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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TjBMVD83F7NMGNCJsP9kXKD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000700039</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170068</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X201700500910</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of the Economic Impact of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Last Five Years in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra de S&#225; Earp</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Land</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Gerardin Poirot</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alessandra de S&#225; Earp Siqueira</bold>, Rua Ministro Correia de Melo, 70/202, CEP 22430-110, Leblon, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>asesiqueira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Siqueira ASE, Land MGP; Acquisition of data: Siqueira ASE; Writing of the manuscript: Siqueira ASE, Siqueira-Filho AG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Siqueira-Filho AG, Land MGP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>01</issue>
      <fpage>39</fpage>
      <lpage>46</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>There is growing concern about the economic impact of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Brazil and worldwide.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To estimate the economic impact of CVD in Brazil in the last five years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The information to estimate CVD costs was taken from national databases, adding the direct costs with hospitalizations, outpatient visits and benefits granted by social security. Indirect costs were added to the calculation, such as loss of income caused by CVD morbidity or mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>CVD mortality accounts for 28% of all deaths in Brazil in the last five years and for 38% of deaths in the productive age range (18 to 65 years). The estimated costs of CVD were R$ 37.1 billion in 2015, a 17% increase in the period from 2010 to 2015. The estimated costs of premature death due to CVD represent 61% of the total cost of CVD, Direct costs with hospitalizations and consultations were 22%, and costs related to the loss of productivity related to the disease were 15% of the total. Health expenditures in Brazil are estimated at 9.5% of GDP and the average cost of CVD was estimated at 0.7% of GDP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>CVD costs have increased significantly in the last five years. It is estimated that CVD costs increase as the Brazilian population ages and the prevalence of CVD increases. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / economy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cadiovascular Diseases / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Costs and Cost Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Non-communicable chronic diseases (CDNs) - mainly cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases - are the leading cause of death, causing approximately 38 million deaths annually worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Approximately 82% of premature deaths from non-communicable diseases occur in low- and middle-income countries, which can be largely avoided. Statistics show that approximately half of these deaths occur during the productive life of individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and CVD accounts for most of them, accounting for 37%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The socioeconomic impact of chronic diseases is increasing and is considered a problem for the world public health. In addition to premature deaths, NCDs are responsible for incapacity for work, reduction of family incomes and reduction of productivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Current health spending in Brazil is approximately 9.5% of GDP per capita. Data from the World Health Organization indicate health expenditures of $ 1078 per capita in 2012 in Brazil. Of these 47.5% are financed by the government, which corresponds to 7.9% of the total expenditure of the Brazilian government.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In this same period, developed countries spend an average of 4632 dollars per capita, that correspond to the average of 16,8% of the governmental expenses with health.</p>
      <p>The cost of hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases is considered the largest cause of hospital admissions in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and recent IBGE data show that Brazil is changing its age structure very rapidly, increasing the proportion of elderly people and life expectancy of the Brazilian.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Aging tends to increase the incidence of CVD and, consequently, its costs exponentially.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study was designed to estimate the economic impact of CVD based on Brazilian data. Our estimate of socioeconomic impact is based on government expenditures in Brazil, once the information from the public database of the health system was used. The methodology proposed in the present study includes the direct and indirect costs related to CVD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Health costs can be divided into:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Direct costs: costs of direct <bold>medical care</bold> to the patient, such as medical services rendered and treatments performed, and <bold>non-medical costs</bold> (non-medical visits);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Indirect costs: costs of morbidity and mortality. <bold>Morbidity costs</bold> are defined as expenses for the temporary or permanent loss of work activities due to the disease studied. <bold>Mortality costs</bold> are the costs estimated for premature death as a consequence of illness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Sources</title>
        <p>Data sources are publicly available information on the Hospital Mortality System (SIM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the hospital morbidity was obtained at the approved hospital admission events of the DATASUS Hospital Information System (SIH) and outpatient information system (SIA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in addition to information on social security expenses for temporary and / or permanent removal - DATAPREV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In order to estimate the total cost of diseases in Brazil, information from previous observational studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> was collected, as well as from the access to the World Health Organization (WHO) database.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> To estimate the costs of private care, the sources of information in the National Health Agency (ANS) were used. In order to evaluate the impact of the cost of mortality, estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) were used, such as: population estimates, life expectancy by sex and age group, average salary of the Brazilian population, and rate of unemployment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A productive range was considered from 18 to 65 years.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hospital Admissions</title>
