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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JkXCjxRyGyBwYyGbKdPzHyr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000800117</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170086</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005001202</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Diterpene Sclareol Vascular Effect in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Debora Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celotto</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Agnes Afrodite S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Garros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ariadne Santana e Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora,</bold> Rua Rui Barbosa, 367/15, Postal Code 14015-120, Centro, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>prbevora@cardiol.br</email>, <email>prbevora@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Campos DR, Celotto AC, &#201;vora PRB; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Campos DR, Celotto AC, Albuquerque AAS, Ferreira LG, Monteiro ASN, Coelho EB, &#201;vora PRB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Campos DR, Celotto AC, Albuquerque AAS, Monteiro ASN, &#201;vora PRB; Statistical analysis: Campos DR, Celotto AC, Albuquerque AAS, &#201;vora PRB; Obtaining funding: &#201;vora PRB</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>117</fpage>
      <lpage>123</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The diterpene Sclareol has antimicrobial action, cytotoxic and cytostatic effects and anti-tumor activities. However, researches on the cardiovascular system are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the Sclareol cardiovascular effect in normotensive and hypertensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The arterial hypertension was promoted using 2-kidneys 1-clip model in rats. The effect of sclareol on blood pressure was performed by using three dose (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg). Cumulative dose-response curves for Sclareol were determined for endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings in presence or absence of L-NAME and ODQ. The NOx levels were measure in the plasma sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The Sclareol administration in vivo caused a significant reduction in blood pressure in both groups. In vitro the sclareol promoted relaxation in aorta, with endothelium, pre-contracted to Phe. The inhibitors of the nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase were as efficient as the removal of endothelium, in inhibiting the Sclareol-induced relaxation. Otherwise, it was no change of NOx. Also, for unknown reasons, the Sclareol is not selective for hypertensive animals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>The diterpene Sclareol showed in vivo hypotensive and in-vitro vasodilator effects;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The chemiluminescence plasmatic NO analysis showed no significant difference between groups and</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The Sclareol exhibit better effect on normotensive than hypertensive animals to reduce blood pressure. It is concluded that the diterpenes metabolites would be a promising source prototype for the development of new agents in the cardiovascular therapy.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Diterpenes / therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Infective Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Cytotoxins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The plant kingdom has contributed in a significant way to provide substances useful in the treatment of diseases that affect humans. In this context, diterpenes are a large class of secondary metabolites produced by plants and have many important biological activities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Several studies sighted these substances as a promising source of new leads for the discovery and development of new agents for use in cardiovascular therapy, and have shown that many diterpenoid classes exert the significant effect on the cardiovascular system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> These studies suggest that metabolites class as a promising source prototype for the development of new agents in the cardiovascular therapy. The diterpenes are synthesized in plants located in plastids, but can also be synthesized by certain insects and marine organisms.</p>
      <p>The diterpene Sclareol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) is extracted from inflorescences Salviasclarea L., relatively easy to grow grass and high throughput.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Studies using this compound showed its antimicrobial action, cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on leukemic cell lines and anti-tumor activities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, studies about this compound on the cardiovascular system are scarce, or maybe have never been studied. So it is crucial that such investigations are carried out, considering that this compound is highly available and secure for testing. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the mechanisms involved in cardiovascular effect (in vitro and in vivo) of diterpene Sclareol in normotensive and hypertensive rats.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sclareol molecular structure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethics statement and animals</title>
