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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">96nBxwQs7vDtsknsz8jZvqH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000800110</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170096</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005001303</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Peripheral Vascular Resistance Impairment during Isometric Physical Exercise in Normotensive Offspring of Hypertensive Parents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portela</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#225;ria Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Augusto de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Victorino de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Godoy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laterza</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Camaroti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio - Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Nefrologia - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Nat&#225;lia Portela Pereira,</bold> Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos. Campus Universit&#225;rio, S/N. CEP 36036-900, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>natportela_jf@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Portela N, Souza LV, Laterza MC; Acquisition of data: Portela N, Souza LV; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Portela N, Amaral JF, Mira PAC, Martinez DG, Laterza MC; Statistical analysis: Amaral JF; Writing of the manuscript: Portela N, Amaral JF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Portela N, Amaral JF, Mira PAC, Souza LV, Martinez DG, Laterza MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>110</fpage>
      <lpage>116</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>A family history of hypertension is associated with vascular and autonomic abnormalities, as well as an impaired neurohemodynamic response to exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To test the hypothesis that normotensive individuals with a family history of hypertension present an impaired peripheral vascular resistance response to exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study included 37 normotensive volunteers of both sexes who were sedentary, eutrophic, and nonsmokers, comprising 23 with (FH+; 24 &#177; 3 years) and 14 without (FH-; 27 &#177; 5 years) a family history of hypertension. Blood pressure, heart rate (DIXTAL&#174;), forearm blood flow (Hokanson&#174;), and peripheral vascular resistance were simultaneously measured for 3 minutes during rest and, subsequently, for 3 minutes during an isometric exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (Jamar<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>At rest, the FH+ and FH- groups present similar mean blood pressure (83 &#177; 7 versus 83 &#177; 5 mmHg, p = 0.96), heart rate (69 &#177; 8 bpm versus 66 &#177; 7 bpm, p = 0.18), forearm blood flow (3 &#177; 1 mL/min/100 mL versus 2.7 &#177; 1 mL/min/100 mL, p = 0.16), and peripheral vascular resistance (30 &#177; 9 units versus 34&#177;9 units, p = 0.21), respectively. Both groups showed a significant and similar increase in mean blood pressure (&#8710; = 15 &#177; 7 mmHg versus 14 &#177; 7 mmHg, p = 0.86), heart rate (&#8710; = 12 &#177; 8 bpm versus 13 &#177; 7 bpm, p = 0.86), and forearm blood flow (&#8710; = 0.8 &#177; 1.2 mL/min/100 mL versus 1.4 &#177; 1.1 mL/min/100 mL, p = 0.25), respectively, during exercise. However, individuals in the FH+ group showed no reduction in peripheral vascular resistance during exercise, which was observed in the FH- group (&#8710; = -0.4 &#177; 8.6 units versus -7.2 &#177; 6.3 units, p = 0.03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Normotensive individuals with a family history of hypertension present an impaired peripheral vascular resistance response to exercise. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Vascular Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Selection</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Heredity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, affecting approximately 32.5% of the Brazilian population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Therefore, primary prevention has been recommended for individuals at increased risk for the development of hypertension, notably those with a positive family history of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies have shown that normotensive individuals with a hypertensive father and/or mother have an increased risk of development of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Wang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> investigated the impact of parental hypertension on the risk of development of hypertension among 1160 normotensive men during a follow-up of 54 years. In the study, the relative risks of development of hypertension were 1.5, 1.8, and 2.4 among individuals with only the mother, only the father, and both parents with hypertension, respectively, compared with individuals whose parents were normotensive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The reason for the increased susceptibility to the development of hypertension among offspring of hypertensive parents has not been fully elucidated. However, vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and autonomic abnormalities,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> present in this population even before changes in blood pressure level, have been considered relevant in the emergence of this pathology.</p>
      <p>In fact, studies have demonstrated an increased sympathetic nervous activity both at rest and during physical exercise in offspring of hypertensive parents when compared with those of normotensive parents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Similarly, it has been observed that individuals with a family history of hypertension have reduced nitric oxide bioavailability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and increased endothelin levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (endothelial-derived vasodilatory and vasoconstrictor substances, respectively).</p>
      <p>During exercise, increased muscle blood flow, which occurs in response to increased metabolic needs, is dependent on vasodilatory mechanisms, especially endothelial and metabolic factors produced in the exercised muscle, which overcome the vasoconstrictor mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, exacerbated vasoconstrictor mechanisms, such as sympathetic hyperactivity, may impair the vasodilatory mechanisms during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Thus, due to changes in endothelial cells and exacerbated muscular sympathetic nervous activity response present in normotensive individuals with a family history of hypertension, it is possible that the vasodilatory response in this population may be impaired during physical exercise. In this regard, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that normotensive individuals with a family history of hypertension have an impaired peripheral vascular resistance response during physical exercise.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cohort</title>
        <p>Based on a sample size calculation using a difference of 2.2 units in peripheral vascular resistance between the means of both groups with and without a family history of hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> standard deviations of 2 units, 5% alpha and 20% beta errors, 14 subjects would be required in each group. Thus, the cohort comprised 37 volunteers, subdivided according to their family history of hypertension among parents in a group with a positive family history (FH+, n = 23) and another with a negative family history (FH-, n = 14).</p>
        <p>A positive family history of hypertension was defined as a diagnosis of hypertension in the father, mother or both, evaluated with a questionnaire. A negative family history was defined as the absence of hypertension (blood pressure lower than 140 X 90 mmHg) or a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in both parents, also evaluated with a questionnaire.</p>
        <p>We adopted as the inclusion criteria age between 18 and 40 years, systolic blood pressure below 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg, and lack of involvement in regular physical exercise for at least 6 months before the study. We did not include individuals with obesity, cardiometabolic diseases, smokers, or receiving treatment with drugs that could interfere with the cardiovascular system, as well as individuals with any bone, muscle or articular impairment that could interfere with the execution of the exercise protocol. We also did not include individuals whose parents had a diagnosis of any other disease besides hypertension.</p>
