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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">L7xdVxMgvW8DC9LsSfsgWWj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000800094</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170116</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Calcium Score Use in Isolation in Acute Chest Pain Setting - Is it Sufficient?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Complexo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (CHC-UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - HCor/SP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio e Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (ICESP)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio e Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (ICESP) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</bold> Setor de Resson&#226;ncia e Tomografia Cardiovascular - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, InCor, HCFMUSP e Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, HCOR - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Andar AB. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>94</fpage>
      <lpage>96</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The clinical usefulness of any test in Medicine depends on the population studied, because even an accurate test will yield no benefit if applied to the wrong population. While sensitivity and specificity are characteristics inherent in the diagnostic method, the individual probability of having a disease when the test is positive (positive predictive value, PPV) and the probability of not having the disease when the test is negative (negative predictive value, NPV) depend on the disease prevalence in the population and the individual probability of having the disease before undergoing the test, the pretest probability.</p>
    <p>The PPV and NPV are the information that matters for clinicians. In the presence of a positive test, clinicians are interested in the patient's real probability of having the disease. However, in the presence of a negative test, Clinicians want to know the true probability of the disease even with the negative result. Thus, PPV and NPV should be considered before requesting a test, because some cases a positive test might not sufficient to confirm the presence of disease, while a negative test might not be able to exclude it safely.</p>
    <p>The investigation of chest pain of possible cardiac origin is one of the most common examples of that duality between pretest probability of disease and sensitivity and specificity for the use of ancillary tests. The first discussion about that approach for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) was published by Diamond and Forrester in the <italic>New England Journal of Medicine</italic> in 1979.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The pretest probability assessment before choosing the best diagnostic test for patients with chest pain continues to be recommended in current guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>While tests coronary computed tomography angiography, exercise test and functional tests associated imaging (stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy) are clearly indicated for chest pain investigation in different scenarios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the use of coronary calcium score (CCS) is not recommended to the routine assessment of chest pain in any clinical situation in Brazilian guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, some studies have suggested that CCS should be considered for individuals with chest pain and low-to-moderate pretest probability of DAC, and those studies led to CCS incorporation into the <italic>National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence</italic> (NICE) guidelines in 2010.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> That indication was based on the use of Bayes theorem and considers the low pretest probability of the population studied and the substantial NPV of CCS. However, even the NICE recommendations, which strongly consider the cost-effectiveness of the test to choose the diagnostic method, have been recently modified. In their new version, the NICE no longer recommends CCS as part of the investigation for individuals with chest pain of possible cardiac origin, and currently recommends coronary computed tomography angiography as the first-choice test for the large majority of individuals.</p>
    <p>Some reasons for the strong appeal of CCS use are as follows: CCS is easily performed; requires a very low radiation dose, neither stressor nor contrast agents, and no patient preparation; and has no absolute contraindication. In addition, the test has a short duration (less than 5 minutes), provides almost immediate analysis and results, and requires minimal image processing.</p>
    <p>To extend the indication of methods originally designed or validated for a specific purpose should be carefully assessed. Even more when that extension is aimed at replacing an already established or clearly more accurate method, or avoiding its use, to achieve an important diagnostic definition. </p>
    <p>One reason for controversy is related to the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome. Patients presenting to the emergency unit with acute coronary syndrome findings have a lower load of calcified plaque and culprit lesions with predominance of the non-calcified component;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> therefore, to base a screening test on the presence or absence of coronary calcification to assess chest pain in the emergency room might not have a proper pathophysiological rationale. In addition, the CORE64 study, assessing symptomatic patients referred for coronary computed tomography angiography, has shown that one out of five individuals presenting to the emergency unit with acute chest pain and a CCS of zero (no coronary calcification) had significant stenosis of at least one coronary segment on invasive coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Such data do not support any decision-making based on CCS results for patients with acute chest pain.</p>