        <p>The experimental procedures and policies for animal handling were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Committee for Animal Care and Use of the School of Medicine of Ribeir&#227;o Preto, the University of S&#227;o Paulo, and were by the European Commission's Directive 2010/63/EU. Twenty male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were housed under standard laboratory conditions (12 h light/dark cycle at 21&#176;C) with free access to food and water. The animals were randomly by lot and divided into two groups of 7 animals: normotensive and hypertensive for blood pressure protocols and 6 control animals for vascular reactivity protocol. The rats of the hypertensive group underwent the surgical procedure 2K1C for hypertension induction while the animals of the normotensive group were sham-operated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drugs</title>
        <p>Acetylcholine (ACh), 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazole [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), phenylephrine (Phe) and Sclareol were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). N&#969;-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). Isoflurane from Abbott. All the salts used for Krebs solution preparation were furnished by Vetec Qu&#237;mica Fina Ltda. Almost all the drugs were prepared with distilled water, except for indomethacin (which was dissolved in ethanol) and Sclareol (solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide and diluted in ethanol + water).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Induction of the hypertension</title>
        <p>The animals were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. After complete anesthesia, the rats were submitted to a laparotomy: half of the animals had partial constriction of the main left renal artery with a silver clip with a 0.10 mm gap (2K1C) (Goldblatt et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) and half of them had the main left renal artery isolated but did not receive the clip (sham). In order to monitor the hypertension development, the SBP was non-invasively measured by means of a tail cuff, once a week. (Kent Scientific Corporation, Connecticut, USA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The 2K1C rats were considered hypertensive if they had tail SBP &#8805; 160 mmHg at 3<sup>th</sup> week after the surgical procedures. The 2K1C rats with SBP &lt; 160 mmHg at 3<sup>th</sup> week were euthanatized. The sham operated rats constituted the normotensive group. Three weeks after hypertension induction, the animals were anesthetized, and the femoral artery and vein were cannulated for continuous measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and drugs administration, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sclareol effect on the systolic blood pressure</title>
        <p>After anesthesia (urethane, 2 g/kg, intraperitoneal), vascular cannulation and stabilization period (20 minutes) with continuous real time SBP recording, three doses of Sclareol (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) or vehicle (DMSO and water+ethanol) were administered to the normotensive and hypertensive rats. The vehicle administration was performed before sclareol curve in the both groups and because we didn&#8217;t have difference between normotensive and hypertensive, we mixed then. Each dose was given in a 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>L intravenous bolus and the interval between two consecutives doses was 6 minutes (time required for the SBP return to baseline values). For each animal, the variation in systolic blood pressure (&#916;SBP) was calculated subtracting the mean of the lowest SBP values immediately after Sclareol administration from the mean of the baseline SBP values before Sclareol bolus. The monitoring of mean arterial blood pressure was measured using MP System 100 A (BioPac System, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular reactivity</title>
        <p>Five male Wistar rats (280-300 g) were anesthetized with inhalational isoflurane, followed by laparotomy for exsanguination via abdominal aorta and thoracotomy for thoracic aorta harvesting. The thoracic aorta was carefully dissected, confirmed to be free of connective tissue, and immediately immersed in Krebs solution. The Krebs solution was composed of NaCl (118.0 mM), KCl (4.7 mM), CaCl2 (2.5 mM), KH2PO4 (1.2 mM), MgSO4 (1.66 mM), glucose (11.1 mM), and NaHCO3 (25.0 mM); the solution had a pH 7.4. The thoracic aorta immersed in Krebs solution was cut into rings that were 4-5 mm in length. The endothelium was removed from some of the rings by gently rubbing the intimal surface of the blood vessel with a pair of watchmaker's forceps. This procedure effectively removes the endothelium, but it does not affect the ability of the vascular smooth muscle to contract or relax. The aortic rings were placed in isolated organ baths (10 mL) filled with Krebs solution, maintained at 37&#176;C, and bubbled with 95% O<sub>2</sub>/5% CO<sub>2</sub> (pH 7.4). Each arterial ring was suspended by two stainless steel clips that were inserted through the lumen. One clip was anchored to the bottom of the organ bath while the other was connected to a strain gauge to measure the isometric force with the aid of the Grass FT03 equipment (Grass Instrument Company, Quincy, MA, USA). Each ring was stretched to the optimal