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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Hn6Fcdvvq6gsfBzSVDs5KBz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000700047</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005008105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170067</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype and Changes in the Fasting Glycemia and Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents Over One-Year Follow-Up Period</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Ribas de Farias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assis</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marl&#250;cia Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Carla de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Emile Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela dos Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lais Eloy Machado da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Wilanne Pinheiro de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA); Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFBA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimentos, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de da UFBA; Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rec&#244;ncavo da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rec&#244;ncavo da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rec&#244;ncavo da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Priscila Ribas de Farias Costa</bold>, Avenida Araujo Pinho, n&#186;32, Postal Code 40.110-150. Canela, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>priscilarf@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Costa PRF, Assis AMO; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costa PRF, Assis AMO, Cunha CM, Pereira EM, Jesus GS, Silva LEM, Alves WPO; Obtaining funding: Assis AMO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>01</issue>
      <fpage>47</fpage>
      <lpage>53</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTW) phenotype is defined as the simultaneous presence of increased waist circumference (WC) and serum triglycerides (TG) levels and it has been associated with cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The objective was to evaluate the influence of HTW phenotype in the fasting glycemia and blood pressure in children and adolescents over one-year follow-up period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>It is a cohort study involving 492 children and adolescents from 7 to 15 years old, both genders, who were submitted to anthropometric, biochemical and clinical evaluation at the baseline, and also after 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models were calculated to evaluate the longitudinal influence of the HTW phenotype in the glycemia and blood pressure over one-year.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>It was observed a prevalence of 10.6% (n = 52) of HTW phenotype in the students. The GEE models identified that students with HTW phenotype had an increase of 3.87 mg/dl in the fasting glycemia mean (CI: 1.68-6.05) and of 3.67mmHg in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) mean (CI: 1.55-6.08) over one-year follow-up, after adjusting for confounding variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The results of this study suggest that HTW phenotype is a risk factor for longitudinal changes in glycemia and SBP in children and adolescents over one-year follow-up period.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertriglyceridemic Waist, Phenotype</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycemic Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Fasting</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HTW) is defined as the simultaneous presence of increased waist circumference (WC) and serum triglycerides (TG) levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This phenotype has been associated with the cardiometabolic risk, with elevated insulin, apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol levels, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of HTW phenotype has been widely investigated. A meta-analysis performed by Ren et al. (2016)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> demonstrated variation in the prevalence of the HTW phenotype from 4% to 47%, with combined prevalence of 19% (95% CI 14-24%). Esmaillzadeh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> verified prevalence of 6.5% for HTW in Iranian adolescents (7.3% in boys and 5.6% in girls). In Brazil, transversal studies with adolescents from 10 to 19 years old identified HTW prevalence fluctuating from 6.4% to 20.7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, no longitudinal studies involving children and adolescents were identified in the literature.</p>
      <p>Evidences suggest that individuals with HTW phenotype are more likely to develop metabolic syndrome and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Among these factors, there are increased glycemia and systemic hypertension, characterized by increased and sustained blood pressure, with multifactorial determination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>. Therefore, HTW is a simple and reliable indicator to detect these diseases and metabolic risks associated to visceral obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, and may become a practical, feasible, and low-cost approach, especially in Primary Care.</p>
      <p>Given the above, and considering the absence of cohort studies involving the subject, this study aimed to assess the influence of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype on the fasting glycemia and blood pressure of students after one-year follow-up.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample and study design</title>
        <p>This is a cohort study including 492 children and adolescents from 7 to 15 years old, both male and female, from 10 public, urban and part-time schools. It was conducted a simple random sampling, selecting students of each school from a list of elementary school children registered with the Municipal Education Department of a municipality of Bahia, Brazil, in 2006. This sample has power of 97.6% to detect a 10% change in the mean fasting glycemia of the participants, during a 12 months period, considering the mean of 90.2 mg/dL &#177; 0.3SD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> For systolic blood pressure (SBP), the sample has power of 95% to detect alteration of 10% in the average values, considering the mean of 111.1 mmHg &#177; 12.9 SD; and power of 94% to detect a change of 10% in the mean of diastolic blood pressure (DBP), considering an average of 70.3 &#177; 9.3SD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Calculations of sample power (1-&#946;) were based on the significance level of 5% and two tailed-tests, indicating that this sample size is sufficient to carry out unbiased estimates of the parameters of the studied population.</p>
        <p>All the measurements were collected in the beginning and after 6 and 12 months follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>State of pregnancy, lactation or physical disabilities that prevented anthropometric evaluation were adopted as exclusion criteria. However, these conditions were not identified among the selected students.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric evaluation</title>
        <p>In order to measure the weight, it was used a Filizola&#174; portable weighing machine with capacity for 150kg and 100 g precision, allowing the variation of 100g. Height was measured by a stadiometer brand Leicester Height Measure, with the measure performed in the closest millimeter. Both measures were performed in duplicate and the mean of the two measures was adopted as final measure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The anthropometric state was assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI) by age, using as reference, the recommendations of World Health Organization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> for individuals from 5 to 19 years old.</p>
        <p>The waist circumference (WC) was measured at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the outer face of the last rib. The measures were performed in duplicate and the average of these two measures was adopted as definitive. The cut off adopted to classify abdominal fat excess was the 90th percentile of the own sample, as proposed by Freedman et al. (1999).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sociodemographic and lifestyle data</title>