    <p>In the present edition of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Correia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> have assessed the possibility of extending this controversial indication of CCS use for patients admitted to a coronary unit of a Brazilian tertiary hospital with higher pretest probability of obstructive CAD. Those authors have concluded that despite the limited PPV associated with a CCS over zero, CCS had a NPV of 90% for obstructive CAD. As expected, the CCS ability to exclude disease was higher in individuals with lower pretest probability (under 50%), whose NPV reached 95%. Finally, those authors have suggested that up to one out of four individuals would have the probability of obstructive CAD sufficiently low to allow discarding that differential diagnosis based on the presence of a CCS of zero.</p>
    <p>The PPV and NPV estimation and Bayes theorem use in clinical practice require a tool to estimate CAD pretest probability for every patient. Despite possible problems of calibration,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> pretest probability scores have been well established to assess stable chest pain. However, there is no validated pretest probability score for acute chest pain. Correia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> should be congratulated for using a local sample to derive a pretest probability score for acute CAD in patients admitted to a coronary unit. However, although the pretest probability used is adequate for the present study, it has important limitations. First, the performance of that score might be overestimated, and those results most likely do not maintain that performance when replicated to other populations. Thus, external validation of the probability score is required before extrapolating the results of the present study to clinical practice.</p>
    <p>Although waiting for that external validation, the present study has other results that justify a deeper discussion. The authors defined that a probability of obstructive CAD lower than 10% allows discarding that diagnosis. Recommendations for stable CAD consider that probability low enough to not justify further investigation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, with that approach, one out of ten patients with obstructive CAD can be discharged without the right diagnosis, which might be considered inappropriate by the team in charge of patients' care in urgency and emergency settings, such as the coronary unit.</p>
    <p>On the other hand, if a disease probability of 10% could be considered low enough to rule out disease, 8% of the patients in this study could have been discharged without undergoing any test, because none of them would have had obstructive CAD, but one in every four patients was incorrectly classified due to a CCS over zero.</p>
    <p>In the present study, it is worth noting the inclusion of individuals with disease probability higher than previously studied. In addition, the authors were careful enough to stratify the results according to the pretest probability and the presence or absence of alterations in resting electrocardiogram and troponin levels. For individuals with disease probability higher than 50% or for those with troponin or electrocardiographic alterations, the CCS ability to rule out disease was only reasonable (NPV of 63% and 83%, respectively). On the other hand, in those with pretest probability lower than 50%, and particularly in patients with normal electrocardiogram and troponin levels, the CCS ability to rule out disease was stronger (NPV of 95% and 100%, respectively).</p>
    <p>Those data suggest that, in patients with normal electrocardiogram and troponin levels and a pretest probability of disease between 10% and 50%, CCS can be considered an alternative in the investigation of possible anginal acute chest pain, particularly in situations in which other assessment methods, such as coronary computed tomography angiography and functional tests, are not available or are contraindicated. However, before the routine incorporation of that strategy into clinical practice, validation and calibration of the probability score adapted to this scenario are necessary, as is the replication of the results in larger cohorts to ensure the reproducibility of the CCS ability to rule out disease in that population.</p>
    <p>Considering the pros and cons of CCS use as a gatekeeper in chest pain assessment at the emergency unit, it is worth emphasizing the current non-adoption of CCS use in isolation, aimed at ruling out significant obstructive CAD in patients with acute chest pain, by most guidelines on cardiology worldwide.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore de C&#225;lcio Isolado no Cen&#225;rio de Dor Tor&#225;cica Aguda - &#201; Suficiente?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (CHC-UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - HCor/S, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio e Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (ICESP) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</bold> Setor de Resson&#226;ncia e Tomografia Cardiovascular - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, InCor, HCFMUSP e Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, HCOR - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Andar AB. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A utilidade cl&#237;nica de qualquer exame empregado na medicina depende da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, pois mesmo um exame acurado n&#227;o ter&#225; proveito se usado na popula&#231;&#227;o incorreta. Enquanto que a sensibilidade e a especificidade s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas inerentes ao m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico, a probabilidade de o indiv&#237;duo apresentar a doen&#231;a quando o teste &#233; positivo (valor preditivo positivo, VPP) e a probabilidade de o indiv&#237;duo n&#227;o a apresentar quando o teste &#233; negativo (valor preditivo negativo, VPN) dependem da preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e da probabilidade de o indiv&#237;duo ter a doen&#231;a antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, a chamada probabilidade pr&#233;-teste.</p>
