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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gkY5JZbpf8VRJcpzFjQY8Vc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000700063</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170081</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005011102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Gestational Protein Restriction Increases Cardiac Connexin 43 mRNA levels in male adult rat offspring</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossini</surname>
            <given-names>Kamila Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Andrea de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebelato</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;rcules Jonas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esquisatto</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Augusto Marreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Catisti</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Herm&#237;nio Ometto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Araras</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas do Centro Universit&#225;rio Herm&#237;nio Ometto FHO - UNIARARAS, Araras, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Centro Universit&#225;rio Herm&#237;nio Ometto</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rosana Catisti</bold> Av. Maximiliano Baruto 500, Postal Code 13607-339, Jardim Universit&#225;rio, Araras, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rosanacatisti@uniararas.br</email>, <email>rocatisti@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis, Obtaining funding and Writing of the manuscript: Catisti R; Acquisition of data: Rossini KF, Rebelato HJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira CA, Esquisatto MAM, Catisti R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>01</issue>
      <fpage>63</fpage>
      <lpage>70</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The dietary limitation during pregnancy influences the growth and development of the fetus and offspring and their health into adult life. The mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of gestational protein restriction (GPR) in the development of the offspring hearts are not well understood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of GPR on cardiac structure in male rat offspring at day 60 after birth (d60).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a normal-protein (NP, 17% casein) or low-protein (LP, 6% casein) diet. Blood pressure (BP) values from 60-day-old male offspring were measured by an indirect tail-cuff method using an electro sphygmomanometer. Hearts (d60) were collected for assessment of connexin 43 (Cx43) mRNA expression and morphological and morphometric analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>LP offspring showed no difference in body weight, although they were born lighter than NP offspring. BP levels were significantly higher in the LP group. We observed a significant increase in the area occupied by collagen fibers, a decrease in the number of cardiomyocytes by 10<sup>4</sup>
						<italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup>, and an increase in cardiomyocyte area associated with an increased Cx43 expression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>GPR changes myocardial levels of Cx43 mRNA in male young adult rats, suggesting that this mechanism aims to compensate the fibrotic process by the accumulation of collagen fibers in the heart interstitium.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetal Development</kwd>
        <kwd>Connexin 43</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Maternal dietary restriction is a recognized cause of mortality at birth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and low-birth weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The concept of "programming" is used to associate prenatal events to changes in fetal growth that may become pathological in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Although molecular and physiological changes resulting from nutritional imbalance during pregnancy allow the offspring to survive, the long-term cardiovascular effects imposed by these changes promote structural modifications and changes in components of the renal, respiratory, endocrine, and central nervous systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Recent data have shown bioenergetic changes in liver mitochondria of 30-day-old pups born from mothers undergoing protein restriction during gestation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In addition, gestational protein restriction (GPR) has been shown to be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disorders later in life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During electrical activation of the heart, all myocytes are individually activated by currents flowing through intercellular junctions. In the cardiovascular system, these gap junctions include one or more of four connexins - namely, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45 - that work together during the initial cardiovascular development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Gap junctions also ensure the mechanical and electrical communication between different types of muscle cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This role is crucial in the heart since proper ejection of blood to the circulation depends necessarily on a coordinated contraction of both atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Pathological conditions such as diabetes and hypertension are associated with deletions and changes in the regulation of connexin expression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> while connexin genes may have deleterious effects on cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of GPR on cardiac structure in male rat offspring at day 60 (d60) after birth. We specifically investigated their blood pressure (BP) values during the 8th week of life, morphological and morphometric parameters of left ventricular cardiomyocytes, and Cx43 mRNA levels. Our choice to study the molecular profile of Cx43 was based on the fact that this is the most abundant and expressed connexin in the heart. This is the first study describing the cardiac expression of this gene in rats subjected to GPR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal care</title>
        <p>All experiments were conducted in strict agreement with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the local Animal Care and Use Committee (Permit N&#186;. 056/2014). Ten-week-old virgin female Wistar rats weighing 180 to 250 g were mated with males. After confirming the pregnancy with observation of sperm in a vaginal smear (day 1 of pregnancy), we randomly allocated the pregnant rats (n = 12) on individual cages to receive an isocaloric and normal sodium semisynthetic diet (AIN 93G, Pragsolu&#231;&#245;es, Jau, SP, Brazil) with a normal protein content (17% casein, normal-protein [NP] group, n = 6, numbered from 1 to 6: 1NP to 6NP) or a low protein content (6% casein, low-protein [LP] group, n = 6, numbered from 1 to 6: 1LP to 6LP) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The animals were maintained at a controlled temperature (21 &#177; 1&#186;C) on a 12-h light/dark cycle, with free access to water until they delivered pups at 22 days of gestation. The anogenital distance was measured in all pups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and litters were culled to a maximum of 8 males pups to minimize variation in nutrition during the suckling period. All liveborn male offspring of each mother were used in the experiments. When the number of male pups was less than 8, the number was increased by female pups until this value was reached. After weaning, the pups were housed in cages for a maximum