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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yBM6GX774msdTJJsJx3jqmL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000700087</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170075</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Symptomatic Exercise-induced Intraventricular Gradient in Competitive Athlete</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dores</surname>
            <given-names>Helder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;gia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz Set&#250;bal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Set&#250;bal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Set&#250;bal, Set&#250;bal - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz Lisboa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">NOVA Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">NOVA Medical School, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Helder Dores,</bold> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas, Rua Jos&#233; Cardoso Pires, N5, 7&#170;. Postal Code: 1750-356, Lumiar, Lisboa - Portugal. E-mail: <email>heldores@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Dores H, Mendes L; Acquisition of data: Dores H, Mendes L, Ferreira A; Writing of the manuscript: Dores H; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Dores H, Mendes L, Ferreira A, Santos JF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>87</fpage>
      <lpage>89</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Ventricles/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction/etiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>We describe the case of a 17-year-old caucasian male tennis player, training a mean of 20-24h/week, refereed for evaluation in Sport&#8217;s Cardiology clinic due to symptoms of dizziness on strenuous exercise, relieving soon after decubitus. The athlete denied other concomitant complaints, namely thoracic pain, palpitations, syncope or decrease in physical performance. Although this is the most symptomatic episode, he revealed other prior episodes with similar presentation, but less intense and occurring in environments with high temperatures. Personal/family history was unremarkable and all pre-competitive evaluations were normal and without restrictions for competitive sport. Physical examination did not show significant findings - cardiac evaluation was normal, heart rate and blood pressure at rest were 52 bpm 121/64mmHg respectively.</p>
      <p>The 12-lead electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiogram did not show pathological findings, only cardiac physiological adaptations to exercise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Subsequently the athlete underwent a treadmill exercise stress echocardiogram revealing an excellent functional capacity (19&#8217;09&#8217;&#8217; of Bruce protocol, 19.3METs), but with reproduction of symptoms (dizziness) in the peak of exercise with simultaneous decrease in systolic blood pressure (185&#10132;90mmHg) and detection of intraventricular gradient (IVG) - at least 69mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). In the first minute of recovery the symptoms disappeared and blood pressure normalized.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram at rest without evidence of significant morfo-functional abnormalities - left ventricle dimensions (LV) by M Mode (A), volumes and LV ejection fraction (B), tissular Doppler at mitral ring (C) and global longitudinal strain (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0087-70075-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Exercise stress echocardiogram performed in treadmill with Bruce protocol, revealing a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (185 &#10132; 90mmHg) in peak of exercise, with concomitant detection of IVG (bottom picture).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0087-70075-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The athlete was advertised to stop the sportive practice. An ambulatory 24h-Holter monitoring and cardiac magnetic resonance were subsequently performed, not showing pathological changes, namely arrhythmias or structural cardiac abnormalities.</p>
      <p>After these investigations the case was discussed with involvement of the athlete, parents and coach. It was decided to reinitiate exercise with a gradual increase in intensity and volume of training, with the special advertising to increase hydration (apparently suboptimal according to the coach report) and to begin beta-blocker therapy if the symptoms persist. After 18 months of follow-up the athlete remain asymptomatic, with excellent performance and without need of pharmacologic therapy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The development of significant exercise-induced IVG (&gt;30mmHg at rest or &gt;50mmHg with exercise) is uncommon, but can lead to several and unspecific symptoms such as dizziness, thoracic pain, or even ventricular repolarization changes and arrhythmias during exercise test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This condition is usually associated to global or segmental left ventricular hypertrophy or an abnormal implantation of the papillary muscles, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are not well established. Three potential mechanisms are purposed for the development of IVG:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>a) Increase of physiological non-obstructive IVGs;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>b) End-systolic obstruction secondary to ventricular cavity obliteration;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>c) Mid-systolic obstruction due to systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with restriction of ejection flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>In a study performed by Zywca et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the independent predictors of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in individuals without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were: chordal systolic anterior motion, smaller left ventricle at end-systole, higher systolic blood pressure at peak, younger individuals and increased septal wall thickness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, as in the case reported, IVG can occur without structural cardiac changes, namely of the mitral valve apparatus, and eventually justified by extreme myocardial deformation in response to load conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In this context, IVG is more frequently described in athletes or in situations with increased inotropic stimuli as during dobutamine stress echocardiogram.