        <p>After prior clarification and agreement, all volunteers signed a free and informed consent form. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee in Human Research at HU/UFJF under the number 0119/2010.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measures and procedures</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometry</title>
          <p>To measure the participants&#8217; body mass and height, we used, respectively, a scale with a precision of 0.1 kg and a stadiometer with a 0.5 cm accuracy coupled to the scale (Leader<sup>&#174;</sup>, Brazil). At the time of the evaluation, the volunteers wore light clothes and were barefoot. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the participants&#8217; body weight by their squared height (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Their waist circumference was measured using an inextensible measuring tape (Cescorf<sup>&#174;</sup>) with a 0.1 cm accuracy. All variables above were assessed according to the criteria established by the American College of Sports Medicine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure and heart rate</title>
          <p>Blood pressure was measured in the right lower limb by the automatic oscillometric method, using a multiparametric monitor (DIXTAL<sup>&#174;</sup>, model 2023).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The heart rate was recorded continuously by five skin electrodes positioned according to the standard lead supplied with the five-way cable of the multiparametric monitor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Forearm muscle blood flow and local peripheral vascular resistance</title>
          <p>Muscle blood flow in the forearm was evaluated with the venous occlusion plethysmography technique using the plethysmograph Hokanson<sup>&#174;</sup> (Bellevue, WA, USA). The volunteer was positioned in the supine position with the nondominant forearm elevated above the heart level to ensure adequate venous drainage.</p>
          <p>A silastic tube filled with mercury, connected to a low-pressure transducer and to the plethysmograph, was placed around the volunteers&#8217; forearms, 5 cm away from the humeroradial joint. A cuff was placed around the volunteers&#8217; wrists and another cuff was placed around their upper arms. The wrist cuff was inflated to a suprasystolic pressure level (200 mmHg) 1 minute prior to the measurements and was maintained inflated during the entire procedure. At 15-second intervals, the arm cuff was inflated to a supravenous pressure level (60 mmHg) for 7 to 8 seconds, and then quickly deflated and maintained for the same period of time. This procedure totaled 4 cycles per minute.</p>
          <p>The increased tension in the silastic tube reflected the increased forearm volume, indirectly reflecting the increased muscle blood flow in the forearm, and was reported as mL/min/100 mL. The forearm muscle blood flow wave sign was acquired in real time by a computer using the program Non Invasive Vascular Program 3.</p>
          <p>The local peripheral vascular resistance was calculated by dividing the mean blood pressure by the muscle blood flow in the forearm, and reported as units.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocol of isometric physical exercise</title>
          <p>To evaluate the responses in blood pressure, heart rate, and forearm muscle blood flow, we used a handgrip isometric exercise protocol using a dynamometer (Jamar<sup>&#174;</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). Initially, with the volunteer in the supine position, the maximal handgrip isometric strength was calculated as the mean of three attempts of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) performed on the dominant limb. Hemodynamic measurements were subsequently performed during 3 minutes at rest and, subsequently, during 3 minutes of isometric exercise at 30% of the MVC. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental protocol</title>
          <p>The evaluations were performed in the afternoon at the <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</italic> (HU-CAS). The volunteers were instructed not to consume alcohol and/or caffeine or perform vigorous physical activity within 24 hours prior to the evaluations, as well as to not ingest fatty foods on the day of the data collection.</p>
          <p>During history taking, the volunteers answered questions related to clinical information about themselves and their parents and underwent anthropometric assessment. After the MVC evaluation, the volunteers rested for 10 minutes in the supine position. After that, we simultaneously recorded their heart rate, blood pressure, and forearm blood flow for 3 minutes during rest and, subsequently, for 3 minutes during the handgrip isometric exercise.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation of the mean or as median and interquartile range. To verify the normal distribution of the data, we used the Shapiro-Wilk test. We also verified the homogeneity of variance assumption by the Levene test. Possible differences related to the characteristics of the groups were verified using unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic> test for data with normal distribution, and homogeneity of variance and Mann-Whitney U test for variables violating these assumptions. Sex distribution between the groups is presented in absolute values and percentages. The chi-square test was used to verify a possible difference in sex distribution between the groups.</p>
        <p>To test for possible differences between the groups in regards to hemodynamic responses (deltas) during the protocol, we used two-factor analysis of variance for repeated measures (2 X 4 factorial ANOVA, intra- and intersubject; group X exercise time). The Mauchly test was performed and the Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied in cases in which the sphericity was violated. The main effects and the interaction (group X time) were analyzed with adjustment of the confidence interval by Bonferroni correction. To measure the "effect size," we adopted eta-squared statistics (&#626;<sup>2</sup>), with subsequent classification of its strength according to the values of 0.01, 0.06, and greater than 0.15, as small, medium, and large, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>All statistical analyses were performed using the software IBM SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> 20 for Windows (Chicago, IL, USA). The statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the FH+ and FH- groups are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. No differences were observed in terms of age, sex, weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, and MVC between both groups. In addition, the groups were similar in regards to systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate, percentage change in muscle blood flow, and forearm vascular resistance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the FH+ and FH- groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables*</th>
              <th align="center">FH+ (n = 23)</th>
              <th align="center">FH- (n = 14)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">24 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">27 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (21.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (50.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
              <td align="center">1.67 (1.57 &#8211; 1.77)</td>
              <td align="center">1.64 (1.47 &#8211; 1.81)</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">23 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">24 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">74 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">79 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MVC (kgf)</td>
              <td align="center">35.4 &#177; 9.5</td>
              <td align="center">41.3 &#177; 11.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values: mean &#177; standard deviation of the mean for age, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and MVC; median and interquartile range for height; absolute value and percentage for the male sex; BMI: body mass index; MVC: maximum voluntary contraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparisons of hemodynamic variables at rest between the groups FH+ and FH-</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">FH+ (n = 23)</th>
