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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">k3zjsDMZgYtMLFTKYBJ9WNc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000800097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170076</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005010101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Zero Calcium Score as a Filter for Further Testing in Patients Admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with Chest Pain</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Menezes Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Calixto de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Kalil Beir&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Emory University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Georgia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emory University, Georgia - USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Emory University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. Postal Code 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brazil E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Correia LCL, Esteves FP, Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, Ferreira F, Noya-Rabelo M; Acquisition of data: Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, S&#225; N, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Lopes F; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Correia LCL, Esteves FP, Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Ferreira F; Statistical analysis: S&#225; N, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Lopes F; Writing of the manuscript: Correia LCL, Esteves FP, Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, S&#225; N, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Lopes F, Ferreira F; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correia LCL, Esteves FP, Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, Noya-Rabelo M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>97</fpage>
      <lpage>102</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The accuracy of zero coronary calcium score as a filter in patients with chest pain has been demonstrated at the emergency room and outpatient clinics, populations with low prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To test the gatekeeping role of zero calcium score in patients with chest pain admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU), where the pretest probability of CAD is higher than that of other populations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients underwent computed tomography for calcium scoring, and obstructive CAD was defined by a minimum 70% stenosis on invasive angiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In 146 patients studied, the prevalence of CAD was 41%. A zero calcium score was present in 35% of the patients. The sensitivity and specificity of zero calcium score yielded a negative likelihood ratio of 0.16. After logistic regression adjustment for pretest probability, zero calcium score was independently associated with lower odds of CAD (OR = 0.12, 95%CI = 0.04-0.36), increasing the area under the ROC curve of the clinical model from 0.76 to 0.82 (p = 0.006). Zero calcium score provided a net reclassification improvement of 0.20 (p = 0.0018) over the clinical model when using a pretest probability threshold of 10% for discharging without further testing. In patients with pretest probability &lt; 50%, zero calcium score had a negative predictive value of 95% (95%CI = 83%-99%), with a number needed to test of 2.1 for obtaining one additional discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Zero calcium score substantially reduces the pretest probability of obstructive CAD in patients admitted to the CCU with acute chest pain. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain, Calcinosis / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Predictive Value of Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The majority of patients presenting to the hospital with acute chest pain do not have obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). These patients often undergo imaging tests before discharge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The efficiency of this strategy is challenged by the low yield for positive results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Furthermore, many imaging tests are only available in business hours, are time-consuming and costly, have several contraindications and require expert interpretation. For example, computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography should be avoided in patients with renal failure or known allergies to dye; functional tests require pharmacological or physical stress and are usually not available 24 hours a day.</p>
      <p>A filter is a simple test where a negative result obviates the need for more complex tests. Previous studies have suggested that zero calcium score has a sufficiently low negative likelihood ratio to play a filtering role in patients with chest pain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, these studies have focused on patients presenting to the emergency room and the outpatient clinic, a population with low prevalence of CAD.</p>
      <p>Our aim was to study the diagnostic performance of zero calcium score as a filter for other imaging tests in patients with acute chest pain admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) of a tertiary-care hospital, where the prevalence of disease is expected to be at least intermediate. We explored the negative predictive value of zero calcium score in the whole group and according to strata of pretest probability.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample selection</title>
        <p>Between September 2011 and October 2013, consecutive patients admitted to the CCU of a tertiary-care hospital were asked to participate in the Chest Pain Registry, a prospective, and observational study. Among 370 patients included in the Registry, a subgroup of 146 underwent coronary calcium scoring based on the following entry criteria: at least 18 years of age, no implanted coronary stents, no coronary artery bypass grafts and willingness to sign a written informed consent. Of those who did not undergo calcium scoring, 71 had coronary stents, 24 had previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery and 129 refused radiation exposure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronary calcium score</title>
        <p>All patients were imaged with a commercially available 64-multidetector CT scanner (Aquilion, Toshiba Medical Systems, Tochigi, Japan). The scans were obtained using slice collimation 4 x 3.0 mm, 300 mA, 120 kV and gantry rotation time 0.4 s. Calcium scoring using the Agatston method was performed in remote workstations (Vitrea2 Version 3.0.9.1, Vital Images, Minnetonka, Minnesota). A sole radiologist unaware of patient's characteristics or presence of obstructive CAD scored all scans. Calcium scoring was performed within a week of other noninvasive imaging and invasive coronary angiography.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Obstructive CAD</title>