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Exercise stress echocardiogram plays a relevant role in the evaluation of symptomatic athletes, with reproduction of symptoms and the potential detection of significant IVGs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The clinical significance of IVG remains unknown - it could be one extreme physiological adaptation to exercise, one isolated pathological entity or in the other hand corresponds to a pre-phenotypic finding of cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Regarding the preventive/therapeutic measures to adopt in the presence of an athlete with IVG, maintenance adequate hydration during exercise is crucial, often sufficient for the remission of symptoms. Exercising under higher temperatures without adequate hydration can increase the gradient secondary to left ventricle cavity obliteration. Among the pharmacological therapy, the evidence indicates a significant effectiveness of beta-blocker therapy, both in the remission of symptoms and in the remission/disappearance of IVG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The small published data and the short follow-up of athletes with IVG did not permit definite conclusions regarding the prognostic impact, but there are not described fatal clinical events in athletes with IVG without structural cardiac changes. In this setting there are not specific recommendations relatively to competitive sport in athletes with IVG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In general, if an athlete is still symptomatic despite the stressed preventive/therapeutic measures, it is not advised to maintain sportive practice, especially with the intensity of exercise that precipitates the symptoms, and this should be regularly evaluated during follow-up.</p>
      <p>Shortly, in the presence of an athlete with exercise-induced symptoms, IVG should be taken in consideration. The exclusion of potential pathologies associated to an increased risk for sudden cardiac death is fundamental in the reproduction of symptoms, in which exercise stress echocardiogram plays an important role. IVG remains poorly clarified and some questions unanswered:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- Which is the etiology/pathophysiology of IVG (physiologic versus pathologic)?</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Which is the clinical impact at long-term of IVG?</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Which should be the recommendations regarding the eligibility for competitive sport of athletes with IVG?</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Which should be the surveillance/follow-up of athletes with IVG?</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Lopes</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Gradiente Intraventricular Sintom&#225;tico Induzido pelo Esfor&#231;o em Atleta Competitivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dores</surname>
            <given-names>Helder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;gia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Set&#250;bal, Set&#250;bal - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">NOVA Medical School, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Helder Dores,</bold> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas, Rua Jos&#233; Cardoso Pires, N5, 7&#170;. CEP: 1750-356, Lumiar, Lisboa - Portugal. E-mail: <email>heldores@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Dores H, Mendes L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dores H, Ferreira A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dores H; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Dores H, Mendes L, Ferreira A, Santos JF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia de Estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventriculos do Cora&#231;&#227;o/fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Descrevemos o caso de um jogador de t&#234;nis de 17 anos de idade, com cor da pele branca, treinando em m&#233;dia de 20 a 24 horas por semana, encaminhado para avalia&#231;&#227;o em uma cl&#237;nica de cardiologia esportiva devido a sintomas de tontura durante a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico extenuante, aliviados logo ap&#243;s o dec&#250;bito. O atleta negou outras queixas concomitantes, particularmente, dor tor&#225;cica, palpita&#231;&#245;es, s&#237;ncope ou queda no desempenho f&#237;sico. Embora esta seja a ocorr&#234;ncia mais sintom&#225;tica, ele revelou outros epis&#243;dios anteriores com apresenta&#231;&#227;o semelhante, por&#233;m menos intensa e ocorrida em ambientes com temperatura elevada. Com hist&#243;rico pessoal/familiar comum, todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias &#224; competi&#231;&#227;o apresentaram resultados normais; sem restri&#231;&#245;es, portanto, &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o em competi&#231;&#227;o esportiva. O exame f&#237;sico n&#227;o apresentou achados significativos: avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial em repouso a 52 bpm 121/64mmHg, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico n&#227;o identificaram achados patol&#243;gicos, somente adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica card&#237;aca ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Em momento subsequente, o atleta foi submetido a um ecocardiograma de estresse com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em esteira, revelando uma excelente capacidade funcional (19&#8217;09&#8217;&#8217; do protocolo de Bruce, 19,3 METs), mas com reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas (tonteira) no pico do exerc&#237;cio, redu&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (185&#10132;90mmHg) e detec&#231;&#227;o de gradiente intraventricular (GIV) - pelo menos 69mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). No primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o, os sintomas desapareceram e a press&#227;o arterial normalizou.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico em repouso sem evid&#234;ncias de anormalidades morfofuncionais significativas - dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) pelo Modo M (A), volumes e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (B), Doppler tissular no anel mitral (C) e strain longitudinal global (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0087-70075-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ecocardiograma de estresse com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico realizado em esteira com o protocolo de Bruce, revelando redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (185 &#10132; 90mmHg) no pico do exerc&#237;cio, com detec&#231;&#227;o concomitante de GIV (figura inferior).