              <th align="center">FH- (n = 14)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">122 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">121 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">83 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">83 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MBF (mL/min/100 mL)</td>
              <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FVR (units)</td>
              <td align="center">30 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">34 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Values: mean &#177; standard deviation of the mean; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; HR: heart rate; MBF: variation in forearm muscle blood flow; FVR: forearm vascular resistance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>During exercise, the responses in systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, as well as the heart rate and forearm muscle blood flow were similar between the groups. In contrast, during the 3 minutes of the exercise, the forearm vascular resistance decreased significantly only in the FH-group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). The strength of the effect of the interaction between the factors group and time for this variable was average (&#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0.10).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic responses (absolute deltas) during isometric exercise</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Isometric Exercise</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">F</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Interaction effect</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">&#951;<sup>2</sup></th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">1st min</th>
              <th align="center">2nd min</th>
              <th align="center">3rd min</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension+</td>
              <td align="center">1 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">16 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">16 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.201</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.703</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension -</td>
              <td align="center">0 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">7 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension +</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.234</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.753</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension -</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MBP (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension +</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9 &#177; 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.098</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.863</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension -</td>
              <td align="center">2 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HR (bpm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension +</td>
              <td align="center">4 &#177; 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">12 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.169</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.858</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension -</td>
              <td align="center">5 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">10 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">13 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MBF (mL/min/100 mL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension +</td>
              <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 1.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 1.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.409</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.251</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.039</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension -</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 1.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 1.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>FVR (units)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension +</td>
              <td align="center">-2.1 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">-2.1 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.4 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">3.777</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.030</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension -</td>
              <td align="center">-7.2 &#177; 6.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-7.9 &#177; 5.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-7.2 &#177; 6.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Values: mean &#177; standard deviation of the mean; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; HR: heart rate; MBF: variation in forearm muscle blood flow; FVR: forearm vascular resistance;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant difference relative to resting (p &lt; 0.05; ANOVA).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The finding of this study indicate that normotensive individuals with hypertensive parents, when compared with their peers with normotensive parents, have a vascular dysfunction characterized by the absence of a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance during physical exercise. It is worth noting that the groups comprised individuals who were sedentary, nonsmokers, and with similar demographic, anthropometric, and hemodynamic characteristics.</p>
      <p>Although there are a large number of studies on cardiovascular changes in individuals with a family history of hypertension, we found only one study whose objective was to assess the vasodilatory capacity of this population during physical exercise. This study, conducted by Borghi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> also demonstrated impaired vasodilatory capacity during a handgrip isometric physical exercise at moderate intensity in normotensive participants with a positive family history of hypertension. However, the study did not control for variables influencing the vascular behavior during physical exercise, such as smoking, physical activity, BMI, presence of cardiometabolic diseases, and use of vasoactive medications,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which were controlled for in the present study. Therefore, we have expanded with this study the knowledge about the vascular function during physical exercise in normotensive individuals with hypertensive parents.</p>
      <p>In addition, the inability to decrease peripheral vascular resistance among individuals with a family history of hypertension has also been demonstrated at reactive hyperemia peak,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a maneuver that despite being triggered by a distinctive mechanism, has a vasodilatory response that correlates with the response triggered by exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During physical exercise, the muscle blood flow depends on the balance between dilatory and constrictor forces. In this sense, exacerbation of the sympathetic nervous activity and functional changes in endothelial regulation have been identified as important vasoconstrictor mechanisms responsible for most peripheral vascular resistance observed during exercise in subjects with a history of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Indeed, greater muscle sympathetic nervous activity has been reported in offspring of hypertensive parents when compared with those of normotensive parents during handgrip isometric exercise, when directly assessed by microneurography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In addition, we observed increased serum norepinephrine levels both at rest and during handgrip exercise in individuals with a positive family history of hypertension in relation to individuals with a negative history of this pathology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> These factors can explain the results of the present study related to peripheral vascular resistance during exercise.</p>