        <p>The number of hospital admissions for CVD is available in the billing data approved in the SIH-SUS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and corresponds to all events registered in Chapter IDC-10: IX Circulatory diseases in the SUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> To estimate the number of hospital admissions in private care, public data banks (ANS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> were used, which show the coverage rate of the beneficiaries of the private health plans, that is, the percentage of beneficiaries who use private plans each year. The formula used to estimate the number of admissions to supplementary care was:</p>
        <p>Number of hospitalizations of the supplementary care</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math id="e01">
            <mml:semantics>
              <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>number</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                    <mml:mi>of</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                    <mml:mi>hospitalizations</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                    <mml:mi>SUS</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mi>coverage</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                    <mml:mi>rate</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                    <mml:mi>ANS</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mi>ANS</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                    <mml:mi>coverage</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                    <mml:mi>rate</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfrac>
              </mml:mstyle>
            </mml:semantics>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>The number of medical consultations performed by CVD was estimated through the Outpatient Production of the SUS - Brazil - by location of care, available in the SIA / SUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> We extracted the information of quantities approved in the Subgroup procedure: 0301 Consultations / Attendance / Monitoring. As the number of consultations performed by ICD of illness is not available in the health information system, in the present study the percentage of hospitalizations for CVD was calculated on the total hospitalizations. This percentage value was applied in the total number of consultations performed in the SUS (10% of the total), since it may be underestimated. To estimate the number of outpatient visits performed in the private sector, the coverage rate of the ANS was applied.</p>
        <p>SUS referrals to private sector beneficiaries are accounted by the ANS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and reimbursement amounts for hospitalizations and/or outpatient visits were accounted for the direct costs calculations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Direct costs</title>
        <p>The direct costs were calculated in Brazilian currency (reais) for the year 2016.</p>
        <p>The hospital costs related to CVD events were separated in didactic form in:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Clinical treatments of CVD - subgroup 0303, titled "Clinical treatments (other specialties)";</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Surgical treatments of CVD - subgroup 0406, entitled "Circulatory System Surgery" - which include: cardiological surgical procedures, arrhythmia procedures (pacemakers, cardiac defibrillators and electrophysiological studies - FES), coronary angioplasty, and vascular (surgical and / or percutaneous).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>The costs of surgical hospitalizations were increased by estimates of costs of orthotics, prostheses or special materials (OPME). In order to estimate costs incurred with OPME, is used the price base available at ANVISA, with the lowest price practiced in Brazil for each type of OPME.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indirect costs</title>
        <p>Indirect costs are calculated through the costs of morbidity (loss of productivity caused by CVD) together with the costs of mortality, cost of CVD premature death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The costs of morbidity can be defined as time and economic production lost by the patient's absence from their usual activities and work as a direct result of CVD or their treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The calculations were grouped into two components:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Costs for temporary removals from the work of the patients employed (absenteeism): in this component are included the removals for hospitalizations and medical consultations, and added the values spent in the displacement, that is, the transportation for each consultation carried out;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Costs of patients who are no longer in working condition as a consequence of CVD (permanent or temporary removals paid by the government). Costs of pensions and sickness-help caused by CVD.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Social security benefits</title>
        <p>The information available on the Social Security website was used to estimate the impact of temporary (sickness) and permanent (retired) removal. An analysis was made of the number of benefits granted because of CVD excluding benefits from other diseases outside the ICD-10 Chapter IX. Diseases of the circulatory system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The benefits granted by Social Security were analyzed by the frequency of events in the sample in the CVD disease group in the period from 2008 to 2013. For the estimation of removals occurred in the years 2014 and 2015, a projection was made based on the time series of the period from 2008 to 2013 from a model (ARIMA). The ARIMA model is a type of moving average model. A methodology widely used for the elaboration of forecasting studies, applied in the spss software forecasting module.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The benefits granted because of CVD correspond to 25% of the total expenses granted by the Social Security.Mortality costs are estimated by estimating the years of productive life lost due to premature death as a consequence of CVD. The calculation is done by multiplying the number of deaths because of CVD according to the age group by the number of days lost (difference between the life expectancy of the Brazilian population and the age of premature death).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This data is expressed in economic value multiplying the days lost by the estimated income of the Brazilian until the age of 65 years. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. In the present study, the salary used for the calculation was the average salary of the Brazilian population, corrected by the rate of unemployment in the same period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Formulas used to estimate cost.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0039-70068-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows that there was an increase of 3% of the Brazilian population in the last five years, there were 195,497,797 Brazilians in 2010 and 204,450,649 Brazilians in 2015, with a percentage of 49% male and 51% female. There was an aging of the Brazilian population in this period, with an increase of 22% of the population over 65 years. Deaths from CVD represented 28% of total deaths in Brazil.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Population, deaths, consultations, hospitalizations for CVD per year. Brazil, 2010-2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Data/Year</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2010</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2011</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2012</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2013</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2014</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2015</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brazilian population</td>
