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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jrZMhFVsGmCc4BSbwYVxbnp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000700071</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005011101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170079</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis and its New Clinical Phenotype: Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Vale</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge</bold> Rua Coronel Bittencourt, 66, Postal Code 24900-000, Boa Vista, Maric&#225;, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mesquita ET, Jorge AJL; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mesquita ET, Jorge AJL, Andrade TR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>01</issue>
      <fpage>71</fpage>
      <lpage>80</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is now an emerging cardiovascular epidemic, being identified as the main phenotype observed in clinical practice. It is more associated with female gender, advanced age and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease. Amyloidosis is a clinical disorder characterized by the deposition of aggregates of insoluble fibrils originating from proteins that exhibit anomalous folding. Recently, pictures of senile amyloidosis have been described in patients with HFpEF, demonstrating the need for clinical cardiologists to investigate this etiology in suspect cases. The clinical suspicion of amyloidosis should be increased in cases of HFPS where the cardio imaging methods are compatible with infiltrative cardiomyopathy. Advances in cardio imaging methods combined with the possibility of performing genetic tests and identification of the type of amyloid material allow the diagnosis to be made. The management of the diagnosed patients can be done in partnership with centers specialized in the study of amyloidosis, which, together with the new technologies, investigate the possibility of organ or bone marrow transplantation and also the involvement of patients in clinical studies that evaluate the action of the new emerging drugs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure, Diastolic</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejectionfFraction (HFpEF) is now an emerging cardiovascular epidemic, being identified as the main phenotype observed in clinical practice in different countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Portugal and Brazil. It is more associated with female gender, advanced age, and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and chronic kidney disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Recently, a picture of senile amyloidosis has been described in patients with HFpEF, demonstrating the need for clinical cardiologists to investigate this etiology. Advances in cardio imaging methods combined with the possibility of performing genetic tests and identification of the type of amyloid material allow for greater ease in the diagnostic process in view of the clinical suspicion of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Amyloidosis is a clinical disorder resulting from the deposition of insoluble fibril aggregates originated from proteins that have anomalous folding. These proteins, mostly initially soluble and with alpha helix configuration, take the pleated beta form through the abnormal folding phenomenon, with tissue precipitation in the form of amyloid fibrillar aggregates. These aggregates have the characteristic of staining congo red, acquiring a shade described as "apple-green" in polarized light. Through the alteration of the affected organ, it determines numerous dysfunctions of irreversible, progressive and indolent course, as observed in cardiac amyloidosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac involvement may lead to the development of a restrictive HF model. Deposits in the myocardium and blood vessels cause diastolic, systolic dysfunction, ischemia and arrhythmias, and late diagnosis is the main cause of the reduction of survival of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of amyloidosis presents important non-invasive advances in characterizing its presence and its type. In the past, the diagnosis was centered on the endomyocardial biopsy stained by congo red. More recently, new techniques such as doppler echocardiography with analysis of myocardial strain, myocardial scintigraphy with radioisotopes such as Tc99m bound to pyrophosphate or 2,3-dicarboxypropane-1,1-diphosphonate (DPD) and magnetic resonance imaging of blood tests for genotyping evaluation have promoted important advances in this area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>New treatments directed toward specific disease targets have already been incorporated into clinical practice and others are still being tested, gradually improving patients' survival and quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to data obtained in MedLine, publications on the cardiac amyloidosis framework date back to 1948, totaling over 1000 articles indexed in several languages. Over the last five years, there has been a continuous increase in the number of studies evaluating the various aspects of the disease, especially with regard to innovations in diagnostic methods and new therapies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). This trend is confirmed by the fact that the material produced in the last five years represents a third of the total published so far.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Search with the term Cardiac Amyloidosis from 1996 to 2016 showing the growth of articles related to the topic in the last ten years. (Medline)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0071-70079-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The increase in the number of studies on the disease provides sufficient evidence for physicians to increase their clinical suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis, especially of the senile type, in cases of HFpEF, and referral of these patients to specialized centers is recommended. At these sites, invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods allow for a wide assessment, including genetic testing, multidisciplinary teaming, and access to new drugs.</p>
      <p>In this present review we will discuss the recent advances in the etiology and pathophysiology of cardiac amyloidosis, especially the senile form, in a systematized way for the evaluation of individuals suspected of amyloidosis in the context of HFpEF and the emerging therapies currently available in clinical practice.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Classification and etiopathogenesis of amyloidosis</title>
        <p>In the face of the complexity associated with the disease and its multiplicity of presentations, specific nomenclatures and classifications were established related to the predisposing condition and to the type of amyloid fibril deposited in the tissue. In general, amyloidosis can be classified as primary, secondary, related to dialysis and associated with transthyretin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>It is classified as primary amyloidosis (AL) when it is defined by the production of amyloid protein composed of light chain immunoglobulins (kappa and lambda), synthesized under clinical conditions that present plasmacyclic dyscrasias, such as multiple myeloma and, less frequently, Waldenstr&#246;m's macroglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Classically, AL is a systemic disease that predominates in an older population and in male individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The clinical picture varies directly with the organ of predominance of amyloid deposition and its degree of functional impairment. The two most commonly affected organs are the kidney and heart, accounting for 60-80% of patients in most studies. Kidney involvement manifests as nephrotic syndrome or asymptomatic proteinuria. Cardiac involvement is related to the development of a HFpSC, in addition to the possible involvement of the heart conduction system and its corresponding complications. Autonomic neuropathy, or sensitivomotor peripheral neuropathy, may be present in up to 20% of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The accumulation of the amyloid material in the liver is frequent and comes along with isolated hepatomegaly or even hepatosplenomegaly, and may present a pattern of elevation of liver enzymes, compatible with cholestasis. Muscular infiltration may occur with pseudohypertrophy, as in classical macroglossia, as well as arthropathy due to deposits in the joints. Periorbital purpura (raccoon's eyes), despite being an uncommon finding, is strongly characteristic of the AL form. Hemorrhagic diathesis is an important condition that may be present and reports as possible causal links the connection between amyloid material's with coagulation factor X, the reduced synthesis of coagulation factors in the presence of a compromised liver and a possible acquired von Willebrand's disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Secondary amyloidosis (AA) is identified in chronic inflammatory clinical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and, more recently, autoinflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, Mediterranean family fever, and Muckle-Wells syndrome. Fibrils are composed of the amyloid A protein and are produced by the liver during the acute phase of inflammatory diseases. This protein originally has the function of increasing the affinity of high density lipoprotein (HDL) by macrophages and adipocytes, as well as mediating the chemoattraction and induction of the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. The