        <p>Patients underwent invasive coronary angiography or a provocative noninvasive test (perfusion magnetic resonance imaging or nuclear single-photon emission computed tomography) at the discretion of the cardiologist. Invasive angiography was performed whenever the ischemic defect size was &#8805; 5% of the left ventricular myocardium on noninvasive imaging. The readers of invasive and noninvasive images were blinded to the calcium score. Obstructive CAD was defined as luminal stenosis &#8805; 70% by invasive angiography. A normal or mildly abnormal noninvasive test, defined as ischemic defect size &lt; 5% of left ventricular myocardium, was interpreted as negative for obstructive CAD and no further testing was required. Patients were classified as not having obstructive CAD if one of the following dominant diagnosis was confirmed by imaging: pericarditis, pulmonary embolism or aortic dissection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pretest probability of obstructive CAD</title>
        <p>The entire cohort of 370 patients was used to generate a multivariate clinical model for predicting pretest probability of CAD based on admission data. Three sets of variables were studied as potential predictors for obstructive CAD: 13 variables of medical history, 14 characteristics of chest discomfort and 8 variables related to physical examination and laboratory tests. These included ischemia on electrocardiogram, positive troponin, physical and radiographic signs of left ventricular failure, N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP, enzyme-linked fluorescent assay, Biom&#233;rieux, France), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP, nephelometry, Dade-Behring, USA), white cell count, plasma glucose and hemoglobin. All serum specimens were collected at presentation to the emergency room. All variables, in case of normal distribution, were presented through mean and standard deviation and, in the case of non-normal distribution, were presented through median and interquartile range. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, variables remained independent predictors: age, male gender, chest pain relief with nitrate, signs of heart failure, ischemia on electrocardiogram and positive troponin. For discrimination of obstructive CAD, the area under the curve of this clinical model was 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.84] and calibration by Hosmer-Lemeshow's test led to a &#967;2 = 1.95 (p = 0.98). This was the reference model used to evaluate the incremental value of the calcium score and to define the pretest probability for the sensitivity analysis of the predictive value of calcium scoring.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The sample size was calculated to provide a maximum error of &#177; 12% for 95% CI of sensitivity and specificity. Assuming a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 50%, 25 patients with and 67 patients without obstructive CAD were required to provide this estimate precision. Anticipating a CAD prevalence of 50%, at least 134 patients had to be enrolled in the study.</p>
        <p>A negative calcium score was defined as zero, while a positive score was defined as anything other than zero. Based on this predefined cut-off, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were described as measures of accuracy with 95% CI. The incremental predictive value of zero calcium score over the pretest probability model was tested by comparing the area under the curve of this model versus the area under the curve of a second model containing clinical and binary calcium score information. This second model was derived from logistic regression analysis.</p>
        <p>The accuracy of zero calcium score to reclassify the clinical model pretest probability to &lt; 10% was evaluated by Pencina's method of net reclassification improvement (NRI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Finally, negative predictive values and number needed to test for discharging one additional patient were reported in the entire group and in subgroups of pretest probability &lt; 50% or &#8805; 50%. The same analysis was done in the groups of normal electrocardiogram and troponin versus either one of these tests abnormal.</p>
        <p>The SPSS Statistical Software (Version 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for data analysis, and final statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05 in all cases.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample characteristics</title>
        <p>One hundred forty-six patients with acute chest pain were studied, aged 59 &#177; 16 years, 56% males. Ischemic electrocardiographic changes were present in 56% of patients, 42% had positive troponin and 71% had at least one of these two tests abnormal. Obstructive CAD was present in 60 patients (prevalence of 41%) and all cases were confirmed by invasive angiography. Among 86 patients without obstructive CAD, 28 had invasive angiography and 58 were deemed not to have obstructive CAD by noninvasive imaging only. The final diagnosis in patients without CAD was pericarditis (8), dyspepsia (4), muscular pain, pneumonia and pulmonary embolism (one each). The remaining 71 patients had chest pain of unclear etiology. Clinical and laboratory characteristics are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and laboratory characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Sample Size</th>
                <th align="center">146</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male Gender</td>
                <td align="center">82 (56%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic EKG</td>
                <td align="center">81 (55%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Positive troponin</td>
                <td align="center">61 (42%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD history</td>
                <td align="center">35 (24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">43 (29%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">108 (74%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">19 (13%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">183 &#177; 59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">112 &#177; 64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">165 &#177; 152</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcium score (Agatston)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (0 &#8211; 722)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Zero calcium score</td>
                <td align="center">51 (35%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obstructive CAD</td>
                <td align="center">60 (41%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>EKG: electrocardiogram; CAD: coronary artery disease; Ischemic EKG: T-wave inversion or ST-segment deviation. Positive troponin: troponin change to a level beyond the 99th percentile. Calcium score is described as median and interquartile range, and the remaining numeric variables as mean and standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnostic accuracy of zero calcium score</title>
        <p>Calcium score had a non-normal distribution, with a median of 66 (interquartile range = 0-722). Zero calcium score was seen in 35% of patients. Among 60 patients with obstructive CAD, 55 had calcium score &gt; zero, yielding a sensitivity of 92% (95% CI = 81%-97%). Among 86 patients without obstructive CAD, 46 had zero calcium score, specificity of 54% (95% CI = 43%-64%). The observed accuracy yielded a good negative likelihood ratio of 0.16 (95% CI = 0.07-0.37) and a poor positive likelihood ratio of 1.97 (95% CI = 1.55-2.50).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Incremental diagnostic value of zero calcium score</title>