        <p>The person responsible for the child/adolescent referred this information. The demographic variables included the student gender and age. The socioeconomic status included number of rooms in the house and people who lived there, the main source of illumination and the occupation of the head of the family. These variables originated the socioeconomic index. The status of household water supply, the source of drinking water and the destination of the garbage and waste were used to compose the environmental index. These variables had responses varying from 0 (worst condition) to 4 (best classification). Thus, the socioeconomic and environmental indexes were ranging from 0 to 16 and were categorized into terciles. Despite knowing that the maternal education is associated to socioeconomic conditions, this variable was not included in the socioeconomic index and it was assessed individually, once this also represents the cultural and dietary aspects of the society where the individual is inserted.</p>
        <p>The physical activity level was assessed by a questionnaire structured with questions referring to the frequency of physical activities that were not included in the pedagogical content of the school, which is performed once a week. Therefore, the practice of two or more days of physical activity outside the school classifies the student as active; and less than two days of physical activity outside classifies the student as less active / sedentary.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure</title>
        <p>For blood pressure (BP) measurement it was adopted the technique recommended by the 4<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension. The BP value was classified according to the <italic>National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children</italic> (2004),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> considering high pressure levels for children and adolescents BP &gt; p90, according to age, gender and height percentile.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical exams</title>
        <p>The blood collection was performed in the morning observing at least 12-hours fasting, 10 mL of blood were collected by venepuncture and deposited in sterile and disposable vacutainer tubes (BD<sup>&#174;</sup>), without anticoagulant. The blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes for posterior serum separation, which was used for biochemical determinations. The biochemical parameters were performed at the Reference City Laboratory, provided by the Health Department. The triglyceride and glycemia values were determined by the enzymatic method. For the glycemia classification, the recommendation of the Brazilian Diabetes Society (2009)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> was adopted, which characterizes the adequate conditions (&#8804; 100mg/dL) and increased conditions (&gt;100 mg/dL). Triglyceride values &lt; 100 mg/dL were considered adequate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype</title>
        <p>The HTW phenotype was defined by the presence of increased waist circumference (&gt; 90 percentile by age and sex of the sample itself) and increased serum triglycerides (&gt; 100 mg/dL), simultaneously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Prevalence of categorical data and measure of mean and standard deviation for continuous variables were calculated. The comparison of outcome variables and other variables of interest according to exposition variable was performed using Pearson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>- square test. The p-value lower than 0.05 was adopted as significant level.</p>
        <p>The mean and standard deviation of the glycemia, the systolic and the diastolic BP were calculated. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was applied, and the statistic indicates normality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> when close to one.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Distributions of the mean values of glycemia, the systolic and the diastolic BP according to HTW phenotype at baseline and after the follow-up were calculated using the statistical test of mean comparison for continuous variables (Student t test for equal or unequal variances), adopting the p-value lower than 0.05 as significant level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Aiming to assess the influence of the HTW phenotype on fasting glycemia and BP of the students during 12 months, models of Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were built, which is adequate for continuous answers and repeated measures, reflecting the relationship between the variable and independent responses, considering the correlation between the measures in each moment of time. Furthermore, GEE model does not require normality assumption. For the present study, the correlation matrix chosen was the autoregressive, considering that the measures have an autoregressive relationship in function of time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Initially, the univariate analysis was conducted, aiming to select the variables candidate to the multivariate model, selecting those with p value lower than 20%. These variables were included in the model as covariables. In the final model, the remaining variables were those that presented significance level lower than 5%.</p>
        <p>To assess the data adjust of the model, the criterion of quasi-likelihood under the corrected independence model (QIC<sub>c</sub>) was used, which is a modification of the <italic>Akaike's information criterion</italic> (AIC) for GEE analysis. The QIC is calculated from the comparison of the quasi-likelihood of the independence model with that of the complete model. The lower the QIC, the better the model adjustment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>All the statistical analyses were performed in the statistical package <italic>Stata/IC for Mac</italic> (<italic>StataCorp, College Station</italic>), version 12.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical Aspects</title>
        <p>The protocol of the present study was approved by the Nutrition Ethics Committee of the School of Nutrition by the number 03/06.</p>
        <p>The participation of the student in the study depended on a written authorization of the parents and/or responsible person. After receiving the letter-invitation, knowing the study objectives and agreeing with the insertion of the minor in the investigation, the parents and/or responsible person signed the informed consent form (ICF).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> are presented the sociodemographic, clinical and anthropometrical characteristics of the students, according to the HTW phenotype. There was higher prevalence of the HTW phenotype among students with lower socioeconomic status (14,3%), with fasting glycemia above 100 mg/dL (22,9%) and with excess weight, according to the BMI (31,1%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics at baseline of students from a city of Bahia, Brazil, 2006</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HTW Phenotype N (%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Total N </th>
              <th align="center">Absent</th>
              <th align="center">Present</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; Female</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
              <td align="center">255 (88.8)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.620</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; Male</td>
              <td align="center">185 (90.2)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (9.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &lt;10 years</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
              <td align="center">124 (90.5)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (9.5)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.620</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; 10 years</td>
              <td align="center">316 (89.0)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (11.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Environmental index</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; 3rd tercile</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
              <td align="center">177 (88.9)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.770</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; 1st e 2nd terciles</td>
              <td align="center">263 (89.8)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (10.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Socioeconomic index</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; 3&#186; Tercile</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