chronic inflammatory picture increases its synthesis and, due to incorrect processing with cleavage and erroneous folding, results in its pathogenic form. The kidneys are involved in approximately 80% of patients, being the organ most affected by AA. However, there are also reports of cardiac involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dialysis-related amyloidosis occurs as a function of the deposition of fibrils originating from beta-2 microglobulin proteins, which accumulate at increasing levels in patients with advanced renal disease and who undergo long-term dialysis. In this form, in particular, the predominant condition is osteoarticular involvement, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and rotator cuff involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Cardiac amyloidosis associated with transthyretin (TTR) is the second form of amyloidosis with a higher prevalence of cardiac involvement, and may be divided into hereditary and senile forms. The precursor protein is predominantly synthesized in the liver and plays a role as a carrier of retinol and thyroxine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In the senile form, we identifie tissue deposition of the TTR wild form, especially in the myocardium, and a clinical picture of HF is observed. The association with carpal tunnel syndrome has been described, whereas renal involvement is a rare finding. It has been observed in necropsy studies that deposition of this amyloid material in the heart is a frequent finding, especially in previously asymptomatic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Data from the Mayo Clinic group indicate that the prevalence of this form among patients with amyloidosis is approximately 8,5%, with a mean age of 77 years and the male sex representing 82% of the affected individuals. It has been found that it rarely occurs in patients below 70 years of age. Observational study, observed that patients usually have a slow progression and a survival, after the diagnosis, of approximately 43 months, compared to the 26.6 months of the mutant form.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The hereditary form, unlike senile, affects patients in different age groups, but predominates a mean age lower than that found in patients with the senile form. The coding of TTR occurs on chromosome 18 and more than 70 mutations associated with this protein have been identified. In view of the suspicion of an amyloidosis by TTR, the sequencing of this protein from tissue or blood sample should be performed for the diagnosis and identification of a possible specific mutation that allows us to define the prognostic course of the patient and guide the investigation of the relatives. The Val122Ile mutation is more associated with the elderly and is predominantly male, presenting in 90% of the cases a clinical manifestation of a cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The most prevalent mutation in the world population is Val30Met, which presents marked neurological involvement, allied to a late cardiac involvement and is related to Corino de Andrade's disease, also known as familial amyloid polyneurophaty (FAP), which occurs along with sensory-motor peripheral polyneuropathy. Manifests, especially, at the age of 20 years, characterized by paresthesias, motor and autonomic disorders, besides studying with cardiac and renal impairment in the late phase of the disease. This condition has been identified as a genetic disease associated with the TTR mutation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical presentations</title>
        <p>Amyloidosis cardiomyopathy is classically described as a directt HF model, often occuring together with ascites, predating lower limb edema and allying with hepatomegaly on physical examination. Unlike cardiac dysfunction with increased filling pressures, pulmonary edema is an infrequent condition in amyloidosis cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A rarer phenotype is the involvement of the interventricular septum with deposit of the amyloid material promoting the disproportionate thickening of the region, mimicking a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This presentation constitutes what is called a phenocopia, that is, a clinical condition that presents itself through manifestations typical of a disease of well-defined genetic origin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The report of syncope, due to autonomic nervous system involvement by amyloidosis, is a common finding in these patients and their presence in relation to physical exertion is associated with a worse prognosis, presenting a high mortality in three months, often due to sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ventricular arrhythmias are uncommon causes of syncope in this population. This is justified by the fact that the myocardium infiltrated by the amyloid material is more susceptible to episodes of hypoperfusion. Diseases of the conduction system may be present in the different forms of amyloidosis. However, they are more frequently found in the form associated with TTR, both senile and hereditary. Syncope in patients with cardiac amyloidosis is mainly associated with hypotension due to dysautonomia and bradyarrhythmias and less related to ventricular arrhythmias. Malignant ventricular arrhythmia, when present, is a common cause of death in patients with cardiac amyloidosis, and these patients are strong candidates for implantation of cardio-defibrillators.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Involvement of the pericardium may occur in some cases, resulting in pericardial effusion which, most of the time, does not develop cardiac tamponade. Due to the alterations of cardiac amyloidosis itself, this condition may be masked and not have echocardiographic signs such as atrial and right ventricular compression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The accumulation of the material in the atrium promotes its electromechanical dysfunction and, consequently, considerably increases the risk of intracavitary thrombus formation. This process is evident, especially in patients with AL amyloidosis type and is an independent factor of atrial fibrillation, and when both factors are present, the risk of thromboembolism is extremely high. Therefore, the use of anticoagulants should be considered in these individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac amyloidosis and its new clinical phenotype</title>
        <p>A new insight into HFpEF becomes critical, given its increasing relevance as the most prevalent clinical phenotype of HF in the world population. This data is present in our country, as evidenced by the DIGITALIS study, which investigated the prevalence of HF and its phenotypes in primary care in the city of Niter&#243;i. According to this study, among the population with HF, 59% had the HFpEF phenotype.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Data from a specialized center in amyloidosis in Brazil point to a high prevalence of myocardial involvement in patients with amyloid polyneuropathy from abnormalities on the electrocardiogram (ECG).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Despite numerous studies about this clinical condition, much is unknown about its etiophysiopathogeny, which has caused negative results in the studies of treatment of HFpEF. This is hampered in particular by the numerous phenocopies that mimic their presentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In this scenario, it is worth highlighting the possibility that a portion of the patients with HFpEF actually present a cardiac amyloidosis. This is confirmed by recent studies with patients with a diagnosis of HFpEF, in the absence of arterial hypertension or diabetes, through the new cardio-imaging modalities, present accumulation of amyloid material in the myocardium. Next to this is the fact that amyloid material has been identified in necropsy studies of patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In order to facilitate the identification of a suspected cardiac amyloidosis, regardless of the type of fibril deposited, we must consider some clinical evidence and complementary tests as presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical criteria and complementary tests in the investigation of cardiac amyloidosis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Categories</th>
                <th align="center">Criteria</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">History</td>
                <td align="center">Age of onset of HFpEF &gt; 60 years</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Family history of unexplained HF at age 60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Peripheral polyneuropathy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Carpal tunnel syndrome</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Blood dyscrasia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Physical exam</td>
                <td align="center">Orthostatic hypotension</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Macroglossia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Unexplained skin lesion</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Medicines</td>
                <td align="center">Beta-blocker intolerance</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Vasodilator intolerance</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">ECG</td>
                <td align="center">Dissociation between low voltage ECG with ECHO hypertrophy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Atrial Fibrillation / Flutter</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Bloqueio atrioventricular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pseudoinfarction pattern</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="7">ECHO</td>