length-tension of 2.0 g, which had been determined in a pilot study, and was allowed to equilibrate for 60 min. During this period, tissues were washed every 15 min. The endothelium was considered to be present (E+) when the Ach-induced relaxation was at least 80% after pre-contraction with Phe (10&#8722;6 M). Endothelium was deemed to be absent (E&#8722;) when the relaxation response did not occur. Next, each ring was washed and re-equilibrated for 30 min. The aortic rings were pre-contracted with Phe (10&#8722;6 M) after a stable plateau was reached, and dose-response curves of Sclareol were obtained. The concentration-response assays in the organ baths were carried out in the presence or absence: L-NAME (10&#8722;4 M), a nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and ODQ (10&#8722;4 M), a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor. The preparations were incubated with the inhibitors for 30 min.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indirect plasma measurements of NO</title>
        <p>Blood samples were collected through the femoral vein after sclareol administration and placed into tubes containing heparin. After blood centrifugation (3000 &#215; g, 10 minutes, 4&#176;C), plasma aliquots were immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70&#176;C until nitrite and nitrate (NOx) measurements. Samples were analyzed in duplicates for NOx using an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay. Briefly, the plasma samples were treated with cold ethanol (1 volume of plasma: 2 volumes of ethanol for 30 minutes at &#8722;20&#176;C) and centrifuged (4000 &#215; g, 10 minutes). The NOx levels were measured by injecting 25 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of the supernatant in a glass purge vessel containing 0.8% of vanadium (III) in HCl (1 N) at 90&#176;C, which reduces NOx to NO gas. A nitrogen stream was bubbled through the purge vessel containing vanadium (III), then through NaOH (1 N), and then into an NO analyzer (Sievers&#174; Nitric Oxide Analyzer 280, GE Analytical Instruments, Boulder, CO, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data are expressed as means &#177; the standard error of the mean (SEM). We performed statistical analyzes with two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni post-test, or test t Student was carried out to detect possible differences between the values in the study. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. (Prism 5.0, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). A sample size of (N = 5) animals per group provided 95% power with a 0.05 significance level to detect a relative 10% reduction in the maximal contraction in pre-contracted vessels and a sample size of (N = 7) animals per group provided 95% power with a 0.05 significance level in protocols of in vivo blood pressure measurement. The number of animals was chosen based on literature.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Before surgical procedures, there were no differences in the SBP between normotensive and hypertensive groups (sham: 120.7 &#177; 3.5 mmHg versus 2K1C: 133.8 &#177; 3.6 mmHg, p &gt; 0.05). However, from the 1<sup>st</sup> to 3<sup>th</sup> week after the hypertension induction, the SBP significantly increased in the hypertensive rats (sham at 3<sup>th</sup> week after surgical procedures: 130.6 &#177; 3.8 mmHg versus 2K1C group at 3<sup>th</sup> week after surgical procedures: 192.9 &#177; 10.2 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Temporal evolution of noninvasive systolic blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive animals. The values represent the mean &#177; standard error of the mean (n = 7). SBP 2K1C before surgery (pre-operative) and at the 3 weeks following surgery. * (p &lt; 0.01) and # (p &lt; 0.001) indicated signifcant difference in the hypertensive group compared to the normotensive group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>All the three doses of Sclareol (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly decreased the SBP in the normotensive rats (vehicle: -10.7 &#177; 6.7 mmHg versus normotensive sclareol: -43.1 &#177; 7.1 mmHg at 10 mg/kg, p &lt; 0.01; vehicle: -4.8 &#177; 2.8 mmHg versus normotensive sclareol: -45.5 &#177; 6.0 mmHg at 20 mg/kg, p &lt; 0.01; vehicle: -2.8 &#177; 2.3 mmHg versus normotensive Sclareol: -33.3 &#177; 7.0 mmHg at 40 mg/kg, p &lt; 0.01). Nevertheless, only 20 mg/Kg dose of sclareol change the SBP in the hypertensive animals (vehicle: -4.8 &#177; 2.8 mmHg versus hypertensive sclareol: -39.1 &#177; 15.8 mmHg at, p &gt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Representative image of the SBP variation, after three doses of Sclareol or vehicle. (n = 7). * (p &lt; 0.01) between vehicle and normotensive or hypertensive groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the case of Phe pre-contracted arteries, Sclareol promoted a dose-dependent relaxation only in intact rings (E+ 52.9 &#177; 5.0 % versus E- 6,9 &#177; 4.0%). Incubation with either L-NAME or ODQ totally blocked the relaxation induced by Sclareol in both endothelium-intact rings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dose response curve Sclareol in the presence of inhibitors. After the pre- contraction with 10<sup>-7</sup>M Phe, the rings were subjected to a dose response curve from 10<sup>-10</sup> to 10<sup>-4</sup> in the presence of L-NAME and inhibitor ODQ. * (p &lt; 0.001) indicate a signifcant difference between the groups with inhibitors and control. (n = 6).