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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">T69sZyFksJgy8c6C7phm5mz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000800103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005001201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Persistent Depressive Symptoms are Independent Predictors of Low-Grade Inflammation Onset Among Healthy Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Gazelato de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morita</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Maluf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bosworth</surname>
            <given-names>Hayden B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Medicina Preventiva e Programa de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Medicina Preventiva e Programa de Cardiologia do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Center</institution>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Medical Center - EUA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Duke University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: F&#225;bio Gazelato de Mello Franco,</bold> Rua Coronel Lisboa, 139, Postal Code 04020-040, Vila Mariana, SP - Brazil. E-mails: <email>ffranco@einstein.br</email>, <email>fabio.gazelato@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mello Franco FG, Laurinavicius AG; Acquisition of data: Mello Franco FG; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mello Franco FG, Laurinavicius AG, Lotufo PA, Concei&#231;&#227;o RD, Morita F, Katz M, Wajngarten M, Carvalho JAM; Statistical analysis: Mello Franco FG; Writing of the manuscript: Mello Franco FG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Laurinavicius AG, Lotufo PA, Concei&#231;&#227;o RD, Morita F, Katz M, Wajngarten M, Carvalho JAM, Bosworth HB, Santos RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>103</fpage>
      <lpage>109</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Depressive symptoms are independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among individuals with non-diagnosed CVD. The mechanisms underlying this association, however, remain unclear. Inflammation has been indicated as a possible mechanistic link between depression and CVD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study evaluated the association between persistent depressive symptoms and the onset of low-grade inflammation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>From a database of 1,508 young (mean age: 41 years) individuals with no CVD diagnosis who underwent at least two routine health evaluations, 134 had persistent depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory - BDI &#8805; 10, BDI+) and 1,374 had negative symptoms at both time points (BDI-). All participants had been submitted to repeated clinical and laboratory evaluations at a regular follow-up with an average of 26 months from baseline. Low-grade inflammation was defined as plasma high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP) concentrations &gt; 3 mg/L. The outcome was the incidence of low-grade inflammation evaluated by the time of the second clinical evaluation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The incidence of low-grade inflammation was more frequently observed in the BDI+ group compared to the BDI- group (20.9% vs. 11.4%; p = 0.001). After adjusting for sex, age, waist circumference, body mass index, levels of physical activity, smoking, and prevalence of metabolic syndrome, persistent depressive symptoms remained an independent predictor of low-grade inflammation onset (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.03-3.02; p = 0.04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Persistent depressive symptoms were independently associated with low-grade inflammation onset among healthy individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Selection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Depression is a prevalent disease that leads to considerable global burden and disabilities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The relationship between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been well documented as it almost doubles the risk of developing coronary heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Although traditional cardiovascular risk factors tend to cluster in depressed patients as a consequence of an unhealthy lifestyle (e.g., poor diet, lack of exercise), these unhealthy behaviors do not adequately account for the impact of depression on CVD.</p>
      <p>Inflammation may act as a possible mechanistic link between depressive symptoms and CVD. Elevation in plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of a low-grade inflammatory state that has been associated with the incidence of CVD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Studies have reported an association between depressive symptoms and plasma CRP elevation in cross-sectional analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to assess the association of persistent depressive symptoms with a low-grade inflammatory process, taking into account potential explanatory factors such as physical activity, obesity and sex, in a group of young, healthy individuals. As persistent depression symptoms would be independent predictors of low-grade inflammation among healthy and young individuals, this condition should be included in routine health evaluations to avoid future cardiovascular events.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>From a dataset of 34,581 subjects, 4,222 individuals with at least two consecutive yearly exams were selected. All individuals had no background of CVD according to self-report. Of those, 1,508 individuals who did not have signs of low-grade inflammation, defined as CRP values &lt; 3 mg/L at baseline (time point 1), were included. Depressive symptom presence was defined as Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) &#8805; 10 scale points assessed at times 1 and 2. Subjects were divided into those who had (BDI+, n = 134, 8.8%) or not (BDI-, n = 1,374, 91.2%) persistent depressive symptoms. Exclusion criteria were the presence of chronic or acute inflammatory (defined as CRP &gt; 10 mg/L at either time points) or previous cardiovascular diseases (defined as myocardial infarction, angina, coronary revascularization, stroke, peripheral artery disease or heart failure) according to self-declaration of health conditions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Independent Variables</title>
        <p>As previously described, subjects were submitted to a routine mandatory health evaluation paid by their employers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> All conditions included in the evaluations potentially associated with future low-grade inflammation, such as clinical background, smoking, physical activity, laboratory analyses (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, uric acid, creatinine, liver transaminases) and the presence of hepatic steatosis were considered as independent variables. Demographics, medical history and medication use were routinely recorded. Smoking status was categorized as current smoker (at least 1 cigarette during the last 30 days) versus current nonsmoker. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> was used to assess physical activity level. Blood pressure was measured 3 times at the sitting position with an aneroid sphygmomanometer according to the standard method recommended by the American Heart Association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Hypertension was defined according to current guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Height (meter) and weight (kilogram) were measured with a standard physician's scale and a stadiometer to calculate body mass index (BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Waist circumference was recorded at the smallest diameter between the iliac crest and the costal margin with a plastic anthropometric tape held parallel to the ground.</p>