              <td align="center">195.497.797</td>
              <td align="center">197.397.018</td>
              <td align="center">199.242.462</td>
              <td align="center">201.032.714</td>
              <td align="center">202.768.562</td>
              <td align="center">204.450.649</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Population aged &gt; 65 years</td>
              <td align="center">13.253.407</td>
              <td align="center">13.749.501</td>
              <td align="center">14.289.040</td>
              <td align="center">14.870.086</td>
              <td align="center">15.489.166</td>
              <td align="center">16.143.835</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total deaths</td>
              <td align="center">1.136.947</td>
              <td align="center">1.170.498</td>
              <td align="center">1.181.166</td>
              <td align="center">1.210.474</td>
              <td align="center">1.199.937<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.217.673<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DCV Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">326.371</td>
              <td align="center">335.213</td>
              <td align="center">333.295</td>
              <td align="center">339.672</td>
              <td align="center">328.367<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">334.076<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DCV SUS hospitalizations</td>
              <td align="center">1.153.213</td>
              <td align="center">1.159.210</td>
              <td align="center">1.137.024</td>
              <td align="center">1.133.235</td>
              <td align="center">1.140.792</td>
              <td align="center">1.124.156</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medical consultations DCV SUS</td>
              <td align="center">121.060.024</td>
              <td align="center">129.182.174</td>
              <td align="center">131.666.891</td>
              <td align="center">138.680.162</td>
              <td align="center">147.495.929</td>
              <td align="center">144.879.479</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical admissions for CVD SUS</td>
              <td align="center">246.038</td>
              <td align="center">259.888</td>
              <td align="center">267.323</td>
              <td align="center">275.838</td>
              <td align="center">285.109</td>
              <td align="center">279.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospitalizations for coronary angioplasty SUS</td>
              <td align="center">55.980</td>
              <td align="center">62.221</td>
              <td align="center">67.113</td>
              <td align="center">70.744</td>
              <td align="center">73.939</td>
              <td align="center">75.410</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospitalizations for SUS pacemaker implantation</td>
              <td align="center">19.937</td>
              <td align="center">20.857</td>
              <td align="center">21.959</td>
              <td align="center">22.448</td>
              <td align="center">23.426</td>
              <td align="center">23.300</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospitalizations for the realization of FES SUS</td>
              <td align="center">5.532</td>
              <td align="center">6.052</td>
              <td align="center">6.392</td>
              <td align="center">6.962</td>
              <td align="center">6.751</td>
              <td align="center">7.417</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospitalization for vascular surgeries SUS</td>
              <td align="center">10.238</td>
              <td align="center">10.719</td>
              <td align="center">11.586</td>
              <td align="center">13.403</td>
              <td align="center">14.931</td>
              <td align="center">15.907</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clinical hospitalizations for CVD SUS</td>
              <td align="center">874.949</td>
              <td align="center">870.306</td>
              <td align="center">844.018</td>
              <td align="center">831.130</td>
              <td align="center">819.789</td>
              <td align="center">807.304</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Source: IBGE, SIA/DATASUS e SIH/DATASUS.</attrib>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>The total number of deaths and the number of CVD deaths in the years 2014 and 2015 was estimated by calculating linear progression</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was a decrease in the number of clinical admissions due to CVD from 874,949 in 2010 to 807,304 in 2015. However, there was an increase in CVD surgical hospitalizations from 246,038 to 279,010, with a 55% increase in hospitalizations for procedures related to vascular surgeries, 35% for coronary angioplasty, and 34% for electrophysiological studies (FES).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Direct costs</title>
        <p>The estimated direct costs of public sector with CVD in Brazil from 2010 to 2015 are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. The estimated expenditures with cardiac consultations increased from approximately R$ 1.2 to R$ 1.5 billion. Expenditures on hospital admissions for CVD increased 28%, with higher expenses paid for surgical hospitalizations. The total direct expenditure on hospitalizations and consultations for CVD in 2015 was R$ 5,103,930,001.38.