                <td align="center">Unexplained ventricular hypertrophy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Increased interatrial septum thickness</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Increased myocardial granulation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Biatrial increase</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Restrictive filling pattern (Increased E/A and E/E ratio)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Preservation of longitudinal strain</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pericardial effusion</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>HfpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ECHO: doppler echocardiography; ECG: electrocardiogram.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In this scenario where the most common etiologies applicable to the HFpEF are not confirmed, a cardiac amyloidosis scenario should be suspected. Therefore, we propose a guideline flow chart for the management of these patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">FIGURES 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart for the evaluation of patients with HFpEF and suspicion of amyloidosis. HfpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; Echo: doppler echocardiography; ECG: electrocardiogram; DPD: 2,3-dicarboxypropane-1,1-diphosphonate.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0071-70079-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart for investigation of the type of amyloidosis. TTR: transthyretin.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0071-70079-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnostic approach</title>
        <p>Cardiac amyloidosis presents an indolent course and the diagnosis is made, often late, thus contributing to a worse prognosis. In several situations, cardiac involvement causes great morbidity to the patient, although the diagnosis is often not suspected, even in conditions where there is the characterization of restrictive cardiopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In clinical history, cardiac amyloidosis may be suspected in patients 50 years of age or older who have signs and symptoms of HF, with an ejection fraction of the left ventricle greater than or equal to 50% and that do not show improvement of the symptoms with the treatment. Extracardiac manifestations in the patient's history should be considered as guiding principles for the diagnosis of HF by amyloidosis, such as peripheral neuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome, especially recurrent and bilateral. Signs and symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, macroglossia, muscular consumption of the tenar and hypothenar region, haematomas of unknown origin and cardiac electrical conduction disturbances may also be present.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The ECG is an easily accessible examination that may offer changes that raise the suspicion of amyloidosis in the presence of a CHF. The finding of a low voltage QRS complex, electrical axis deviations and branch block can be found. Arrhythmias are frequent, especially atrial fibrillation, which is related to amyloid infiltration of the atrium, and complex ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>ECHO is an important method of diagnostic investigation and the presence of significant left ventricular hypertrophy associated with ECG with low-voltage QRS may lead to suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis. Another criterion for suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis is thickening of the left ventricular wall above 12 mm in the absence of a history of systemic arterial hypertension. Other findings that may be present in ECHO are the biatrial increase with normal-sized ventricles, pericardial effusion, and evidence of diastolic dysfunction due to the pattern of restive cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Measurement of the thickness of the interventricular septum may suggest the type of amyloidosis present in the patient, and is often greater in cases of amyloidosis by TTR than the AL form, and may in many cases be greater than 20 mm. However, the separation between these two forms on a clinical basis is not always possible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In some patients with cardiac amyloidosis, we can observe the clinical phenotype similar to obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to the presence of the dynamic pressure gradient that is related to an additional "narrowing" of the left ventricular outflow tract. More recently, longitudinal systolic strain has been used for the diagnosis of systolic dysfunction in patients with cardiac amyloidosis, and may show the preservation of the heart tip in relation to other walls. In the presence of ECG and ECHO alterations we should resort to complementary tests. In a first step in the elucidation of a case of cardiac amyloidosis, we investigated the renal function status of this patient through the nitrogenous excoriations and, in particular, the quantification of protein loss and its type, made through the collection of 24h urine with dosage proteinuria and urinary protein electrophoresis. This stage in the investigation allows the identification of the primary form of amyloidosis and consists in the identification of the light chains that are in high titers in these patients. Immunofixation, when associated, allows an increase in the diagnostic accuracy of this type of presentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The abdominal fat aspirate for histopathological study is a more accessible alternative, since it is a simple diagnostic procedure, easy to perform, safe and that presents good sensitivity, but having less accuracy in the form associated with TTR. However, when a negative result is obtained with abdominal fat aspirate, right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy may be essential for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Through this method, the amyloid protein is stained by congo-red. Other tissues can also be evaluated as the rectum, gums, bone marrow, kidney, among others. The histochemical study of tissue samples is important in order to distinguish between the hereditary, senile, systemic and primary forms, due to differences in treatment and prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Magnetic resonance imaging appears as another alternative for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis, with a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 96% for the form associated with TTR. Through this examination, it is possible to identify the myocardial and atrial septal thickening, signs of diastolic dysfunction, and the typical pattern of late subendocardial enhancement in the left ventricle, which may also affect all cardiac chambers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Molecular imaging has also revolutionized diagnosis. The non-invasive method can be used from the use of the Tc99m radiotracer, which binds to TTR but not to the light chain derivatives, being an effective method of evaluating the mutant or wild forms of cardiac amyloidosis associated with TTR. Positron emission tomography in conjunction with the C-RiB plotter may be a new strategy to be used in the diagnosis of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Bone marrow biopsy with immunohistochemical staining or flow cytometry analysis is critical in patients in whom the type of AL-amyloidosis has been identified. This will demonstrate a clonal population of plasma cells, which are producing defective light chains of the antibody. If these tests are negative, we should investigate the hereditary forms of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>There are new studies involving omic sciences that aim to increase the diagnostic accuracy of amyloidosis. Proteomics involves the study of all the protein expression of a cell in different conditions, being its study complementary to the genome, identifying any protein, with or without genetic mutations. The main technique employed is laser microdissection followed by mass spectrometry (LMD-MS), through which positive samples in the congo-red color are dissected and decomposed into smaller components called peptides.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Treatment of cardiac amyloidosis</title>
        <p>Treatment of cardiac amyloidosis is best performed in specialized centers of the disease. Treatment requires two approaches: control of heart-related complications due to amyloid deposition and treatment of the underlying disease to prevent new amyloid formations.</p>
        <p>Treatment of cardiac amyloidosis aims to improve the signs and symptoms of HF. The use of low-dose diuretics improves symptoms related to congestion, while the use of the combination of beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors has its undefined benefit in amyloidosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The use of digitalis has no benefits in this group of patients, since the myocardium in dysfunction by the amyloid material is more susceptible to toxic effects, which predisposes to the occurrence of arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The use of anticoagulants should be considered in case of atrial fibrillation and in the detection of intracavitary thrombi.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Amyloidosis of AL form</title>
