-1C rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, p &lt; 0.001) when compared to the control - 2K-1C PBS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Presents differences in the effciency (E<sub>max</sub>) of acetylcholine in inducing relaxation in aortas with and without cis-[Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>-)(NO)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> treatment. The concentration 0.1 nM normalized relaxation in 2K-1C aortic rings compared to 2K aortic rings. *** - Indicates statistical difference between 2K-1C PBS vs. 2K-1C BPY 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M (p &lt; 0.001) and 2K-1C PBS vs. 2K PBS (p &lt; 0.001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>However, the treatment with 0.1<italic>&#181;</italic>M BPY 2K-1C in aortic rings was able to normalize the potency and the maximum relaxation effect to acetylcholine. In other words, the potency and ME to 2K-1C aortic rings treated with 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M BPY were similar to that obtained in aortic rings of 2K animals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>), suggesting a reversion of endothelial function in 2K-1C aortic ring by treatment with 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M of BPY (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>).</p>
        <p>As can be seen at <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>, the NO donor BPY promoted concentration-dependent relaxation in isolated aortic rings from normotensive (2K) and hypertensive (2K-1C) rats with (E+) and without (E-) endothelium. Moreover, the presence of the endothelium did not change the vasodilating effect induced by BPY compound.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentration-response curves for acetylcholine in aortic rings with (E+) and without (E-) intact endothelium, from rats 2K and 2K-1C and incubated with different concentrations of cis-[Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub> -)(NO)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and contracted with phenylephrine. Values are mean &#177; S.D of experiments performed on preparations obtained from different animals. There was no statistical difference.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The NO donor <italic>cis</italic>-[Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>
					<sup>-</sup>)(NO)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (BPY) induced concentration-dependent relaxation in isolated rat coronary with intact (E+) and denuded (E-) endothelium from 2K and 2K-1C animals. As can be seen at <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figure 6</xref>, in coronary arteries of hypertensive (2K-1C) rats, the presence of endothelium potentiated relaxation induced by BPY (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>) compared to the absence of the endothelium (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>In coronary from normotensive (2K) rats, the endothelium also increased the relaxation induced BPY (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relaxation coronary artery of rats (2K-1C) with (E +) and without (E-) form endothelium induced by compound cis-[Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>
								<sup>-</sup>)(NO)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> in rings pre-contracted with serotonin (SE). Curves cumulative concentration-effect were performed for BPY compound. Each point represents the mean &#177; S.D of data obtained from 5-7 independent determinations. * Indicates difference in the value of Emax.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coronary artery relaxation of normotensive rats (2K) with (E +) and without (E-) form endothelium induced by compound cis-[Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>-)(NO)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, in coronary rings contracted with serotonin. Curves cumulative concentration-effect were performed for BPY compound. Each point represents the mean &#177; S.D of data obtained in fve independent determinations. *Indicates difference in the value of E<sub>max</sub>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the absence of the endothelium, BPY compound is able to induce relaxation in coronary from normotensive (2K) rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>) and hypertensive rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>), with no significant difference between the two groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>). In intact endothelium coronary arteries, the relaxation induced by BPY was more effective in normotensive animals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>) when compared to hypertensive (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">7</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our results have shown that the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine is impaired in aortic rings from hypertensive rats (2K-1C). Hypertension model (2K-1C) is mediated by activation of the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System, occurring high concentration of circulating Angiotensina II. In accordance with Santeliz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> vascular cells stimulated by angiotensin II show high concentration of superoxide anion (O<sub>2</sub>-) due to activation of NADPH complex, which is responsible for the reduction in the vascular relaxation, since this species produced react with the released NO to form peroxynitrite, thus generating smaller amount of NO available. Furthermore, in hypertensive animals occurs a malfunction in endothelial cell layer due to shear stress and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This dysfunction is characterized mainly by the decreasing ability of endothelial cells to release NO<sup>1</sup>. The NO produced in the endothelial cell diffuses to a lesser extent into the vascular lumen and for vascular cells smooth muscle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> causing a failure to control the modulation of vascular tone by NO.</p>