              <td align="center">206 (94.1)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (5.9)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; 1&#186; e 2&#186; Terciles</td>
              <td align="center">234 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (14.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Maternal education</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; 6 years</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">439</td>
              <td align="center">171 (89.5)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (10.5)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.090</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &lt; 6 years</td>
              <td align="center">233 (93.9)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (6.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; Active</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
              <td align="center">133 (86.9)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (13.1)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.113</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; Low active/sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">284 (91.6)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (8.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Blood pressure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &lt; P90</td>
              <td align="center">492</td>
              <td align="center">324 (91.0)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (9.0)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.467</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; P90</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">117 (86.0)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (14.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Glycemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &lt;100mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
              <td align="center">413 (90.4)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (9.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; 100 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">27 (77.1)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (22.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BMI/age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &lt; P85</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
              <td align="center">369 (94.8)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (5.2)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; P85</td>
              <td align="center">71 (68.9)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (31.1)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant p value for Pearson chi-square; HTW: hypertriglyceridemic waist.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the initial sample of this study, the loss of 37 (7.5%) individuals was registered after one year of follow-up. The analysis of the sociodemographic and clinical data indicated that there were no significant statistical differences among these factors for the students lost and those that continued in the study (data not shown).</p>
      <p>The outcome variables (fasting glycemia, systolic BP and diastolic BP) presented normal distribution, according to the Shapiro-Wilk test; being applied at the mean comparison t-test. Thus, the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the mean values of the variables of interest at the beginning and at the end of the follow-up, according to the HTW phenotype. It was observed that in the beginning of the study, the students with HTW phenotype presented higher mean values of glycemia and systolic BP (p = 0,003 and p = 0,03, respectively). After one year of follow-up, it was identified that individuals with HTW phenotype had higher mean values of glycemia than those without this phenotype (p = 0,04).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean comparison test for the variables of interesting according to the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype at the baseline after one-year follow-up in students from a city of Bahia, Brazil, 2006</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Baseline</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">After one-year follow-up</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HTW(-)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HTW(+)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HTW (-)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HTW (+)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Mean (SD) </th>
              <th align="center">Mean (SD) </th>
              <th align="center">Mean (SD) final</th>
              <th align="center">Mean (SD) final</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">81.8 (10.2)</td>
              <td align="center">86.0 (11.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">83.5 (10.3)</td>
              <td align="center">86.1 (11.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">101.3 (12.0)</td>
              <td align="center">105.1 (12.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">101.3 (11.8)</td>
              <td align="center">104.1 (11.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">64.3 (10.1)</td>
              <td align="center">66.9 (10.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">64.5 (10.6)</td>
              <td align="center">66.1 (10.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>HTW: hypertriglyceridemic waist.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The GEE models, constructed to evaluate the influence of HTW phenotype in the glycemia and blood pressure of the students after one-year follow-up, are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. For fasting glycemia, it was observed that students with the presence of HTW phenotype had the increase of 3.11 mg/dl in the mean of fasting glycemia after one-year follow-up, when compared to individuals without the HTW phenotype. Adjusting by gender, age, maternal education, socioeconomic status, BMI and physical activity level, the increase in the mean of fasting glycemia after one-year follow-up was 3.87 mg/dl (p = 0,001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Models of Generalized Estimating Equation for the relationship between HTW phenotype and fasting glycemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressure after one-year follow-up in students from a city of Bahia, Brazil, 2006</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="40%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">- HTW phenotype<break/> Absent<break/> PresentQIC<sub>c</sub><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Fasting glycemia</bold><break/> Coefficient (95% CI); p value<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"><bold>Crude</bold><break/> Reference<break/> 3.11 (1.35-4.86); 0.001<break/> 128.540</td>
              <td align="center"><bold>Final model</bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Reference<break/> 3.87 (1.68-6.05); 0.001<break/> 112.716</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">- HTW phenotype<break/> Absent<break/> PresentQIC<sub>c</sub><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Systolic Blood Pressure</bold><break/> Coefficient (95% CI); p value<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"><bold>Crude</bold><break/> Reference<break/> 2.97 (-0.11- 6.06); 0.06<break/> 125.375</td>
              <td align="center"><bold>Final model</bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Reference<break/> 3.67 (1.55-6.08); 0.02<break/> 118.265</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">- HTW phenotype<break/> Absent<break/> PresentQIC<sub>c</sub><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Diastolic Blood Pressure</bold><break/> Coefficient (95% CI); p value<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"><bold>Crude</bold><break/> Reference<break/> 1.43 (-1.20- 4.05); 0.28<break/> 90.724</td>
              <td align="center"><bold>Final model</bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Reference<break/> 1.45 (-1.20- 4.10); 0.29<break/> 83.872</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Sample size- 492; HTW: hypertriglyceridemic waist.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Generalized Estimating Equation &#8211; GEE;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Adjusted by gender, age, maternal education; socioeconomic status and level of physical activity;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>QICC: quasi-likelihood corrected under the criterion of Independence model for.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>For the SBP, students with HTW phenotype had increase of 2.97 mmHg in the average of this measure after one-year follow-up, when compared to individuals without this phenotype. This raise in the SBP mean increased for 3.67 mmHg in individuals with HTW phenotype after one-year follow-up when adjusting by sociodemographic variables, BMI and physical activity level (p = 0,02).</p>