        <p>After adjustment for pretest probability based on the clinical model (OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02-1.06; p &lt; 0.001), zero calcium score was independently associated with absent CAD (OR = 0.12; 95% IC = 0.04-0.34; p &lt; 0.001). The prediction based on the clinical model had an area under the curve of 0.76 (95% CI = 0.67-0.83), which improved to 0.82 (95% CI = 0.75-0.88; p = 0.006) when calcium scoring was added to the curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Incremental value of zero calcium score added to the reference model of pretest probability. The area under the curve increased from 0.76 to 0.82 (p = 0.006).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0097-70076-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Net reclassification by calcium score</title>
        <p>The target for theoretical discharge based on the clinical model with no further testing (CAD probability &lt; 10%) was present in only 8.2% of patients. Upon inclusion of zero calcium score in the model, 23% of patients were classified as &lt; 10% probability of CAD. Twenty-six of 86 patients without obstructive CAD were correctly reclassified to &lt; 10% probability and 3 were incorrectly reclassified to &#8805; 10%. Thus, the NRI for individuals with no CAD was 0.23 (p = 0.0001). Among 60 patients with CAD, none were correctly up-reclassified and 2 were incorrectly reclassified to &lt; 10% probability.</p>
        <p>The NRI of patients with CAD was -0.03 (p = 0.16). As a result, the overall NRI was 0.20 (p = 0.0018), indicating a reasonable proportion of patients with no CAD reclassified to &lt; 10% probability (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Net reclassification (NRI) of low or high probability (cut-off 10%) according to zero calcium score.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">CAD Status</th>
                <th align="center">Probability Threshold (10%)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Reclassification by Ca Score</th>
                <th align="center">NRI</th>
                <th align="center">Z Score</th>
                <th align="center">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Present = 60</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
                <td align="center">High</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low = 0</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">- 0.03</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.41</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">High = 60</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Absent = 86</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low = 12</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">+ 0.23</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">3.92</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">High = 74</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Global NRI</td>
                <td align="center">+ 0.20</td>
                <td align="center">3.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sensitivity analysis of negative predictive values by pretest probability</title>
        <p>The overall negative predictive value of zero calcium score for obstructive CAD was 90% (95% CI = 78%-96%). Ninety-two patients (63%) had a pretest probability &lt; 50% with a disease prevalence of 27%. In this group, 43 patients had a zero calcium score, with a negative predictive value of 95% (95% CI = 83%-99%). Since 47% of the patients had zero calcium score, the number needed to test for obtaining one additional discharge (&lt; 10% probability) was 2.1. In this group, calcium score had a high yield for a negative result.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, 54 patients (37%) had a pretest probability of CAD &#8805; 50% with a disease prevalence of 65%. In this group, only 8 patients (15%) had a zero calcium score, with a negative predictive value of 63% (95% CI = 23%-90%). In this group of high pretest probability, zero calcium score had a low yield for a negative result (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Negative predictive value and number needed to test for one additional discharge, according to pretest probability group and electrocardiogram/troponin results</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sample</th>
                <th align="center">CAD Prevalence</th>
                <th align="center">Negative Predictive Value</th>
                <th align="center">Number Needed to Test</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pretest Probability &lt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">27%</td>
                <td align="center">95%</td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pretest Probability &#8805; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">65%</td>
                <td align="center">63%</td>
                <td align="center">6.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal EKG and troponin</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">21%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
                <td align="center">2.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Positive EKG or troponin</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">49%</td>
                <td align="center">83%</td>
                <td align="center">2.4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Number needed to test: to avoid one further complex test. EKG: electrocardiogram; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Forty-two patients had normal electrocardiogram and troponin with CAD prevalence of 21%. Half of them had zero calcium score (number needed to test = 2), providing a negative predictive value of 100%. Of the remaining patients with either ischemic changes on electrocardiogram or positive troponin (CAD prevalence of 49%), 41% had zero calcium score but the negative predictive value was only 83% (95% CI = 70%-97%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study extends the validation of zero calcium score as a filter for further diagnostic testing to patients with acute chest pain admitted to the CCU. It is important to emphasize that our target population are individuals with an intermediate pretest probability of CAD, having undergone an initial clinical judgment in the emergency room. Usually, these patients perform provocative tests of coronary ischemia or CT coronary angiography. In this context, the calcium score could be used as a filter to perform more complex tests. The relatively high prevalence of coronary disease in this setting raises concern regarding the negative predictive value of the test. In fact, we found that 41% of patients had obstructive CAD. Since the prevalence of zero calcium score was 35%, roughly 3 patients had to undergo calcium scoring to avoid one additional diagnostic test. In addition, calcium score increased the accuracy of a clinical model of pretest probability by improving the area under the curve and net reclassifying 23% of patients from high to low probability of disease.</p>