        <p>Blood samples were collected after at least 12 hours fasting and processed at the Central Laboratory of the Preventive Medicine Unit of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), HDL-cholesterol, glucose, uric acid, creatinine, and liver transaminases were determined using standardized automated laboratory tests (Vitros 5600, Johnson &amp; Johnson Orthoclinical Diagnostics). When TG &lt; 400 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol was calculated by the Friedwald formula. When TG &#8805; 400 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol levels were measured directly. High-sensitivity CRP concentrations were determined by immunonephelometry (Dade-Behring). Hepatic steatosis was identified by the presence of an ultrasound pattern of bright liver, with evident contrast between hepatic and renal parenchyma as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Excess body weight was defined by the presence of a BMI &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, while abdominal obesity was characterized by elevated waist circumference (&gt; 88 cm in women and &gt; 102 cm in men). Metabolic syndrome was defined by the joint AHA/IDF consensus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Depression symptoms assessment</title>
        <p>The BDI was used for depression symptom assessment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and repeated each time individuals underwent a new check-up survey. In brief, BDI is a 21-item self-administered scale with four alternative statements for each item, scoring from 0 to 3 points and a maximum score of 63 points. Similarly to other studies, scores &#8805;10 points were suggestive of depression (BDI+), with higher points indicative of increasing depression severity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Those with scores &lt; 10 were not considered with depressive symptoms (BDI-).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome</title>
        <p>The outcome was the incidence of new cases of inflammation according to onset of elevated CRP concentrations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>IRB approval</title>
        <p>The Institutional Human Research Committee approved this study and all participants provided written informed consent to allow for the use of their medical information, as outlined by the 1975 Helsinki Declaration.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous data with normal distribution are expressed as mean and standard deviation. Continuous data with non-normal distribution are represented as median and interquartile range. For normality hypothesis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was adopted. Categorical data are expressed by percentage and comparison was made by the chi- square test. For normally distributed continuous data, Student <italic>t</italic> test was adopted. Non-normally data are analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. A BDI score &#8805; 10 points was adopted to identify individuals with significant depressive symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> CRP was considered as a dichotomous variable and results &gt; 3 mg/L were considered positive for low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The chi-square model was used to analyze the association between depressive symptoms and CRP. Logistic regression was used to determine the effect of depressive symptoms on low-grade inflammation after adjusting for potential confounding variables, such as age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, hepatic steatosis, physical activity and metabolic syndrome. Statistical significance was inferred at a two-tailed p &lt; 0.05. All analyses were performed using SPSS v 20.0 (SPSS, Inc, Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This was a predominantly young, Caucasian, male population with low calculated risk of CVD. The mean (standard deviation) follow-up time was 26 &#177; 10 months. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical and laboratory characteristics of individuals presenting with and without depressive symptoms (BDI+ and BDI-) at time point 1. There was a greater prevalence of females (30.6% vs 18.4%; p = 0.001) and physical inactivity (25.5% vs 16.2%; p = 0.015) in the BDI+ group relative to the non-depressed group. Also, those with depressive symptoms had higher plasma TG (p = 0.008) and lower plasma levels of creatinine (p = 0.009) relative to those with no depressive symptoms. Of importance, no difference in age, BMI, waist circumference, smoking, metabolic syndrome prevalence and CRP levels was observed between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and laboratory characteristics of subjects presenting (BDI+) or not (BDI-) persistent depressive symptoms at baseline</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">No depressive symptoms (BDI-) n = 1,374</th>
              <th align="center">Depressive symptoms (BDI+) n = 134</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">41.4 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">40.4 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.081<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex (%female)</td>
              <td align="center">18.4%</td>
              <td align="center">30.6%</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6.3%</td>
              <td align="center">8.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0.245<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9.5%</td>
              <td align="center">7.5%</td>
              <td align="center">0.432<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.3%</td>
              <td align="center">2,2%</td>
              <td align="center">0.999<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.1 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">26.6 (3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.114<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">92.3 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">92.4 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.921<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Metabolic Syndrome (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14.7</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">0.111<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical inactivity (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16.2</td>
              <td align="center">25.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.015<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipid-lowering agents (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11.9</td>
              <td align="center">10.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.627<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Oral antidiabetic drug or insulin use (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.087<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (12.8)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.544<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">126 (34.4)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (39.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.749<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (12.7)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.607<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">201 (37.3)</td>
              <td align="center">206 (42.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.177<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides, median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">108 (79; 154)</td>
              <td align="center">129 (92; 208)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#163;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 (0.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP, median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.5;1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.15 (0.5; 2.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.041<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#163;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Steatosis (%)</td>