        <p>Overall survival is approximately four years after diagnosis and has improved over the past three decades. AL-amyloidosis is often the result of a clonal increase of plasma cells in the bone marrow and thus therapy with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics may be effective. The performance of the hematologist in the staging process and definition of the therapeutic strategy in this scenario is fundamental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Patients who present a hematological response to treatment have symptomatic improvement and cardiac biomarkers, and can occur along with amyloid deposition, which is already evident in the first three months, confirming a better prognosis in these cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dexamethasone-associated melphalan therapy (MelDex) in patients ineligible for autologous stem cell transplantation had a response rate around 70%, which was worse in cases with advanced cardiac involvement. In a recent randomized clinical trial comparing MelDex with high doses of melphalan followed by stem cell transplantation showed a better survival rate in patients who took MelDex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Bortezomib has been shown to be an effective drug when combined with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone, with a significant hematological response (71%) after two months of use. According to Mayo Clinic group, in the case of three patients initially ineligible for stem cell therapy, the use of bortezomib made the procedure possible. Stem cell transplantation is used in 25% of patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Following the procedure episodes of supraventricular tachycardia may occur, with mortality of 11% in these individuals. The positive hematological response in patients submitted to stem cell therapy is approximately 56%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A study evaluating the use of bortezomid, dexamethasone and alkylating agents (BDEX + AA) in 106 patients with symptomatic HF due to AL cardiac amyloidosis showed an improvement in survival after adjustment of clinical variables. (Hr: 0.209, 95% CI: 0.069 to 0.636, p = 0.006).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Form associated with TTR</title>
        <p>Tafamidis appears as an important option for the treatment of amyloidosis, acting as a kinetic stabilizer of the TTR tetramer. The interaction of molecules at certain TTR binding sites promotes stability to the protein in its tetrameric state, markedly decreasing its dissociation and, consequently, the amyloidogenesis. Tafamidis has the ability to selectively bind to one of the thyroxine sites in the TTR, promoting the kinetic stabilization of the tetramer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the safety and efficacy of oral Tafamidis in patients with amyloidosis and involvement of the peripheral nervous system were demonstrated. Clinical trials show that this medication slows the progression of the disease, improves the function of small and large caliber nerve fibers and, consequently, reduces the functional loss of the affected systems, optimizing the quality of life of the patient. In another study, Tafamidis resulted in stabilization of transthyretin in 97% of patients with mild to moderate HF due to the wild type of cardiac amyloidosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Another drug in the evaluation process for the cardiac amyloidosis associated with TTR is Diflunisal, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory that can stabilize the tetramer, avoiding amyloidogenesis. One cohort evaluated the tolerance and effects promoted in 13 patients with cardiac amyloidosis by TTR, both mutant and wild type. No significant changes in cardiac structure and function were observed, as well as biomarkers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The use of doxycycline and tauroursodeoxycholic acid was carried out with a small number of patients, and a possible clinical improvement was identified. A new second-generation antisense therapy, ISIS-TTRrx, works by reducing the serum level of the TTR protein by suppressing the gene expression of its synthesis. In addition, a total of 28 studies are enrolled in the Clinical Trials database for interventions in patients with cardiac amyloidosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>
				</p>
        <p>An alternative treatment for some types of amyloidosis would be liver transplantation with the goal of replacing the mutated TTR gene that produces the majority of the circulating transthyretin by a gene found in a genetically normal donor organ. In this way, liver transplantation may be an alternative to slow the progression of the disease and prolong the patient's survival. However, chronic immunosuppression pertinent to transplantation leads to a high mortality rate in the first year, about 10%, and high morbidity. Transplantation does not prevent the extrahepatic synthesis of amyloid protein and thus does not delay the progression of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Cardiac amyloidosis inaugurates a new era of personalized cardiology, where precise diagnosis through techniques involving molecular genetic analysis, biomarkers and cardioimaging methods make it possible to classify the form of amyloidosis and define its clinical course and prognosis and, in the future, guide the therapeutics of these frames.</p>
      <p>The clinical suspicion of amyloidosis should be increased in cases of HFPSE in which the methods of cardiac imaging are compatible with the restrictive cardiomyopathy or signs of dissociation between ECHO and ECG findings. The partnership with centers specialized in amyloidosis combined with new technologies are fundamental in the management of these patients through specialized treatments, including organ transplantation, or even involving patients in clinical studies that evaluate the action of new emerging drugs.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Amiloidose Card&#237;aca e seu Novo Fen&#243;tipo Cl&#237;nico: Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Vale</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge</bold> Rua Coronel Bittencourt, 66, CEP 24900-000, Boa Vista, Maric&#225;, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mesquita ET, Jorge AJL, Souza Junior CV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Mesquita ET, Jorge AJL, Souza Junior CV, Andrade TR: Mesquita ET, Jorge AJL, Souza Junior CV, Andrade TR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) &#233; hoje uma epidemia cardiovascular emergente, sendo identificada como o principal fen&#243;tipo observado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Est&#225; mais associado ao sexo feminino, idade avan&#231;ada e a comorbidades como hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, obesidade e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. A amiloidose &#233; uma desordem cl&#237;nica caracterizada pelo dep&#243;sito de agregados de fibrilas insol&#250;veis originadas de prote&#237;nas que apresentam dobramento an&#244;malo. Recentemente, t&#234;m sido descritos quadros de amiloidose senil em pacientes com ICFEP, demonstrando a necessidade de os cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos investigarem esta etiologia em casos suspeitos. Deve-se aumentar a suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de amiloidose diante dos casos de ICFEP onde os m&#233;todos de cardioimagem sejam compat&#237;veis com o quadro de cardiomiopatia infiltrativa. Os avan&#231;os nos m&#233;todos de cardioimagem aliados &#224; possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes gen&#233;ticos e identifica&#231;&#227;o do tipo do material amiloide permitem a realiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico. O manejo dos pacientes diagnosticados pode ser feito em parceria com centros especializados no estudo de amiloidose, que, aliados &#224;s novas tecnologias, investigam a possibilidade de transplante de &#243;rg&#227;os ou medula &#243;ssea e tamb&#233;m o envolvimento dos pacientes em estudos cl&#237;nicos que avaliam a a&#231;&#227;o das novas drogas emergentes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Diast&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) &#233; hoje uma epidemia cardiovascular emergente, sendo identificada como o principal fen&#243;tipo observado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em diferentes pa&#237;ses, como Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Portugal e Brasil. Est&#225; mais associado ao sexo feminino, idade avan&#231;ada e a comorbidades como hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, obesidade e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Recentemente, tem sido descrito um quadro de amiloidose senil em pacientes com ICFEP, demonstrando a necessidade dos cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos de investigarem esta etiologia. Os avan&#231;os nos m&#233;todos de cardioimagem aliados &#224; possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes gen&#233;ticos e identifica&#231;&#227;o do tipo do material amiloide, permitem maior facilidade no processo diagn&#243;stico diante da suspeita cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A amiloidose &#233; uma desordem cl&#237;nica decorrente do dep&#243;sito de agregados de fibrilas insol&#250;veis originadas de prote&#237;nas que apresentam dobramento an&#244;malo. Essas prote&#237;nas, em sua maioria, inicialmente sol&#250;veis e com configura&#231;&#227;o em alfa h&#233;lice, assumem a forma beta pregueada atrav&#233;s do fen&#244;meno de dobradura incorreta, com precipita&#231;&#227;o nos tecidos na forma de agregados fibrilares amiloides. Estes agregados apresentam a caracter&#237;stica de se corarem pelo