      <p>The presented models were well adjusted to the data, according to the QICc criterion, considering that there was a reduction of this indicator in the final models when compared to the crude models (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Significant statistical changes were not identified in the DBP mean in children and adolescents with HTW phenotype after the 12-months follow-up.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of this investigation indicate higher prevalence of HTW phenotype among students with lower socioeconomic status, with altered fasting glycemia and weight excess, indicating important environmental component in this phenomenon. Furthermore, the presence of HTW phenotype favored the increase of mean values of glycemia and systolic BP after one year, especially after the adjustment by sociodemographic variables, BMI and physical activity level.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of HTW phenotype identified in this study was higher than that found in children and adolescents in Iran (3.3% and 8.5%, respectively)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and in the United Kingdom (varying from 6.3% to 8.2%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Investigations involving Brazilian adolescents found the occurrence of HTW phenotype from 2.6% to 20,7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> These differences among prevalence of HTW phenotype can reflect the lack of world standardization for measuring the waist circumference, and the serum concentrations of triglycerides for the age, moreover the variations of the cutoff used to classify the HTW phenotype, which is an obstacle to the comparison of the investigations. Besides, the differences of lifestyle, genetic background and ethnicity interfere with the accumulation of abdominal fat and can explain the divergent results of the HTW phenotype prevalence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Data from this study indicate that the HTW phenotype increases the fasting glycemia mean after one-year follow-up when compared to the individuals without the HTW phenotype. This is an important clinical situation among the studied population, because the glycemia is related to visceral obesity, favoring the higher risk of developing others chronic and non-communicable diseases with expression in adult life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, different studies did not find the relationship between HTW phenotype and fasting glycemia in children and adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> but it worth noting the transversal design of these investigations.</p>
      <p>The increase of HTW phenotype is associated with metabolic modifications. It is suggested that with increased values of the waist circumference, there are greater concentrations of free fatty acids, especially in the liver, muscle and pancreas, resulting from lipolysis of triglycerides. The excess of free fatty acids provides negative feedback of the glycogen synthase, which can induce the peripheral resistance to insulin and glucose intolerance, in both muscle and liver<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> which can explain the longitudinal relationship between HTW phenotype and glycemia identified in this study.</p>
      <p>Even though some evidences identified the association between HTW phenotype and lipid alterations and in the hyperglycemia in children and adolescents, the relationship of the HTW phenotype and blood pressure levels is still not established for this age, because of the reduced number of publications that test this association and the limitations of the transversal study designs. In the study performed by Kelishadi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> SBP greater than 90th percentile for the age, gender and height was observed in 8.8% of the boys and in 17.6% of the girls with HTW phenotype, while diastolic blood pressure was 4.4% and 9.6%, respectively. Bailey et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observed higher means of DBP in children and adolescents with HTW phenotype.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of high BP in people with HTW phenotype is 2 to 3 times greater when compared to those who do not present this phenotype.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> This association is usually weakened or becomes statistically insignificant when BMI adjusts are conducted, suggesting that obesity can influence intensely the blood pressure and the distribution of isolate fat.</p>
      <p>Although it is a cohort study, it is known that it is not possible to completely establish a causal relationship, being necessary to undertake confirmatory studies about these relationships identified in the present study. Moreover, maybe the follow-up period was not enough to identify the outcome variables in this population. However, the study was methodologically well designed, robust statistical techniques were adopted, and, in addition, the results are biologically plausible and consistent with the scientific evidence on this theme.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in the present study, the longitudinal relationship between HTW phenotype and SBP was stronger after one-year follow-up, even when adjusted by BMI. This can be the reflection of the strength of a cohort study and it suggests that the presence of the phenotype is characterized as risk factor for progressive increase of SBP in this group. This relationship can be related to the presence of higher serum level of insulin in people with abdominal obesity, regardlessly the body weight,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> since the insulin hormone induces various signals that promote increase of BP, which includes induction of vasoconstriction and proliferation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels; promotion of pro-inflammatory activity; stimulus of renal absorption of sodium and sympathetic response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The results of this study suggest that HTW phenotype is a risk factor for longitudinal changes in glycemia and SBP in children and adolescents. Considering that the components of this phenotype are already present early in life, the monitoring of HTW phenotype should be adopted in the pediatric group, since it is a simple and low-cost screening tool to identify cardiometabolic risk, and the diagnosis of the risk provided prematurely can favor the nutritional and lifestyle interventions, promoting health and preventing chronic non-communicable diseases in the later age.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESB.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fen&#243;tipo Cintura Hipertriglicerid&#234;mica e mudan&#231;as na glicemia de jejum e press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as e adolescentes ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Ribas de Farias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assis</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marl&#250;cia Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Carla de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Emile Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela dos Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lais Eloy Machado da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Wilanne Pinheiro de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA); Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimentos, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de da UFBA; Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rec&#244;ncavo da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Priscila Ribas de Farias Costa</bold>, Avenida Araujo Pinho, n&#186;32, CEP 40.110-150. Canela, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>priscilarf@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Costa PRF, Assis AMO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa PRF, Assis AMO, Cunha CM, Pereira EM, Jesus GS, Silva LEM, Alves WPO; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Assis AMO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O fen&#243;tipo de cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica (CHT) &#233; definido como a presen&#231;a simult&#226;nea de circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura (CC) e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides (TG) aumentados e tem sido associado com risco cardiometab&#243;lico em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo CHT na glicemia de jejum e na press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes em um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de um ano.