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Maximum relaxing effect in the presence of inhibitors. The E<sub>max</sub> was obtained from dose-response curves, using non-linear regression. * (p &lt; 0.001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The plasma NOx concentration did not change between all groups group (vehicle: 55.4 &#177; 7.4 <italic>&#181;</italic>M; normotensive sclareol: 52.5 &#177; 3.9 <italic>&#181;</italic>M and hypertensive vehicle: 68.7 &#177; 8.3 <italic>&#181;</italic>M). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Plasmatic nitrite and nitrate levels (NOx) in normotensive and hypertensive animals. The animals were pretreated with vehicle or Sclareol. (N = 7).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The in vivo results obtained after administration of three escalating doses of Sclareol demonstrate that it promoted a reduction in BP, both in the normotensive and hypertensive animals. The mechanisms involved in this relaxing effect remain unknown. Nevertheless, this effect may be connected with the fact that these compounds are possibly responsible for activation of NO pathways. Looking more deeply into the data collected in 2K1C model, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the primary factor in the development of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In hypertension, there is an activation of the RAAS and in turn, a greater inhibition of kallikrein-kinin system (CMS) by ACE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> this can result in a smaller reduction in SBP induced by the Sclareol in the hypertensive group. The largest reduction in SBP in the normotensive group, in response to administration of Sclareol, may be indicative of an interaction between the RAAS and the SCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, it takes more experiments to determine the actual cause.</p>
      <p>The second mechanism possible involved in the hypotensive effect of sclareol, is the vasodilator property. We tested the Sclareol vasorelaxant effect, in vitro, using isolated rat aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine. The relaxant effect observed from sclareol dose-response curve, in rat aorta denuded-rings, was completely blocked by incubation with L-NAME (non-selective NOS inhibitor) and ODQ (inhibitor of guanylate cyclase), which indicates that Sclareol promotes vasorelaxation via NO/cGMP pathway.</p>
      <p>In the present study, indirect plasma measurements of NO were carried out by determination of serum levels of nitrite and nitrate using the SieversNOAnalizer 280i. There were no significant differences between the group treated with Sclareol and the vehicle group. However, the analysis of NO in plasma can be influenced in different stages of the process, because it is a very fine analysis. From this result, the ideal would be measured in real time of NO in isolated endothelial cells stimulated with the compounds. This protocol has been tested in different ways, but we were unsuccessful. After several attempts, we believe that the compounds, in any way interfere with the reading of sly (DAF) used.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The diterpene Sclareol showed in vivo hypotensive and in-vitro vasodilator effects;</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>2).The chemiluminescence analysis of the plasmatic NO showed no significant difference between groups and</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>3) For unknown reasons, the Sclareol is not selective in hypertensive animals. So it is important that further research involving the diterpene Sclareol in the cardiovascular function can be explore more detail about mechanisms of action. From the data obtained in this study, it is concluded that the diterpenes metabolites class would be a promising source prototype for the development of new agents in the cardiovascular therapy.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Debora Ribeiro Campos, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Vascular do Diterpeno Esclareol em Aortas Tor&#225;cicas de Ratos Normotensos e Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Debora Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celotto</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Agnes Afrodite S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Garros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ariadne Santana e Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
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          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora,</bold> Rua Rui Barbosa, 367/15, CEP 14015-120, Centro, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>prbevora@cardiol.br</email>, <email>prbevora@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campos DR, Celotto AC, &#201;vora PRB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Campos DR, Celotto AC, Albuquerque AAS, Ferreira LG, Monteiro ASN, Coelho EB, &#201;vora PRB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Campos DR, Celotto AC, Albuquerque AAS, Monteiro ASN, &#201;vora PRB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Campos DR, Celotto AC, Albuquerque AAS, &#201;vora PRB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: &#201;vora PRB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O diterpeno Esclareol tem a&#231;&#227;o antimicrobiana, efeitos citot&#243;xicos e citost&#225;ticos e atividades antitumorais. No entanto, pesquisas sobre o sistema cardiovascular s&#227;o escassas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi desenvolvido para investigar os mecanismos envolvidos no efeito cardiovascular de Esclareol em ratos normotensos e hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial foi promovida utilizando modelo de 2 clones de 1-clipe em ratos. O efeito do esclareol sobre a press&#227;o arterial foi realizado utilizando tr&#234;s doses (10, 20 e 40 mg/kg). As curvas dose-resposta cumulativas para Esclareol foram determinadas para an&#233;is a&#243;rticos endot&#233;lio-intactos e desprovidos de endot&#233;lio na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de L-NAME e ODQ. Os n&#237;veis de NOx foram medidos na amostra de plasma.