vermelho-congo, adquirindo uma tonalidade descrita como "ma&#231;&#227;-verde" &#224; luz polarizada. Atrav&#233;s da altera&#231;&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o comprometido, determina in&#250;meras disfun&#231;&#245;es de curso irrevers&#237;vel, progressivo e indolente, como observado na amiloidose card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O acometimento card&#237;aco pode levar ao desenvolvimento de um modelo de IC restritiva. Os dep&#243;sitos no mioc&#225;rdio e nos vasos sangu&#237;neos ocasionam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sist&#243;lica, isquemia e arritmias, sendo o retardo do diagn&#243;stico a principal causa da redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida destes pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico da amiloidose apresenta importantes avan&#231;os n&#227;o invasivos para caracterizar a sua presen&#231;a e o seu tipo. No passado, o diagn&#243;stico estava centrado na bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica corada pelo vermelho-congo. Mais recentemente, novas t&#233;cnicas como o ecodopplercardiograma (ECO) com an&#225;lise do strain mioc&#225;rdico, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com radioisotopos como o Tc 99m ligado ao pirofosfato ou ao 2,3-dicarboxipropano-1,1-difosfonato (DPD) e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, al&#233;m de testes sangu&#237;neos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da genotipagem t&#234;m promovido importantes avan&#231;os nessa &#225;rea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Novos tratamentos direcionados para alvos espec&#237;ficos da doen&#231;a j&#225; foram incorporados &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e outros ainda est&#227;o sendo testados, gradativamente melhorando a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo dados obtidos no MedLine, publica&#231;&#245;es sobre o quadro de amiloidose card&#237;aca datam desde 1948, totalizando mais de 1000 artigos indexados em diversos idiomas. Observa-se, sobretudo nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos, um crescente aumento no n&#250;mero de estudos que avaliam os diversos aspectos da doen&#231;a, em especial no que se refere &#224;s inova&#231;&#245;es quanto aos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e &#224;s novas terapias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Essa tend&#234;ncia &#233; ratificada pelo fato de o material produzido nestes &#250;ltimos cinco anos representar um ter&#231;o do total publicado at&#233; o momento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Busca com o termo Cardiac Amyloidosis no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2016 mostrando o crescimento de artigos relacionados ao tema nos &#250;ltimos dez anos. (Medline)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0071-70079-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O aumento no n&#250;mero de estudos acerca da doen&#231;a conferem evid&#234;ncia suficiente para que os m&#233;dicos aumentem o seu grau de suspeita cl&#237;nica de amiloidose card&#237;aca, em especial do tipo senil, nos casos de ICFEP, sendo recomendado o encaminhamento desses pacientes para centros especializados. Nestes locais, m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos invasivos e n&#227;o-invasivos permitem uma ampla avalia&#231;&#227;o, inclusive dispondo de testes gen&#233;ticos, time multidisciplinar e acesso aos novos medicamentos.</p>
        <p>Nessa presente revis&#227;o abordaremos os recentes avan&#231;os da etiofisiopatologia da amiloidose cardiaca, em especial a forma senil, de uma forma sistematizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de amiloidose no contexto da ICFEP e as terapias emergentes atualmente dispon&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o e etiopatogenia da amiloidose</title>
          <p>Diante da complexidade associada &#224; doen&#231;a e sua multiplicidade de apresenta&#231;&#245;es, foram estabelecidas nomenclaturas e classifica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas relacionadas &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o que a predisp&#245;e e ao tipo de fibrila amiloide depositada no tecido. De modo geral, a amiloidose pode ser classificada como prim&#225;ria, secund&#225;ria, relacionada &#224; di&#225;lise e associada &#224; transtirretina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Classifica-se como amiloidose prim&#225;ria (AL) quando &#233; definida pela produ&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na amiloide composta por imunoglobulinas de cadeia leve (kappa e lambda), sintetizadas em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que apresentam discrasias plasmocit&#225;rias, como o mieloma m&#250;ltiplo e, menos frequentemente, a macroglobulinemia de Waldenstr&#246;m e o linfoma n&#227;o-Hodgkin. Classicamente, a AL &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica que predomina em uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa e em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico varia diretamente com o &#243;rg&#227;o de predom&#237;nio de deposi&#231;&#227;o do material amiloide e seu grau de comprometimento funcional. Os dois &#243;rg&#227;os mais comumente afetados s&#227;o o rim e o cora&#231;&#227;o, correspondendo a 60-80% dos pacientes na maioria dos estudos. O implica&#231;&#227;o renal manifesta-se com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica ou protein&#250;ria assintom&#225;tica. O envolvimento card&#237;aco est&#225; atrelado ao desenvolvimento de um quadro de ICFEP, al&#233;m do poss&#237;vel acometimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o e suas correspondentes complica&#231;&#245;es. Neuropatia auton&#244;mica, ou neuropatia perif&#233;rica sensitivomotora, podem estar presentes em at&#233; 20% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O ac&#250;mulo no f&#237;gado do material amiloide &#233; achado frequente e cursa com hepatomegalia isolada ou ainda uma hepatoesplenomegalia, podendo apresentar padr&#227;o de eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas hep&#225;ticas, compat&#237;vel com quadro de colestase. Infiltra&#231;&#227;o muscular pode ocorrer, cursando com pseudohipertrofia, como na cl&#225;ssica macroglossia, assim como quadro de artropatia devido a dep&#243;sitos nas articula&#231;&#245;es. A p&#250;rpura periorbit&#225;ria (sinal do guaxinim), a despeito de ser um achado pouco frequente, &#233; fortemente caracter&#237;stica da forma AL. Di&#225;tese hemorr&#225;gica &#233; uma importante condi&#231;&#227;o que pode estar presente e apresenta como nexos causais poss&#237;veis a liga&#231;&#227;o do material amiloide com o fator X da coagula&#231;&#227;o, a reduzida s&#237;ntese de fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o diante de um f&#237;gado comprometido e uma poss&#237;vel doen&#231;a de von Willebrand adquirida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A amiloidose secund&#225;ria (AA) &#233; identificada em quadros cl&#237;nicos de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, como artrite reumatoide, psor&#237;ase e, mais recentemente, as denominadas doen&#231;as autoinflamat&#243;rias, como a doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal, febre familiar do mediterr&#226;neo e a s&#237;ndrome de Muckle-Wells. As fibrilas s&#227;o compostas pela prote&#237;na amiloide A e s&#227;o produzidas pelo f&#237;gado durante a fase aguda de doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias. Esta prote&#237;na apresenta originalmente a fun&#231;&#227;o de aumentar a afinidade das lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade (HDL) por macr&#243;fagos e adip&#243;citos, assim como mediar a quimioatra&#231;&#227;o e indu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias. O quadro inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico aumenta a sua s&#237;ntese e, diante de um processamento incorreto com clivagem e dobramento err&#244;neo, resulta na sua forma patog&#234;nica. Os rins s&#227;o comprometidos em aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes, sendo o &#243;rg&#227;o mais afetado pela AA. No entanto, tamb&#233;m h&#225; relatos de envolvimento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A amiloidose relacionada &#224; di&#225;lise ocorre em fun&#231;&#227;o do dep&#243;sito de fibrilas originadas da prote&#237;nas beta-2 microglobulina, que se acumulam em n&#237;veis crescentes em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado e que s&#227;o submetidos a longo tempo em di&#225;lise. Nesta forma, em especial, o quadro predominante &#233; de acometimento osteoarticular, como a s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo e envolvimento do manguito rotador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca associada &#224; transtirretina (TTR) &#233; a segunda forma de amiloidose com maior preval&#234;ncia de acometimento card&#237;aco, podendo ser dividida nas formas heredit&#225;ria e senil. A prote&#237;na precursora &#233; sintetizada predominantemente no f&#237;gado e tem papel de transportadora de retinol e tiroxina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Na forma senil, identificamos o dep&#243;sito tecidual da forma selvagem da TTR, sobretudo no mioc&#225;rdio, sendo observado um quadro clinico de IC. A associa&#231;&#227;o com s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo tem sido descrita, enquanto o acometimento renal &#233; um achado raro. Observou-se em estudos com necr&#243;psias que o dep&#243;sito deste material amiloide no cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; um achado frequente, em especial nos pacientes previamente