      <p>With regard to the endothelial function, McAllister et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> observed no differences in endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation evaluated with the dose-response curve induced by acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively, among healthy young adults with and without a family history of hypertension. However, these authors verified in offspring of hypertensive parents a vasoconstrictor response mitigated by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor, demonstrating impaired baseline release of nitric oxide in this population. Additionally, Ciolac et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> evaluated women with a family history of hypertension and observed, both at rest and during a maximal incremental treadmill test, reduced levels of nitrite and nitrate, the end products of degradation of nitric oxide, which also suggests a reduction in the production/bioavailability of this important vasodilator.</p>
      <p>In addition to reducing the bioavailability of nitric oxide, increased levels of endothelin, an endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor substance, have also been observed in offspring of hypertensive parents when compared with offspring of normotensive parents, both during handgrip exercise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> as well as during incremental exercise test on a treadmill.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Therefore, it may be hypothesized that the increased vascular resistance observed in offspring of hypertensive parents during exercise may be related, at least in part, to a reduced endothelial production of vasodilatory substances and increased production of vasoconstrictor substances.</p>
      <p>Declines in vascular function are associated with the development of atherosclerosis and future cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Moreover, with the increased sympathetic tone, vascular dysfunction is involved in the development of hypertension and may be related to the greater predisposition of offspring of hypertensive parents to developing this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, the responses in blood pressure and heart rate during exercise were similar between the groups. In addition, the groups presented a physiological increase in these variables throughout the test. Our results reproduce the findings of other authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> who also observed similar responses in blood pressure and heart rate during handgrip physical exercise. On the other hand, the study by Greaney et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> observed an exacerbated response of the mean blood pressure during exercise in young women with a positive history of hypertension. The different results found may be related to the characteristics of the study population. The sample in the present study comprised sedentary individuals of both sexes, whereas the sample in the study by Greaney et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> comprised sedentary and active women. It is worth noting that the studies investigating blood pressure levels during physical exercise involving large muscle groups, such as exercise on a cycle ergometer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and knee extension isokinetic exercise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> have observed increased blood pressure levels in offspring of hypertensive parents, suggesting that the increased amount of muscle mass involved could be related to the cardiovascular hyperreactive responses observed in this population during these types of exercises.</p>
      <p>This study showed that healthy young individuals without cardiovascular risk factors besides a family history of hypertension have impaired vasodilation during exercise. The increased peripheral vascular resistance during physical exercise may explain, at least in part, the blood pressure hyperreactivity in normotensive individuals during physical exercise. It has been documented that the exacerbated blood pressure response during exercise stress testing associated with increased total peripheral vascular resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> is a prognostic factor for cardiovascular events and mortality in middle-aged men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and hypertensive individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> in addition to being related to cardiac remodeling in pre-hypertensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> However, until the present moment, there have been no longitudinal studies designed with the intention of investigating the prognostic application of the vascular behavior in offspring of hypertensive parents during physical exercise and the possible development of hypertensive disease.</p>
      <p>Thus, the results of this study emphasize the importance of a preventive intervention with measures aimed at reducing vascular resistance and, consequently, acting in the prevention of hypertension in this population. In this regard, physical exercise has been implicated as an important strategy for prevention of hypertension in offspring of hypertensive parents,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> considering the beneficial results of training on pathophysiological factors involved in the emergence of this pathology, such as the sympathetic hyperactivity and vascular dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> which are often present in susceptible individuals, even before the increase in blood pressure levels. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study has some limitations that should be mentioned. The diagnosis of hypertension in the volunteers&#8217; parents was reported by the volunteers themselves (self-report). Although this information has been self-reported in several studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> future research should include a detailed medical assessment of the parents. In addition, the women in this study were not evaluated during the same period of the menstrual cycle, a fact that could also configure a limitation of this study. However, Jarvis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and Carter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> found no influence in young women of the ovarian cycle phase on sympathetic nervous activity, heart rate, and blood pressure during handgrip exercise and mental stress, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We conclude that young normotensive individuals with hypertensive parents have impaired vasodilation during isometric physical exercise.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the especialization course submitted by Nat&#225;lia Portela, from Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We thank the <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</italic>, for the availability of space to conduct this study and the volunteers, for their contribution.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preju&#237;zo da Resist&#234;ncia Vascular Perif&#233;rica durante o Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico Isom&#233;trico em Indiv&#237;duos Normotensos Filhos de Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portela</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#225;ria Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Augusto de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Victorino de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Godoy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laterza</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Camaroti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio - Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Nefrologia - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nat&#225;lia Portela Pereira,</bold> Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos. Campus Universit&#225;rio, S/N. CEP 36036-900, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil. <email>E-mail: natportela_jf@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Portela N, Souza LV, Laterza MC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Portela N, Souza LV; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Portela N, Amaral JF, Mira PAC, Martinez DG, Laterza MC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Amaral JF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Portela N, Amaral JF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Portela N, Amaral JF, Mira PAC, Souza LV, Martinez DG, Laterza MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O hist&#243;rico familiar para hipertens&#227;o arterial est&#225; relacionado a anormalidades