      <p>The main finding of the present manuscript was that the treatment with BPY (at concentration 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) in hypertensive aortic rings improved the endothelium-dependent relaxation, and was able to normalize the relaxation in 2K-1C aortic rings. These results suggest that a punctual concentration of BPY is able to induce improvement on endothelial function, which could be because of some enzymatic activation or an inhibition generating an increasing effect of endothelium dependent relaxation. It seems that the tonus modulation by endothelial can be improved by BPY.</p>
      <p>These results are in accordance with previous study, that have shown an improvement on endothelial function by aortic rings treatment with 0.1<italic>&#181;</italic>M of another ruthenium compound (<italic>cis-</italic>[Ru(H-dcbpy<sup>-</sup>)<sub>2</sub>(Cl)(NO)]).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Thus, some results have suggested that ruthenium compounds can release NO and improve the endothelial function, which is a desirable effect on vascular system when endothelial dysfunction is present.</p>
      <p>The endothelium and hypertension did not change the vasodilator effect induced by BPY compound in aortic rings. Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> demonstrated that NO donors, TERPY (ruthenium complex) and SNP as well as BPY promoted concentration-dependent relaxation on isolated aorta from hypertensive (2K-1C) rats and normotensive (2K) rats, without altering the percentage of the maximum relaxation. However the potency of both NO donors (TERPY and SNP) was lower in the aorta from hypertensive rats (2K-1C), different from that observed to BPY, which generated the same potency of relaxation in 2K and 2K-1C aortas. The lower potency to TERPY and SNP was attributed to elevated concentration of O<sub>2</sub>
				<sup>-</sup> in aortic rings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Thus, our results indicate that the vascular effect of BPY is not modified by endothelium or by O<sub>2</sub>
				<sup>-</sup> present in aorta 2K-1C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The endothelium potentiated the relaxation in coronary from normotensive (2K) and hypertensive (2K-1C) rats. This effect was observed just in coronary and not in aorta. In previous study, it was found that the endothelium also potentiated the relaxation induced by SNP in aortic rings,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and we have not found coronary study evaluating the effect of endothelium on relaxation induced by SNP. However, the relaxation induced by BPY is impaired in 2K-1C coronary rings with endothelium, with no difference in the absence. The impaired relaxation is in accordance to our previous study in aortic rings with another ruthenium compound.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> but we have not verified any description in coronary. In our opinion, the potentiation of the effect generated on the relaxation was greater in coronary suggesting that in resistance vessels, the endothelium participates in inducing relaxation, and it does not happen in conductance vessels such as the aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Taken together, our results suggest that 0.1 uM of BPY is able to normalize the endothelium dependent relaxation in hypertensive rats, and the compound BPY induces relaxation in aortic rings from normotensive and hypertensive rats with the same potency. In addition, the endothelium potentiate the relaxation effect induced by BPY in coronary rings from normotensive and hypertensive rats, with lower effect on coronary from hypertensive rats.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The short period of time, corresponding to the duration of a master degree.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This work was supported by grants from S&#227;o Paulo Research Fundation (FAPESP grant 2012/24477-8 and 2014/02231-2) and National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq grant 478849/2013-3).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Izabela Pereira Vatanabe, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <source>J Vasc bras</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>275</fpage>
          <lpage>278</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Munhoz FC, Potje SR, Pereira AC, Daruge MG, da Silva RS, Bendhack LM, et al. Hypotensive and vasorelaxing effects of the new NO-donor [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO+]3+ in espontaneously hypertensive rats. Nitric Oxide. 2012;26(2):111-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Munhoz</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Potje</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daruge</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bendhack</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypotensive and vasorelaxing effects of the new NO-donor [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO+]3+ in espontaneously hypertensive rats</article-title>