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Values spent on consultations, hospitalizations in the SUS per CVD per year. Brazil, 2010-2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Data/Year</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2012</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2013</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2014</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2015</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estimated cardiological medical consultations SUS</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.210.600.244,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.291.821.736,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.316.668.909,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.386.801.616,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.474.959.285,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.448.794.790,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DCV SUS hospitalizations</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.094.586.170,18</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.280.690.735,84</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.381.639.909,14</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.490.327.299,45</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.616.411.987,59</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.672.683.530,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Surgical admissions for CVD SUS</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.220.173.241,66</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.408.938.230,39</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.476.651.259,61</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.523.040.930,90</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.591.102.088,65</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.595.198.657,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronary angioplasty SUS</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 334.006.069,71</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 374.975.648,22</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 409.312.529,41</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 431.199.989,60</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 459.208.716,25</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 470.525.283,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pacemaker / CDI SUS</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 239.463.794,84</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 255.854.307,54</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 271.049.370,77</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 283.030.018,64</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 305.711.764,52</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 314.135.570,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospitalizations to carry out FES</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 19.133.666,93</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 21.114.282,38</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 23.329.967,02</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 25.291.313,54</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 24.932.895,30</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 27.324.342,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vascular Surgery</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 158.714.446,97</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 164.802.452,92</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 172.418.564,05</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 195.286.271,67</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 212.540.472,21</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 205.203.059,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clinical admissions for CVD</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 850.627.032,61</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 867.021.396,62</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 889.182.386,96</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 914.259.698,41</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 951.621.476,71</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 982.451.681,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SUS direct expenses</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.155.813.446,79</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.439.533.868,46</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.587.491.205,10</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.791.388.613,86</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.042.992.749,30</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.103.930.001,38</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: SIA/DATASUS and SIH/DATASUS.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The expenses related to the OPMEs were included in the amounts spent on the surgical hospitalizations in CVD in the SUS. The average values in Brazil spent on OPME were multiplied by the number of procedures with codes in the procedure table (TABNET)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> that use each type of material. The estimated values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. The average price practiced in Brazil was taken from the table of market values published by ANVISA. The estimated expenditures in OPME increased from R$ 557,624,803.82 in 2010 to R$ 715,347,170.25 in 2015 (a 28% increase in the percentage).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Amounts spent on special materials in SUS by CVD per year. Brazil, 2010-2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Data/Year</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2012</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2013</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2014</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2015</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Expenditures on coronary stents</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 213.729.307,50</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 237.557.185,46</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 256.234.637,63</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 270.097.644,33</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 282.296.021,21</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 287.912.237,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prosthetic expenses and vascular stents</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 101.859.798,52</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 101.813.096,10</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 109.033.160,55</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 131.874.682,40</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 138.307.046,37</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 139.058.871,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pacemaker costs</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 172.383.272,80</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 181.073.385,60</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 190.190.120,80</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 193.936.978,40</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 201.300.852,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 200.252.844,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CDI Expenses</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 69.652.425,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 68.775.320,39</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 74.915.052,67</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 79.300.575,72</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 88.793.943,28</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 88.123.216,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total expenses with OPME</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 557.624.803,82</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 589.218.987,54</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 630.372.971,64</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 675.209.880,86</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 710.697.862,85</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 715.347.170,25</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: Table of SIH / DATASUS procedures and material values of ANVISA.