vasculares e auton&#244;micas, bem como disfun&#231;&#245;es no comportamento neuro-hemodin&#226;mico durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Testar a hip&#243;tese de que indiv&#237;duos normotensos com hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial apresentam resposta prejudicada da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 37 normotensos de ambos os sexos, sedent&#225;rios, eutr&#243;ficos e n&#227;o tabagistas, sendo 23 com hist&#243;rico familiar positivo (HF+, 24 &#177; 3 anos) e 14 com hist&#243;rico familiar negativo (HF-, 27 &#177; 5 anos) para hipertens&#227;o arterial. Foram identificados press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (DIXTAL<sup>&#174;</sup>), fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica local (Hokanson<sup>&#174;</sup>) por 3 minutos durante o repouso e, em seguida, 3 minutos durante exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o palmar a 30% da contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima (Jamar<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em repouso, os grupos HF+ e HF- apresentaram valores semelhantes de press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (83 &#177; 7 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 83 &#177; 5 mmHg, p = 0,96), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (69 &#177; 8 bpm <italic>versus</italic> 66 &#177; 7 bpm, p = 0,18), fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular (3 &#177; 1 mL/min/199 mL <italic>versus</italic> 2,7 &#177; 1 mL/min/100 mL, p = 0,16) e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (30 &#177; 9 unidades <italic>versus</italic> 34 &#177; 9 unidades, p = 0,21), respectivamente. Durante o exerc&#237;cio, HF+ e HF- mostraram aumento significativo e semelhante da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (&#8710; = 15 &#177; 7 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 14 &#177; 7 mmHg, p = 0,86), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (&#8710; = 12 &#177; 8 bpm <italic>versus</italic> 13 &#177; 7 bpm, p = 0,86) e fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular (&#8710; = 0,8 &#177; 1,2 mL/min/100 mL <italic>versus</italic> 1,4 &#177; 1,1 mL/min/100 mL, p = 0,25), respectivamente. Entretanto, no grupo HF+ n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica durante o exerc&#237;cio, fato que ocorreu no grupo HF- (&#8710; = -0,4 &#177; 8,6 unidades <italic>versus</italic> -7,2 &#177; 6,3 unidades, p = 0,03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos normotensos com hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial apresentam resposta prejudicada da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Sele&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hereditariedade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; um fator de risco independente para morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular, afetando aproximadamente 32,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Portanto, a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tem sido recomendada para os indiv&#237;duos com risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de HAS, dentre os quais se destacam os indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico familiar positivo para a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos demonstram que indiv&#237;duos normotensos filhos de pai e/ou m&#227;e hipertensos possuem risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Wang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> investigaram o impacto do hist&#243;rico familiar para HAS no risco de desenvolvimento desta doen&#231;a em 1160 homens normotensos durante 54 anos de seguimento. No estudo, os riscos relativos de desenvolvimento de HAS foram de 1,5, 1,8 e 2,4 entre indiv&#237;duos que possu&#237;am, respectivamente, somente a m&#227;e, somente o pai e ambos os progenitores hipertensos comparativamente aos indiv&#237;duos cujos pais eram normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A raz&#227;o para a maior suscetibilidade de desenvolvimento de HAS entre descendentes de hipertensos n&#227;o est&#225; completamente elucidada. Entretanto, anormalidades vasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e auton&#244;micas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> presentes nessa popula&#231;&#227;o mesmo antes das altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, t&#234;m sido consideradas relevantes no surgimento desta patologia.</p>
        <p>De fato, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica aumentada tanto em repouso quanto durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em filhos de hipertensos quando comparados a filhos de normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Do mesmo modo, foram observados em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS, redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e n&#237;veis elevados de endotelina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadora e vasoconstritora derivadas do endot&#233;lio, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, o aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular, que ocorre em resposta ao aumento das necessidades metab&#243;licas, &#233; dependente de mecanismos vasodilatadores, sobretudo fatores endoteliais e metab&#243;licos produzidos no m&#250;sculo exercitado, os quais sobrepujam os mecanismos vasoconstritores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Todavia, mecanismos vasoconstritores exacerbados, como a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica, podem prejudicar os mecanismos vasodilatadores durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Assim, devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es endoteliais e resposta exacerbada da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular presentes em normotensos com hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a resposta vasodilatadora dessa popula&#231;&#227;o esteja prejudicada durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi testar a hip&#243;tese de que indiv&#237;duos normotensos com hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS apresentam resposta da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica prejudicada durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>A partir de um c&#225;lculo amostral realizado com base em uma diferen&#231;a de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica de 2,2 unidades entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos com e sem hist&#243;rico familiar para HAS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> desvio padr&#227;o de 2 unidades, erros alfa de 5% e beta de 20%, seriam necess&#225;rios 14 indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo. Assim, a amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 37 volunt&#225;rios, subdivididos de acordo com o hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS entre os pais em um grupo com hist&#243;rico familiar positivo (HF+, n = 23) e outro com hist&#243;rico familiar negativo (HF-, n = 14).</p>
          <p>O hist&#243;rico familiar positivo de HAS foi definido como pai, m&#227;e ou ambos com diagn&#243;stico de HAS, o qual foi avaliado por meio de question&#225;rio. O hist&#243;rico familiar negativo foi definido como aus&#234;ncia de HAS (press&#227;o arterial menor que 140 X 90 mmHg) ou diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular em ambos os pais, tamb&#233;m avaliado por meio de question&#225;rio.</p>
          <p>Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, foram adotados idade entre 18 e 40 anos, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica menor que 140 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica menor que 90 mmHg e n&#227;o envolvimento em exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos sistematizados por no m&#237;nimo 6 meses antes da pesquisa. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos obesos, com doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas, tabagistas ou em tratamento com drogas que pudessem interferir no sistema cardiovascular, bem como os indiv&#237;duos com qualquer preju&#237;zo osteomioarticular que pudesse interferir na realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio. N&#227;o foram tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos cujos pais apresentassem diagn&#243;stico para qualquer doen&#231;a al&#233;m da HAS.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s esclarecimento pr&#233;vio e concord&#226;ncia, todos os volunt&#225;rios assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Humana do HU/UFJF sob o parecer n&#186; 0119/2010.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas e procedimentos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Antropometria</title>