              <td align="center">34.4</td>
              <td align="center">44.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.020<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data were expressed as mean (SD) or median (IQR) for normal and non-normal data respectively. IQR: interquartile ranges; SD: standard deviation; age- in years; body mass index- BMI in kg/m<sup>2</sup>; waist circumference- in cm; plasma lipids, glucose and creatinine- in mg/dL; C reactive protein- in mg/L;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p> Student t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#165;</label>
            <p> Chi-square test,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#163;</label>
            <p> Mann-Whitney test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the clinical and laboratory characteristics of subjects presenting with and without low-grade inflammation at time point 2. Low-grade inflammation was detected respectively in 20.9% and 11.4% of participants in the BDI+ and BDI- groups (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.31-3.21; p &lt; 0.001). In bivariate analysis, physical activity (p = 0.049), depressive symptoms (p &lt; 0.001), metabolic syndrome (p = 0.017), waist circumference (p &lt; 0.001), and BMI (p &lt; 0.001) were also associated with low-grade inflammation.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bivariate clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with the presence or not of low-grade inflammation (CRP &gt; 3 mg/L) at exam time point 2</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Parameter</th>
              <th align="center">CRP &#8804; 3</th>
              <th align="center">CRP &gt; 3 mg/L</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">41.4 (7.9)</td>
              <td align="center">40.8 (7.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.395<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">248 (84.7)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (15.3)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.077<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">1074 (88.5)</td>
              <td align="center">140 (11.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1234 (87.8)</td>
              <td align="center">172 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.793<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">86 (86.9)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (13.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">876 (88.8)</td>
              <td align="center">111 (11.2)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.049<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">171 (83.8)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (16.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Depressive symptoms, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BDI+</td>
              <td align="center">1217 (88.6)</td>
              <td align="center">157 (11.4)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BDI-</td>
              <td align="center">106 (79.1)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (20.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Metabolic syndrome, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1097 (88.6)</td>
              <td align="center">141 (11.4)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.017<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">184 (82.9)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (17.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1197 (87.6)</td>
              <td align="center">170 (12.4)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.536<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">126 (89.4)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (10.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1293 (87.7)</td>
              <td align="center">181 (12.3)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.999<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">30 (88.2)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (11.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hepatic steatosis, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">839 (88.7)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.115<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">443 (85.9)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (14.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1166 (87.6)</td>
              <td align="center">165 (12.4)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.676<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">157 (88.7)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (11.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Antidiabetic drugs or insulin, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1277 (87.9)</td>
              <td align="center">175 (12.1)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.194<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">46 (82.1)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (17.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">25.9 (3.5)</td>
              <td align="center">27.4 (3.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">91.9 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">95.2 (11.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">201.3 (37.6)</td>
              <td align="center">204.4 (39.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.291<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">126 (34.6)</td>
              <td align="center">128.5 (36.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.372<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">49.3 (12.7)</td>
              <td align="center">48.4 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.368<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides, median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">108 (80;154)</td>
              <td align="center">118 (95;174)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#163;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">87.9 (12.8)</td>
              <td align="center">88.3 (13.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.677<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.692<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Age: in years; body mass index: BMI in kg/m<sup>2</sup>; waist circumference- in cm; plasma lipids, glucose and creatinine- in mg/dL; C-reactive protein- in mg/L; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p> Student t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>&#165;</label>
            <p> Chi: square test,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#163;</label>
            <p> Mann Whitney test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Confounding factors and results obtained in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. In this analysis, the association of depressive symptoms and low-grade inflammation was adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, BMI, levels of physical activity, smoking, presence of hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome prevalence. New cases of inflammation were associated with depressive symptoms regardless those variables mentioned above (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.03-3.02; p = 0.04). The statistical power to infer a difference on BDI+ group compared to BDI- was 56.5%, with a two-sided level of significance of 0.05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>A positive association between persistence of depressive symptoms and low-grade inflammation after a 2-year average follow-up was observed. Findings were robust even after adjusting for risk factors associated with elevation in plasma CRP levels, such as abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome.</p>