      <p>We performed a sensitivity analysis to identify the subgroup better suited to calcium scoring according to the pretest probability of CAD. We suggest that if the pretest probability is less than 50%, a zero calcium score has a 95% negative predictive value. For every two patients tested, one would be discharged without the need for further testing. In the subgroup of normal electrocardiogram and negative troponin, the negative predictive value was 100%. Despite a general low case-fatality rate, there were no deaths in the group of zero calcium score.</p>
      <p>Clinical interpretation of our findings suggests that there is a role for calcium scoring as a filter for other diagnostic tests in patients admitted to the CCU, provided the pretest probability for CAD is not high. However, our study brings initial data that need to be better tested in practice. A well-established filter for a potentially serious condition is the use of D-dimer in patients with low-to-intermediate probability of pulmonary embolism. D-dimer has a negative likelihood ratio of 0.13,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> which is very similar to what we found in patients with suspected CAD and zero calcium score. Patients with low-to-intermediate probability of pulmonary embolism and a negative D-dimer comprise 24% of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In our study, patients with CAD probability &lt; 50% and zero calcium score comprised 29% of patients. The similarities between D-dimer (as a rule-out test for pulmonary embolism) and calcium scoring (as a rule-out test for CAD) highlight the potential of this approach in acute chest pain patients. One might be tempted to go directly to CT coronary angiography, instead of filtering it with a calcium score. While CT angiography is an option in some imaging centers, a few points should be addressed. First, CT angiography is not available 24/7 in most hospitals because it requires medical expertise for interpretation. The binary interpretation of coronary calcium on CT is simple and demands minimal training.</p>
      <p>Second, there are technical difficulties and contraindications to CT angiography, which in the ROMICAT Study prevented this test in 1270 of 1869 (68%) patients with acute chest pain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Third, despite a much better positive likelihood ratio of CT angiography, its negative likelihood ratio is very similar to zero calcium score. In the CORE-64 trial, the negative likelihood ratio of CT angiography was 0.19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A reasonable approach would be to discharge patients with pretest probability &lt; 50% and a zero calcium score. Patients with a positive calcium score would undergo CT angiography. This algorithm would not only reduce the time spent in the hospital to rule-out CAD, but also reduce costs and complications from more complex tests.</p>
      <p>The diagnostic performance of zero calcium score described in the present study is in line with previous articles that reported good negative likelihood ratios and negative predictive values in emergency department patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, their good negative predictive values were in part the result of a low pretest probability of disease. Our uniqueness relies on the study of patients admitted to the CCU of a tertiary-care hospital with a much higher prevalence of disease. We demonstrated a reasonable negative predictive value in this population, extending the findings already reported in emergency room patients to the CCU. Zero calcium score can be used to exclude obstructive CAD in patients with low-to-intermediate (&lt; 50%) probability based on sensitivity analysis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitation</title>
        <p>The limitation of our work is a relatively small sample size, which provided only moderate precision according to our confidence intervals. Therefore, future studies should confirm our point-estimates of accuracy and predictive values. From the point of view of reliability of the scientific data, ideally, all patients should have undergone invasive coronary angiography. All patients labeled as positive for obstructive CAD had confirmation by invasive angiography, but most labeled as negative for obstructive disease had only non-invasive imaging.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, our study suggests that the use of zero calcium score substantially reduces pretest probability of obstructive CAD in patients admitted to the CCU with acute chest pain.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>12 Fernandez-Friera L, Garcia-Alvarez A, Bagheriannejad-Esfahani F, Malick W, Mirelis JG, Sawit ST et al. Diagnostic value of coronary artery calcium scoring in low-intermediate risk patients evaluated in the emergency department for acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(1):17-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez-Friera</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Alvarez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bagheriannejad-Esfahani</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malick</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mirelis</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sawit</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic value of coronary artery calcium scoring in low-intermediate risk patients evaluated in the emergency department for acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infer&#234;ncia Bayesiana quanto ao Valor do Escore de C&#225;lcio Zero como Filtro na Investiga&#231;&#227;o da Dor Tor&#225;cica Aguda em Unidade Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Menezes Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Calixto de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Kalil Beir&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Emory University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Georgia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emory University, Georgia - USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Emory University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. CEP 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Correia LCL, Esteves FP, Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, Ferreira F, Noya-Rabelo M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, S&#225; N, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Lopes F; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Correia LCL, Esteves FP, Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Ferreira F; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: S&#225; N, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Lopes F; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Correia LCL, Esteves FP, Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, S&#225; N, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Lopes F, Ferreira F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia LCL, Esteves FP, Carvalhal M, Souza TMB, Noya-Rabelo M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A acur&#225;cia do escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio zero como um filtro nos pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda tem sido demonstrada na sala de emerg&#234;ncia e nos ambulat&#243;rios, popula&#231;&#245;es com baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Testar o papel do escore de c&#225;lcio zero como filtro nos pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica admitidos numa unidade coronariana intensiva (UCI), na qual a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC &#233; maior do que em outras popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes foram submetidos a tomografia computadorizada para quantificar o escore de c&#225;lcio, DAC obstrutiva foi definida por uma estenose m&#237;nima de 70% na cineangiocoronariografia invasiva. Um escore cl&#237;nico para estimar a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC obstrutiva foi criado em amostra de 370 pacientes, usado para definir subgrupos na defini&#231;&#227;o de valores preditivos negativos do escore zero.