assintom&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Dados do grupo da Mayo Clinic indicam que a preval&#234;ncia desta forma entre os pacientes portadores de amiloidose &#233; de aproximadamente 8,5%, com idade m&#233;dia de 77 anos e o sexo masculino representando 82% dos indiv&#237;duos acometidos. Identificou-se que raramente ocorre em pacientes abaixo dos 70 anos. Estudo observacional, observou que os pacientes costumam ter uma progress&#227;o lenta e uma sobrevida, ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico, de aproximadamete 43 meses, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os 26,6 meses da forma mutante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A forma heredit&#225;ria, ao contr&#225;rio da senil, acomete pacientes em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias, mas predominando uma idade m&#233;dia inferior &#224; encontrada nos pacientes portadores da forma senil. A codifica&#231;&#227;o da TTR ocorre no cromossomo 18 e j&#225; foram identificadas mais de 70 muta&#231;&#245;es associadas a esta prote&#237;na. Diante da suspeita de um quadro de amiloidose por TTR, o sequenciamento desta prote&#237;na a partir de amostra de tecido ou sangue deve ser realizado para o diagn&#243;stico e identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma poss&#237;vel muta&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica que nos permite definir o curso progn&#243;stico do paciente e orientar a investiga&#231;&#227;o dos familiares. A muta&#231;&#227;o Val122Ile est&#225; mais associada a idosos e predom&#237;nio no sexo masculino, apresentando, em 90% dos casos, manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de uma cardiomiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o mais prevalente na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial &#233; a Val30Met, que apresenta marcado envolvimento neurol&#243;gico, aliado a um acometimento card&#237;aco tardio e &#233; relacionada a doen&#231;a de Corino de Andrade, tamb&#233;m conhecida como doen&#231;a dos pezinhos, que cursa com polineuropatia perif&#233;rica sensitivo-motora que se manifesta, especialmente, aos 20 anos de idade, caracterizando-se por parestesias, dist&#250;rbios motores e auton&#244;micos, al&#233;m de cursar com comprometimento card&#237;aco e renal na fase tardia da doen&#231;a. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o tem sido identificada como uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica associada &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o TTR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>A cardiomiopatia da amiloidose &#233; classicamente descrita como um modelo de IC direita, cursando muitas das vezes com ascite, antecedendo o edema de membros inferiores e aliado a hepatomegalia ao exame f&#237;sico. Diferentemente da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento, o edema pulmonar &#233; um quadro pouco frequente na cardiomiopatia da amiloidose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Um fen&#243;tipo mais raro &#233; o envolvimento do septo interventricular com dep&#243;sito do material amiloide promovendo o espessamento desproporcional da regi&#227;o, mimetizando um quadro de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Esta apresenta&#231;&#227;o configura o que se denomina uma fenoc&#243;pia, ou seja, uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que se apresenta atrav&#233;s de manifesta&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas de uma doen&#231;a de origem gen&#233;tica bem definida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O relato de s&#237;ncope, devido ao acometimento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo pela amiloidose, &#233; um achado comum nestes pacientes e sua presen&#231;a diante de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico est&#225; ligada a um pior progn&#243;stico, apresentando elevada mortalidade em tr&#234;s meses, muitas vezes devido &#224; morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As arritmias ventriculares s&#227;o causas pouco frequentes de s&#237;ncope nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Isto se justifica pelo fato de o mioc&#225;rdio infiltrado pelo material amiloide apresentar-se mais suscet&#237;vel a epis&#243;dios de hipoperfus&#227;o. As doen&#231;as do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o podem estar presentes nas diferentes formas de amiloidose. No entanto, s&#227;o encontradas mais frequentemente na forma associada &#224; TTR, tanto a senil quanto a heredit&#225;ria. A sincope em pacientes portadores de amiloidose card&#237;aca est&#225; associada principalmente a fen&#244;menos de hipotens&#227;o arterial devido a disautonomia e bradiarritmias e menos relacionada a arritmias ventriculares. A arritmia ventricular maligna, quando presente, &#233; uma causa comum de morte no portador de amiloidose card&#237;aca e esses pacientes s&#227;o fortes candidatos ao implante de cardiodesfibriladores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Envolvimento do peric&#225;rdio pode ocorrer em alguns casos, resultando em derrame peric&#225;rdico que, na maioria das vezes, n&#227;o desenvolve tamponamento card&#237;aco. Em decorr&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias da amiloidose card&#237;aca, este quadro pode ser mascarado e n&#227;o dispor de sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos como a compress&#227;o atrial e ventricular direita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O ac&#250;mulo do material no &#225;trio promove sua disfun&#231;&#227;o eletromec&#226;nica e, consequentemente, aumenta de maneira consider&#225;vel o risco de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo intracavit&#225;rio. Esse processo &#233; evidente, sobretudo nos portadores de amiloidose do tipo AL e &#233; um fator independente da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e quando ambos os fatores est&#227;o presentes, o risco de tromboembolismo &#233; extremamente elevado. Dessa forma, deve-se considerar o emprego de anticoagulantes nesses indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amiloidose card&#237;aca e seu novo fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>Uma nova vis&#227;o sobre a ICFEP torna-se fundamental, tendo em vista sua crescente relev&#226;ncia como fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico mais prevalente de IC na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial. Esse dado &#233; presente em nosso meio, como evidenciado atrav&#233;s do estudo DIGITALIS, que investigou a preval&#234;ncia da IC e seus fen&#243;tipos na aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica na cidade de Niter&#243;i. De acordo com esse estudo, dentre a popula&#231;&#227;o que apresentava IC, 59% eram portadores do fen&#243;tipo ICFEP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Dados provenientes de um centro especializado em amiloidose no Brasil apontam para uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de acometimento mioc&#225;rdico em portadores de polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica a partir de anormalidades no eletrocardiograma (ECG).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Apesar de in&#250;meros estudos acerca desta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, muito se desconhece sobre sua etiofisiopatogenia, o que tem causado resultados negativos nos estudos de tratamento da ICFEP. Isso &#233; dificultado, em especial, diante das in&#250;meras fenoc&#243;pias que mimetizam sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Diante desse cen&#225;rio, destaca-se a possibilidade de uma parcela dos pacientes com ICFEP apresentarem, na realidade, um quadro de amiloidose card&#237;aca. Isso &#233; ratificado atrav&#233;s de estudos recentes com pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP, na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial ou diabetes, apresentarem, atrav&#233;s das novas modalidades de cardioimagem, ac&#250;mulo do material amiloide no mioc&#225;rdio. Ao lado disso, encontra-se o fato de o material amiloide ter sido identificado em estudos com necr&#243;psias de pacientes com quadro de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
					</p>
          <p>De forma a facilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um quadro suspeito para amiloidose card&#237;aca, independente do tipo de fibrila depositada, devemos atentar a algumas evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e de exames complementares conforme apresentamos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e exames complementares na investiga&#231;&#227;o de amiloidose card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Categorias</th>
                  <th align="center">Crit&#233;rios</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5">Hist&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade de in&#237;cio da ICFEP &gt; 60 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hist&#243;ria familiar de IC inexplicada aos 60 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Polineuropatia perif&#233;rica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">S&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Discrasia sanguinea</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Exame f&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Macroglossia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Les&#227;o cut&#226;nea inexplicada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Medicamentos</td>