      <p>Atherosclerosis, the main pathological substrate of CVD, is a chronic degenerative disorder with a low-grade inflammatory component. Persistent depressive symptoms over at least 2 years have been prospectively associated with coronary artery calcification detected by computed tomography,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis burden and a robust marker of cardiovascular event risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Robust evidence from prospective studies shows a clear and independent association of elevated CRP levels with cardiovascular events and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Indeed, increased CRP levels have been shown to add modest, but significant ability to improve risk reclassification over traditional risk markers in asymptomatic individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The results of this study suggest that depressive symptoms are associated not only with atherosclerotic plaque burden, as previously shown,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> but also with the low-grade inflammatory component of atherosclerosis. Therefore, detection of depressive symptoms might have prognostic information for CVD risk evaluation.</p>
      <p>This is one of the largest longitudinal studies examining persistence depressive symptoms and subsequent inflammation onset in a young non-CVD population. The strength of the current study is the comprehensive clinical, laboratory and behavioral factors that may be associated with the depression-inflammation relationship. These factors include physical inactivity, obesity and smoking. Another strength of this study was the enrollment of a poorly studied population, composed by subjects without previous CVD. Despite this sample of non-CVD individuals, persistent depressive symptoms were associated with subsequent inflammation. This finding highlights the importance of depression on cardiovascular primary prevention in a young population.</p>
      <p>As previously described, depressive symptoms were associated with clinical characteristics associated with elevated plasma CRP levels, such as female sex and increased adiposity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> However, there is controversy if female sex may be associated with the process of low-grade inflammation as a result of depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> While one study has found depressed white women to be more susceptible to inflammation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> have found an association between depression and inflammation only in men. In contrast, in this study the association of depressive symptoms and elevated CRP levels persisted even after adjustment for sex.</p>
      <p>Some unhealthy behaviors are associated with depression and may interfere with the inflammation-depression relationship. In a cohort of 667 outpatients with established coronary heart disease from the Heart and Soul Study, depressive symptoms predicted inflammation after 5 years of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> However, this association was no longer significant after adjustment for physical inactivity, smoking and higher BMI, which suggests that other behavioral factors may be important modulators of the depression-inflammation process. The same inference was reached by the authors of a prospective study of 289 patients with atrial fibrillation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> in which obesity was the single strongest predictor of inflammation, eliminating the association between depression and inflammation in multivariate analyses. In contrast, in a group of 3,609 men and women with a mean age of 60.5 from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, Hamer et al. have found that baseline depression was associated with further inflammation 2 years later, even after taking into account other behavioral factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> That study corroborates our own results, in which a persistent relationship between depressive symptoms and inflammation was observed after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, physical inactivity, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver and excess body weight. Indeed, the adjustment for fatty liver is very important since we had previously shown a strong and independent association of hepatic steatosis, a highly active visceral fat depot, with elevated plasma CRP levels independently of markers of obesity in apparently healthy subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Another point of interest in the current study was that most individuals had mild depressive symptoms. However, even this burden of depression symptoms may lead to future low-grade inflammation.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The findings were limited to the inclusion of a predominantly Caucasian and young population. However, we did observe that the effects were robust across both sexes. Patients with depressive symptoms might have a lower adherence to subsequent exams, increasing the dropout of BDI+ subjects after the first time set. This lack of adherence during follow-up would have an impact on the statistical power of the study analysis. Finally, plasma CRP levels were measured only twice in this study, however in the absence of clear inflammatory diseases, high-sensitivity CRP assays have shown to have a good reproducibility and low variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In summary, our results demonstrate that persistent depressive symptoms are an independent predictor of future low-grade inflammation onset in this population. These findings suggest that depressive symptoms should be considered among important factors contributing to subsequent health problems and should therefore be screened, even in apparently healthy individuals undergoing routine healthcare exams.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Erratum</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Consider correct authors' affiliations F&#225;bio Gazelato de Mello Franco,<sup>1</sup> Antonio Gabriele Laurinavicius,<sup>2</sup> Paulo A. Lotufo,<sup>3</sup> Raquel D. Concei&#231;&#227;o,<sup>2</sup> Fernando Morita,<sup>1</sup> Marcelo Katz,<sup>1</sup> Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten,<sup>1</sup> Jos&#233; Antonio Maluf Carvalho,<sup>1</sup> Hayden B. Bosworth,<sup>5</sup> Raul Dias Santos<sup>2,4</sup> to the institutions: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein;<sup>1</sup> Centro de Medicina Preventiva e Programa de Cardiologia do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein;<sup>2</sup> Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP);<sup>3</sup> Unidade Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP;<sup>4</sup> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil; Duke University Medical Center<sup>5</sup> - EUA to the article "Persistent Depressive Symptoms are Independent Predictors of Low-Grade Inflammation Onset Among Healthy Individuals", published ahead of print.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sintomas Depressivos Persistentes s&#227;o Preditores Independentes de In&#237;cio de Inflama&#231;&#227;o de Baixo Grau em Indiv&#237;duos Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Gazelato de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morita</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Maluf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bosworth</surname>