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em 146 pacientes estudados, a preval&#234;ncia de DAC foi 41% e o escore de c&#225;lcio zero foi demonstrado em 35% deles. A sensibilidade e a especificidade para escore de c&#225;lcio zero resultaram numa raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa de 0,16. Ap&#243;s ajuste com um escore cl&#237;nico com a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste, o escore de c&#225;lcio zero foi preditor independente associado a baixa probabilidade de DAC (OR = 0,12, IC95% = 0,04-0,36), aumentando a &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC do modelo cl&#237;nico de 0,76 para 0,82 (p = 0,006). Considerando a probabilidade de DAC &lt; 10% como ponto de corte para alta precoce, o escore de c&#225;lcio aumentou a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para alta precoce de 8,2% para 25% (NRI = 0,20; p = 0,0018). O escore de c&#225;lcio zero apresentou valor preditivo negativo de 90%. Em pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &lt; 50%, o valor preditivo negativo foi 95% (IC95% = 83%-99%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O escore de c&#225;lcio zero reduz substancialmente a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC obstrutiva em pacientes internados em UCI com dor tor&#225;cica aguda. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no Peito</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcinose / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Valor Preditivo dos Testes</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes que chega ao hospital com dor tor&#225;cica aguda n&#227;o possui doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva. Esses pacientes, frequentemente, s&#227;o submetidos a exames de imagem antes da alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A efic&#225;cia dessa estrat&#233;gia &#233; pass&#237;vel de questionamento devido &#224; baixa frequ&#234;ncia de resultados positivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, muitos exames de imagem s&#243; est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em hor&#225;rio comercial, s&#227;o muito demorados e dispendiosos, t&#234;m muitas contraindica&#231;&#245;es e necessitam de interpreta&#231;&#227;o de especialista. Por exemplo, deve-se evitar a angiotomografia coron&#225;ria em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal ou conhecida alergia ao corante. Os testes funcionais necessitam de estresse farmacol&#243;gico ou f&#237;sico e, em geral, n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis 24 horas por dia.</p>
        <p>Um filtro &#233; um teste simples, cujo resultado negativo evidencia a necessidade de outros mais complexos. Estudos anteriores sugeriram que o escore de c&#225;lcio zero apresenta raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa suficientemente baixa para desempenhar papel de filtro em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entretanto, tais estudos concentraram-se em pacientes do setor de emerg&#234;ncia e do ambulat&#243;rio, uma popula&#231;&#227;o com baixa preval&#234;ncia de DAC.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico do escore de c&#225;lcio zero como filtro para outros exames de imagem em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda admitidos na unidade coronariana intensiva (UCI) de um hospital terci&#225;rio, em que se espera uma preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a pelo menos intermedi&#225;ria. Exploramos o valor preditivo negativo do escore de c&#225;lcio zero em todo o grupo e de acordo com os n&#237;veis de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
          <p>Entre setembro de 2011 e outubro de 2013, pacientes consecutivos admitidos na UCI de um hospital terci&#225;rio foram convidados a participar do Registro de Dor Tor&#225;cica, um estudo prospectivo e observacional. Dos 370 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no Registro, calculou-se o escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano em um subgrupo de 146 com base nos seguintes crit&#233;rios de entrada: idade m&#237;nima de 18 anos, nenhum <italic>stent</italic> coronariano implantado, nenhum enxerto em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e disposi&#231;&#227;o de assinar o termo de consentimento livre e informado. Entre aqueles cujo escore de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o foi avaliado, 71 tinham <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos, 24 haviam se submetido a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anterior e 129 recusaram-se a se expor a radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame de imagem com um tom&#243;grafo computadorizado de 64 canais multidetectores comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (Aquilion, Toshiba Medical Systems, Tochigi, Jap&#227;o). Os <italic>scans</italic> foram obtidos com colima&#231;&#227;o de feixe 4 x 3,0 mm, 300 mA, 120 kV e tempo de rota&#231;&#227;o do <italic>gantry</italic> de 0,4 s. Avaliou-se o escore de c&#225;lcio pelo m&#233;todo de Agatston em esta&#231;&#245;es de trabalho remotas (Vitrea2 Vers&#227;o 3.0.9.1, Vital Images, Minnetonka, Minnesota, EUA). Apenas um radiologista que desconhecia as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes ou a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva realizou os escores de todos os <italic>scans</italic>, e o fez em at&#233; uma semana ap&#243;s o outro exame de imagem n&#227;o invasivo e a cineangiocoronariografia invasiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>DAC obstrutiva</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia invasiva ou a um exame provocativo n&#227;o invasivo (resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de perfus&#227;o ou tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico) a crit&#233;rio do cardiologista. Realizou-se cineangiocoronariografia invasiva sempre que o tamanho do defeito isqu&#234;mico foi &#8805; 5% do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo no exame de imagem n&#227;o invasivo. Os leitores das imagens invasivas e n&#227;o invasivas eram cegos quanto ao escore de c&#225;lcio. Definiu-se DAC obstrutiva como uma estenose luminal &#8805; 70% na cineangiocoronariografia invasiva. Um exame n&#227;o invasivo normal ou levemente anormal, definido como tamanho do defeito isqu&#234;mico &lt; 5% do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo, foi interpretado como negativo para DAC obstrutiva, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;rio nenhum exame adicional. Os pacientes foram classificados como n&#227;o tendo DAC obstrutiva em caso de confirma&#231;&#227;o por imagem de um dos seguintes diagn&#243;sticos dominantes: pericardite, embolia pulmonar ou dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC obstrutiva</title>