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0087-70075-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O atleta foi orientado a suspender a pr&#225;tica esportiva. Em seguida, foram realizadas a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial com Holter de 24h e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, sem apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, especialmente arritmias ou anormalidades card&#237;acas estruturais.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s essas investiga&#231;&#245;es, o caso foi discutido com o envolvimento do atleta, dos pais e do treinador. Decidiu-se pela retomada da atividade f&#237;sica com aumento gradual na intensidade e no volume do treinamento, com especial orienta&#231;&#227;o para aumentar a hidrata&#231;&#227;o (aparentemente abaixo do ideal, de acordo com o relato do treinador) e iniciar a terapia com beta-bloqueador caso persistam os sintomas. Ap&#243;s 18 meses de acompanhamento, o atleta continua assintom&#225;tico, com desempenho excelente e sem a necessidade de terapia farmacol&#243;gica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O desenvolvimento de GIV significativo durante o esfor&#231;o (&gt;30mmHg em repouso ou &gt;50mmHg com exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico) ocorre raramente, podendo ocasionar sintomas distintos e inespec&#237;ficos, como tontura, dor tor&#225;cica ou, ainda, altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e arritmias durante o teste de esfor&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Esta condi&#231;&#227;o surge habitualmente associada a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda segmentar ou global ou a uma implanta&#231;&#227;o anormal dos m&#250;sculos papilares, por&#233;m os mecanismos patofisiol&#243;gicos n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. S&#227;o propostos tr&#234;s mecanismos potenciais para o desenvolvimento do GIV:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>a) Aumento de GIVs fisiol&#243;gicos n&#227;o obstrutivos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>b) Obstru&#231;&#227;o telessist&#243;lica secund&#225;ria &#224; oblitera&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>c) Obstru&#231;&#227;o mesossist&#243;lica por movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da v&#225;lvula mitral com restri&#231;&#227;o &#224; eje&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Em um estudo de Zywca et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>, os indicadores independentes da obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em indiv&#237;duos sem cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica foram: movimento anterior sist&#243;lico cordal, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo menor no final da s&#237;stole, aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no pico, indiv&#237;duos jovens e aumento da espessura da parede septal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Contudo, no caso relatado, o GIV pode ocorrer sem altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca estrutural, especialmente do aparelho valvar mitral, e, por fim, pode ser justificado por deforma&#231;&#227;o extrema do mioc&#225;rdio em resposta a condi&#231;&#245;es de esfor&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Neste contexto, o GIV &#233; descrito com mais frequ&#234;ncia em atletas ou em situa&#231;&#245;es de aumento nos est&#237;mulos inotr&#243;picos, tal como durante o ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O ecocardiograma de estresse com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico tem fun&#231;&#227;o importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de atletas sintom&#225;ticos, com a reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e detec&#231;&#227;o potencial de GIVs significativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica do GIV permanece desconhecida, podendo ser uma adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica extrema ao esfor&#231;o, uma entidade patol&#243;gica isolada ou, por outro lado, corresponder a um achado pr&#233;-fenot&#237;pico de cardiomiopatia.</p>
        <p>Considerando-se as medidas preventivas/terap&#234;uticas a serem adotadas na presen&#231;a de um atleta com GIV, &#233; crucial manter uma hidrata&#231;&#227;o adequada durante o esfor&#231;o, em muitos casos, suficiente para a remiss&#227;o dos sintomas. A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em temperatura elevada sem a hidrata&#231;&#227;o adequada pode aumentar o gradiente secund&#225;rio &#224; oblitera&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular esquerda. Na terapia farmacol&#243;gica, as evid&#234;ncias indicam uma efic&#225;cia significativa da terapia com beta-bloqueador, tanto na remiss&#227;o dos sintomas quanto na remiss&#227;o/desaparecimento do GIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A escassez nos dados publicados e a curta dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento de atletas com GIV n&#227;o permite definir conclus&#245;es acerca do impacto progn&#243;stico, mas n&#227;o h&#225; eventos cl&#237;nicos fatais descritos nesses indiv&#237;duos com GIV e sem altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca estrutural. Neste contexto, n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas no que concerne &#224; pr&#225;tica de esporte competitivo em atletas com GIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Em geral, se um atleta ainda est&#225; sintom&#225;tico apesar das medidas preventivas/terap&#234;uticas salientadas, n&#227;o &#233; aconselhada a manuten&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica esportiva, sobretudo com a intensidade do esfor&#231;o que precipita os sintomas, o que deve ser avaliado regularmente durante o acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>Em suma, na presen&#231;a de um atleta com sintomas induzidos pelo esfor&#231;o, deve-se levar o GIV em considera&#231;&#227;o. Na reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, &#233; fundamental a exclus&#227;o de patologias potenciais associadas a um risco aumentado de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, quando o ecocardiograma de estresse com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico tem fun&#231;&#227;o essencial. O GIV continua sem esclarecimento suficiente e com algumas perguntas n&#227;o respondidas:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- Qual &#233; a etiologia/fisiopatologia do GIV (fisiol&#243;gico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao patol&#243;gico)?</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Qual &#233; o impacto cl&#237;nico do GIV em longo prazo?</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Quais devem ser as recomenda&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; adequa&#231;&#227;o de atletas com GIV ao esporte competitivo?</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Qual deve ser o controle/acompanhamento de atletas com GIV?</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