            <given-names>Hayden B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Medicina Preventiva e Programa de Cardiologia do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Medical Center - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: F&#225;bio Gazelato de Mello Franco,</bold> Rua Coronel Lisboa, 139, CEP 04020-040, Vila Mariana, SP - Brasil. E-mails: <email>ffranco@einstein.br</email>, <email>fabio.gazelato@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mello Franco FG, Laurinavicius AG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mello Franco FG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mello Franco FG, Laurinavicius AG, Lotufo PA, Concei&#231;&#227;o RD, Morita F, Katz M, Wajngarten M, Carvalho JAM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Laurinavicius AG, Lotufo PA, Concei&#231;&#227;o RD, Morita F, Katz M, Wajngarten M, Carvalho JAM, Bosworth HB, Santos RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Sintomas depressivos est&#227;o associados de forma independente ao risco aumentado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) em indiv&#237;duos com DCV n&#227;o diagnosticada. Os mecanismos subjacentes a essa associa&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, n&#227;o est&#227;o claros. Inflama&#231;&#227;o tem sido indicada como um poss&#237;vel elo mecanicista entre depress&#227;o e DCV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sintomas depressivos persistentes e o in&#237;cio de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>De um banco de dados de 1.508 indiv&#237;duos jovens (idade m&#233;dia: 41 anos) sem diagn&#243;stico de DCV submetidos a pelo menos duas avalia&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de de rotina, 134 tinham sintomas depressivos persistentes (Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck - BDI &#8805;10, BDI+) e 1.374 n&#227;o apresentavam sintomas em nenhuma das ocasi&#245;es (BDI-). Todos os participantes foram submetidos a repetidas avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais em seguimento regular, cuja m&#233;dia foi de 26 meses desde a condi&#231;&#227;o basal. Definiu-se inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau como concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) ultrassens&#237;vel &gt; 3 mg/L. O desfecho foi a incid&#234;ncia de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau por ocasi&#227;o da segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau foi maior no grupo BDI+ em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo BDI- (20,9% vs. 11,4%; p = 0,001). Ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo, idade, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica, tabagismo e preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, os sintomas depressivos persistentes continuaram sendo um preditor independente de in&#237;cio de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau (OR = 1,76; IC 95%: 1,03-3,02; p = 0,04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Sintomas depressivos persistentes foram independentemente associados com in&#237;cio de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sele&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Depress&#227;o &#233; uma doen&#231;a prevalente que eleva consideravelmente a carga global de doen&#231;as e a incapacidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre sintomas depressivos e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) acha-se bem documentada, pois quase que se dobra o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pessoas com depress&#227;o diagnosticada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Ainda que os tradicionais fatores de risco cardiovascular tendam a se agrupar em pacientes deprimidos como consequ&#234;ncia de um estilo de vida pouco saud&#225;vel (dieta pobre, falta de exerc&#237;cio), esses comportamentos podem n&#227;o determinar diretamente o impacto da depress&#227;o na DCV.</p>
        <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o pode atuar como um poss&#237;vel elo mecanicista entre sintomas depressivos e DCV. A eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) ultrassens&#237;vel &#233; um marcador do estado inflamat&#243;rio de baixo grau, que foi associado com incid&#234;ncia de DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e mortalidade por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Alguns estudos relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre sintomas depressivos e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PCR em an&#225;lises transversais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo visou avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de sintomas depressivos persistentes com o processo inflamat&#243;rio de baixo grau, considerando-se poss&#237;veis fatores explanat&#243;rios, como atividade f&#237;sica, obesidade, sexo, entre outros, em um grupo de jovens saud&#225;veis. Sendo a persist&#234;ncia de sintomas de depress&#227;o um preditor independente de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau em jovens saud&#225;veis, tal condi&#231;&#227;o deveria ser inclu&#237;da em avalia&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de rotineiras para evitar futuros eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>A partir de um banco de dados com 34.581 indiv&#237;duos, 4.222 com pelo menos dois exames anuais consecutivos foram selecionados. Conforme autorrelato, nenhum dos participantes tinha hist&#243;ria de DCV. Desses, 1.508 indiv&#237;duos sem sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau, definida como valores de PCR &lt; 3 mg/L nas condi&#231;&#245;es basais (momento 1), foram inclu&#237;dos. Considerou-se que sintomas depressivos estavam presentes quando a aplica&#231;&#227;o do Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck (BDI) resultou em um escore &#8805; 10 pontos nos momentos 1 e 2. Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em portadores de sintomas depressivos persistentes (BDI+, n = 134, 8,8%) ou n&#227;o (BDI-, n = 1.374, 91,2%). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica ou aguda (definida como PCR &gt; 10 mg/L em qualquer das ocasi&#245;es) ou DCV pr&#233;via (definida como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) conforme as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de autodeclaradas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis independentes</title>
          <p>Como previamente descrito, os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de de rotina e obrigat&#243;ria, paga por seus empregadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Todas as condi&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;das nas avalia&#231;&#245;es que pudessem estar associadas com futura inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau, como caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, an&#225;lises laboratoriais (colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos, glicose, &#225;cido &#250;rico, creatinina, transaminases hep&#225;ticas) e a presen&#231;a de esteatose hep&#225;tica foram consideradas vari&#225;veis independentes. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, de hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica e as medica&#231;&#245;es usadas foram registrados de maneira rotineira. Tabagismo foi classificado como: &#8216;fumante atual&#8217; (pelo menos 1 cigarro nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias) <italic>versus</italic> &#8216;n&#227;o fumante&#8217; atual. O Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica (IPAQ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> foi usado para avaliar o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida 3 vezes na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada com um esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide conforme o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o recomendado pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Definiu-se hipertens&#227;o segundo as diretrizes atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Altura (metro) e peso (quilograma) foram medidos com uma balan&#231;a e um estadi&#244;metro para calcular o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi medida como o menor di&#226;metro entre a crista il&#237;aca e o rebordo costal, usando uma fita m&#233;trica pl&#225;stica mantida paralela ao piso.</p>