          <p>Toda a coorte de 370 pacientes foi usada para gerar um modelo cl&#237;nico multivariado para prever a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC com base nos dados de admiss&#227;o. Tr&#234;s conjuntos de vari&#225;veis foram estudados como potenciais preditores de DAC obstrutiva: 13 vari&#225;veis da hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica, 14 caracter&#237;sticas do desconforto precordial e 8 vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao exame f&#237;sico e aos exames laboratoriais. Esses inclu&#237;ram isquemia no eletrocardiograma, troponina positiva, sinais f&#237;sicos e radiogr&#225;ficos de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, fragmento terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP, Ensaio Imunoenzim&#225;tico Fluorescente, Biom&#233;rieux, Fran&#231;a), prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us, nefelometria, Dade-Behring, EUA), leucometria, glicemia e hemoglobina. Todos os esp&#233;cimes s&#233;ricos foram coletados quando da chegada ao setor de emerg&#234;ncia. Todas as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e aquelas de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, as seguintes vari&#225;veis permaneceram como preditores independentes: idade, sexo masculino, al&#237;vio de dor tor&#225;cica com nitrato, sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, isquemia no eletrocardiograma e troponina positiva. Para discrimina&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva, a &#225;rea sob a curva desse modelo cl&#237;nico foi de 0,80 [intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95% = 0,75-0,84] e a calibra&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow levou a &#967;2 = 1,95 (p = 0,98). Esse foi o modelo de refer&#234;ncia usado para avaliar o valor incremental do escore de c&#225;lcio e para definir a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste para a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade do valor preditivo do escore de c&#225;lcio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado para um erro m&#225;ximo de &#177; 12% para IC 95% de sensibilidade e especificidade. Considerando uma sensibilidade de 90% e uma especificidade de 50%, foram necess&#225;rios 25 pacientes com DAC obstrutiva e 67 pacientes sem DAC obstrutiva para fornecer essa precis&#227;o de estimativa. Prevendo uma preval&#234;ncia de DAC de 50%, pelo menos 134 pacientes tinham que ser arrolados no estudo.</p>
          <p>Definiu-se escore de c&#225;lcio negativo como zero, enquanto um escore positivo seria qualquer outro valor diferente de zero. Com base nesse ponto de corte pr&#233;-definido, sensibilidade, especificidade e raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva e negativa foram descritas como medidas de acur&#225;cia com IC95%. Testou-se o valor incremental preditivo do escore de c&#225;lcio zero em rela&#231;&#227;o ao modelo de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste comparando-se a &#225;rea sob a curva do modelo versus a &#225;rea sob a curva de um segundo modelo contendo informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e de escore de c&#225;lcio bin&#225;rio. Derivou-se esse segundo modelo da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>A acur&#225;cia do escore de c&#225;lcio zero para reclassificar a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste do modelo cl&#237;nico &lt;10% foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de Pencina de an&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida (<italic>net reclassification improvement - NRI</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Por fim, os valores preditivos negativos e o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para testar a alta de um paciente adicional foram relatados no grupo inteiro e em subgrupos de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &lt;50% ou &#8805;50%. A mesma an&#225;lise foi feita nos grupos de eletrocardiograma e troponina normais versus um ou outro desses exames anormal.</p>
          <p>Usou-se o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS (vers&#227;o 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA) para a an&#225;lise de dados, sendo a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica final definida como p &lt; 0,05 em todos os casos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou 146 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda (idade 59 &#177; 16 anos, 56% homens). Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas estavam presentes em 56% deles, 42% tinham troponina positiva e 71% apresentavam anormalidades em pelo menos um desses dois exames. Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana estava presente em 60 pacientes (preval&#234;ncia de 41%), sendo todos os casos confirmados por cineangiocoronariografia invasiva. Dos 86 pacientes sem DAC obstrutiva, 28 foram submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia invasiva e 58 foram considerados n&#227;o portadores de DAC obstrutiva apenas por exame de imagem n&#227;o invasivo. O diagn&#243;stico final nos pacientes sem DAC foi pericardite (8), dispepsia (4), dor muscular, pneumonia e embolia pulmonar (um de cada). Os demais 71 pacientes tinham dor tor&#225;cica de etiologia incerta. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais s&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Tamanho da amostra</th>
                  <th align="center">146</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino </td>
                  <td align="center">82 (56%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ECG isqu&#234;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (55%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Troponina positiva</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (42%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (24%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (29%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (74%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (13%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">183 &#177; 59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 &#177; 64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">165 &#177; 152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de c&#225;lcio (Agatston)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (0 &#8211; 722)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de c&#225;lcio zero</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (35%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC obstrutiva</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (41%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>ECG: eletrocardiograma; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ECG isqu&#234;mico: invers&#227;o de onda T ou desvio do segmento ST. Troponina positiva: altera&#231;&#227;o da troponina al&#233;m do percentil 99. Escore de c&#225;lcio descrito como mediana e intervalo interquartil e as demais vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do escore de c&#225;lcio zero</title>