            <p>Para medir a massa corporal e estatura dos participantes, foram utilizados, respectivamente, balan&#231;a com precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg e estadi&#244;metro escalonado com precis&#227;o de 0,5 cm acoplado &#224; mesma (L&#237;der<sup>&#174;</sup>, Brasil). No momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o, os volunt&#225;rios trajavam roupas leves e estavam descal&#231;os. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado dividindo-se a massa corporal pela estatura ao quadrado (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi mensurada com uma fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel (Cescorf<sup>&#174;</sup>) com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm. Todas as vari&#225;veis acima foram aferidas segundo os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida no membro inferior direito pelo m&#233;todo autom&#225;tico oscilom&#233;trico, por meio do monitor multiparam&#233;trico DIXTAL<sup>&#174;</sup>, modelo 2023.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi registrada continuamente por meio de cinco eletrodos cut&#226;neos, posicionados de acordo com a deriva&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o fornecida pelo cabo de cinco vias do mesmo monitor multiparam&#233;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica local</title>
            <p>O fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o foi avaliado pela t&#233;cnica de pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa com o pletism&#243;grafo Hokanson<sup>&#174;</sup> (Bellevue, WA, EUA). O volunt&#225;rio era posicionado em dec&#250;bito dorsal com o antebra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante elevado acima do n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o para garantir adequada drenagem venosa.</p>
            <p>Um tubo sil&#225;stico preenchido com merc&#250;rio, conectado ao transdutor de baixa press&#227;o e ao pletism&#243;grafo, era colocado ao redor do antebra&#231;o do volunt&#225;rio, a 5 cm de dist&#226;ncia da articula&#231;&#227;o &#250;mero-radial. Um manguito foi posicionado ao redor do punho e outro na parte superior do bra&#231;o do volunt&#225;rio. O manguito posicionado no punho foi insuflado a um n&#237;vel press&#243;rico suprassist&#243;lico (200 mmHg) 1 minuto antes de se iniciar as medidas e foi mantido insuflado durante todo o procedimento. Em intervalos de 15 segundos, o manguito posicionado no bra&#231;o era insuflado a um n&#237;vel press&#243;rico supravenoso (60 mmHg) pelo per&#237;odo de 7 a 8 segundos e, em seguida, desinsuflado rapidamente e mantido pelo mesmo per&#237;odo de tempo. Esse procedimento totalizou 4 ciclos por minuto.</p>
            <p>O aumento da tens&#227;o no tubo sil&#225;stico refletiu o aumento de volume do antebra&#231;o e, de forma indireta, o aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o, reportado em mL/min/100 mL. O sinal da onda de fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o foi adquirido em tempo real em um computador por meio do programa <italic>Non Invasive Vascular Program 3</italic>.</p>
            <p>A resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica local foi calculada pela divis&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia pelo fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o e reportada em unidades.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico isom&#233;trico</title>
            <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das respostas da press&#227;o arterial, da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e do fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o, foi utilizado um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual utilizando um dinam&#244;metro (Jamar<sup>&#174;</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Inicialmente, com o volunt&#225;rio na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, a for&#231;a isom&#233;trica m&#225;xima de preens&#227;o manual foi calculada pela m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s tentativas de contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima (CVM) realizada no membro dominante. Posteriormente, foram realizadas medidas hemodin&#226;micas por 3 minutos durante o repouso e, em seguida, por 3 minutos durante o exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico a 30% da CVM.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Protocolo experimental</title>
            <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas no per&#237;odo da tarde no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (HU-CAS). Os volunt&#225;rios foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o ingerir &#225;lcool e/ou cafe&#237;na e n&#227;o realizar atividades f&#237;sicas vigorosas nas 24 horas antecedentes &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es, bem como a n&#227;o ingerir alimentos gordurosos no dia da coleta de dados.</p>
            <p>Os volunt&#225;rios responderam &#224; anamnese que contemplou os dados cl&#237;nicos dos mesmos e de seus pais e foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da CVM, os volunt&#225;rios permaneceram 10 minutos em repouso em posi&#231;&#227;o supina e, em seguida, foi iniciado o registro simult&#226;neo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, da press&#227;o arterial e do fluxo sangu&#237;neo do antebra&#231;o por 3 minutos durante o repouso e, em seguida, por 3 minutos durante o exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Para verificar se os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Foi tamb&#233;m verificado o pressuposto de homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncia pelo teste de Levene. As poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos foram verificadas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para os dados que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncia e U de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis que violaram esses pressupostos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos sexos entre os grupos &#233; apresentada em valores absolutos e percentuais. O teste do qui-quadrado foi empregado para verificar uma poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a quanto &#224;s propor&#231;&#245;es dos sexos entre os grupos.</p>
          <p>Para testar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre os grupos nas respostas hemodin&#226;micas (deltas) durante o protocolo, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de dois fatores para medidas repetidas (ANOVA fatorial 2 X 4, intra- e intersujeitos; grupo X tempo de exerc&#237;cio). O teste de Mauchly foi realizado e a corre&#231;&#227;o de Greenhouse-Geisser foi aplicada nos casos em que a esfericidade foi violada. Os efeitos principais e os de intera&#231;&#227;o (grupo X tempo) foram analisados com ajuste do intervalo de confian&#231;a por Bonferroni. Para mensura&#231;&#227;o do &#8220;tamanho do efeito&#8221; adotou-se <italic>eta-squared statistics</italic> (&#626;<sup>2</sup>), com posterior classifica&#231;&#227;o de sua for&#231;a segundo os valores de 0,01, 0,06 e maior que 0,15, como for&#231;a pequena, m&#233;dia e grande, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o <italic>software</italic> IBM SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> 20 for Windows (Chicago, IL, EUA). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas dos grupos HF+ e HF- est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; idade, sexo, peso, estatura, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e CVM entre ambos os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, os grupos foram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular e resist&#234;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas dos grupos HF+ e HF</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th align="center">HF+ (n = 23)</th>
                <th align="center">HF- (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (21,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (50,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatura (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1,67 (1,57 &#8211; 1,77)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 (1,47 &#8211; 1,81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23&#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CVM (kgf)</td>