          <p>As amostras de sangue forma coletadas ap&#243;s pelo menos 12 horas de jejum e processadas no Laborat&#243;rio Central da Unidade Medicina Preventiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos (TG), HDL-colesterol, glicose, &#225;cido &#250;rico, creatinina e transaminases hep&#225;ticas foram determinadas usando-se exames laboratoriais padronizados e automatizados (Vitros 5600, Johnson &amp; Johnson Orthoclinical Diagnostics). Quando TG &lt; 400 mg/dL, calculou-se o LDL-colesterol pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald. Quando TG &#8805; 400 mg/dL, os n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol foram medidos diretamente. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de PCR ultrassens&#237;vel foram determinadas com imunonefelometria (Dade-Behring). Identificou-se esteatose hep&#225;tica pela presen&#231;a de um padr&#227;o de ultrassom de f&#237;gado brilhante, com contraste evidente entre o par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico e o renal j&#225; previamente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Peso corporal excessivo foi definido como IMC &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, enquanto obesidade abdominal foi caracterizada por circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal aumentada (&gt; 88 cm em mulheres e &gt; 102 cm em homens). S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi definida pelo consenso AHA/IDF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas de depress&#227;o</title>
          <p>O BDI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> foi utilizado para avaliar os sintomas de depress&#227;o, sendo repetido cada vez que os indiv&#237;duos eram submetidos a nova avalia&#231;&#227;o. Em resumo, o BDI &#233; uma escala autoadministrada de 21 itens, com 4 alternativas para cada item, que varia de 0 a 3 pontos, sendo o escore m&#225;ximo de 63 pontos. &#192; semelhan&#231;a de outros estudos, os escores &#8805; 10 foram sugestivos de depress&#227;o (BDI+), com maiores pontua&#231;&#245;es indicando crescente gravidade da depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Indiv&#237;duos com escores &lt; 10 foram considerados n&#227;o portadores de sintomas depressivos (BDI-).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho</title>
          <p>O desfecho foi a incid&#234;ncia de novos casos de inflama&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida que se elevaram as concentra&#231;&#245;es de PCR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de Revis&#227;o Institucional</title>
          <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Humana da institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou este estudo, e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e informado conforme a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, e as cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Para a hip&#243;tese de normalidade, adotou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagem, sendo comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, adotou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, sendo o teste de Mann-Whitney usado para as de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Um escore do BDI &#8805; 10 pontos identificou indiv&#237;duos com significativos sintomas depressivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Considerou-se a PCR uma vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica, sendo resultados &gt; 3 mg/L considerados positivos para inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau e risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Utilizou-se o modelo do qui-quadrado para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sintomas depressivos e PCR. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usada para determinar o efeito dos sintomas depressivos na inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau ap&#243;s ajuste para potenciais vari&#225;veis confundidoras, como idade, sexo, IMC, press&#227;o arterial, colesterol total, tabagismo, diabetes, esteatose hep&#225;tica, atividade f&#237;sica e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Inferiu-se significado estat&#237;stico para um p bicaudal &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0 (SPSS, Inc, Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Trata-se de popula&#231;&#227;o predominantemente jovem, caucasiana e masculina com baixo risco calculado de DCV. O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio (desvio-padr&#227;o) foi de 26 &#177; 10 meses. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos indiv&#237;duos com e sem sintomas depressivos (BDI+ e BDI-) no momento 1. Houve maior preval&#234;ncia de mulheres (30,6% vs 18,4%; p = 0,001) e inatividade f&#237;sica (25,5% vs 16,2%; p = 0,015) no grupo BDI+ em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo BDI-. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos com sintomas depressivos tinham n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos mais altos de TG (p = 0,008) e mais baixos de creatinina (p = 0,009) do que aqueles sem sintomas depressivos. Importante notar a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a quanto a idade, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, tabagismo, preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e n&#237;veis de PCR entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais de indiv&#237;duos com (BDI+) e sem (BDI-) sintomas depressivos persistentes na condi&#231;&#227;o basal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sem sintomas depressivos (BDI-) n = 1.374</th>
                <th align="center">Com sintomas depressivos (BDI+) n = 134</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">41,4 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">40,4 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,081<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (% feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">18,4%</td>
                <td align="center">30,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,3%</td>
                <td align="center">8,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,245<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5%</td>
                <td align="center">7,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,432<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,3%</td>
                <td align="center">2,2%</td>
                <td align="center">0,999<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,1 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">92,3 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">92,4 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,921<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14,7</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">0,111<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inatividade f&#237;sica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,015<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipolipemiantes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,627<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antidiab&#233;ticos orais ou uso de insulina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,087<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,544<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (34,4)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (39,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,749<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,607<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">201 (37,3)</td>
                <td align="center">206 (42,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,177<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (79; 154)</td>
                <td align="center">129 (92; 208)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#163;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 (0,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,5;1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (0,5; 2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#163;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Esteatose (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34,4</td>