          <p>O escore de c&#225;lcio apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, com mediana de 66 (intervalo interquartil = 0 - 722). Escore de c&#225;lcio zero foi observado em 35% dos pacientes. Dos 60 pacientes com DAC obstrutiva, 55 tiveram escore de c&#225;lcio &gt; zero, resultando em uma sensibilidade de 92% (IC95% = 81%-97%). Dos 86 pacientes sem DAC obstrutiva, 46 tiveram escore de c&#225;lcio zero, com especificidade de 54% (IC95% = 43%-64%). A acur&#225;cia observada resultou em uma boa raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa de 0,16 (IC95% = 0,07-0,37) e uma ruim raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva de 1,97 (IC95% = 1,55-2,50).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor diagn&#243;stico incremental do escore de c&#225;lcio zero</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s ajuste para probabilidade pr&#233;-teste com base no modelo cl&#237;nico (OR = 1,04; IC95% = 1,02-1,06; p &lt; 0,001), escore de c&#225;lcio zero associou-se de maneira independente &#224; aus&#234;ncia de DAC (OR = 0,12; IC95% = 0,04-0,34; p &lt; 0,001). A predi&#231;&#227;o baseada no modelo cl&#237;nico teve &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,76 (IC95% = 0,67-0,83), que melhorou para 0,82 (IC95% = 0,75-0,88; p = 0,006) quando o escore de c&#225;lcio foi adicionado &#224; curva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Valor incremental do escore de c&#225;lcio zero adicionado ao modelo de refer&#234;ncia de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste. A &#225;rea sob a curva aumentou de 0,76 para 0,82 (p = 0,006).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-02-0097-70076-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida pelo escore de c&#225;lcio</title>
          <p>A meta para alta te&#243;rica com base no modelo cl&#237;nico sem nenhum exame adicional (probabilidade de DAC &lt; 10%) foi observada em apenas 8,2% dos pacientes. Ao se incluir o escore de c&#225;lcio zero no modelo, 23% dos pacientes foram classificados como probabilidade de DAC &lt; 10%. Dos 86 pacientes sem DAC obstrutiva, 26 foram corretamente reclassificados como probabilidade de DAC &lt; 10%, sendo 3 incorretamente reclassificados para &#8805; 10%. Logo, a NRI para indiv&#237;duos sem DAC foi 0,23 (p = 0,0001). Dos 60 pacientes com DAC, nenhum foi corretamente reclassificado para cima, sendo 2 incorretamente reclassificados para probabilidade &lt; 10%.</p>
          <p>A NRI dos pacientes com DAC foi -0,03 (p = 0,16). Como resultado, a NRI geral foi 0,20 (p = 0,0018), indicando uma razo&#225;vel propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sem DAC reclassificada para probabilidade &lt; 10% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida (NRI) em probabilidade baixa ou alta (ponto de corte de 10%) de acordo com o escore de c&#225;lcio zero</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Status da DAC</th>
                  <th align="center">Limite de probabilidade (10%)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o pelo escore de c&#225;lcio</th>
                  <th align="center">NRI</th>
                  <th align="center">Escore Z</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Presente = 60</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Alta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Baixa = 0</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">- 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,41</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Alta = 60</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Ausente = 86</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Baixa = 12</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">+ 0,23</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">3,92</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Alta = 74</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">NRI global </td>
                  <td align="center">+ 0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">3,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade dos valores preditivos negativos atrav&#233;s de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste</title>
          <p>O valor preditivo negativo geral do escore de c&#225;lcio zero para DAC obstrutiva foi 90% (IC95% = 78%-96%). Noventa e dois pacientes (63%) tiveram uma probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &lt; 50% com uma preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de 27%. Nesse grupo, 43 pacientes tinham escore de c&#225;lcio zero, com um valor preditivo negativo de 95% (IC95% = 83%-99%). Como 47% dos pacientes tinham escore de c&#225;lcio zero, o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para testar para obter uma alta adicional (probabilidade &lt; 10%) foi 2,1. Nesse grupo, o escore de c&#225;lcio apresentou alto rendimento para um resultado negativo.</p>
          <p>Por outro lado, 54 pacientes (37%) tiveram uma probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC &#8805; 50% com uma preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de 65%. Nesse grupo, apenas 8 pacientes (15%) tinham um escore de c&#225;lcio zero, com um valor preditivo negativo de 63% (IC95% = 23%-90%). Nesse grupo de alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste, o escore de c&#225;lcio zero apresentou baixo rendimento para um resultado negativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valor preditivo negativo e n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para testar para uma alta adicional, de acordo com a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste e os resultados de eletrocardiograma (ECG) e troponina</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Amostra</th>
                  <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia de DAC</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor preditivo negativo</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para testar</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &lt; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                  <td align="center">27%</td>
                  <td align="center">95%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &#8805; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">65%</td>
                  <td align="center">63%</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ECG e troponina normais</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">21%</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ECG e troponina positivos</td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                  <td align="center">49%</td>