      <p>Os valores preditivos positivo e negativo s&#227;o as informa&#231;&#245;es que interessam quando utilizamos um exame diagn&#243;stico na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pois quando nos defrontamos com um exame positivo nos interessa saber qual a probabilidade de o paciente realmente ter a doen&#231;a, enquanto quando o exame &#233; negativo nos interessa a chance de ela existir mesmo com o resultado negativo. Logo, esses valores devem ser considerados antes de solicitar um exame, pois muitas vezes um exame positivo n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para confirmar a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a, enquanto que um exame negativo pode n&#227;o ser capaz de exclu&#237;-la de forma segura.</p>
      <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica possivelmente anginosa &#233; um dos exemplos mais cl&#225;ssicos desta dualidade entre a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de doen&#231;a e a sensibilidade e especificidade dos exames complementares utilizados. A primeira discuss&#227;o sobre essa abordagem no diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) foi publicada por Diamond e Forrester no <italic>New England Journal of Medicine</italic> em 1979,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da probabilidade pr&#233;-teste antes da escolha do melhor teste diagn&#243;stico em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica continua a ser recomendada nas diretrizes atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Enquanto que exames como a angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, o teste ergom&#233;trico e os testes funcionais associados a imagem (como a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com estresse) t&#234;m indica&#231;&#227;o clara na investiga&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica nos diferentes cen&#225;rios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> o uso do escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (ECC) n&#227;o &#233; recomendado na avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira de dor tor&#225;cica em nenhuma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica segundo as diretrizes brasileiras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, alguns estudos sugerem que o ECC pode ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos com dor tor&#225;cica de baixa a moderada probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC, e esses estudos levaram &#224; sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o nas diretrizes inglesas do <italic>National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence</italic> (NICE) em 2010.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Essa indica&#231;&#227;o foi baseada na utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teorema de Bayes e leva em conta a baixa probabilidade pr&#233;-teste da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e o consider&#225;vel VPN do ECC. No entanto, mesmo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do NICE, que para a escolha do m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico consideram de forma muito intensa o aspecto de custo-efetividade do teste, foram recentemente modificadas. Em sua nova vers&#227;o, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es inglesas tamb&#233;m deixaram de recomendar o ECC como parte da investiga&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com dor tor&#225;cica de poss&#237;vel origem card&#237;aca, e agora recomendam a angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias como teste de primeira escolha para a imensa maioria dos indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios s&#227;o os motivos do forte apelo ao uso do ECC, entre eles, a sua facilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o, com dose de radia&#231;&#227;o muito baixa, sem uso de qualquer agente estressor ou de contraste, sem qualquer preparo para o paciente e inexist&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es absolutas ao exame. Adiciona-se a isso, o tempo de exame de menos de 5 minutos, com an&#225;lise e resultados praticamente imediatos e com processamento de imagem m&#237;nimo.</p>
      <p>A transposi&#231;&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos originalmente desenhados ou validados para um prop&#243;sito espec&#237;fico para uma outra indica&#231;&#227;o diversa deve ser avaliada cuidadosamente. Ainda mais quando essa transposi&#231;&#227;o prop&#245;e substituir ou evitar o uso de outro m&#233;todo j&#225; estabelecido ou claramente mais acurado para uma importante defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica.</p>
      <p>Um dos motivos de controv&#233;rsia est&#225; relacionado com a fisiopatologia da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Os pacientes que se apresentam na emerg&#234;ncia com quadro de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda s&#227;o portadores de menor carga de placa calcificada e presen&#231;a de les&#245;es culpadas com maior predom&#237;nio de componente n&#227;o calcificado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> de tal forma que basear um teste de <italic>screening</italic> na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia pode n&#227;o encontrar racional fisiopatol&#243;gico adequado. Ademais, dados do estudo CORE64, que avaliou pacientes sintom&#225;ticos encaminhados &#224; angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias, demonstraram que aproximadamente um em cada cinco dos indiv&#237;duos atendidos na emerg&#234;ncia com dor tor&#225;cica aguda e que apresentavam ECC zero (aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#245;es coronarianas), apresentaram estenose coronariana significativa de pelo menos um segmento coronariano pela coronariografia invasiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> S&#227;o dados que n&#227;o tornam confort&#225;vel qualquer decis&#227;o embasada no resultado do ECC em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda.</p>