                <td align="center">44,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,020<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia (SD) ou mediana (IIQ) para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e n&#227;o normal, respectivamente. IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, em kg/m<sup>2</sup>; idade- em anos; circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal- em cm; n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lip&#237;deos, glicose e creatinina- em mg/dL; prote&#237;na C reativa- em mg/L;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p> teste t de Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p> teste do qui-quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#163;</label>
              <p> teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos indiv&#237;duos com e sem inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau no momento 2. Detectou-se inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau em 20,9% e 11,4% dos participantes nos grupos BDI+ e BDI-, respectivamente (OR = 2,05; IC95%: 1,31-3,21; p &lt; 0,001). Na an&#225;lise bivariada, atividade f&#237;sica (p = 0,049), sintomas depressivos (p &lt; 0,001), s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (p = 0,017), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (p &lt; 0,001) e IMC (p &lt; 0,001) tamb&#233;m se associaram com inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais bivariadas associadas com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau (PCR &gt; 3mg/L) por ocasi&#227;o da segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center">PCR &#8804; 3</th>
                <th align="center">PCR &gt; 3 mg/L</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">41,4 (7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">40,8 (7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,395<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">248 (84,7)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (15,3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,077<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1074 (88,5)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (11,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1234 (87,8)</td>
                <td align="center">172 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,793<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">86 (86,9)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">876 (88,8)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (11,2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,049<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">171 (83,8)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (16,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sintomas depressivos, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BDI+</td>
                <td align="center">1217 (88,6)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BDI-</td>
                <td align="center">106 (79,1)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (20,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1097 (88,6)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,017<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">184 (82,9)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (17,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1197 (87,6)</td>
                <td align="center">170 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,536<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">126 (89,4)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1293 (87,7)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">30 (88,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Esteatose hep&#225;tica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">839 (88,7)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,115<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">443 (85,9)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (14,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipolipemiantes, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1166 (87,6)</td>
                <td align="center">165 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,676<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">157 (88,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (11,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Antidiab&#233;ticos ou insulina, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1277 (87,9)</td>
                <td align="center">175 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,194<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">46 (82,1)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">25,9 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27,4 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">91,9 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">95,2 (11,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">201,3 (37,6)</td>
                <td align="center">204,4 (39,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,291<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (34,6)</td>
                <td align="center">128,5 (36,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,372<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">49,3 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">48,4 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,368<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (80;154)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (95;174)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#163;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">87,9 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">88,3 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,677<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,692<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, em kg/m<sup>2</sup>; idade- em anos; circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal- em cm; n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lip&#237;deos, glicose e creatinina- em mg/dL; prote&#237;na C reativa- em mg/L;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p> teste t de Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p> teste do qui quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>&#163;</label>
              <p> teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Fatores confundidores e resultados obtidos na an&#225;lise bivariada foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise multivariada. Nessa an&#225;lise, a associa&#231;&#227;o de sintomas depressivos e de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau foi ajustada por idade, sexo, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, IMC, n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica, tabagismo, presen&#231;a de esteatose hep&#225;tica e preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Novos casos de inflama&#231;&#227;o foram associados com sintomas depressivos a despeito das vari&#225;veis acima mencionadas (OR = 1,76; IC 95%: 1,03-3,02; p = 0,04). O poder estat&#237;stico para inferir diferen&#231;a no grupo BDI+ em compara&#231;&#227;o ao BDI- foi de 56,5%, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bicaudal de 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre persist&#234;ncia de sintomas depressivos e inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 2 anos. Os achados mantiveram-se robustos mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de riscos associados com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PCR, como obesidade abdominal e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>Aterosclerose, o principal substrato patol&#243;gico de DCV, &#233; um dist&#250;rbio cr&#244;nico degenerativo com um componente inflamat&#243;rio de baixo grau. A persist&#234;ncia de sintomas depressivos por pelo menos 2 anos foi prospectivamente associada com calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana detectada por tomografia computadorizada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> um marcador alternativo de carga de aterosclerose e marcador robusto de risco de evento cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Evid&#234;ncias fortes de estudos prospectivos mostram uma associa&#231;&#227;o clara e independente de n&#237;veis elevados de PCR com eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Na verdade, observou-se que n&#237;veis elevados de PCR melhoravam de maneira modesta, mas significativa, a capacidade de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em rela&#231;&#227;o aos marcadores de risco tradicionais em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Os resultados desse estudo sugerem que sintomas depressivos est&#227;o associados n&#227;o apenas com a carga da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, como previamente demonstrado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> mas tamb&#233;m com o componente inflamat&#243;rio de baixo grau da aterosclerose. Logo, a detec&#231;&#227;o de sintomas depressivos pode trazer informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCV.</p>