                  <td align="center">83%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>N&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para testar: para evitar um exame complexo adicional. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quarenta e dois pacientes tinham eletrocardiograma e troponina normais com uma preval&#234;ncia de DAC de 21%. Metade deles teve escore de c&#225;lcio zero (n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para testar = 2), fornecendo um valor preditivo negativo de 100%. Dos demais pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas no eletrocardiograma ou com troponina positiva (preval&#234;ncia de DAC de 49%), 41% tiveram escore de c&#225;lcio zero, mas o valor preditivo negativo foi de apenas 83% (IC95% = 70%-97%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo estende a valida&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio zero como filtro para teste diagn&#243;stico adicional de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda admitidos na UCI. &#201; importante enfatizar que nossa popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo &#233; constitu&#237;da por indiv&#237;duos com uma probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC, submetida a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial no setor de emerg&#234;ncia. Em geral, tais pacientes s&#227;o submetidos a testes provocativos de isquemia coronariana ou a angiotomografia coron&#225;ria. Nesse contexto, o escore de c&#225;lcio poderia ser usado como filtro para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes mais complexos. A preval&#234;ncia relativamente alta de DAC nesse contexto causa preocupa&#231;&#227;o quanto ao valor preditivo negativo do teste. Encontramos 41% dos pacientes com DAC obstrutiva. Como a preval&#234;ncia do escore de c&#225;lcio zero foi 35%, grosseiramente 3 pacientes tinham que ter o escore de c&#225;lcio quantificado para evitar exame diagn&#243;stico adicional. Al&#233;m disso, o escore de c&#225;lcio aumentou a acur&#225;cia do modelo cl&#237;nico de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste ao melhorar a &#225;rea sob a curva e a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida de 23% dos pacientes de alta para baixa probabilidade de doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Conduzimos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade para identificar o subgrupo que melhor se adequasse ao escore de c&#225;lcio de acordo com a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC. Sugerimos que, em caso de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste menor do que 50%, o escore de c&#225;lcio zero tenha um valor preditivo negativo de 95%. Para cada dois pacientes testados, um receberia alta sem precisar de exames adicionais. No subgrupo com eletrocardiograma normal e troponina negativa, o valor preditivo negativo foi 100%. A despeito da baixa taxa caso-fatalidade geral, n&#227;o houve nenhuma morte no grupo de escore de c&#225;lcio zero.</p>
        <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos nossos achados sugere a exist&#234;ncia de um papel para o escore de c&#225;lcio como filtro para outros testes diagn&#243;sticos nos pacientes admitidos na UCI, uma vez que a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste para DAC n&#227;o &#233; alta. Entretanto, nosso estudo tem dados iniciais que necessitam ser melhor testados na pr&#225;tica. Um filtro bem estabelecido para uma condi&#231;&#227;o potencialmente s&#233;ria &#233; o uso do d&#237;mero D em pacientes com probabilidade baixa a intermedi&#225;ria de embolia pulmonar. O d&#237;mero D tem raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa de 0,13,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> que &#233; muito similar &#224;quela de pacientes com suspeita de DAC e escore de c&#225;lcio zero. Pacientes com probabilidade baixa a intermedi&#225;ria de embolia pulmonar e d&#237;mero D negativo constituem 24% daqueles com suspeita de embolia pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No nosso estudo, pacientes com probabilidade de DAC &lt; 50% e escore de c&#225;lcio zero constituem 29% da amostra. As similaridades entre d&#237;mero D (como teste para descartar embolia pulmonar) e escore de c&#225;lcio (como teste para descartar DAC) refor&#231;am o potencial dessa abordagem para pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda. Pode-se estar tentado a realizar diretamente a angiotomografia coron&#225;ria, em lugar de filtrar usando-se o escore de c&#225;lcio. Enquanto a angiotomografia coron&#225;ria &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o em alguns centros de imagem, alguns pontos devem ser considerados. Primeiro, a angiotomografia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel 24/7 na maioria dos hospitais, pois requer especializa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o bin&#225;ria do c&#225;lcio coronariano na tomografia computadorizada &#233; simples e requer treinamento m&#237;nimo.</p>
        <p>Segundo, a angiotomografia coron&#225;ria apresenta dificuldades t&#233;cnicas e contraindica&#231;&#245;es, que, no Estudo ROMICAT, impediram a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o em 1.270 dos 1.869 (68%) pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Terceiro, a despeito da muito melhor raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva da angiotomografia coron&#225;ria, sua raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa &#233; muito similar &#224; do escore de c&#225;lcio zero. No ensaio CORE-64, a raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa da angiotomografia coron&#225;ria foi 0,19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Uma abordagem razo&#225;vel seria dar alta a pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &lt;50% e um escore de c&#225;lcio zero. Pacientes com escore de c&#225;lcio positivo seriam submetidos &#224; angiotomografia coron&#225;ria. Tal algoritmo reduziria n&#227;o apenas o tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital para descartar DAC, mas tamb&#233;m os custos e as complica&#231;&#245;es dos testes mais complexos.</p>
        <p>O desempenho diagn&#243;stico do escore de c&#225;lcio zero descrito no presente estudo est&#225; de acordo com artigos pr&#233;vios que relataram boas raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa e bons valores preditivos negativos em pacientes do setor de emerg&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Entretanto, seus bons valores preditivos negativos resultaram em parte de uma baixa probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de doen&#231;a. Nossa singularidade est&#225; no estudo de pacientes admitidos na UCI de um hospital terci&#225;rio com uma preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a muito maior. Demonstramos um razo&#225;vel valor preditivo negativo nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, estendendo os achados j&#225; relatados para os pacientes do setor de emerg&#234;ncia &#224;queles da UCI. Escore de c&#225;lcio zero pode ser usado para excluir DAC obstrutiva em pacientes com probabilidade baixa a intermedi&#225;ria (&lt; 50%) com base na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo reside no tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra, que forneceu precis&#227;o apenas moderada aos nossos intervalos de confian&#231;a. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossas estimativas pontuais de acur&#225;cia e valores preditivos. Do ponto de vista da confiabilidade dos dados cient&#237;ficos, idealmente todos os pacientes deveriam ter sido submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia invasiva. Todos aqueles identificados como tendo DAC obstrutiva tiveram confirma&#231;&#227;o por cineangiocoronariografia invasiva, mas a maioria daqueles identificados como sem DAC obstrutiva foi submetida apenas a exame de imagem n&#227;o invasivo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo sugere que o escore de c&#225;lcio zero reduza substancialmente a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC obstrutiva em pacientes admitidos na UCI com dor tor&#225;cica aguda.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