of 4 animals, numbered and identified according to their affiliation. The number of cages followed the identification number of the mothers (from 1 to 6, NP or LP). When the number of male pups of each mother exceeded four, the cages were identified by the number of the mother plus the letters A or B. The identification of the pups in the cages was done by the marking on the tail: 1st (without tail marking), 2nd (one tail trace), 3rd (two tail traces) and 4th (three tail traces). All the animals were identified by this method and the total number of male rats was 21 for the NP group and 37 for the LP group. They received <italic>ad libitum</italic> water and a standard laboratory diet (21.6% protein and 4.0% lipid, Nuvilab CR-1, Nuvital, Colombo, PR, Brazil). On the 8th week of life, their BP levels were measured and, after anesthesia with ketamine (75 mg&#183;kg<sup>&#8722;1</sup> body weight, i.p.) and xylazine (10 mg&#183;kg<sup>&#8722;1</sup> body weight, i.p.), their hearts were removed for analysis. The hearts were weighed, and fragments from the middle third of the left ventricles were processed for morphological and molecular analyses. Twelve animals (NP, n = 6; LP, n = 6; 1 male rat for each of the mothers, randomly) were perfused for measurement of the cross-sectional area of the cardiomyocytes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Composition of the diets fed to the pregnant rats: normal protein (NP, 17%) and low protein (LP, 6%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">g/kg</th>
                <th align="center">NP (17%)</th>
                <th align="center">LP (6%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cornstarch</td>
                <td align="center">397</td>
                <td align="center">480</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casein (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">202</td>
                <td align="center">71.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dextrin (90-94%)</td>
                <td align="center">130.5</td>
                <td align="center">159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sucrose</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">121</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Soybean oil</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fiber</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Salt mixture (AIN 93 GMX)</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitamin mix (AIN 93 VX)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">L-cystine</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Choline bitartrate</td>
                <td align="center">2.5</td>
                <td align="center">2.5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure measurement</title>
        <p>Systemic arterial pressure was measured in conscious 7- and 8-week-old rats (LP, n = 12; NP, n = 12; 2 rats for each of the mothers, randomly) by an indirect tail-cuff method using an electrosphygmomanometer combined with a pneumatic pulse transducer/amplifier (IITC Life Science Inc., CA, USA). This indirect approach allowed repeated measurements with a close correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.975) to direct intra-arterial recording. The mean of three consecutive readings represented the BP level of the animal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue collection: histology and morphometric analysis</title>
        <p>Hearts were removed and longitudinally sectioned in the middle region in two halves. For histological analysis, the upper and lower halves of the six hearts from each experimental group animal were fixed using Millonig's solution and treated for paraffin embedding. Six-micrometer-thick sections were obtained from each blocked tissue from the middle region and stained with toluidine blue (TB) and picrosirius-hematoxylin (PH). Three of the sections stained with TB were used for cardiomyocyte counting (number per 10<sup>4</sup>
					<italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup>) and three other sections stained with PH were used for quantification of collagen fibers using polarization microscopy (% of birefringence area in 10<sup>4</sup>
					<italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup>). Five representative fields obtained from each longitudinal section of the left ventricle of each rat (150,000 <italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup> of total area by animal heart) were analyzed by light microscopy (Leica DM 2000 Photomicroscope) and captured with a digital Leica DFC 425 digital camera (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). Each digital image was photographed with the &#215; 40 objective and formatted at fixed pixel density (8 &#215; 10 inches at 150 dpi) using Sigma Scan Pro (v.6.0). At each digital image, the cardiomyocytes were counted following recommendation by Olivetti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and the area of birefringent collagen fibers was calculated as described by Mendes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> For the analyses, the investigators were blinded to the group allocation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area</title>
        <p>The animals were anesthetized and perfused by the left carotid artery with saline containing heparin (5%) for 15 min and subsequently with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde for 25 min. After perfusion, myocardial tissue samples were obtained from the septum and free wall of the middle part of the left ventricle and fixed in 4% phosphate-buffered formalin during 24 h for paraffin embedding. Five-micrometer-thick sections were cut from the blocked tissue and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). The cross-sectional area of the cardiomyocytes was determined in at least 100 myocytes per slide stained with HE. The measurements were performed under a Leica DM 2000 microscope (x40 magnification lens) attached to a digital camera (Leica DFC 425, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) and connected to a personal computer equipped with the image analyser software Image J (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The cardiomyocyte area was measured with a digitizing pad, and the selected cells were transversely cut with the nucleus clearly identified in the center of the myocyte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RNA isolation and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)</title>
        <p>Total RNA was isolated from ~100-mg samples of left ventricular tissue with the TRIzol&#174; reagent (Invitrogen, CA, USA) and digested with DNAse I, Amplification Grade (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA concentration was determined by measuring UV absorbance at 260 nm using a spectrophotometer, and integrity was confirmed by formaldehyde gel electrophoresis. Samples of total RNA were stored at -80&#186;C until further use for analysis. cDNA was synthesized from 2 <italic>&#181;</italic>g of RNA in the presence of dithiothreitol, dNTP, random primers, RNAseOUT, and SuperScript&#8482; II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) in a final volume of 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>L. Semiquantitative analysis of Cx43 mRNA expression was performed by RT-PCR in a final volume of 25 <italic>&#181;</italic>L containing 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of cDNA, 1.6 mM of MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>M of each dNTP, 0.2 &#961;mol of each primer, and 0.04 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Itapevi, SP, Brazil). Cx43 was amplified using gene-specific forward (5&#180;-GATTGAAGAGCACGGCAAGG-3') and reverse (5&#180;-GTGTAGACCGCGCTCAAG-3&#180;) primers with an expected amplicon of 144 bp (Tm 58&#186;C). ACTB (&#946;-actin) was used as a housekeeping gene (Tm 57&#186;C; forward primer 5&#180;-AGAGGGAAATCGTGCGTGACA-3' and reverse primer 5&#180;-CGATAGTGATGACCTGACCGTCA-3&#180;) yielding an amplification product of 178 bp that was used to normalize the Cx43 mRNA levels.</p>