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte envolvendo 492 crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 7 a 15 anos de ambos os sexos, que foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, bioqu&#237;mica e cl&#237;nica no in&#237;cio e tamb&#233;m ap&#243;s 6 e 12 meses de seguimento. Os modelos de Equa&#231;&#227;o de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Generalizada (GEE) foram calculados para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia longitudinal do fen&#243;tipo CHT na glicemia e na press&#227;o arterial ao longo de um ano.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foi observada uma preval&#234;ncia de 10,6% (n = 52) do fen&#243;tipo CHT nos estudantes. Os modelos GEE identificaram que os estudantes com fen&#243;tipo CHT apresentaram aumento de 3,87 mg/dl na m&#233;dia de glicemia em jejum (IC: 1,68-6,05) e de 3,67 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica media (PAS) (IC: 1,55-6,08) depois de um ano de acompanhamento, ap&#243;s ajuste para vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o fen&#243;tipo CHT &#233; um fator de risco para altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais da glicemia e da PAS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes em um per&#237;odo de um ano de seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cintura Hipertriglicerid&#234;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fen&#243;tipo</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Glicemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Jejum</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo de Coorte</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O fen&#243;tipo da cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica (CHT) &#233; definido como a presen&#231;a simult&#226;nea de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides (TG) aumentados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Este fen&#243;tipo tem sido associado ao risco cardiometab&#243;lico, com n&#237;veis elevados de insulina, apolipoprote&#237;na B, prote&#237;na C reativa e colesterol LDL, aumentando o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo CHT tem sido amplamente investigada. Uma meta-an&#225;lise realizada por Ren et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> demonstraram varia&#231;&#227;o na preval&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo CHT de 4% para 47%, com preval&#234;ncia combinada de 19% (95% IC 14-24%). Esmaillzadeh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> verificaram preval&#234;ncia de 6,5% para CHT em adolescentes iranianos (7,3% em meninos e 5,6% em meninas). No Brasil, estudos transversais com adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos identificaram preval&#234;ncia de CHT variando de 6,4% a 20,7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Entretanto, n&#227;o foram identificados na literatura estudos longitudinais envolvendo crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que indiv&#237;duos com fen&#243;tipo CHT t&#234;m maior probabilidade de desenvolver s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Dentre estes fatores, est&#227;o o aumento da glicemia e a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, caracterizada por aumento da press&#227;o arterial, com determina&#231;&#227;o multifatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Portanto, o CHT &#233; um indicador simples e confi&#225;vel para detectar essas doen&#231;as e os riscos metab&#243;licos associados &#224; obesidade visceral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> podendo se tornar uma abordagem pr&#225;tica, vi&#225;vel e de baixo custo, especialmente na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Diante do exposto, e considerando a aus&#234;ncia de estudos de coorte envolvendo o assunto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo da cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica na glicemia de jejum e na press&#227;o arterial dos estudantes ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra e desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte que inclui 492 crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 7 a 15 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, de 10 escolas p&#250;blicas, urbanas e de meio per&#237;odo. Realizou-se uma amostragem aleat&#243;ria simples, selecionando os alunos de cada escola de uma lista de alunos do ensino fundamental registrados no Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o Municipal de um munic&#237;pio da Bahia, Brasil, em 2006. Esta amostra tem poder de 97,6% para detectar uma altera&#231;&#227;o de 10% na de glicemia de jejum m&#233;dia dos participantes, durante um per&#237;odo de 12 meses, considerando a m&#233;dia de 90,2 mg/dL &#177; 0,3 DE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), a amostra tem pot&#234;ncia de 95% para detectar altera&#231;&#227;o de 10% nos valores m&#233;dios, considerando a m&#233;dia de 111,1 mmHg &#177; 12,9DE; E pot&#234;ncia de 94% para detectar uma altera&#231;&#227;o de 10% na m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), considerando uma m&#233;dia de 70,3 &#177; 9,3 DE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os c&#225;lculos do poder de amostragem (1-&#946;) foram baseados no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e em dois testes de cauda, indicando que esse tamanho da amostra &#233; suficiente para realizar estimativas imparciais dos par&#226;metros da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
          <p>Todas as medidas foram coletadas no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s 6 e 12 meses de acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Gravidez, lacta&#231;&#227;o ou defici&#234;ncia f&#237;sica que impediu a avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica foram adotados como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o. No entanto, essas condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram identificadas entre os alunos selecionados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>Para a medi&#231;&#227;o do peso se utilizou uma balan&#231;a port&#225;til Filizola&#174; com capacidade para 150 kg e 100 g de precis&#227;o, permitindo-se a varia&#231;&#227;o de 100 g. A altura foi medida por um estadi&#244;metro marca Leicester Height Measure, com a medida realizada no mil&#237;metro mais pr&#243;ximo. Ambas as medidas foram realizadas em duplicata e a m&#233;dia das duas medidas foi adotada como medida final.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O estado antropom&#233;trico foi avaliado pelo &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) por idade, tomando como refer&#234;ncia as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> para indiv&#237;duos de 5 a 19 anos.</p>
          <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) foi medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre a crista il&#237;aca e a face externa da &#250;ltima costela. As medidas foram efetuadas em duplicata e a m&#233;dia destas duas medidas foi adoptada como definitiva. O corte adotado para classificar o excesso de gordura abdominal foi o percentil 90 da pr&#243;pria amostra, conforme proposto por Freedman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e de estilo de vida</title>