          <source>Nitric Oxide</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>117</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Complexo de Rut&#234;nio Melhora a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em An&#233;is de Aorta de Ratos Hipertensos Renais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vatanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Izabela Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Nascimento dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buzinari</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Francisco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Santana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Jhonatan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Izabela Pereira Vatanabe,</bold> Avenida Miguel Damha, 1515. CEP 15063-000, Residencial Gaivotas I, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>izabelavatanabe1@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Vatanabe IP, Rodrigues GJ, Silva RS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Vatanabe IP, Rodrigues CNS, Buzinnari TC, Moraes TF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Vatanabe IP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Vatanabe IP, Rodrigues GJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O endot&#233;lio &#233; uma monocamada de c&#233;lulas que se estende sobre a superf&#237;cie interna vascular, respons&#225;vel pela modula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular. Por meio da libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO), o endot&#233;lio tem uma fun&#231;&#227;o protetora importante contra doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar se o <italic>cis</italic>- [Ru (BPY)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub>) (NO)] (PF<sub>6</sub>) 2 (BPY) melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a sensibilidade da condut&#226;ncia (aorta) e da resist&#234;ncia (coron&#225;ria) ao relaxamento vascular induzido por BPY.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar normotensos (2K) e hipertensos (2K-1C). Para o estudo de reatividade vascular, as aortas tor&#225;cicas foram isoladas, os an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto foram incubados com: BPY (0,01 a 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) e se realizaram curvas de efeito de concentra&#231;&#227;o para acetilcolina. Adicionalmente, foram feitas curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o cumulativas para BPY (1,0 nM a 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos e coron&#225;rios, com endot&#233;lio intacto e nu.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Na aorta de animais 2K-1C, o tratamento com BPY 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M aumentou a pot&#234;ncia do relaxamento induzido pela acetilcolina e foi capaz de reverter a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A presen&#231;a do endot&#233;lio n&#227;o modificou o efeito da BPY na indu&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento em aortas de ratos 2K e 2K-1C. Na coron&#225;ria, o endot&#233;lio potencializou o efeito vasodilatador do BPY em vasos de ratos 2K e 2K-1C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M de BPY &#233; capaz de normalizar o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio em ratos hipertensos, e o composto BPY induz relaxamento na aorta de ratos normotensos e hipertensos com a mesma pot&#234;ncia. O endot&#233;lio potencializa o efeito de relaxamento induzido pela BPY em coron&#225;rias de ratos normotensos e hipertensos, com menor efeito em coron&#225;rias de ratos hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Rut&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2012/24477-8</award-id>
          <award-id>2014/ 02231-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</funding-source>
          <award-id>478.849/2013-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Este trabalho contou com o apoio financeiro da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP 2012/24477-8 e 2014/ 02231-2) e do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq concedido pelo processo 478.849/2013-3).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; caracterizada principalmente pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade das c&#233;lulas endoteliais para liberar &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> a mesma tem sido associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o, bem como outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, al&#233;m disso, inclui libera&#231;&#227;o e aumento da biodisponibilidade de an&#237;on super&#243;xido (O<sub>2</sub>-) gerando a rea&#231;&#227;o de jun&#231;&#227;o do peroxinitrito (ONOO<sup>-</sup>) com NO. Esta rea&#231;&#227;o est&#225; presente em c&#233;lulas endoteliais animais 2K-1C disfuncionais, devido ao aumento da Angiotensina II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O NO est&#225; envolvido em diversos processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que estimulam o surgimento de pesquisas sobre drogas capazes de modular a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO com finalidade terap&#234;utica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> incluindo doadores de NO.</p>