        <p>The amplified products were separated on 1.5% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide, visualized, and photographed with the gel documentation system Syngene G: Box&#174;. The signal intensity of the bands was measured densitometrically using the Scion Image software. Each value was determined as the mean of three densitometric readings. The results are expressed as average ratios of the relative optical densities of Cx43 PCR products in relation to the &#946;-actin gene.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The results were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) and are reported as the mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) of the measurements from six different animals. In cases in which two groups were compared, we used unpaired Student's t-test with a significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0.05). When appropriate, we used analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc test.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the animals</title>
        <p>A previous analysis of the weight of pups on day 1 after birth (published by our research group and shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> for validation of the GPR model) showed that male offspring of mothers fed a low-protein diet (LP, n = 37, &#9633; symbols, weight 6.40 &#177; 0.21 g) were significantly lighter than offspring of mothers fed a normal-protein diet (NP, n = 21, &#9632; symbols, weight 7.805 &#177; 0.51 g, * p = 0.0048, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref> shows the body weight gain of the animals over a period of 60 days after birth. At d60, there was no significant difference in weight between the NP and LP male offspring (LP, n = 37, &#9633; symbols, final weight 271.8 &#177; 66.66 g; NP, n = 21, &#9632; symbols, final weight 298.3 &#177; 68.68 g).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of gestational protein restriction on the offspring weights. (A) weights on day 1 of male offspring of rats fed a normal-protein diet (NP, 17% protein, &#9632; symbol) or low-protein diet (LP, 6% protein, symbol &#9633;) during pregnancy (X &#177; SD, * p = 0.0048 versus NP); (B) growth curve of the offspring from the 1st to the 60th day after birth.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0063-70081-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of GPR on systemic arterial pressure and cardiac mass at d60</title>
        <p>The mean systemic BP values of the offspring at the 8th week of life are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>. Values in the LP group (131.8 &#177; 2.7 mmHg) were significantly higher than those in the NP group (120.3 &#177; 3.33 mmHg, p = 0.021). Hearts isolated at d60 were quickly weighed after sacrifice, and their weights showed no significant difference (NP, 1.71 &#177; 0.34 g; LP, 1.48 &#177; 0.22 g), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>. Similarly, the ratio of heart tissue weight (mg) and body weight (g) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2C</xref>) showed no significant difference between groups (NP, 3.89 &#177; 0.48 mg/g; LP, 3.86 &#177; 0.28 mg/g).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of gestational protein restriction on the blood pressure levels and their cardiac mass of the offspring at d60. (A) blood pressure (mmHg); (B) cardiac mass (g); (C) ratio (mg/g) of the cardiac mass and body mass in young male offspring of rats fed a normal-protein diet (NP, full bar) or low-protein diet (LP, empty bars) (n = 12; X &#177; SD, * p = 0.021 versus NP).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0063-70081-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of GPR on cardiac morphology</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref> shows the quantification of the area of collagen fibers in the heart of rats at d60. We observed a significant increase in the collagen fiber area in the heart of LP animals compared with NP ones. Morphometric analysis by TB staining allowed quantification of the number of myocytes present in the heart of NP and LP male offspring. The results showed a significant decrease in the number of myocytes in the hearts of LP offspring when compared with NP ones (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>). After perfusion of some animals (n = 6), the left ventricles were collected, weighed and processed for quantitation of the cardiomyocyte area. The ratio of left ventricle weight (mg) and body weight (g) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3C</xref>) showed no significant difference in the NP (2.28 &#177; 0.25 mg/g) and LP (2.49 &#177; 0.27 mg/g) groups. As seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3D</xref>, the area of myocytes was significantly larger in the LP group (188.2 &#177; 4.14 <italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup>) compared with the NP group (160.8 &#177; 2.57 <italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of gestational protein restriction on cardiac morphometry at d60. (A) percentage of collagen fibers area/104 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> in left ventricular sections stained with picrosirius-hematoxylin (n = 6; *** p &lt; 0.0001 versus NP); (B) number of myocytes/104 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> in left ventricular sections stained with toluidine blue (n = 6; * p &lt; 0.0001 versus NP); (C) relationship between left ventricular weight and body mass (mg/g) at the age of 60 days in offspring of rats fed a normal-protein diet (NP, full bars) or low-protein diet (LP, empty bars); (D) cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>; X &#177; SD; n &gt; 100 myocytes; *** p &lt; 0.0001 versus NP).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0063-70081-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modulation of Cx43 in the heart</title>
        <p>We collected left ventricular fragments for analysis of Cx43 expression. The values after densitometric analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>. Compared with the NP group, the LP group showed significant increases in Cx43 mRNA levels (NP, 0.695 &#177; 0.058, n = 4, rats born to 4 different mothers; LP, 0.799 &#177; 0.032, n = 4; rats born to 4 different mothers).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>RT-PCR of Cx43 mRNA expression in the left ventricle (A) and densitometric analysis (B). Young male offspring of rats fed a normal-protein diet (NP, full bar) or low-protein diet (LP, empty bar) at d60 (n = 4; X &#177; SD of the optical density of Cx43 mRNA expression relative to &#946;-actin; * p = 0.02 versus NP).