                  <td align="center">Intoler&#226;ncia a betabloqueadores</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Intoler&#226;ncia a vasodilatadores</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">Dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre baixa voltagem ao ECG com hipertrofia ao ECO</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o/Flutter atrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bloqueio atrioventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Padr&#227;o de pseudoinfarto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="7">ECO</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertrofia ventricular inexplicada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aumento da espessura do septo interatrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aumento da granula&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aumento biatrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Padr&#227;o restritivo de enchimento (Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e E/E' aumentados)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Preserva&#231;&#227;o do strain longitudinal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Derrame peric&#225;rdico</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>IC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ECO: ecodopplercardiograma.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Neste cen&#225;rio em que n&#227;o s&#227;o confirmadas as etiologias mais comums aplic&#225;veis ao quadro de ICFEP, devemos suspeitar de um quadro de amiloidose card&#237;aca. Diante disso propomos um fluxograma norteador para o manejo destes pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma para avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICFEP e suspeita de amilodose. ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ECO: ecodopplercardiograma; ECG: eletrocardiograma; DPD: 2,3-dicarboxipropano-1,1-difosfonato.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0071-70079-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma para investiga&#231;&#227;o do tipo de amiloidose. TTR: transtirretina.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0071-70079-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Abordagem diagn&#243;stica</title>
          <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca apresenta um curso indolente e o diagn&#243;stico &#233; feito, muitas vezes tardiamente, dessa forma contribuindo para um pior progn&#243;stico. Em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es o acometimento card&#237;aco acarreta grande morbidade ao paciente, entretanto o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o &#233;, com frequ&#234;ncia, suspeitado, nem mesmo em condi&#231;&#245;es onde existe a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia restritiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica podemos suspeitar de amiloidose card&#237;aca em pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos, que apresentam sinais e sintomas de IC, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE maior ou igual a 50% e que com o tratamento n&#227;o apresentam melhora dos sintomas. Deve-se considerar manifesta&#231;&#245;es extra card&#237;acas na hist&#243;ria do paciente como norteadoras do diagn&#243;stico da IC pela amiloidose, tais como neuropatia perif&#233;rica e s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo, principalmente as recorrentes e bilaterais. Podem estar presentes tamb&#233;m sinais e sintomas como hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, macroglossia, consumo muscular da regi&#227;o tenar e hipotenar, hematomas de origem desconhecida e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O ECG &#233; um exame de f&#225;cil acesso que pode oferecer altera&#231;&#245;es que levantam a suspeita de amiloidose na presen&#231;a de um quadro de IC. O achado de um complexo QRS de baixa voltagem, desvios do eixo el&#233;trico e bloqueios de ramo podem ser encontrados. Arritmias s&#227;o frequentes, em especial a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, que est&#225; relacionada com infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide do &#225;trio, e arritmias ventriculares complexas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O ECO &#233; um importante m&#233;todo de investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia significativa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo associada ao ECG com QRS de baixa voltagem pode levar a suspei&#231;&#227;o de amiloidose card&#237;aca. Outro crit&#233;rio para a suspeita de amiloidose card&#237;aca &#233; o espessamento da parede ventricular esquerda acima de 12 mm na aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Outros achados que podem estar presentes no ECO s&#227;o o aumento biatrial com ventr&#237;culos de tamanho normal, derrame peric&#225;rdico e evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica devido ao padr&#227;o de cardiomiopatia resritiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A medida da espessura do septo interventricular pode sugerir o tipo de amiloidose presente no paciente, sendo frequentemente maior nos casos de amiloidose por TTR do que a forma AL, podendo em muitos casos ser superior a 20 mm. No entanto, a separa&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas formas em bases cl&#237;nicas nem sempre &#233; poss&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em alguns pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca podemos observar o fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico semelhante a miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva devido a presen&#231;a do gradiente din&#226;mico de press&#227;o que est&#225; relacionado a um "estreitamento" adicional da via de sa&#237;da do VE. Mais recentemente, o strain sist&#243;lico longitudinal tem sido utilizado para o diagn&#243;stico da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca, podendo mostrar a preserva&#231;&#227;o da ponta do cora&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o as demais paredes. Na presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es do ECG e do ECO devemos recorrer a exames complementares. Em uma primeira etapa na elucida&#231;&#227;o de um caso de amiloidose card&#237;aca, investigamos o status da fun&#231;&#227;o renal deste paciente atrav&#233;s das esc&#243;rias nitrogenadas e, em especial, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de perda prot&#233;ica e o tipo desta, feitas atrav&#233;s da coleta de urina de 24h com dosagem da protein&#250;ria e da eletroforese de prote&#237;na urin&#225;ria. Esta etapa na investiga&#231;&#227;o permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o da forma prim&#225;ria de amiloidose e consiste na identifica&#231;&#227;o das cadeias leves que est&#227;o em altos t&#237;tulos nestes pacientes. A imunofixa&#231;&#227;o, quando associada, possibilita um aumento na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica deste tipo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O aspirado de gordura abdominal para estudo histopatol&#243;gico &#233; uma alternativa mais acess&#237;vel, por ser um procedimento diagn&#243;stico simples, de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o, seguro e que apresenta boa sensibilidade, por&#233;m tendo menor acur&#225;cia na forma associada &#224; TTR. Contudo, ao se obter resultado negativo com o aspirado de gordura abdominal, a biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica de ventr&#237;culo direito pode ser essencial para o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca. Atrav&#233;s deste m&#233;todo, a prote&#237;na amiloide &#233; corada pelo vermelho-congo. Outros tecidos tamb&#233;m podem ser avaliados como o reto, gengiva, medula &#243;ssea, rim, entre outros. O estudo histoqu&#237;mico das amostras teciduais &#233; importante a fim de se estabelecer uma distin&#231;&#227;o entre as formas heredit&#225;ria, senil, sist&#234;mica e prim&#225;ria, em virtude das diferen&#231;as de tratamento e progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica surge como mais uma alternativa para o diagn&#243;stico da amiloidose card&#237;aca, com uma sensibilidade de 87% e especificidade de 96% para a forma associada &#224; TTR. Atrav&#233;s desse exame &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar o espessamento mioc&#225;rdico e do septo interatrial, sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, e o t&#237;pico padr&#227;o de realce tardio subendoc&#225;rdico no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que pode tamb&#233;m acometer todas as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A imagem molecular tamb&#233;m tem revolucionado o diagn&#243;stico. Pode ser utilizado o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo a partir do emprego do radiotra&#231;ador Tc99m, que se liga &#224; TTR mas n&#227;o aos derivados da cadeia leve, sendo um m&#233;todo eficaz de avalia&#231;&#227;o diante das formas mutante ou selvagem da amiloidose card&#237;aca associada &#224; TTR. A tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons em conjun&#231;&#227;o com o tra&#231;ador C-RiB pode ser uma nova estrat&#233;gia a ser empregada no diagn&#243;stico desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A bi&#243;psia da medula &#243;ssea com an&#225;lise de colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica ou de citometria de fluxo &#233; fundamental nos pacientes em que se identificou o quadro de amiloidose do tipo AL. Esta demonstrar&#225; uma popula&#231;&#227;o clonal de plasm&#243;citos, que est&#227;o produzindo as cadeias leves defeituosas do anticorpo. Caso esses testes sejam negativos, devemos investigar as formas heredit&#225;rias da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Existem novos estudos envolvendo ci&#234;ncias &#244;micas que pretendem aumentar a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da amiloidose. A prote&#244;mica envolve o estudo de toda a express&#227;o prot&#233;ica de uma c&#233;lula em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es, sendo seu estudo complementar ao genoma, identificando qualquer prote&#237;na, com ou sem muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas. A principal t&#233;cnica empregada &#233; a microdissec&#231;&#227;o a laser seguido por espectrometria de massa (LMD-MS), atrav&#233;s das quais amostras positivas na colora&#231;&#227;o vermelho-congo s&#227;o dissecadas e decompostas em componentes menores denominados pept&#237;deos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento da amiloidose card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>O tratamento da amiloidose card&#237;aca &#233; melhor realizado em centros especializados da doen&#231;a. O tratamento requer duas abordagens: controle das complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao cora&#231;&#227;o devido ao dep&#243;sito amiloide e tratamento da doen&#231;a de base para prevenir novas forma&#231;&#245;es amiloides.</p>