        <p>Em resultados preliminares, observamos que o complexo de rut&#234;nio <italic>cis</italic>- [Ru (H-dcbpy)<sub>2</sub> (Cl) (NO)] (dcbpy) melhorou o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio induzido pela acetilcolina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Este composto tamb&#233;m &#233; capaz de induzir o relaxamento pela libera&#231;&#227;o de NO em maior concentra&#231;&#227;o e a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi atribu&#237;da &#224; inativa&#231;&#227;o do O<sub>2-</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os doadores de NO s&#227;o subst&#226;ncias farmacologicamente ativas que liberam NO. Os dadores de NO mais amplamente utilizados na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica s&#227;o nitratos org&#226;nicos e inorg&#226;nicos, nitroglicerina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio, respectivamente. No entanto, o tratamento prolongado com estes f&#225;rmacos tem efeitos adversos induzidos, tais como intoler&#226;ncia, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, libera&#231;&#227;o de compostos t&#243;xicos, taquicardia reflexa e outros efeitos adversos que s&#227;o fatores limitantes para o uso destes doadores de NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, os complexos macroc&#237;clicos de nitrosilo rut&#234;nio est&#227;o sendo estudados como doadores de NO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> os quais s&#227;o atrativos porque possuem formas ativas que s&#227;o est&#225;veis e de baixa toxicidade em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Outra caracter&#237;stica importante apresentada por estes compostos &#233; a libera&#231;&#227;o sustentada de NO, tal como observamos no efeito hipotensor prolongado gerado em animais hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e que tamb&#233;m foi observado em estudos de cin&#233;tica de liberta&#231;&#227;o NO <italic>in vitro</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os agentes dadores de NO ex&#243;genos baseados em complexos de nitrosilo met&#225;licos derivados do rut&#233;nio foram desenvolvidos como estrat&#233;gia para reduzir efeitos secund&#225;rios e citotoxicidade. N&#227;o apresentam efeitos t&#243;xicos e s&#227;o capazes de induzir o relaxamento vascular e diminuir a press&#227;o arterial em ratos normotensos e hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> sendo o cis- [Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub>)(NO)] (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (BPY) capaz de induzir o relaxamento a&#243;rtico e diminuir a press&#227;o arterial em ratos normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, f&#225;rmacos nos quais o centro do metal &#233; o rut&#233;nio, como o BPY, t&#234;m boa aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, especialmente considerando que a baixa toxicidade do &#237;on met&#225;lico &#233; semelhante &#224;s propriedades f&#237;sicas e qu&#237;micas presentes no &#237;on met&#225;lico ferro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O corpo pode se proteger contra os efeitos causados pelo excesso de &#237;ons de ferro com a forma&#231;&#227;o de transferrina e albumina, portanto, acredita-se que o mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o contra a toxicidade do rut&#234;nio seria o mesmo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Assim, com base na literatura existente em torno a esta quest&#227;o, parece que o BPY &#233; mais volcado a apresentar forma ativa em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas predizendo uma boa aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica futura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivo</title>
        <p>Avaliar se o BPY melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a sensibilidade da condut&#226;ncia (aorta) e da resist&#234;ncia (coron&#225;ria) ao relaxamento vascular induzido pelo BPY.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Como material (Drogas e produtos qu&#237;micos), utilizou-se Acetilcolina (Ach) e fenilefrina (Phe) da Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, EUA); Composto cis- [Ru(bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub>)(NO)] (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (BPY) foi sintetizado por parceiro na Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais do experimento</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos com peso entre 180 e 200 gramas. Os animais foram mantidos em uma dieta padr&#227;o com um ciclo de 12 horas de luz/escurid&#227;o e acesso livre a alimentos (dieta padr&#227;o) e &#225;gua. Os animais foram anestesiados com Tribromoetanol (2,5 mg/kg, ip) ap&#243;s uma laparotomia de linha m&#233;dia, colocou-se um clip com um di&#226;metro interno de 0,20 mm em torno da art&#233;ria renal esquerda como no 2K-1C previamente descrito por Goldblatt et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> onde apenas uma art&#233;ria renal &#233; restrita para reduzir a perfus&#227;o renal cr&#244;nica. Os ratos normotensos de dois rins (2K, n = 6) foram submetidos apenas &#224; laparotomia. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) foi medida por um m&#233;todo de pletismografia indireta da cauda (transdutor de press&#227;o de pulso MLT125R/Cuss acoplado ao conversor PowerLab 4 / S-digital, AD Instruments Pty Ltd, Castle Hill, Austr&#225;lia) em animais n&#227;o anestesiados. Os animais foram considerados hipertensos quando a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica era maior que 160 mmHg, seis semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Os protocolos experimentais seguiram as normas e pol&#237;ticas do Comit&#234; de Cuidados e Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (CEUA: 012/2013).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo de reatividade vascular</title>
          <p>Seis semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os ratos foram mortos por decapita&#231;&#227;o e a aorta tor&#225;cica ou coron&#225;ria foram dissecadas, cortadas em an&#233;is e colocadas em c&#226;maras de banho contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs a 37&#176;C, pH 7,4, borbulhado continuamente com 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>, em um mi&#243;grafo isom&#233;trico (Mulvany-Halpern-modelo 610 DMT-USA, Marietta, GA) e registrado por um sistema de colheita de dados PowerLab8/SP (ADInstruments Pty Ltd., Colorado Springs, CO).</p>