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0063-70081-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>As expected and described in the literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> offspring of rats that received a low-protein diet (LP group) were born lighter than offspring of rats fed a normal-protein diet (NP group). Fetal exposure to glucocorticoids (GC) has been proposed as one of the main risk factors for chronic diseases in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Exogenous or endogenous (maternal stress) fetal exposure to excess GC reduces fetal growth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> During pregnancy, high levels of cortisol (in women)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and corticosterone (in rats)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> are present in the maternal circulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Several studies in rats have shown that maternal malnutrition in response to maternal stress increases corticosterone levels in the plasma, decreases placental expression of 11&#946;-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11&#946;-HSD2), and increases placental expression of 11&#946;-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11&#946;-HSD1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A study in sheep fetuses has shown that mineralocorticoid (MR) and GC (GR) receptors, as well as 11&#946;-HSD1 are abundantly expressed in myocytes and cardiac blood vessels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The authors suggested that GC have access to both MR and GR in the fetal heart, and when GC plasma levels are elevated during a low-protein diet, the GC action in the cardiac MR and GR receptors also increases. GC could stimulate cardiac growth, either by hypertrophy or hyperplasia, or possibly even both. Cardiac hypertrophy could also result from high BP levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> At d60 in our study, the LP offspring had increased systolic BP levels in parallel to an increased area of cardiac collagen fibers. However, these changes were not sufficient to increase the heart weight, which would then characterize the changes as cardiac hypertrophy. Although the area of the cardiomyocytes increased, the number of cardiomyocytes reduced. This finding, observed in young male offspring hearts in our study, support the evidence of interstitial collagen deposition, a symptom of cardiac hypertrophy in response to hypertension in adult human hearts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in primary and secondary forms of hypertension. Components of the RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II, are locally produced in cardiac tissues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and are primary candidates for factors promoting remodeling, mainly cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and increased extracellular fibrosis, which lead to deterioration in cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Various experimental animal models have been developed to investigate the associations between fetal undernutrition and cardiovascular disease later in life,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> and a possible involvement of systemic RAS in the development of hypertension has been reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The composition of the extracellular matrix in physiological and pathophysiological conditions can affect the degree of electrical coupling in cardiac myocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> The conduction of electrical impulses in the heart is determined mainly by three key parameters: electrical coupling between cardiomyocytes, excitability of individual cardiomyocytes, and connective tissue architecture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> These parameters of conduction are primarily mediated by Cx43, NaV1.5 sodium channels, and by the amount of collagen fibers, respectively. In cardiac arrhythmias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> abnormalities in any of these driving parameters have frequently been observed. Cx43 is generally down-regulated, less phosphorylated, and/or redistributed at the intercalated discs along the lateral aspects of the cardiomyocyte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Our study provides the first evidence of increased Cx43 expression in rat hearts induced by GPR. Although our results are limited, we hypothesize that the increased deposition of collagen fibers in the heart associated with increased systolic BP lead to changes in the cardiac conduction of electrical impulses. In response to this injury and associated with the observed increased cardiomyocyte area, the preservation of cell-to-cell communication via upregulation of myocardial Cx43 may be attributed to a protective effect.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Using a rat model of fetal protein restriction, we showed that GPR affects the organization and number of myocytes in the offspring heart and increases the amount of collagen fibers in the cardiac tissue, showing clearly a degenerative process compatible with fibrosis. This finding reinforces the association between maternal malnutrition with low birth weight and the risk of cardiovascular morbidity in adulthood. GPR increases the area of cardiomyocytes and expression of Cx43 in the myocardium of young adult male rats, suggesting that this mechanism aims to compensate the fibrotic process by the accumulation of collagen fibers in the heart interstitium.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o Herm&#237;nio Ometto.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Kamila Fernanda Rossini, from Centro Universit&#225;rio Herm&#237;nio Ometto.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The authors thank Daniela Neodini and Renata Barbieri for their excellent technical assistance. This work was partially supported by grants from the Brazilian funding agencies FHO-Uniararas. KFR was the recipient of a graduate fellowships grant from the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, FHO-Uniararas.</p>
    </ack>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Restri&#231;&#227;o Proteica Gestacional Aumenta N&#237;veis de RNAm de Conexina 43 no Cora&#231;&#227;o de Filhotes Machos Adultos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossini</surname>
            <given-names>Kamila Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Andrea de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebelato</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;rcules Jonas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esquisatto</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Augusto Marreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Catisti</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas do Centro Universit&#225;rio Herm&#237;nio Ometto FHO - UNIARARAS, Araras, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rosana Catisti</bold> Av. Maximiliano Baruto 500, CEP 13607-339, Jardim Universit&#225;rio, Araras, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rosanacatisti@uniararas.br</email>, <email>rocatisti@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Catisti R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rossini KF, Rebelato HJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira CA, Esquisatto MAM, Catisti R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica durante a gravidez influencia o crescimento e desenvolvimento do feto e da prole e sua sa&#250;de na vida adulta. Os mecanismos subjacentes dos efeitos adversos da restri&#231;&#227;o proteica gestacional (RPG) no desenvolvimento dos cora&#231;&#245;es da prole n&#227;o s&#227;o bem compreendidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos da RPG sobre a estrutura card&#237;aca em filhotes machos de ratas aos 60 dias ap&#243;s o nascimento (d60).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos f&#234;meas Wistar gr&#225;vidas foram alimentadas com uma dieta de prote&#237;na normal (PN, 17% case&#237;na) ou de baixa prote&#237;na (BP, case&#237;na 6%). Os valores de press&#227;o arterial (PA) de descendentes do sexo masculino de 60 dias de idade foram medidos por meio de um m&#233;todo indireto de manguito de cauda usando um eletro esfigmoman&#244;metro. Os cora&#231;&#245;es (d60) foram coletados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de RNAm da conexina 43 (Cx43) e an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica e morfom&#233;trica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A prole BP n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a no peso corporal, embora tenha nascido mais leve do que a prole PN. Os n&#237;veis de PA foram significativamente mais altos no grupo BP. Observou-se um aumento significativo na &#225;rea ocupada pelas fibras col&#225;genas, diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de cardiomi&#243;citos em 10<sup>4</sup>