                <td align="center">35,4 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">41, 3 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Valores: m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia para idade, peso, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e CVM; mediana e intervalo interquartil para estatura; valor absoluto e percentual para sexo masculino; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; CVM: contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas de repouso entre os grupos HF+ e HF-</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">HF+ (n = 23)</th>
                <th align="center">HF- (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">122 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FSM (mL/min/100 mL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVA (unidades)</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Valores: m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FSM: varia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular para o antebra&#231;o; RVA: resist&#234;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, as respostas das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e m&#233;dia, assim como da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e do fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Por outro lado, ao longo dos 3 minutos de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, a resist&#234;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o reduziu significativamente apenas no grupo HF- (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). A for&#231;a do efeito da intera&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores grupo e tempo para essa vari&#225;vel foi considerada m&#233;dia (&#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0,10).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Respostas hemodin&#226;micas (deltas absolutos) durante o exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Exerc&#237;cio Isom&#233;trico</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">F</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Efeito intera&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">&#951;<sup>2</sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">1&#186; min</th>
                <th align="center">2&#186; min</th>
                <th align="center">3&#186; min</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF+</td>
                <td align="center">1 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">16 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">16 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,201</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,703</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF-</td>
                <td align="center">0 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">7 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF+</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,234</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,753</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF-</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAM (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF+</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,098</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,863</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF-</td>
                <td align="center">2 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>FC (bpm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF+</td>
                <td align="center">4 &#177; 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,169</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,858</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF-</td>
                <td align="center">5 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">10 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>FSM (mL/min/100 mL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF+</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 1,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,8&#177; 1,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,409</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,251</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF-</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 1,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 1,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>RVA (unidades)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF+</td>
                <td align="center">-2,1 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">-2,1 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,4 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">3,777</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,030</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF-</td>
                <td align="center">-7,2 &#177; 6,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-7,9 &#177; 5,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-7,2 &#177; 6,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Valores: m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FSM: varia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular para o antebra&#231;o; RVA: resist&#234;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso (p &lt; 0,05; ANOVA).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O achado deste estudo indica que indiv&#237;duos normotensos filhos de pais hipertensos, quando comparados aos seus pares filhos de normotensos, apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular, caracterizada pela aus&#234;ncia de queda da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Vale ressaltar que os grupos foram compostos por indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios, n&#227;o tabagistas e com caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e hemodin&#226;micas de repouso semelhantes.</p>
        <p>Embora exista um grande n&#250;mero de estudos acerca das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS, encontramos apenas um estudo cujo objetivo foi avaliar a capacidade vasodilatadora dessa popula&#231;&#227;o durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Tal estudo, conduzido por Borghi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstrou capacidade vasodilatadora comprometida durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual de moderada intensidade em participantes normotensos com hist&#243;rico familiar positivo para HAS. No entanto, o estudo n&#227;o relatou o controle de vari&#225;veis que influenciam o comportamento vascular durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, como tabagismo, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, IMC, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas e uso de medicamentos vasoativos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> as quais foram controladas no presente estudo. Portanto, com essa investiga&#231;&#227;o, expandimos o conhecimento sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em indiv&#237;duos normotensos filhos de hipertensos.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a incapacidade dos indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS de reduzir a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada durante o pico de hiperemia reativa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> manobra que, embora desencadeada por mecanismos distintos, apresenta resposta vasodilatadora correlacionada &#224; resposta desencadeada pelo exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular depende do equil&#237;brio entre as for&#231;as dilatadoras e as constritoras. Neste sentido, a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica e altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais na regula&#231;&#227;o endotelial t&#234;m sido apontadas como importantes mecanismos vasoconstritores respons&#225;veis pela maior resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica observada durante o exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> De fato, tem sido reportada maior atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular em filhos de hipertensos quando comparados a filhos de normotensos durante exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual, avaliada de forma direta por meio da t&#233;cnica de microneurografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foram observados n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de norepinefrina tanto no repouso quanto durante o exerc&#237;cio de preens&#227;o manual em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico familiar positivo de HAS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico negativo dessa patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Esses fatores podem explicar os resultados do presente estudo relativos &#224; resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