        <p>Este &#233; um dos maiores estudos longitudinais examinando a persist&#234;ncia de sintomas depressivos e subsequente in&#237;cio de inflama&#231;&#227;o em uma popula&#231;&#227;o jovem sem DCV. A for&#231;a deste estudo reside nos abrangentes fatores cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e comportamentais que podem estar associados com a rela&#231;&#227;o depress&#227;o-inflama&#231;&#227;o. Tais fatores incluem inatividade f&#237;sica, obesidade e tabagismo. Outro ponto forte desta an&#225;lise foi o inclus&#227;o de uma popula&#231;&#227;o pouco estudada, composta de indiv&#237;duos sem DCV pregressa. Ainda que a amostra deste estudo fosse constitu&#237;da por indiv&#237;duos sem DCV, houve associa&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas depressivos persistentes com inflama&#231;&#227;o subsequente. Tal achado refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da depress&#227;o na preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular prim&#225;ria em uma popula&#231;&#227;o jovem.</p>
        <p>Como j&#225; descrito, sintomas depressivos associaram-se com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas relacionadas a elevados n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PCR, como sexo feminino e aumento da adiposidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Entretanto, h&#225; controv&#233;rsia se o sexo feminino pode estar associado ao processo inflamat&#243;rio de baixo grau como resultado de depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Enquanto um estudo observou que mulheres brancas deprimidas eram mais suscet&#237;veis a inflama&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> outros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o apenas em homens. Em contraste, neste estudo, a associa&#231;&#227;o de sintomas depressivos e elevados n&#237;veis de PCR persistiu mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo.</p>
        <p>Alguns comportamentos n&#227;o saud&#225;veis s&#227;o associados com depress&#227;o, podendo interferir com a rela&#231;&#227;o inflama&#231;&#227;o-depress&#227;o. Em uma coorte de 667 pacientes n&#227;o hospitalizados e com doen&#231;a coronariana estabelecida do <italic>Heart and Soul Study</italic>, sintomas depressivos foram preditores de inflama&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 5 anos de seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Entretanto, tal associa&#231;&#227;o deixou de ser significativa ap&#243;s ajuste para inatividade f&#237;sica, tabagismo e maior IMC, sugerindo que outros fatores comportamentais possam ser importantes moduladores do processo de depress&#227;o-inflama&#231;&#227;o. A essa mesma conclus&#227;o chegaram os autores de um estudo prospectivo com 289 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> nos quais a obesidade foi o &#250;nico preditor mais forte de inflama&#231;&#227;o, eliminando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o em an&#225;lises multivariadas. Por outro lado, em um grupo de 3.609 homens e mulheres com idade m&#233;dia de 60,5 do <italic>English Longitudinal Study of Ageing</italic>, Hamer et al. relataram que depress&#227;o basal se associou com inflama&#231;&#227;o 2 anos mais tarde, mesmo ap&#243;s considerar outros fatores comportamentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Aquele estudo corrobora os nossos resultados, em que se observou uma persistente rela&#231;&#227;o entre sintomas depressivos e inflama&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo, tabagismo, inatividade f&#237;sica, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, esteatose hep&#225;tica e excesso de peso corporal. Na verdade, o ajuste para f&#237;gado esteat&#243;tico &#233; muito importante, pois j&#225; hav&#237;amos mostrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente e forte de esteatose hep&#225;tica, um dep&#243;sito de gordura visceral altamente ativo, com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PCR independentemente de marcadores de obesidade em indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Outro ponto de interesse neste estudo foi o fato de que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos tinha sintomas depressivos leves. Entretanto, mesmo essa carga de sintomas depressivos pode levar a futura inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Os achados foram limitados &#224; inclus&#227;o de uma popula&#231;&#227;o predominantemente caucasiana e jovem. Entretanto, observamos que os efeitos foram robustos nos dois sexos. Pacientes com sintomas depressivos podem apresentar menor ades&#227;o aos exames subsequentes, aumentando a evas&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos BDI+ ap&#243;s o primeiro momento de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Tal falta de ades&#227;o durante seguimento teria impacto no poder estat&#237;stico da an&#225;lise do estudo. Finalmente, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PCR foram medidos apenas duas vezes neste estudo; entretanto, na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias claras, os ensaios de PCR ultrassens&#237;veis mostraram boa reprodutibilidade e baixa variabilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados demonstram que sintomas depressivos persistentes s&#227;o um preditor independente de in&#237;cio de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Tais achados sugerem que sintomas depressivos deveriam ser considerados importantes fatores que contribuem para problemas subsequentes de sa&#250;de, devendo, portanto, ser rastreados, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de rotineiras.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Errata</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Considerar correta as afilia&#231;&#245;es dos autores F&#225;bio Gazelato de Mello Franco,<sup>1</sup> Antonio Gabriele Laurinavicius,<sup>2</sup> Paulo A. Lotufo,<sup>3</sup> Raquel D. Concei&#231;&#227;o,<sup>2</sup> Fernando Morita,<sup>1</sup> Marcelo Katz,<sup>1</sup> Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten,<sup>1</sup> Jos&#233; Antonio Maluf Carvalho,<sup>1</sup> Hayden B. Bosworth,<sup>5</sup> Raul Dias Santos<sup>2,4</sup> referente as institui&#231;&#245;es: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein;<sup>1</sup> Centro de Medicina Preventiva e Programa de Cardiologia do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein;<sup>2</sup> Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP);<sup>3</sup> Unidade Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP;<sup>4</sup> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil; Duke University Medical Center<sup>5</sup> - EUA para o artigo "Sintomas Depressivos Persistentes s&#227;o Preditores Independentes de In&#237;cio de Inflama&#231;&#227;o de Baixo Grau em Indiv&#237;duos Saud&#225;veis" publicado em ahead of print.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