						<italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup> e aumento da &#225;rea de cardiomi&#243;citos associada ao aumento da express&#227;o de Cx43.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A RPG altera os n&#237;veis mioc&#225;rdicos de RNAm de Cx43 em ratos adultos jovens, sugerindo que este mecanismo visa compensar o processo fibr&#243;tico pelo ac&#250;mulo de fibras de col&#225;geno no interst&#237;cio card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Gesta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Desevolvimento Fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>Conexina 4</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A restri&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica materna &#233; uma causa reconhecida de mortalidade ao nascimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e baixo peso ao nascer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O conceito de "programa&#231;&#227;o" &#233; utilizado para associar eventos pr&#233;-natais a mudan&#231;as no crescimento fetal que podem se tornar patol&#243;gicas na idade adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Embora as altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares e fisiol&#243;gicas resultantes do desequil&#237;brio nutricional durante a gravidez permitam que a prole sobreviva, os efeitos cardiovasculares a longo prazo impostos por essas mudan&#231;as promovem modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais e altera&#231;&#245;es nos componentes dos sistemas renal, respirat&#243;rio, end&#243;crino e nervoso central.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Dados recentes t&#234;m mostrado altera&#231;&#245;es na bioenerg&#233;tica mitocondrial hep&#225;tica de filhotes de 30 dias nascidos de m&#227;es submetidas a restri&#231;&#227;o proteica durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a restri&#231;&#227;o proteica gestacional (RPG) tem se mostrado um importante fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Durante a atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o, todos os mi&#243;citos s&#227;o ativados individualmente pelo fluxo el&#233;trico atrav&#233;s das jun&#231;&#245;es intercelulares. No sistema cardiovascular, estas jun&#231;&#245;es gap incluem uma ou mais de quatro conexinas - nomeadamente, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43 e Cx45 - que trabalham em conjunto durante o in&#237;cio do desenvolvimento cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> As jun&#231;&#245;es gap tamb&#233;m garantem a comunica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e el&#233;trica entre diferentes tipos de c&#233;lulas musculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Esse papel &#233; crucial no cora&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que a correta eje&#231;&#227;o do sangue para a circula&#231;&#227;o depende necessariamente de uma contra&#231;&#227;o coordenada tanto dos cardiomi&#243;citos auriculares como ventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas como diabetes e hipertens&#227;o est&#227;o associadas a dele&#231;&#245;es e altera&#231;&#245;es na regula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o da conexina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> enquanto que os genes da conexina podem ter efeitos delet&#233;rios na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da RPG sobre a estrutura card&#237;aca em filhotes machos de ratas no dia 60 (d60) ap&#243;s o nascimento. N&#243;s investigamos especificamente seus valores de press&#227;o arterial (PA) durante a 8&#170; semana de vida, os par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos e morfom&#233;tricos dos cardiomi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os n&#237;veis de RNAm de Cx43. Nossa escolha para estudar o perfil molecular de Cx43 foi baseada no fato de que esta &#233; a conexina mais abundante e expressa no cora&#231;&#227;o. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que descreve a express&#227;o card&#237;aca deste gene em ratos submetidos a RPG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cuidados com animais</title>
          <p>Todos os experimentos foram conduzidos em estrita concord&#226;ncia com o Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de Cuidados e Uso de Animais (Permiss&#227;o N&#186;. 056/2014). Ratos Wistar f&#234;meas virgens de dez semanas de idade, pesando 180 a 250 g, foram acasaladas com machos. Ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o da prenhez pela observa&#231;&#227;o observa&#231;&#227;o de espermatozoides em um esfrega&#231;o vaginal (dia 1 da gesta&#231;&#227;o), alocamos aleatoriamente as ratas prenhes (n = 12) em gaiolas individuais para receber uma dieta semisint&#233;tica isocal&#243;rica e normal de s&#243;dio (AIN 93G, Pragsolu&#231;&#245;es, Jau, SP, Brasil) com um conte&#250;do proteico normal (17% de case&#237;na, grupo de prote&#237;na normal [PN], n = 6, numerado de 1 a 6: 1PN a 6PN) ou baixo teor proteico (case&#237;na 6% BP], n = 6, numerado de 1 a 6: 1BP a 6BP) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>), conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os animais foram mantidos a uma temperatura controlada (21 &#177; 1&#186;C) em um ciclo de luz/escurid&#227;o de 12 h, com acesso livre &#224; &#225;gua at&#233; o nascimento dos filhotes aos 22 dias de gesta&#231;&#227;o. A dist&#226;ncia anogenital foi medida em todos os filhotes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e as ninhadas foram sacrificadas at&#233; um m&#225;ximo de 8 filhotes machos para minimizar a varia&#231;&#227;o na nutri&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo de amamenta&#231;&#227;o. Todas as crias machos vivos de cada m&#227;e foram utilizadas nos experimentos. Quando o n&#250;mero de filhotes foi menor do que 8, o n&#250;mero foi aumentado por filhotes f&#234;meas at&#233; que este valor foi atingido. Ap&#243;s o desmame, os filhotes foram alojados em gaiolas para um m&#225;ximo de 4 animais, numerados e identificados de acordo com sua afilia&#231;&#227;o. O n&#250;mero de gaiolas seguiu o n&#250;mero de identifica&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;es (de 1 a 6, PN ou BP). Quando o n&#250;mero de filhotes machos de cada m&#227;e excedeu quatro, as gaiolas foram identificadas pelo n&#250;mero da m&#227;e mais as letras A ou B. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos filhotes nas gaiolas foi feita pela marca&#231;&#227;o na cauda: 1&#186; (sem marca&#231;&#227;o na cauda), 2&#186; (um tra&#231;o na cauda), 3&#186; (dois tra&#231;os na cauda) e 4&#186; (tr&#234;s tra&#231;os na cauda). Todos os animais foram identificados por este m&#233;todo e o n&#250;mero total de ratos machos foi de 21 para o grupo PN e 37 para o grupo BP. Receberam &#225;gua ad libitum e uma dieta padr&#227;o de laborat&#243;rio (21,6% de prote&#237;na e 4,0% de lip&#237;deo, Nuvilab CR-1, Nuvital, Colombo, PR, Brasil). Na 8&#170; semana de vida, os n&#237;veis de PA foram medidos e, ap&#243;s anestesia com cetamina (75 mg &#183; kg<sup>-1</sup> de peso corporal, ip) e xilazina (10 mg &#183; kg<sup>-1</sup> de peso corporal, ip), os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos para an&#225;lise. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram pesados e fragmentos do ter&#231;o m&#233;dio dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdos foram processados para an&#225;lises morfol&#243;gicas e moleculares. Doze animais (PN, n = 6, BP, n = 6; um macho por cada uma das m&#227;es, aleatoriamente) foram perfundidos para a medi&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversal dos cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o das dietas das ratas prenhes: prote&#237;na normal (PN, 17%) e baixa prote&#237;na (BP, 6%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">g/kg</th>