        <p>No que se refere &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, McAllister et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente e independente do endot&#233;lio, avaliada por meio da curva dose-resposta induzida por acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio, respectivamente, entre jovens saud&#225;veis com e sem hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS. No entanto, os referidos autores verificaram resposta vasoconstritora atenuada ao NG-monometil-L-arginina (L-NMMA), subst&#226;ncia inibidora da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS) nos filhos de pais hipertensos, demonstrando preju&#237;zo na libera&#231;&#227;o basal de &#243;xido n&#237;trico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Adicionalmente, Ciolac et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> avaliaram mulheres com hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS e observaram, tanto no repouso quanto durante teste m&#225;ximo incremental em esteira, n&#237;veis reduzidos de nitrito e nitrato, produtos finais da degrada&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, o que tamb&#233;m sugere redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o/biodisponibilidade desse importante vasodilatador.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, n&#237;veis elevados de endotelina, subst&#226;ncia vasoconstritora derivada do endot&#233;lio, tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido observados em filhos de hipertensos quando comparados a descendentes de normotensos, tanto durante exerc&#237;cio de preens&#227;o manual,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> quanto durante teste incremental em esteira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Desta forma, pode-se supor que a maior resist&#234;ncia vascular observada em filhos de hipertensos durante o exerc&#237;cio pode estar relacionada, pelo menos em parte, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras e &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasoconstritoras.</p>
        <p>A piora na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular est&#225; associada ao desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e eventos cardiovasculares futuros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Al&#233;m disso, assim como o aumento de t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, a disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular est&#225; envolvida no desenvolvimento da HAS e pode estar relacionada &#224; maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o dos filhos de hipertensos em desenvolver essa patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, as respostas da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, os grupos apresentaram resposta fisiol&#243;gica de aumento dessas vari&#225;veis ao longo do teste. Nossos resultados reproduzem os de outros autores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> os quais tamb&#233;m observaram respostas semelhantes da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de preens&#227;o manual. Por outro lado, o estudo de Greaney et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> observou resposta exacerbada da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em mulheres jovens com hist&#243;rico positivo para HAS. Os diferentes resultados encontrados podem estar relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A amostra do presente estudo foi composta por indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios de ambos os sexos, enquanto que a amostra do estudo de Greaney et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> foi composta por mulheres sedent&#225;rias e ativas. Vale ressaltar que os estudos que investigaram n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos durante exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos que envolviam grandes grupos musculares, tais como exerc&#237;cio em cicloerg&#244;metro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e exerc&#237;cio isocin&#233;tico de extens&#227;o do joelho,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> observaram maiores n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos nos filhos de hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos filhos de normotensos, sugerindo que a maior quantidade de massa muscular envolvida poderia estar relacionada &#224;s respostas cardiovasculares hiper-reativas observadas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o durante esses tipos de exerc&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que jovens saud&#225;veis e sem fatores de risco cardiovascular, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS, apresentam vasodilata&#231;&#227;o prejudicada durante o exerc&#237;cio. O aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode justificar, pelo menos em parte, a hiper-reatividade press&#243;rica de indiv&#237;duos normotensos durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. J&#225; foi documentado que a exacerbada resposta da press&#227;o arterial durante o teste de esfor&#231;o associada &#224; maior resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> &#233; fator progn&#243;stico para eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade em homens de meia-idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e hipertensos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> al&#233;m de estar relacionada ao remodelamento card&#237;aco em pr&#233;-hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> No entanto, at&#233; o presente momento, n&#227;o existem trabalhos longitudinais desenhados com a inten&#231;&#227;o de investigar a aplica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica do comportamento vascular em filhos de hipertensos durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e o poss&#237;vel desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a hipertensiva.</p>
        <p>Assim, os resultados deste estudo ressaltam a import&#226;ncia de interven&#231;&#227;o de car&#225;ter preventivo com medidas que visem reduzir a resist&#234;ncia vascular e, consequentemente, atuar na preven&#231;&#227;o da HAS nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tem sido apontado como importante estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o da HAS em descendentes de hipertensos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> tendo em vista os resultados ben&#233;ficos do treinamento sobre fatores patofisiol&#243;gicos envolvidos no surgimento dessa patologia, tais como a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e a disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> que, frequentemente, est&#227;o presentes nos indiv&#237;duos suscet&#237;veis, mesmo antes da eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser mencionadas. O diagn&#243;stico de HAS dos pais dos volunt&#225;rios foi relatado pelos pr&#243;prios volunt&#225;rios (autorrelato). Apesar do autorrelato ter sido utilizado em muitos estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> futuras pesquisas devem incluir avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica detalhada dos pais. Adicionalmente, as mulheres deste estudo n&#227;o foram avaliadas no mesmo per&#237;odo do ciclo menstrual, fato que tamb&#233;m pode se configurar uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho. No entanto, Jarvis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e Carter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> n&#227;o observaram em mulheres jovens, influ&#234;ncia da fase do ciclo ovariano sobre a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial durante exerc&#237;cio de preens&#227;o manual e estresse mental, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conclui-se que jovens normotensos filhos de hipertensos apresentam vasodilata&#231;&#227;o prejudicada durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico isom&#233;trico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do trabalho de conclus&#227;o de curso de especializa&#231;&#227;o de Nat&#225;lia Portela pela Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ao Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora pela disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dessa pesquisa e aos volunt&#225;rios, pela contribui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