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o de Esclareol in vivo causou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea em ambos os grupos. In vitro o esclareol promoveu relaxamento na aorta, com endot&#233;lio, pr&#233;-contra&#237;do a Phe. Os inibidores da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase e da guanilato ciclase sol&#250;vel foram t&#227;o eficientes quanto a remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio, na inibi&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento induzido por Esclareol. Por outra parte, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a de NOx. Al&#233;m disso, por raz&#245;es desconhecidas, o Sclareol n&#227;o &#233; seletivo para animais hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>O diterpeno Esclareol apresentou efeitos hipotensores in vivo e vasodilatadores in vitro;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A an&#225;lise de NO plasm&#225;tico por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos e</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O Esclareol exibe melhor efeito sobre os animais normotensos do que hipertensos para reduzir a press&#227;o arterial. Conclui-se que os metab&#243;litos de diterpenos seriam um prot&#243;tipo de fonte promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes na terapia cardiovascular.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Diterpenos / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Infecciosos</kwd>
        <kwd>Citotoxinas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O reino vegetal tem contribu&#237;do de forma significativa para fornecer subst&#226;ncias &#250;teis no tratamento de doen&#231;as que afetam aos seres humanos. Neste contexto, os diterpenos s&#227;o uma grande classe de metab&#243;litos secund&#225;rios produzidos pelas plantas e t&#234;m muitas atividades biol&#243;gicas importantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> V&#225;rios estudos observaram essas subst&#226;ncias como uma fonte promissora de novas pistas para a descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos agentes para uso em terapia cardiovascular e mostraram que muitas classes diterpenoides exercem efeito significativo no sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estes estudos sugerem que os metab&#243;litos se classificam como um prot&#243;tipo de fonte promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes na terapia cardiovascular. Os diterpenos s&#227;o sintetizados em plantas localizadas em plast&#237;dios, mas tamb&#233;m podem ser sintetizados por certos insetos e organismos marinhos.</p>
        <p>O diterpeno Esclareol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>) &#233; extra&#237;do das infloresc&#234;ncias Salvia sclarea L., grama relativamente f&#225;cil de crescer e de alto rendimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Estudos usando este composto mostraram sua a&#231;&#227;o antimicrobiana, efeitos citot&#243;xicos e citost&#225;ticos sobre linhas celulares leuc&#234;micas e atividades antitumorais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, estudos sobre este composto no sistema cardiovascular s&#227;o escassos, ou talvez nunca tenha sido estudado. Por esse motivo, &#233; crucial que essas investiga&#231;&#245;es sejam realizadas, considerando que este composto &#233; altamente dispon&#237;vel e seguro para testes. Portanto, este estudo foi desenvolvido para investigar os mecanismos envolvidos no efeito cardiovascular (in vitro e in vivo) do diterpeno Esclareol em ratos normotensos e hipertensos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estrutura molecular do Esclareol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e animais</title>
          <p>Os procedimentos e pol&#237;ticas experimentais de manejo de animais foram revisados e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de Cuidados e Uso de Animais da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e pela Diretiva da Comiss&#227;o Europeia 2010/63/UE. Vinte ratos Wistar machos (180-220 g) foram alojados em condi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais normais (ciclo de luz/escurid&#227;o de 12 h a 21&#176;C) com acesso livre a alimentos e &#225;gua. Os animais foram sorteados e divididos em dois grupos de 7 animais: normotensos e hipertensos para protocolos de press&#227;o arterial e 6 animais de controle para protocolo de reatividade vascular. Os ratos do grupo hipertenso foram submetidos ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico 2K1C para indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o, enquanto os animais do grupo normotenso foram submetidos a cirurgia sham.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Drogas</title>