                  <th align="center">PN (17%)</th>
                  <th align="center">BP (6%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Amido de milho</td>
                  <td align="center">397</td>
                  <td align="center">480</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Case&#237;na (84%)</td>
                  <td align="center">202</td>
                  <td align="center">71.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dextrina (90-94%)</td>
                  <td align="center">130.5</td>
                  <td align="center">159</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sacarose</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">121</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;leo de soja</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibra</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mistura de sal (AIN 93 GMX)</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mistura de vitaminas (AIN 93 VX)</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">L-cistina</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bitartrato de colina</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi medida em ratos conscientes de 7 e 8 semanas de idade (BP, n = 12; PN, n = 12; 2 ratos por cada uma das m&#227;es, aleatoriamente) por meio de um m&#233;todo indireto de manguito de cauda usando um eletro esfigmoman&#244;metro combinado com um transdutor/amplificador de pulso pneum&#225;tico (IITC Life Science Inc., CA, EUA). Esta abordagem indireta permitiu medidas repetidas com uma estreita correla&#231;&#227;o (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o = 0,975) para direcionar o registro intra-arterial. A m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s leituras consecutivas representou o n&#237;vel de PA do animal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de tecidos: histologia e an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos e seccionados longitudinalmente na regi&#227;o m&#233;dia em duas metades. Para an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, as metades superior e inferior dos seis cora&#231;&#245;es de cada animal do grupo experimental foram fixadas utilizando a solu&#231;&#227;o de Millonig e tratadas para inclus&#227;o de parafina. Foram obtidas se&#231;&#245;es de 6 micr&#243;metros de espessura de cada bloco de tecido da regi&#227;o m&#233;dia e coradas com azul de toluidina (AT) e picrosirius-hematoxilina (PH). Tr&#234;s das se&#231;&#245;es coradas com TB foram utilizadas para a contagem de cardiomi&#243;citos (n&#250;mero por 10<sup>4</sup>
						<italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup>) e tr&#234;s outras se&#231;&#245;es coradas com PH para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de fibras de col&#225;geno utilizando microscopia de polariza&#231;&#227;o (% de &#225;rea de birrefring&#234;ncia em 10<sup>4</sup>
						<italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup>). Cinco campos representativos obtidos de cada se&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de cada rato (150.000 <italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup> de &#225;rea total por cora&#231;&#227;o animal) foram analisados por microscopia &#243;ptica (Leica DM 2000 Photomicroscope) e capturados com uma c&#226;mara digital Leica DFC 425 (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Alemanha). Cada imagem digital foi fotografada com o objetivo x40 e formatada com densidade de pixels fixa (8 &#215; 10 polegadas a 150 dpi) usando Sigma Scan Pro (v.6.0). Em cada imagem digital, os cardiomi&#243;citos foram contados seguindo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de Olivetti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e a &#225;rea de fibras de col&#225;geno birrefringentes foi calculada como descrito por Mendes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Para as an&#225;lises, a aloca&#231;&#227;o dos grupos foi feita &#224;s cegas pelos pesquisadores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversal dos cardiomi&#243;citos</title>
          <p>Os animais foram anestesiados e perfundidos pela art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda com solu&#231;&#227;o salina contendo heparina (5%) durante 15 min e subsequentemente com tamp&#227;o fosfato 0,1 M (pH 7,4) contendo paraformalde&#237;do a 4% (p/v) durante 25 min. Ap&#243;s a perfus&#227;o, amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico foram obtidas a partir do septo e parede livre da parte m&#233;dia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fixadas em 4% de formalina tamponada com fosfato durante 24 h para inclus&#227;o de parafina. Foram cortadas se&#231;&#245;es de 5 micr&#243;metros de espessura do tecido e coradas com hematoxilina-eosina (HE). A &#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversal dos cardiomi&#243;citos foi determinada em pelo menos 100 mi&#243;citos por lamela corada com HE. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com um microsc&#243;pio Leica DM 2000 (lente de amplia&#231;&#227;o x40) ligado a uma c&#226;mara digital (Leica DFC 425, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Alemanha) e ligados a um computador pessoal equipado com o software de an&#225;lise de imagem Image J (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, EUA). Mediu-se a &#225;rea de cardiomi&#243;citos com uma almofada de digitaliza&#231;&#227;o e as c&#233;lulas selecionadas foram cortadas transversalmente com o n&#250;cleo claramente identificado no centro do mi&#243;cito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento de RNA e rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase via <italic>transcriptase</italic> reversa semiquantitativa (RT-PCR)</title>
          <p>O RNA total foi isolado a partir de amostras de 100 mg de tecido ventricular esquerdo com o reagente TRIzol&#174; (Invitrogen, CA, EUA) e digerido com DNAse I, Grau de Amplifica&#231;&#227;o (Invitrogen) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de RNA foi determinada medindo a absorv&#234;ncia de UV a 260 nm utilizando um espectrofot&#243;metro, e a integridade foi confirmada por eletroforese em gel de formalde&#237;do. As amostras de RNA total foram armazenadas a -80&#186;C at&#233; an&#225;lise posterior. O cDNA foi sintetizado a partir de 2 <italic>&#181;</italic>g de RNA na presen&#231;a de ditiotreitol, dNTP, primers aleat&#243;rios, RNAseOUT e Transcriptase Reversa SuperScript&#8482; II (Invitrogen) num volume final de 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>L. A an&#225;lise semiquantitativa da express&#227;o de RNAm de Cx43 foi realizada por RT-PCR num volume final de 25 <italic>&#181;</italic>L contendo 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de DNAc, 1,6 mM de MgCl2, 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>M de cada dNTP, 0,2 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol de cada primer e 0,04 U de DNA polimerase Taq Invitrogen, Itapevi, SP, Brasil). Cx43 foi amplificado utilizando iniciadores espec&#237;ficos para o gene (5'-GATTGAAGAGCACGGCAAGG-3') e reverso (5'-GTGTAGACCGCGCTCAAG-3') com um amplicon esperado de 144 bp (Tm 58&#186;C). Utilizou-se ACTB (beta-actina) como um gene constitutivo (Tm 57&#186;C, primer direto 5'-AGAGGGAAATCGTGCGTGACA-3 'e primer reverso 5'-CGATAGTGATGACCTGACCGTCA-3') produzindo um produto de amplifica&#231;&#227;o de 178 bp que foi utilizado para normalizar os n&#237;veis de RNAm de Cx43. Os produtos amplificados foram separados em gel de agarose a 1,5% corado com brometo de et&#237;dio, visualizado e fotografado com o sistema de documenta&#231;&#227;o de gel Syngene G: Box&#174;. A intensidade do sinal das bandas foi medida densitometricamente usando o software Scion Image. Cada valor foi determinado como a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s leituras densitom&#233;tricas. Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como a raz&#227;o da densidade &#243;tica relativa do produto de PCR da Cx43 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gene da beta actina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram analisados utilizando o software GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, EUA) e s&#227;o relatados como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) das medi&#231;&#245;es de seis animais diferentes. Nos casos em que foram comparados dois grupos, utilizou-se o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). Quando apropriado, utilizamos a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) seguida pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos animais</title>