          <p>A integridade endotelial foi avaliada pelo grau de relaxamento induzido por 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L de acetilcolina ap&#243;s a contra&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico pela fenilefrina (0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l). O anel foi descartado se o relaxamento com acetilcolina fosse inferior a 80% na aorta de rato 2K e 60% em aorta de rato 2K-1C. Ap&#243;s o teste de integridade endotelial, os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina (0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) e depois foram constru&#237;das curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito para acetilcolina (0,01 <italic>&#181;</italic>M a 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) e BPY (1,0 nM a 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M), do mesmo modo em an&#233;is de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, com e sem endot&#233;lio intacto, realizaram-se curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o cumulativa pr&#233;-contra&#237;das (serotonina 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) para o composto BPY.</p>
          <p>Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de 2K e 2K-1C foram tratados durante 30 min com BPY (em concentra&#231;&#245;es: 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) ou PBS (controle). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de BPY escolhida (0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) est&#225; pr&#243;xima de CE<sub>50</sub>. Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o, os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram lavados tr&#234;s vezes para remover f&#225;rmacos, pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos e curvas de efeito de concentra&#231;&#227;o para acetilcolina foram constru&#237;das. Os valores de pot&#234;ncia (pD2) e efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo (ME) foram analisados. As curvas de efeito de concentra&#231;&#227;o para BPY foram realizadas sem pr&#233;via incuba&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi verificada com o teste Kolmogorov-Sminorv, as diferen&#231;as nas m&#233;dias foram comparadas pelo ANOVA. Quando foi indicada signific&#226;ncia, utilizou-se uma an&#225;lise post hoc de Newman-Keuls com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica estabelecida para p &lt; 0,05 (Software Prisma 3,0, Graphpad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, EUA). Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Para calcular o tamanho da amostra foi seguida a f&#243;rmula estat&#237;stica para o c&#225;lculo da amostra em uma popula&#231;&#227;o infinita. Em estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos, encontramos que o desvio padr&#227;o no poder de relaxa&#231;&#227;o induzida pela acetilcolina em art&#233;rias de ratos normotensos foi de 0,31. Consideramos um erro de amostragem toler&#225;vel de 0,25, definindo assim o tamanho da amostra utilizada de acordo com a f&#243;rmula: n = (1,96 X 0,31/ 0,25) 2 = 5,9 animais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos de reatividade vascular</title>
          <p>Como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 1</xref>, a acetilcolina induz relaxamento em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos. No entanto, a pot&#234;ncia e o efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo foram menores nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos hipertensos 2K-1C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>) quando comparados aos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos 2K normotensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>), indicando disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos hipertensos 2K-1C.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta (n = 8) para acetilcolina em an&#233;is endot&#233;lio-a&#243;rticos intactos contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina. Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; DP dos experimentos realizados em prepara&#231;&#245;es obtidas de diferentes animais. *** indica diferen&#231;a signifcativa (p &lt; 0,001) no valor de pD2 para 2K vs. 2K-1C.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pot&#234;ncia (pD2) e efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo (ME) para acetilcolina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto de ratos 2K e 2K-1C incubados com PBS e BPY (0,1 &#181;M) e ME para acetilcolina em an&#233;is coron&#225;rios de ratos com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) e desnudado (E-) de 2K e 2K-1C incubados com BPY (0,1 uM). Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia de <italic>n</italic> experimentos realizados em prepara&#231;&#245;es obtidas de diferentes animais, e o n&#250;mero de animais utilizados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">2R-1C</th>
                  <th align="center">2R</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">PBS</td>
                  <td align="center">pD2 M&#233;dia; N&#250;mero de animais (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,34; n = 6</td>
                  <td align="center">7,07; n = 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Emax M&#233;dia; N&#250;mero de animais (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,01, n = 6</td>
                  <td align="center">93,90; n = 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">BPY 0,1 &#181;M</td>