          <p>A pessoa respons&#225;vel pela crian&#231;a / adolescente referiu esta informa&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas inclu&#237;ram o sexo e a idade do aluno. O status socioecon&#244;mico incluiu o n&#250;mero de quartos na casa e as pessoas que moravam, a principal fonte de ilumina&#231;&#227;o e a ocupa&#231;&#227;o do chefe da fam&#237;lia. Estas vari&#225;veis originaram o &#237;ndice socioecon&#244;mico. O estado do abastecimento de &#225;gua do domic&#237;lio, a fonte de &#225;gua pot&#225;vel e o destino do lixo e res&#237;duos foram utilizados para compor o &#237;ndice ambiental. Estas vari&#225;veis apresentaram respostas variando de 0 (pior condi&#231;&#227;o) a 4 (melhor classifica&#231;&#227;o). Assim, os &#237;ndices socioecon&#244;micos e ambientais variaram de 0 a 16 e foram categorizados em terciles. Apesar de saber que a educa&#231;&#227;o materna est&#225; associada a condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, esta vari&#225;vel n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da no &#237;ndice socioecon&#244;mico e foi avaliada individualmente, uma vez que tamb&#233;m representa os aspectos culturais e diet&#233;ticos da sociedade onde o indiv&#237;duo est&#225; inserido.</p>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi avaliado por meio de question&#225;rio estruturado com perguntas referentes &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de atividades f&#237;sicas que n&#227;o estavam inclu&#237;das no conte&#250;do pedag&#243;gico da escola, o qual &#233; realizado uma vez por semana. Portanto, a pr&#225;tica de dois ou mais dias de atividade f&#237;sica fora da escola classifica o aluno como ativo; E menos de dois dias de atividade f&#237;sica fora da escola classifica o aluno como menos ativo / sedent&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>Para a medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi adotada a t&#233;cnica recomendada pela 4&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o. O valor da PA foi classificado de acordo com o Grupo de Trabalho sobre Hipertens&#227;o em Crian&#231;as do Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o sobre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> considerando n&#237;veis de press&#227;o alta para crian&#231;as e adolescentes PA &gt; p90, de acordo com idade, sexo e percentil de altura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames bioqu&#237;micos</title>
          <p>A coleta de sangue foi realizada pela manh&#227; observando pelo menos 12 horas de jejum, 10 mL de sangue foram coletados por venipuntura e depositados em tubos vacutainer est&#233;reis e descart&#225;veis (BD&#174;), sem anticoagulante. O sangue foi centrifugado a 3000 rpm por 5 minutos, para posterior separa&#231;&#227;o do soro, o qual foi utilizado para determina&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas. Os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram realizados no Laborat&#243;rio da Cidade de Refer&#234;ncia, fornecido pelo Departamento de Sa&#250;de. Os valores de triglicer&#237;deos e glicemia foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico. Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da glicemia, adotou-se a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> que caracteriza condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas (&#8804; 100 mg/dL) e condi&#231;&#245;es aumentadas (&gt; 100 mg/dL). Valores de triglicer&#237;deos &lt; 100 mg/dL foram considerados adequados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fen&#243;tipo da cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica</title>
          <p>O fen&#243;tipo CHT foi definido pela presen&#231;a de aumento da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (&gt; 90 percentil por idade e sexo da amostra em si) e aumento dos triglicer&#237;deos s&#233;ricos (&gt; 100 mg/dL) simultaneamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Calculou-se a preval&#234;ncia de dados categ&#243;ricos e a medida da m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de desfecho e outras vari&#225;veis de interesse de acordo com a vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o foi realizada pelo teste chi-quadrado de Pearson. O valor p inferior a 0,05 foi adotado como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
          <p>Foram calculadas a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o da glicemia, da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. O teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk foi aplicado, e a estat&#237;stica indica normalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> quando estiver perto de 1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As distribui&#231;&#245;es dos valores m&#233;dios de glicemia, PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de acordo com o fen&#243;tipo CHT no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s o seguimento foram calculadas pelo teste estat&#237;stico de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para vari&#226;ncias iguais ou desiguais), adotando o valor p inferior a 0,05 como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo CHT na glicemia em jejum e na PA dos estudantes durante 12 meses, foram constru&#237;dos Modelos de Equa&#231;&#245;es de Estimativa Generalizada (GEE), os quais s&#227;o adequados para respostas cont&#237;nuas e medidas repetidas, refletindo a rela&#231;&#227;o entre respostas vari&#225;veis e independentes, considerando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas em cada momento de tempo. Al&#233;m disso, o modelo GEE n&#227;o requer pressuposto de normalidade. Para o presente estudo, a matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o escolhida foi a autorregressiva, considerando que as medidas t&#234;m uma rela&#231;&#227;o autorregressiva em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Inicialmente, foi realizada a an&#225;lise univariada, com o objetivo de selecionar as vari&#225;veis candidatas ao modelo multivariado, selecionando-se aquelas com valor p inferior a 20%. Estas vari&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;das no modelo como covari&#225;veis. No modelo final, as demais vari&#225;veis foram aquelas que apresentaram n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia inferior a 5%.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar os dados ajustados do modelo, se utilizou o crit&#233;rio de quase-verossimilhan&#231;a no modelo de independ&#234;ncia corrigido (QICc), que &#233; uma modifica&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike (AIC) para a an&#225;lise do GEE. O QIC &#233; calculado a partir da compara&#231;&#227;o da quase-probabilidade do modelo de independ&#234;ncia com a do modelo completo. Quanto menor o QIC, melhor o ajuste do modelo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no pacote estat&#237;stico Stata / IC para Mac (StataCorp, College Station), vers&#227;o 12.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O protocolo do presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o pelo n&#250;mero 03/06.</p>
          <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o do estudante no estudo dependia de autoriza&#231;&#227;o por escrito dos pais e/ou pessoa respons&#225;vel. Depois de receber a carta convite, conhecer os objetivos do estudo e concordar com a inclus&#227;o do menor na investiga&#231;&#227;o, os pais e / ou respons&#225;vel assinaram o termo de consentimento esclarecido (TCE).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> s&#227;o apresentadas as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas dos alunos, de acordo com o fen&#243;tipo CHT. Houve maior preval&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo CHT entre os estudantes com menor status socioecon&#244;mico (14,3%), com glicemia de jejum acima de 100 mg/dL (22,9%) e com excesso de peso, segundo o IMC (31,1%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas na linha de base de estudantes de uma cidade da Bahia, Brasil, 2006</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Fen&#243;tipo CHT N (%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Total N</th>
                <th align="center">Ausente</th>
                <th align="center">Presente</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; Feminino</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
                <td align="center">255 (88,8)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,620</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">185 (90,2)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &lt;10 anos</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
                <td align="center">124 (90,5)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,620</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; 10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">316 (89,0)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (11,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;ndice ambiental</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; 3&#186; Tercil</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
                <td align="center">177 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,770</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; 1&#186; e 2&#186; Tercis</td>
                <td align="center">263 (89,8)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (10,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;ndice socioecon&#244;mico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; 3&#186; Tercil</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
                <td align="center">206 (94,1)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; 1&#186; e 2&#186; Tercis</td>