          <p>Uma an&#225;lise pr&#233;via do peso dos filhotes no dia 1 ap&#243;s o nascimento (publicado pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa e mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1A</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> para valida&#231;&#227;o do modelo RPG) (PN, n = 37, &#9633; s&#237;mbolos, peso 6,40 &#177; 0,21 g) foram significativamente mais leves do que os descendentes de m&#227;es alimentadas com uma dieta normal em prote&#237;nas (PN, n = 21, &#9632; s&#237;mbolos, peso 7,805 &#177; 0,51 g, p = 0,0048, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1A</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1B</xref> mostra o ganho de peso corporal dos animais durante um per&#237;odo de 60 dias ap&#243;s o nascimento. No d60, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no peso entre os os animais dos grupos PN e BP (BP, n = 37, &#9633; s&#237;mbolos, peso final 271,8 &#177; 66,66 g, PN, n = 21, &#9632; s&#237;mbolos, peso final 298,3 &#177; 68,68 g).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito da restri&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;ica gestacional nos pesos da prole. (A) no dia 1 de descend&#234;ncia masculina de ratos alimentados com uma dieta de prote&#237;na normal (PN, 17% de prote&#237;na, &#9632; s&#237;mbolo) ou dieta de baixa prote&#237;na (BP, 6% de prote&#237;na, s&#237;mbolo &#9633;) durante a gravidez (X &#177; DP, *p = 0,0048 versus PN); (B) curva de crescimento da prole desde o 1&#186; ao 60&#186; dia ap&#243;s o nascimento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0063-70081-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito da RPG na press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e massa card&#237;aca em d60</title>
          <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de PA sist&#233;mica da prole na 8&#170; semana de vida s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2A</xref>. Os valores no grupo BP (131,8 &#177; 2,7 mmHg) foram significativamente maiores que os do grupo PN (120,3 &#177; 3,33 mmHg, p = 0,021). Os cora&#231;&#245;es isolados em d60 foram rapidamente pesados ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio, e seus pesos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa (PN, 1,71 &#177; 0,34 g, BP, 1,48 &#177; 0,22 g), como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2B</xref>. De forma semelhante, a raz&#227;o entre o peso do tecido card&#237;aco (mg) e o peso corporal (g) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref>) n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (PN, 3,89 &#177; 0,48 mg/g, BP, 3,86 &#177; 0,28 mg/g).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito da restri&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;ica gestacional nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial e massa card&#237;aca da prole em d60. (A) press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea (mmHg); (B) massa card&#237;aca (g); (Mg/g) da massa card&#237;aca e da massa corporal em descendentes de machos jovens de ratos alimentados com uma dieta de prote&#237;na normal (PN, barra cheia) ou dieta de baixa prote&#237;na (BP, barras vazias) (n = 12; X &#177; DP, * p = 0,021 versus PN).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0063-70081-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito do RPG na morfologia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3A</xref> mostra a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de fibras de col&#225;geno no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos a d60. Observamos um aumento significativo na &#225;rea de fibras de col&#225;geno no cora&#231;&#227;o de animais BP em compara&#231;&#227;o com os PN. A an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica pela colora&#231;&#227;o da AT permitiu a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de mi&#243;citos presentes no cora&#231;&#227;o da linhagem PN e BP. Os resultados mostraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no n&#250;mero de mi&#243;citos nos cora&#231;&#245;es da descend&#234;ncia BP quando comparados com os PN (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3B</xref>). Ap&#243;s a perfus&#227;o de alguns animais (n = 6), os ventr&#237;culos esquerdos foram coletados, pesados e processados para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de cardiomi&#243;citos. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mg) e o peso corporal (g) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3C</xref>) n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa nos grupos PN (2,28 &#177; 0,25 mg/g) e BP (2,49 &#177; 0,27 mg/g). Como visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3D</xref>, a &#225;rea de mi&#243;citos foi significativamente maior no grupo BP (188,2 &#177; 4,14 <italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup>) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo PN (160,8 &#177; 2,57 <italic>&#181;</italic>m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito da restri&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;ica gestacional na morfometria card&#237;aca em d60. (A) porcentagem de &#225;rea de fibras de col&#225;geno / 104 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> em se&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo coradas com picrosirius-hematoxilina (n = 6; *** p &lt;0,0001 versus PN); (B) n&#250;mero de mi&#243;citos / 104 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> nas se&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo coradas com azul de toluidina (n = 6; * p &lt; 0,0001 versus PN); (C) rela&#231;&#227;o entre peso ventricular esquerdo e massa corporal (mg/g) aos 60 dias de descend&#234;ncia de ratos alimentados com uma dieta de prote&#237;na normal (PN, barras cheias) ou dieta de baixa prote&#237;na (BP, barras vazias); (D) &#225;rea de se&#231;&#227;o transversal dos cardiomi&#243;citos (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>, X &#177; DP, n &gt; 100 mi&#243;citos, *** p &lt; 0,0001 versus PN).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0063-70081-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modula&#231;&#227;o de Cx43 no cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Recolhemos fragmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para an&#225;lise da express&#227;o de Cx43. Os valores ap&#243;s an&#225;lise densitom&#233;trica s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo PN, o grupo BP apresentou aumentos significativos nos n&#237;veis de RNAm de Cx43 (PN, 0,695 &#177; 0,058, n = 4, ratos nascidos de 4 m&#227;es diferentes, BP, 0,799 &#177; 0,032, N = 4, ratos nascidos de 4 m&#227;es diferentes).