                  <td align="center">pD2 M&#233;dia; N&#250;mero de animais (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,74; n = 7</td>
                  <td align="center">7,32; n = 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E<sub>max</sub> M&#233;dia; N&#250;mero de animais (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,85; n = 6</td>
                  <td align="center">98,64; n = 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) </td>
                  <td align="center">E<sub>max</sub> M&#233;dia; N&#250;mero de animais (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,90; n = 5</td>
                  <td align="center">86,97; n = 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Endot&#233;lio desnudado (E-)</td>
                  <td align="center">E<sub>max</sub> M&#233;dia; N&#250;mero de animais (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,72; n = 7</td>
                  <td align="center">34,88; n = 5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pot&#234;ncia (pD2) e efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo (ME) para acetilcolina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de endot&#233;lio intacto de ratos 2K e 2K-1C incubados com PBS e BPY (0,1 &#181;M) e ME com acetilcolina em an&#233;is coron&#225;rios de ratos com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) e desnudado (E-) de 2K e 2K-1C incubados com BPY (0,1 uM). Os valores s&#227;o &#177; DP de <italic>n</italic> experimentos realizados em prepara&#231;&#245;es obtidas de diferentes animais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">2R-1C</th>
                  <th align="center">2R</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">PBS</td>
                  <td align="center">Desvio Padr&#227;o de pD2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desvio Padr&#227;o de E<sub>max</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 2,58</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 2,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">BPY 0,1 &#181;M</td>
                  <td align="center">Desvio Padr&#227;o de pD2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desvio Padr&#227;o de E<sub>max</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 2,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) </td>
                  <td align="center">Desvio Padr&#227;o de E<sub>max</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 2,11</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 5,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Endot&#233;lio desnudado (E-)</td>
                  <td align="center">Desvio Padr&#227;o de E<sub>max</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 6,89</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 5,45</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O tratamento de an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com BPY a 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M foi capaz de aumentar a pot&#234;ncia da acetilcolina (Ach) em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de animais 2K-1C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>, p &lt; 0,001) quando comparado com o controle 2K-1C-PBS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para acetilcolina (BPY) em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto e incubados com diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de cis- [Ru (bpy) 2 (NO2-) (PF6) 2 e contra&#237;das com fenilefrina. Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; DP das experi&#234;ncias realizadas em prepara&#231;&#245;es obtidas de diferentes animais. * Indica diferen&#231;a significativa PBS 2K-1C vs BPP 2K-1C 0,1 pM (p &lt; 0,001) e PBS 2K-1C vs PBS 2K (p &lt; 0,001) em pD2.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Apresenta diferen&#231;a na pot&#234;ncia (pD2) da acetilcolina na indu&#231;&#227;o de relaxamento em aortas com e sem tratamento cis- [Ru (bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub>-) (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0,1 nM normalizou o relaxamento em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos 2K-1C em compara&#231;&#227;o com an&#233;is a&#243;rticos 2K. *** - Indica a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre 2K-1C PBS versus 2K-1C PBS 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M (p &lt; 0,001) e 2K-1C PBS vs. PBS 2K (p &lt; 0,001).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento com 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M de BPY aumentou o efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos 2K-1C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>, p &lt; 0,001) quando comparado com o controle - 2K-1C PBS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Apresenta diferen&#231;a na efci&#234;ncia (Emax) da acetilcolina na indu&#231;&#227;o de relaxamento em aortas com e sem tratamento cis- [Ru (bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub>-) (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. A concentra&#231;&#227;o 0,1 nM normalizou o relaxamento em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos 2K-1C em compara&#231;&#227;o com an&#233;is a&#243;rticos 2K. *** - Indica a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre 2K-1C PBS versus 2K-1C PBS 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M (p &lt; 0,001) e 2K-1C PBS vs. 2K PBS (p &lt; 0,001).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>No entanto, o tratamento com 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M de BPY em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos 2K-1C foi capaz de normalizar a pot&#234;ncia e o efeito de relaxamento m&#225;ximo para a acetilcolina. Em outras palavras, a pot&#234;ncia e ME para os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos 2K-1C tratados com 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M de BPY foram semelhantes aos obtidos em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de animais 2K (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>), sugerindo uma revers&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no anel a&#243;rtico 2K-1C com tratamento com 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M de BPY (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figuras 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">4</xref>).</p>