                <td align="center">234 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (14,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Educa&#231;&#227;o materna</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; 6 anos</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">439</td>
                <td align="center">171 (89,5)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &lt; 6 anos</td>
                <td align="center">233 (93,9)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (6,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; Ativo</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
                <td align="center">133 (86,9)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; Baixa atividade / sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">284 (91,6)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (8,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &lt; P90</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
                <td align="center">324 (91,0)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; P90</td>
                <td align="center">117 (86,0)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (14,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Glicemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &lt;100mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
                <td align="center">413 (90,4)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (9,6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; 100 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">27 (77,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (22,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IMC/idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &lt; P85</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">492</td>
                <td align="center">369 (94,8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; &#8805; P85</td>
                <td align="center">71 (68,9)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (31,1)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor p significativo para o chi-quadrado de Pearson; CHT: cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considerando a amostra inicial deste estudo, a perda de 37 (7,5%) indiv&#237;duos foi registrada ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento. A an&#225;lise dos dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos indicou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas significativas entre esses fatores para os alunos perdidos e os que continuaram no estudo (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis de desfecho (glicemia de jejum, PA sist&#243;lica e PA diast&#243;lica) apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, de acordo com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk; sendo aplicado o teste <italic>t</italic> na compara&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia. Assim, a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os valores m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis de interesse no in&#237;cio e no final do seguimento, de acordo com o fen&#243;tipo de CHT. Observou-se que, no in&#237;cio do estudo, os estudantes com fen&#243;tipo CHT apresentaram maiores valores m&#233;dios de glicemia e PA sist&#243;lica (p = 0,003 e p = 0,03, respectivamente). Ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento, identificou-se que os indiv&#237;duos com fen&#243;tipo CHT apresentaram maiores valores m&#233;dios de glicemia do que aqueles sem fen&#243;tipo (p = 0,04).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia para as vari&#225;veis de interesse de acordo com o fen&#243;tipo da cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica na linha de base ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento em estudantes de uma cidade da Bahia, Brasil, 2006</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Linha de base</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CHT (-)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CHT (+)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CHT (-)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CHT (+)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (DE) </th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (DE)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (DE) final</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (DE) final</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">81,8 (10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">86,0 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">83,5 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">86,1 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">101,3 (12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">105,1 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">101,3 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">104,1 (11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">64,3 (10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">66,9 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">64,5 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">66,1 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>CHT: cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os modelos GEE, constru&#237;dos para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo CHT na glicemia e press&#227;o arterial dos estudantes ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. Para glicemia de jejum, observou-se que os estudantes com a presen&#231;a de fen&#243;tipo CHT tiveram aumento de 3,11 mg/dl na m&#233;dia da glicemia de jejum ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos sem o fen&#243;tipo CHT. Ajustando-se por g&#234;nero, idade, escolaridade materna, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, IMC e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, o aumento da m&#233;dia de glicemia de jejum ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento foi de 3,87mg/dl (p = 0,001).Para a PAS, os estudantes com fen&#243;tipo CHT apresentaram aumento de 2,97 mmHg na m&#233;dia desta medida ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, quando comparados com indiv&#237;duos sem este fen&#243;tipo. Esse aumento na PAS significou aumento de 3,67 mmHg em indiv&#237;duos com fen&#243;tipo CHT ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, quando ajustado pelas vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, IMC e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica (p = 0,02).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelos de Equa&#231;&#227;o de Estimativa Generalizada para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fen&#243;tipo CHT e glicemia de jejum, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento em estudantes de uma cidade da Bahia, Brasil, 2006</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="40%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8211; Fen&#243;tipo CHT<break/> Ausente<break/> PresenteQIC<sub>c</sub><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Glicemia em jejum</bold><break/> Coeficiente (IC95%); Valor P <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"><bold>Bruto</bold><break/> Refer&#234;ncia<break/> 3,11 (1,35-4,86); 0,001<break/> 128.540</td>
                <td align="center"><bold>Modelo final</bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Refer&#234;ncia<break/> 3,87 (1,68-6,05); 0,001<break/> 112.716</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">- Fen&#243;tipo CHT<break/> Ausente<break/> PresenteQIC<sub>c</sub><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</bold><break/> Coeficiente (IC95%); Valor P<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"><bold>Bruto</bold><break/> Refer&#234;ncia<break/> 2,97 (-0,11- 6,06); 0,06<break/> 125.375</td>
                <td align="center"><bold>Modelo final</bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Refer&#234;ncia<break/> 3,67 (1,55-6,08); 0,02<break/> 118.265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">- Fen&#243;tipo CHT<break/> Ausente<break/> PresenteQIC<sub>c</sub><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica</bold><break/> Coeficiente (IC95%); Valor P<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"><bold>Bruto</bold><break/> Refer&#234;ncia<break/> 1,43 (-1,20- 4,05); 0,28<break/> 90.724</td>