      <p>Na presente edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Correia <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> avaliaram a poss&#237;vel extens&#227;o dessa indica&#231;&#227;o controversa do uso do ECC para pacientes admitidos em unidade coron&#225;ria de um hospital terci&#225;rio brasileiro e que t&#234;m maior probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC obstrutiva. Os autores concluem que apesar do limitado VPP associado a ECC acima de zero, o ECC apresentou VPN de 90% para DAC obstrutiva. Como esperado, a capacidade de excluir doen&#231;a do ECC foi maior em indiv&#237;duos com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste mais baixa (abaixo de 50%), onde o VPN chegou a 95%. Por fim, os autores sugerem que at&#233; um em cada quatro indiv&#237;duos teria probabilidade de DAC obstrutiva suficientemente baixa para permitir o descarte desse diagn&#243;stico diferencial pela presen&#231;a de ECC de zero.</p>
      <p>Para estimar os VPP e VPN e utilizar o chamado teorema de Bayes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; necess&#225;rio algum instrumento para estimar a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC para cada indiv&#237;duo. A despeito de poss&#237;veis problemas de calibra&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> escores de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste est&#227;o bem estabelecidos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica est&#225;vel. No entanto, inexistem escores de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste validados para a dor tor&#225;cica aguda. Correia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> devem ser parabenizados por utilizarem uma amostra local para derivar um escore de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste para DAC aguda em pacientes admitidos a unidade coron&#225;ria. No entanto, enquanto isso permite que a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste utilizada seja bastante adequada para o presente estudo, tamb&#233;m leva a limita&#231;&#245;es importantes. Primeiro, a performance desse escore possivelmente est&#225; superestimada, e &#233; prov&#225;vel que esses resultados n&#227;o mantenham sua performance quando replicados em outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Logo, h&#225; necessidade de valida&#231;&#227;o externa do escore de probabilidade antes da tradu&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do presente estudo para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Mesmo enquanto aguardamos essa valida&#231;&#227;o externa, o presente estudo apresenta outros resultados que fazem jus a uma discuss&#227;o mais aprofundada. Primeiro, os autores definiram que uma probabilidade de DAC obstrutiva menor do que 10% permite que esse diagn&#243;stico seja descartado. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para DAC est&#225;vel consideram que tais probabilidades podem ser consideradas baixas o suficiente para n&#227;o justificar investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> No entanto, com essa abordagem, um em cada dez pacientes com DAC obstrutiva pode ser liberado sem o diagn&#243;stico correto, o que pode ser considerado inadequado pela equipe respons&#225;vel pelo atendimento dos pacientes no ambiente de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia, como nas unidades coron&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, caso uma probabilidade de doen&#231;a de 10% possa ser considerada baixa o suficiente para descartar doen&#231;a, 8% dos pacientes do estudo poderiam ter sido liberados sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de qualquer exame, visto que nesse caso nenhum indiv&#237;duo apresentou DAC obstrutiva, mas um em cada quatro foi incorretamente classificado por apresentar um ECC acima de zero.</p>
      <p>Um ponto particularmente interessante do presente estudo &#233; a inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com probabilidade de doen&#231;a maior do que o previamente estudado. Al&#233;m disso, os autores tiveram tamb&#233;m o cuidado de estratificar os resultados de acordo com a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste e de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma de repouso e nos valores de troponina. Para indiv&#237;duos com probabilidade de doen&#231;a acima de 50% ou para aqueles em que foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es de troponina ou no eletrocardiograma, a capacidade do ECC de zero descartar doen&#231;a foi apenas razo&#225;vel (VPN de 63% e 83%, respectivamente). Por outro lado, em casos onde a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste era menor que 50%, e particularmente nos pacientes com eletrocardiograma e valores de troponina normais, a capacidade de descartar doen&#231;a nessa popula&#231;&#227;o foi mais robusta (VPN de 95% e 100%, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>Esses dados sugerem que em casos selecionados de indiv&#237;duos com eletrocardiograma e troponina normais em que a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de doen&#231;a esteja entre 10% e 50%, o ECC possa ser considerado uma alternativa na investiga&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica aguda possivelmente anginosa, em particular em situa&#231;&#245;es em que outros m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, como a angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e os testes funcionais, n&#227;o estejam dispon&#237;veis ou sejam contraindicados. No entanto, antes da incorpora&#231;&#227;o rotineira dessa estrat&#233;gia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias a valida&#231;&#227;o e a calibra&#231;&#227;o de um escore de probabilidade adaptado para esse cen&#225;rio, assim como a replica&#231;&#227;o desses resultados em coortes de maior tamanho para garantir a reprodutibilidade da capacidade de excluir doen&#231;a associada ao ECC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Tendo exposto acima os argumentos favor&#225;veis e contr&#225;rios &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ECC como gatekeeper na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica no pronto socorro, cabe-nos refor&#231;ar ainda a n&#227;o ado&#231;&#227;o do ECC isolado com a finalidade de exclus&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva significativa em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda pela maioria das diretrizes de cardiologia no mundo no momento atual.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