          <p>Como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>, o BPY doador de NO promoveu relaxamento dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos isolados de ratos normotensos (2K) e hipertensos (2K-1C) com (E+) e sem (E-) endot&#233;lio. Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a do endot&#233;lio n&#227;o alterou o efeito vasodilatador induzido pelo composto BPY.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para acetilcolina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com (E +) e sem (E-) endot&#233;lio intacto, a partir de ratos 2K e 2K-1C e incubados com diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de cis- [Ru (bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub>-) (NO)] (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> e contra&#237;do com fenilefrina. Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; DP dos experimentos realizados em prepara&#231;&#245;es obtidas de diferentes animais. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O doador de NO <italic>cis</italic>- [Ru (bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2-</sub>) (NO)] (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (BPY) induziu o relaxamento dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o em coron&#225;ria de rato isolada com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) desnudado (E-) de animais 2K e 2K-1C. Como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6</xref>, em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de ratos hipertensos (2K-1C), a presen&#231;a de relaxamento potenciado pelo endot&#233;lio e induzido por BPY (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a aus&#234;ncia do endot&#233;lio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f13">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Relaxamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria de ratos (2K-1C) com (E +) e sem (E-) endot&#233;lio, induzido pelo composto cis- [Ru (bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2-</sub>) (NO)] (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> em an&#233;is pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com serotonina (SE). O efeito de concentra&#231;&#227;o cumulativa das curvas foi realizado para o composto BPY. Cada ponto representa a m&#233;dia &#177; DP dos dados obtidos de 5-7 determina&#231;&#245;es independentes. * Indica diferen&#231;a no valor de Emax.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Em coron&#225;rias de ratos normotensos (2K), o endot&#233;lio tamb&#233;m aumentou o relaxamento induzido por BPY (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>, p &lt;0,001). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f14">
              <label>Figura 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Relaxamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria de ratos normotensos (2K) com (E +) e sem (E-) endot&#233;lio, induzido pelo composto cis- [Ru (bpy)<sub>2</sub> (NO<sub>2-</sub>) (NO)] (PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> em an&#233;is coron&#225;rios contra&#237;dos com serotonina. O efeito de concentra&#231;&#227;o cumulativa das curvas foi realizado para o composto BPY. Cada ponto representa a m&#233;dia &#177; DP dos dados obtidos em 5 determina&#231;&#245;es independentes. * Indica diferen&#231;a no valor de Emax.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0124-70090-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Na aus&#234;ncia do endot&#233;lio, o composto BPY &#233; capaz de induzir relaxamento em coron&#225;rias de ratos normotensos (2K) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>) e hipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>). Nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com endot&#233;lio intacto, o relaxamento induzido pela BPY foi mais efetivo nos animais normotensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>) quando comparado aos hipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>, p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figuras 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">7</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio induzido pela acetilcolina &#233; prejudicado em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos hipertensos (2K-1C). O modelo de hipertens&#227;o (2K-1C) &#233; mediado pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do Sistema Renina Angiotensina Aldosterona, ocorrendo alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de Angiotensina II circulante. De acordo com Santeliz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> c&#233;lulas vasculares estimuladas pela angiotensina II apresentam alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de an&#237;on super&#243;xido (O<sub>2-</sub>) devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do complexo NADPH, respons&#225;vel pela redu&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento vascular, uma vez que esta esp&#233;cie produz rea&#231;&#227;o com o NO liberado para formar peroxinitrito, gerando assim menor quantidade de NO dispon&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, em animais hipertensos ocorre um mau funcionamento na camada de c&#233;lulas endoteliais devido ao stress de cisalhamento e ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona. Esta disfun&#231;&#227;o &#233; caracterizada principalmente pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade das c&#233;lulas endoteliais para liberar NO<sup>1</sup>. O NO produzido na c&#233;lula endotelial se difunde em menor extens&#227;o no l&#250;men vascular e para o m&#250;sculo liso das c&#233;lulas vasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> causando uma falha no controle da modula&#231;&#227;o do tom vascular pelo NO.</p>