          <p>Acetilcolina (ACh), 1H- [1,2,4] oxadiazole [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-ona (ODQ), fenilefrina (Phe) e Esclareol foram adquiridos a Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, EUA). Foi obtido o &#233;ster met&#237;lico de N&#969;-nitro-L-arginina (L-NAME) de Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, EUA). Isoflurano de Abbott. Todos os sais utilizados para a prepara&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs foram fornecidos pela Vetec Qu&#237;mica Fina Ltda. Quase todos os f&#225;rmacos foram preparados com &#225;gua destilada, exceto para a indometacina (que foi dissolvida em etanol) e Esclareol (solubilizado em dimetilsulf&#243;xido e dilu&#237;do em etanol + &#225;gua).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os animais foram anestesiados com cetamina (50 mg/kg) e xilazina (10 mg/kg) por via intraperitoneal. Ap&#243;s a anestesia completa, os ratos foram submetidos &#224; laparotomia: metade dos animais apresentou constri&#231;&#227;o parcial da art&#233;ria renal esquerda principal com clipe de prata com uma folga de 0,10 mm (Goldblatt et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) e metade deles tiveram a art&#233;ria renal esquerda principal isolada, mas n&#227;o receberam o clipe (sham). Para monitorar o desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o, a PAS foi medida de forma n&#227;o invasiva por meio de um manguito de cauda, uma vez por semana. (Kent Scientific Corporation, Connecticut, EUA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os ratos 2K1C foram considerados hipertensos se tivessem uma PAS &#8805; 160 mmHg na 3&#170; semana ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos. Os ratos 2K1C com PAS &lt; 160 mmHg &#224; 3a semana foram eutanizados. Os ratos sham constitu&#237;am o grupo normotensivo. Tr&#234;s semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, os animais foram anestesiados e a art&#233;ria e veia femural foram canuladas para medi&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e administra&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito do Esclareol sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a anestesia (uretano, 2 g/kg, intraperitoneal), canula&#231;&#227;o vascular e per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o (20 minutos) com registro cont&#237;nuo de PAS em tempo real, tr&#234;s doses de Esclareol (10, 20 e 40 mg/kg) ou ve&#237;culo (DMSO e &#225;gua + etanol) foram administradas aos ratos normotensos e hipertensos. A administra&#231;&#227;o do ve&#237;culo foi realizada antes da curva esclareol nos dois grupos e porque n&#227;o t&#237;nhamos diferen&#231;a entre normotensos e hipertensos, mistur&#225;mos ent&#227;o. Cada dose foi administrada num bolus intravenoso de 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>L e o intervalo entre duas doses consecutivas foi de 6 minutos (tempo necess&#225;rio para o retorno da PAS para os valores basais). Para cada animal, a varia&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (&#916;PAS) foi calculada subtraindo a m&#233;dia dos valores mais baixos de PAS imediatamente ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de Esclareol da m&#233;dia dos valores basais de PAS antes do bolus de Esclareol. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia foi medida utilizando MP System 100 A (BioPac System, Inc., Santa B&#225;rbara, CA, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reatividade vascular</title>
          <p>Cinco ratos Wistar machos (280-300g) foram anestesiados com isoflurano inalat&#243;rio, seguido de laparotomia para exsanguina&#231;&#227;o via aorta abdominal e toracotomia para colheita da aorta tor&#225;cica. A aorta tor&#225;cica foi cuidadosamente dissecada, confirmada como isenta de tecido conjuntivo, e imediatamente imersa em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs. A solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs foi composta de NaCl (118,0 mM), KCl (4,7 mM), CaCl2 (2,5 mM), KH2PO4 (1,2 mM), MgSO4 (1,66 mM), glucose (11,1 mM) e NaHCO3 (25,0 mM); A solu&#231;&#227;o tinha um pH de 7,4. A aorta tor&#225;cica imersa em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs foi cortada em an&#233;is que tinham 4-5 mm de comprimento. O endot&#233;lio foi removido de alguns dos an&#233;is esfregando suavemente a superf&#237;cie &#237;ntima do vaso sangu&#237;neo com um par de pin&#231;as de relojoeiro. Este procedimento remove eficazmente o endot&#233;lio, mas n&#227;o afeta a capacidade do m&#250;sculo liso vascular de contrair ou relaxar. Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram colocados em banhos de &#243;rg&#227;os isolados (10 mL) cheios com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs, mantidos a 37&#176;C e borbulhados com 95% O<sub>2</sub>/5% CO<sub>2</sub> (pH 7,4). Cada anel arterial foi suspenso por dois clipes de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel que foram inseridos atrav&#233;s do l&#250;men. Um grampo foi ancorado ao fundo do banho de &#243;rg&#227;os enquanto o outro foi ligado a um medidor de tens&#227;o para medir a for&#231;a isom&#233;trica com o aux&#237;lio do equipamento Grass FT03 (Grass Instrument Company, Quincy, MA, EUA). Cada anel foi esticado para a tens&#227;o de comprimento &#243;ptima de 2,0 g, que tinha sido determinada num estudo piloto, e foi deixado a equilibrar durante 60 min. Durante este per&#237;odo, os tecidos foram lavados a cada 15 min. Considerou-se que o endot&#233;lio estava presente (E +) quando o relaxamento induzido pelo Ach era pelo menos 80% ap&#243;s a pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o com Phe (10-6 M). O endot&#233;lio foi considerado ausente (E-) quando a resposta de relaxamento n&#227;o ocorreu. Em seguida, cada anel foi lavado e reequilibrado durante 30 min. Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com Phe (10-6 M) ap&#243;s atingir um patamar est&#225;vel e foram obtidas curvas dose-resposta de Esclareol. Os ensaios de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta nos banhos de &#243;rg&#227;os foram realizados na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia: L-NAME (10-4 M), um inibidor inespec&#237;fico da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase e ODQ (10-4 M), um inibidor da guanilil ciclase. As prepara&#231;&#245;es foram incubadas com os inibidores durante 30 min.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es indiretas de plasma de NO</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram colhidas atrav&#233;s da veia femoral ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de esclareol e colocadas em tubos contendo heparina. Ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o com sangue (3000 &#215; g, 10 minutos, 4&#176;C), al&#237;quotas de plasma foram imediatamente imersas em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e armazenadas a -70&#176;C at&#233; as medi&#231;&#245;es de nitrito e nitrato (NOx). As amostras foram analisadas em duplicado para NOx utilizando um ensaio de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia a base de oz&#244;nio. Resumidamente, as amostras de plasma foram tratadas com etanol frio (1 volume de plasma: 2 volumes de etanol durante 30 minutos a -20&#176;C) e centrifugadas (4000 &#215; g, 10 minutos). Os n&#237;veis de NOx foram medidos por inje&#231;&#227;o de 25 <italic>&#181;</italic>L do sobrenadante num recipiente de purga de vidro contendo 0,8% de van&#225;dio (III) em HCl (1 N) a 90&#176;C, o que reduz o NOx em g&#225;s NO. Fez-se borbulhar uma corrente de nitrog&#234;nio atrav&#233;s do recipiente de purga contendo van&#225;dio (III), depois atrav&#233;s de NaOH (1 N) e depois num analisador de NO (Sievers&#174; Nitric Oxide Analyzer 280, GE Analytical Instruments, Boulder, CO, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; o desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (SEM). Realizou-se an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica com an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia bidirecional de medidas repetidas (ANOVA) e p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni, ou teste t de Student para detectar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre os valores no estudo. P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. (Prism 5.0, Software GraphPad, San Diego, CA, EUA). Um tamanho de amostra de (N = 5) animais por grupo proporcionou pot&#234;ncia de 95% com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 para detectar uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 10% na contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima em vasos pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos e um tamanho de amostra de (N = 7) animais por grupo proporcionou pot&#234;ncia de 95% com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 nos protocolos de medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea in vivo. O n&#250;mero de animais foi escolhido com base na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Antes dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;as na PAS entre os grupos normotensos e hipertensos (sham: 120,7 &#177; 3,5 mmHg versus 2K1C: 133,8 &#177; 3,6 mmHg, p &gt; 0,05). No entanto, da 1&#170; &#224; 3&#170; semana ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, a PAS aumentou significativamente nos ratos hipertensos (sham na 3&#170; semana ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos: 130,6 &#177; 3,8 mmHg versus grupo 2K1C na 3&#170; semana ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos: 192,9 &#177; 10,2 mmHg, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica n&#227;o invasiva em animais normotensos e hipertensos. Os valores representam a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (n = 7). PAS 2K1C antes da cirurgia (pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio) e nas 3 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia. * (p &lt; 0,01) e # (p &lt; 0,001) indicaram diferen&#231;a signifcativa no grupo hipertenso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo normotenso.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Todas as tr&#234;s doses de Esclareol (10, 20 e 40 mg/kg) diminu&#237;ram significativamente a PAS em ratos normotensos (ve&#237;culo: -10,7 &#177; 6,7 mmHg versus esclareol normotensos: -43,1 &#177; 7,1 mmHg a 10 mg/kg, p &lt; 0,01, Ve&#237;culo: -4,8 &#177; 2,8 mmHg versus esclareol normotenso: -45,5 &#177; 6,0 mmHg a 20 mg/kg, p &lt; 0,01, ve&#237;culo: -2,8 &#177; 2,3 mmHg versus Esclareol normotenso: -33,3 &#177; 7,0 mmHg a 40 mg/kg, p &lt; 0,01). No entanto, apenas a dose de 20 mg/Kg de esclareol altera a PAS nos animais hipertensos (ve&#237;culo: -4,8 &#177; 2,8 mmHg versus esclareol hipertensivo: -39,1 &#177; 15,8 mmHg a, p&gt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagem representativa da varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS, ap&#243;s tr&#234;s doses de Esclareol ou ve&#237;culo. (N = 7). * (p &lt; 0,01) entre o ve&#237;culo e grupos normotensos ou hipertensos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No caso das art&#233;rias pr&#233;-contra&#237;das, o Esclareol promoveu um relaxamento dose-dependente apenas nos an&#233;is intactos (E + 52,9 &#177; 5,0% versus E - 6,9 &#177; 4,0%). A incuba&#231;&#227;o com L-NAME ou ODQ bloqueou totalmente o relaxamento induzido por Esclareol em ambos os an&#233;is intactos do endot&#233;lio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de resposta &#224; dose Esclareol na presen&#231;a de inibidores. Ap&#243;s a pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o com Phe 10-7 M, os an&#233;is foram submetidos a uma curva de resposta &#224; dose de 10<sup>-10</sup> a 10-4 na presen&#231;a de L-NAME e inibidor ODQ. * (p &lt; 0,001) indicam uma diferen&#231;a signifcativa entre os grupos com inibidores e controle. (N = 6).