                <td align="center"><bold>Modelo final</bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Refer&#234;ncia<break/> 1,45 (-1,20- 4,10); 0,29<break/> 83.872</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Tamanho da amostra - 492; CHT: cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Equa&#231;&#227;o de Estimativa Generalizada - GEE;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p> Ajustado por g&#234;nero, idade, escolaridade materna; N&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p> QICC: quase-verossimilhan&#231;a corrigida sob o crit&#233;rio do modelo de Independ&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os modelos apresentados foram bem ajustados aos dados, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio QICc, considerando que houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o desse indicador nos modelos finais quando comparados aos modelos brutos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). N&#227;o foram identificadas altera&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas significativas na m&#233;dia da PAD em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com fen&#243;tipo CHT ap&#243;s os 12 meses de seguimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados desta investiga&#231;&#227;o indicam maior preval&#234;ncia de fen&#243;tipo CHT em escolares com menor n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, com glicemia de jejum alterada e excesso de peso, indicando importante componente ambiental neste fen&#244;meno. Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de fen&#243;tipo CHT favoreceu o aumento dos valores m&#233;dios de glicemia e PA sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s um ano, especialmente ap&#243;s o ajuste por vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, IMC e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo CHT identificado neste estudo foi maior do que a encontrada em crian&#231;as e adolescentes no Ir&#227; (3,3% e 8,5%, respectivamente)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e no Reino Unido (variando de 6,3% a 8,2%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Pesquisas envolvendo adolescentes brasileiros constataram a ocorr&#234;ncia de fen&#243;tipo CHT de 2,6% a 20,7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Essas diferen&#231;as entre a preval&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo CHT podem refletir a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o mundial para mensura&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de triglic&#233;rides para a idade, al&#233;m disso as varia&#231;&#245;es do corte utilizado para classificar o fen&#243;tipo CHT, o que &#233; um obst&#225;culo para a compara&#231;&#227;o das pesquisas. Al&#233;m disso, as diferen&#231;as de estilo de vida, origem gen&#233;tica e etnia interferem no ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal e podem explicar os resultados divergentes da preval&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo CHT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os dados deste estudo indicam que o fen&#243;tipo CHT aumenta a m&#233;dia de glicemia de jejum ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento quando comparado com os indiv&#237;duos sem o fen&#243;tipo CHT. Trata-se de uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica importante entre a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, pois a glicemia est&#225; relacionada &#224; obesidade visceral, favorecendo o maior risco de desenvolver outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis com express&#227;o na vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> No entanto, diferentes estudos n&#227;o encontraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o fen&#243;tipo CHT e a glicemia de jejum em crian&#231;as e adolescentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mas vale ressaltar o desenho transversal dessas pesquisas. O aumento do fen&#243;tipo CHT est&#225; associado a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. Sugere-se que com maiores valores de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, h&#225; maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de &#225;cidos graxos livres, especialmente no f&#237;gado, m&#250;sculo e p&#226;ncreas, resultantes da lip&#243;lise de triglic&#233;rideos. O excesso de &#225;cidos graxos livres proporciona feedback negativo da glicog&#234;nio sintase, que pode induzir resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica &#224; insulina e intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, tanto no m&#250;sculo quanto no f&#237;gado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> o que pode explicar a rela&#231;&#227;o longitudinal entre o fen&#243;tipo CHT e a glicemia identificados neste estudo. Embora algumas evid&#234;ncias tenham identificado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre fen&#243;tipo CHT e altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas e na hiperglicemia em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o fen&#243;tipo CHT e os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida para esta faixa et&#225;ria, devido ao n&#250;mero reduzido de publica&#231;&#245;es que testam esta associa&#231;&#227;o e as limita&#231;&#245;es dos projetos de estudo transversal. No estudo realizado por Kelishadi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> PAS maior que o percentil 90&#186; para idade, sexo e altura, foi observado em 8,8% dos meninos e em 17,6% das meninas com fen&#243;tipo CHT, enquanto a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica foi de 4,4% e 9,6%, respectivamente. Bailey et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observaram m&#233;dias maiores de PAD em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com fen&#243;tipo CHT.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em pessoas com fen&#243;tipo CHT &#233; de 2 a 3 vezes maior quando comparada &#224;queles que n&#227;o apresentam este fen&#243;tipo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em geral, esta associa&#231;&#227;o enfraquece ou se torna estatisticamente insignificante quando se ajusta o IMC, sugerindo que a obesidade pode influenciar intensamente a press&#227;o arterial e a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura isolada.</p>
        <p>Embora seja um estudo de coorte, sabe-se que n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer completamente uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal, sendo necess&#225;rio realizar estudos confirmat&#243;rios sobre essas rela&#231;&#245;es identificadas no presente estudo. Al&#233;m disso, talvez o per&#237;odo de seguimento n&#227;o tenha sido suficiente para identificar as vari&#225;veis de resultado nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, o estudo foi metodologicamente bem desenhado, foram adotadas t&#233;cnicas estat&#237;sticas robustas e, al&#233;m disso, os resultados s&#227;o biologicamente plaus&#237;veis e consistentes com as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas sobre este tema.</p>
        <p>Portanto, no presente estudo, a rela&#231;&#227;o longitudinal entre o fen&#243;tipo CHT e a PAS foi mais forte ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, mesmo quando ajustada pelo IMC. Este pode ser o reflexo da for&#231;a de um estudo de coorte e sugere que a presen&#231;a do fen&#243;tipo &#233; caracterizada como fator de risco para aumento progressivo da PAS neste grupo. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais altos de insulina em pessoas com obesidade abdominal, independentemente do peso corporal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> uma vez que a hormona insulina induz v&#225;rios sinais que promovem aumento da PA, que inclui indu&#231;&#227;o de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculo liso em vasos sangu&#237;neos; promo&#231;&#227;o da atividade pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria; est&#237;mulo da absor&#231;&#227;o renal de s&#243;dio e resposta simp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os resultados do estudo sugerem que o fen&#243;tipo CHT &#233; um fator de risco para altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais na glicemia e a PAS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Considerando-se que os componentes deste fen&#243;tipo j&#225; est&#227;o presentes no in&#237;cio da vida, o monitoramento do fen&#243;tipo CHT deve ser adoptado no grupo pedi&#225;trico, uma vez que &#233; uma ferramenta simples e de triagem de baixo custo para identifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiometab&#243;lico, e o diagn&#243;stico do risco fornecido prematuramente pode favorecer interven&#231;&#245;es nutricionais e de estilo de vida, promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis na idade mais avan&#231;ada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo FAPESB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