        <p>O principal achado do presente trabalho foi que o tratamento com BPY (na concentra&#231;&#227;o 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M) em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos hipertensos melhorou o relaxamento endot&#233;lio dependente e foi capaz de normalizar o relaxamento em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos 2K-1C. Estes resultados sugerem que uma concentra&#231;&#227;o pontual de BPY &#233; capaz de induzir melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o que poderia ser por alguma ativa&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica ou uma inibi&#231;&#227;o gerando um efeito aumentado de relaxamento endot&#233;lio dependente. Parece que a modula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus pelo endot&#233;lio pode ser melhorada pelo BPY.</p>
        <p>Estes resultados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos anteriores, que demonstraram uma melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pelo tratamento dos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M de outro composto de rut&#234;nio (<italic>cis</italic>- [Ru (H-dcbpy-)<sub>2</sub> (Cl) (NO)]<sub>4</sub>. Assim, alguns resultados sugeriram que os compostos de rut&#233;nio podem liberar NO e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o que &#233; um efeito desej&#225;vel no sistema vascular quando est&#225; presente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        <p>O endot&#233;lio e a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o alteraram o efeito vasodilatador induzido pelo composto de BPY em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos. Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> demonstraram que os doadores de NO, TERPY (complexo de rut&#234;nio) e SNP bem como BPY promovem relaxamento dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o em aorta isolada de ratos hipertensos (2K-1C) e normotensos (2K), sem alterar a porcentagem do relaxamento m&#225;ximo. No entanto, a pot&#234;ncia de ambos dadores de NO (TERPY e SNP) foi menor na aorta de ratos hipertensos (2K-1C), diferente da observada no BPY, o qual gerou a mesma pot&#234;ncia de relaxamento em aortas 2K e 2K -1C. A pot&#234;ncia menor para TERPY e SNP foi atribu&#237;da &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o elevada de O<sub>2-</sub> nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Assim, nossos resultados indicam que o efeito vascular do BPY n&#227;o &#233; modificado pelo endot&#233;lio ou pelo O<sub>2-</sub> presente na aorta 2K-1C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O endot&#233;lio potencializou o relaxamento em coron&#225;rias de ratos normotensos (2K) e hipertensos (2K-1C). Este efeito foi observado apenas nas coron&#225;rias e n&#227;o na aorta. Em estudo anterior, se encontrou que o endot&#233;lio tamb&#233;m potencializou o relaxamento induzido pelo SNP em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e n&#227;o encontramos estudo de coron&#225;rias avaliando o efeito do endot&#233;lio sobre o relaxamento induzido pelo SNP. No entanto, o relaxamento induzido por BPY &#233; prejudicado em an&#233;is coron&#225;rios 2K-1C com endot&#233;lio, sem diferen&#231;a na sua aus&#234;ncia. O relaxamento prejudicado est&#225; de acordo com nosso estudo pr&#233;vio em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos para outro composto de rut&#234;nio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> mas n&#227;o verificamos nenhuma descri&#231;&#227;o em coron&#225;rias. Em nossa opini&#227;o, a potencializa&#231;&#227;o do efeito gerado no relaxamento foi maior na coron&#225;ria, sugerindo que em vasos de resist&#234;ncia, o endot&#233;lio participa na indu&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento, o que n&#227;o ocorre em vasos de condut&#226;ncia como a aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que 0,1 uM de BPY &#233; capaz de normalizar o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio em ratos hipertensos, e o composto BPY induz relaxamento em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos normotensos e hipertensos com a mesma pot&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, o endot&#233;lio potencializa o efeito de relaxamento induzido por BPY em an&#233;is coronarianos de ratos normotensos e hipertensos, com menor efeito em coron&#225;rias de ratos hipertensos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O per&#237;odo curto, correspondente &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o de um mestrado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este trabalho contou com o apoio financeiro da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP 2012/24477-8 e 2014/ 02231-2) e do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq concedido pelo processo 478.849/2013-3).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Izabela Pereira Vatanabe pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