          <p>O tratamento da amiloidose card&#237;aca tem como objetivo melhorar os sinais e sintomas da IC. O emprego de diur&#233;ticos em baixa dose melhora os sintomas relacionados a congest&#227;o, enquanto que o uso da combina&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores e inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina tem o seu beneficio ainda n&#227;o definido na amiloidose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O emprego de digit&#225;licos n&#227;o apresenta benef&#237;cios nesse grupo de pacientes, visto que o mioc&#225;rdio em disfun&#231;&#227;o pelo material amiloide est&#225; mais suscet&#237;vel aos efeitos t&#243;xicos, o que predisp&#245;e a ocorrencia de arritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Deve ser aventado o uso de anticoagulantes em caso de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e na detec&#231;&#227;o de trombos intracavit&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amiloidose da forma AL</title>
          <p>A sobrevida global &#233; de aproximadamente quatro anos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico e tem melhorado nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas. A amiloidose da forma AL &#233;, frequentemente, resultado de um aumento clonal dos plasm&#243;citos na medula &#243;ssea e dessa forma a terapia com quimioter&#225;picos citot&#243;xicos, pode ser eficaz. A atua&#231;&#227;o do hematologista no processo de estadiamento e defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica neste cen&#225;rio &#233; fundamental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Pacientes que apresentam resposta hematol&#243;gica ao tratamento tem melhora sintom&#225;tica e dos biomarcadores card&#237;acos, podendo cursar com regress&#227;o do dep&#243;sito amiloide, o que j&#225; &#233; evidente logo nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses, confirmando um melhor progn&#243;stico nestes casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Terapia com melfalano associada a dexametasona (MelDex) em pacientes inelegiveis para transplante aut&#243;logo de c&#233;lulas tronco apresentou uma taxa de resposta em torno de 70%, sendo essa pior nos casos com envolvimento card&#237;aco avan&#231;ado. Em recente ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado comparando MelDex com altas doses de melfalano seguido pelo transplante de c&#233;lulas tronco mostrou uma melhor taxa de sobrevida nos pacientes que fizeram uso do MelDex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O Bortezomib tem demonstrado ser uma droga eficaz quando associado &#224; Ciclofosfamida e Dexametasona, com resposta hematol&#243;gica importante (71%), ap&#243;s dois meses de utiliza&#231;&#227;o. Segundo grupo da Mayo Clinic, no caso de tr&#234;s pacientes inicialmente ineleg&#237;veis para terapia com c&#233;lula-tronco, o emprego de Bortezomib tornou poss&#237;vel o procedimento. O transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco &#233; utilizado em 25% dos pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca. Ap&#243;s o procedimento epis&#243;dios de taquicardia supraventricular podem ocorrer, com mortalidade de 11% nesses indiv&#237;duos. A resposta hematol&#243;gica positiva em pacientes submetidos a terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco &#233; de aproximadamente 56%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Estudo que avaliou o emprego de Bortezomid, Dexametasona e agentes alquilantes (BDEX+AA) em 106 pacientes com IC sintom&#225;tica devido amiloidose card&#237;aca AL mostrou uma melhora da sobrevida ap&#243;s ajuste das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. (hr: 0,209; 95% IC: 0,069 a 0,636; p = 0,006).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Forma associada &#224; TTR</title>
          <p>O Tafamidis surge como uma importante op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da amiloidose, atuando como um estabilizador cin&#233;tico do tetr&#226;mero da TTR. A intera&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas em determinados s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o da TTR promove a estabilidade &#224; prote&#237;na em seu estado tetram&#233;rico, diminuindo acentuadamente sua dissocia&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, a amiloidog&#234;nese. O tafamidis apresenta capacidade de se ligar seletivamente em um dos s&#237;tios de tiroxina na TTR, promovendo a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cin&#233;tica do tetr&#226;mero.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em estudo multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo controlado, foram demonstradas a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do Tafamidis oral em pacientes com amiloidose e envolvimento do sistema nervoso perif&#233;rico. Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos mostram que esta medica&#231;&#227;o retarda a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o de fibras nervosas de pequeno e grande calibre e, consequentemente, reduz a perda funcional dos sistemas acometidos, otimizando a qualidade de vida do paciente. Em outro estudo, o Tafamidis resultou em estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da transtirretina em 97% dos pacientes com quadro de IC leve a moderada devido &#224; forma selvagem da amiloidose card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Outro f&#225;rmaco em processo de avalia&#231;&#227;o para os quadros de amiloidose card&#237;aca associada &#224; TTR &#233; o Diflunisal, um antinflamat&#243;rio n&#227;o-ester&#243;ide que pode estabilizar o tetr&#226;mero, evitando a amiloidog&#234;nese. Uma coorte avaliou a toler&#226;ncia e os efeitos promovidos em 13 pacientes portadores de amiloidose card&#237;aca por TTR, tanto a forma mutante quanto a selvagem. N&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as significativas na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, bem como dos biomarcadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O emprego de doxiciclina e do &#225;cido tauroursodeoxic&#243;lico foi realizado em estudo com pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, sendo identificada uma poss&#237;vel melhora cl&#237;nica. Uma nova terapia antisense de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o, ISIS-TTRrx, atua reduzindo o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico da prote&#237;na TTR ao suprimir a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de sua s&#237;ntese. Al&#233;m destes, um total de 28 estudos est&#227;o cadastrados na base do Clinical Trials para interven&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Uma alternativa de tratamento para alguns tipos de amiloidose seria o transplante de f&#237;gado com o objetivo de substituir o gene mutado TTR que produz a maioria da transtirretina circulante por um gene encontrado em um &#243;rg&#227;o do doador geneticamente normal. Desta forma, o transplante de f&#237;gado pode ser uma alternativa para retardar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e prolongar a sobrevida do paciente. Contudo, a imunossupress&#227;o cr&#244;nica pertinente ao transplante leva a uma taxa de mortalidade alta no primeiro ano, cerca de 10%, e uma morbidade elevada. O transplante n&#227;o impede a s&#237;ntese extra-hep&#225;tica de prote&#237;na amiloide e com isso n&#227;o retarda a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca inaugura uma nova era da cardiologia personalizada, onde o diagn&#243;stico preciso atrav&#233;s de t&#233;cnicas que envolvem an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica molecular, biomarcadores e m&#233;todos de cardioimagem possibilitam classificar a forma da amiloidose e definir seu curso cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico e, futuramente, guiar a terap&#234;utica desses quadros.</p>
        <p>Deve-se aumentar a suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de amiloidose diante dos casos de ICFEP em que os m&#233;todos de cardioimagem sejam compat&#237;veis com o quadro de cardiomiopatia restritiva ou com os sinais de dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre os achados do ECO e do ECG. A parceria com centros especializados em amiloidose aliado &#224;s novas tecnologias s&#227;o fundamentais no manejo desses pacientes atrav&#233;s de tratamentos especializados, incluindo transplante de &#243;rg&#227;os, ou, ainda, envolvendo os pacientes em estudos cl&#237;nicos que avaliam a a&#231;&#227;o dos novos medicamentos emergentes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