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>RT-PCR da express&#227;o de RNAm de Cx43 no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (A) e an&#225;lise densitom&#233;trica (B). Os descendentes masculinos jovens de ratos alimentados com uma dieta de prote&#237;na normal (PN, barra cheia) ou dieta de baixa prote&#237;na (BP, barra vazia) a d60 (n = 4; X &#177; DP da densidade &#243;ptica da express&#227;o de RNA de Cx43 em rela&#231;&#227;o a &#946;-Actina; * p = 0,02 versus PN).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0063-70081-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como esperado e descrito na literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> os descendentes de ratas que receberam uma dieta de baixa prote&#237;na (grupo BP) nasceram mais leves que os descendentes de ratos alimentados com uma dieta de prote&#237;na normal (grupo PN). A exposi&#231;&#227;o fetal aos glicocorticoides (GC) tem sido proposta como um dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas na idade adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o fetal ex&#243;gena ou end&#243;gena (estresse materno) ao excesso de GC diminui o crescimento fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Durante a gravidez, altos n&#237;veis de cortisol (em mulheres)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e corticosterona (em ratos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> est&#227;o presentes na circula&#231;&#227;o materna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> V&#225;rios estudos em ratos mostraram que a desnutri&#231;&#227;o materna em resposta ao estresse materno aumenta os n&#237;veis de corticosterona no plasma, diminui a express&#227;o placent&#225;ria da 11&#946;-hidroxiesteroide desidrogenase tipo 2 (11&#946;-HSD2) e aumenta a express&#227;o placent&#225;ria da 11&#946;-hidroxiesteroide desidrogenase tipo 1 -HSD1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Um estudo em fetos de ovelhas mostrou que os receptores mineralocorticoides (MR) e GC (GR), assim como o 11&#946;-HSD1, s&#227;o expressos abundantemente nos mi&#243;citos e nos vasos sangu&#237;neos card&#237;acos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Os autores sugeriram que o GC tem acesso a MR e a GR no cora&#231;&#227;o fetal e quando os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de GC s&#227;o elevados durante uma dieta de baixa prote&#237;na, a a&#231;&#227;o do GC nos receptores MR e GR card&#237;acos tamb&#233;m aumenta. O GC poderia estimular o crescimento card&#237;aco, quer por hipertrofia ou hiperplasia, ou possivelmente por ambos. A hipertrofia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m pode resultar de n&#237;veis elevados de PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. No d60 em nosso estudo, a prole BP tinha aumentado os n&#237;veis de PA sist&#243;lica em paralelo a uma &#225;rea aumentada de fibras de col&#225;geno card&#237;aco. No entanto, estas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram suficientes para aumentar o peso card&#237;aco, o que poderia caracterizar as altera&#231;&#245;es como hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Embora a &#225;rea dos cardiomi&#243;citos tenha aumentado, o n&#250;mero de cardiomi&#243;citos diminuiu. Esse achado, observado em cora&#231;&#245;es de machos jovens de prole em nosso estudo, apoia a evid&#234;ncia de ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno intersticial, um sintoma de hipertrofia card&#237;aca em resposta &#224; hipertens&#227;o em cora&#231;&#245;es humanos adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sistema renina-angiotensina (RAS) desempenha um papel importante nas formas prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria de hipertens&#227;o. Os componentes do RAS, como a enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA) e a angiotensina II, s&#227;o produzidos localmente nos tecidos card&#237;acos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e s&#227;o candidatos prim&#225;rios a fatores promotores de remodela&#231;&#227;o, principalmente hipertrofia card&#237;aca de mi&#243;citos e aumento da fibrose extracelular, que levam &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> V&#225;rios modelos animais experimentais foram desenvolvidos para investigar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre desnutri&#231;&#227;o fetal e doen&#231;a cardiovascular na vida adulta,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> e um poss&#237;vel envolvimento do RAS sist&#234;mico no desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi relatado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e fisiopatol&#243;gicas pode afetar o grau de acoplamento el&#233;trico em mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> A condu&#231;&#227;o de impulsos el&#233;tricos no cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; determinada principalmente por tr&#234;s par&#226;metros-chave: acoplamento el&#233;trico entre cardiomi&#243;citos, excitabilidade de cardiomi&#243;citos individuais e arquitetura do tecido conjuntivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Estes par&#226;metros de condu&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mediados principalmente por Cx43, canais de s&#243;dio NaV1.5, e pela quantidade de fibras de col&#225;geno, respectivamente. Nas arritmias card&#237;acas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> foram frequentemente observadas anomalias em qualquer um destes par&#226;metros de condu&#231;&#227;o. Cx43 &#233; geralmente regulado negativamente, menos fosforilado e/ou redistribu&#237;do nos discos intercalares ao longo do cardiomi&#243;cito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Nosso estudo fornece a primeira evid&#234;ncia de aumento da express&#227;o de Cx43 em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos submetidos &#224; RPG. Embora nossos resultados sejam limitados, nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que o aumento do ac&#250;mulo de fibras de col&#225;geno no cora&#231;&#227;o associado com aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica leva a altera&#231;&#245;es na condu&#231;&#227;o de impulsos el&#233;tricos card&#237;acos. Em resposta a esta les&#227;o e associada &#224; ao aumento da &#225;rea de cardiomi&#243;citos observada, a preserva&#231;&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o c&#233;lula a c&#233;lula atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o positiva da Cx43 mioc&#225;rdica pode ser atribu&#237;da a um efeito protetor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Usando um modelo de rato de restri&#231;&#227;o proteica fetal, mostramos que a RPG afeta a organiza&#231;&#227;o e o n&#250;mero de mi&#243;citos no cora&#231;&#227;o da prole e aumenta a quantidade de fibras de col&#225;geno no tecido card&#237;aco, mostrando claramente um processo degenerativo compat&#237;vel com fibrose. Esse achado refor&#231;a a associa&#231;&#227;o entre desnutri&#231;&#227;o materna com baixo peso ao nascer e o risco de morbidade cardiovascular na idade adulta. A RPG aumenta a &#225;rea de cardiomi&#243;citos e a express&#227;o de Cx43 no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos machos adultos jovens, sugerindo que este mecanismo visa compensar o processo fibr&#243;tico pelo ac&#250;mulo de fibras de col&#225;geno no interst&#237;cio card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Herm&#237;nio Ometto.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Kamila Fernanda Rossini pelo Centro Universit&#225;rio Herm&#237;nio Ometto.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem a Daniela Neodini e Renata Barbieri pela sua excelente assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica. Este trabalho foi parcialmente apoiado por doa&#231;&#245;es das ag&#234;ncias de fomento brasileiras FHO-Uniararas. KFR foi o benefici&#225;rio de uma bolsa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o do Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas, FHO-Uniararas.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