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo na presen&#231;a de inibidores. O E<sub>max</sub> foi obtido a partir de curvas dose-resposta, utilizando regress&#227;o n&#227;o-linear. * (p &lt; 0,001)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de NOx n&#227;o se alterou entre todos os grupos (ve&#237;culo: 55,4 &#177; 7,4 <italic>&#181;</italic>M, esclareol normotenso: 52,5 &#177; 3,9 <italic>&#181;</italic>M e ve&#237;culo hipertenso: 68,7 &#177; 8,3 <italic>&#181;</italic>M). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de nitrito e nitrato (NOx) em animais normotensos e hipertensos. Os animais foram pr&#233;-tratados com ve&#237;culo ou Esclareol. (N = 7).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0117-70086-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados in vivo obtidos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s doses crescentes de Esclareol demonstram que promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PA, tanto nos animais normotensos como nos hipertensos. Os mecanismos envolvidos neste efeito relaxante permanecem desconhecidos. No entanto, este efeito pode estar relacionado com o fato de estes compostos serem possivelmente respons&#225;veis pela ativa&#231;&#227;o das vias de NO. Analisando mais profundamente os dados coletados no modelo 2K1C, o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (RAAS) &#233; o fator prim&#225;rio no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Na hipertens&#227;o, h&#225; uma ativa&#231;&#227;o do RAAS e, por sua vez, uma maior inibi&#231;&#227;o da Kalikrein-kinin (CMS) pelo ACE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> isso pode resultar em uma redu&#231;&#227;o menor na PAS induzida pelo Esclareol no grupo hipertenso. A maior redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS no grupo normotensos, em resposta &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de Esclareol, pode ser indicativa de uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre o RAAS e o SCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No entanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais experi&#234;ncias para determinar a causa real.</p>
        <p>O segundo mecanismo poss&#237;vel envolvido no efeito hipotensivo do esclareol, &#233; a propriedade vasodilatadora. Testou-se o efeito vasorrelaxante do Esclareol, in vitro, utilizando an&#233;is a&#243;rticos isolados de rato pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina. O efeito relaxante observado a partir da curva dose-resposta de esclareol, nos an&#233;is desnudados de aorta de rato, foi completamente bloqueado por incuba&#231;&#227;o com L-NAME (inibidor n&#227;o seletivo de NOS) e ODQ (inibidor da guanilato ciclase), o que indica que o Esclareol promove a vasorrelaxa&#231;&#227;o via caminho NO/cGMP.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, as medi&#231;&#245;es indiretas do NO foram realizadas por determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de nitrito e nitrato utilizando o SieversNOAnalizer 280i. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre o grupo tratado com Esclareol e o grupo ve&#237;culo. No entanto, a an&#225;lise do NO no plasma pode ser influenciada em diferentes est&#225;gios do processo, pois &#233; uma an&#225;lise muito fina. A partir deste resultado, o ideal seria medir em tempo real de NO em c&#233;lulas endoteliais isoladas estimuladas com os compostos. Este protocolo foi testado de diferentes maneiras, mas n&#227;o tivemos sucesso. Ap&#243;s v&#225;rias tentativas, acreditamos que os compostos, de alguma forma interferem com a leitura do sly (DAF) usado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O diterpeno Esclareol mostrou efeitos in vivo e hipotensores in-vitro;</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>2). A an&#225;lise de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia do NO plasm&#225;tico n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos e</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>3) Por raz&#245;es desconhecidas, o Esclareol n&#227;o &#233; seletivo em animais hipertensos. Por isso, &#233; importante que mais pesquisas envolvendo o diterpeno Esclareol na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular possam explorar mais detalhes sobre os mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o. A partir dos dados obtidos neste estudo, conclui-se que a classe de metab&#243;litos de diterpenos seria um prot&#243;tipo de fonte promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes na terapia cardiovascular.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Debora Ribeiro Campos pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