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The amounts reimbursed by the ANS to the public sector for Hospital Admissions Authorizations (AIH) and/or High Complexity Procedure Authorization (APAC) for visits to the SUS are added to the direct cost calculation. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the coverage rate of the ANS year by year and the expenses with reimbursements to the SUS for hospitalizations and outpatient visits of its beneficiaries. The value of the year 2015 was estimated through the calculation of linear progression, since the value is not available until the present date.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ANS coverage rate and amounts spent reimbursed to SUS due ANS beneficiaries. Brazil. 2010 - 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Data/year</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2012</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2013</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2014</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2015</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coverage rate (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23,6</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">24,6</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">25,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amount reimbursed to SUS</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 78.850.898,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 74.994.805,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 88.213.668,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 84.807.361,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 96.928.835,33</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 103.459.587,90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: ANS.</attrib>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p> Estimated by linear progression calculation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The costs of the drugs used for CVD were estimated through the information collected in the transparency portal of Brazil. All direct expenditures of the federal government with pharmaceutical medicines were added.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> For the calculation of the percentage of total expenditure with CVD, the same percentage of 10% was used year by year.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indirect costs</title>
        <p>Social Security spending on pensions and sickness-help because of CVD is available with data open on the DATAPREV portal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The data available refer to the years 2008 to 2013, without updates until the completion of the present study. The values spent in the years 2010 to 2013 in Brazil by CVD are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>. In order to estimate the amounts spent in the years 2014 and 2015, a statistical analysis of the previous years was made and the amount spent was estimated by linear progression.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Social Security expenditures with pensions and sickness-help per CVD per year. Brazil, 2010-2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Data/Year</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2012</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2013</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2014*</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2015*</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">32-Ap Disability</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 37.615.271,29</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 40.444.323,27</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 42.972.030,79</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 47.495.480,16</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 46.720.481,83</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 50.581.850,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ap Disability Det. Ignored</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.044.567,55</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.070.944,17</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.212.029,12</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.419.950,57</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.572.476,76</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.742.351,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Retired due accident</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 760.432,36</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 841.083,89</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 847.858,46</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 840.913,39</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.011.029,71</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.046.865,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sickness-help Accident</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.243.965,12</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.298.365,35</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.958.255,43</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.447.369,98</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.034.996,01</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.860.224,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sickness-help</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 271.466.841,76</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 305.155.132,76</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 353.206.016,30</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 397.833.261,78</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 423.022.209,26</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 467.767.157,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total Social Security Expenses</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 318.131.078,08</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 354.809.849,44</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 405.196.190,10</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 455.036.975,88</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 479.361.193,58</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 527.998.450,32</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: DATAPREV.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows that in 2010 R$ 318,131,078.08 were spent due to temporary or permanent removals because of CVD in Brazil. The estimated cost for 2015 is R$ 380,402,308.87. Disability pension expenses related to CVD grew exponentially. This increase cannot be justified by the Brazilian per capita GDP. The GDP per capita in 2010 of the total benefits for CVD was 1.63 and in 2015 was 1.2. The amount of benefits granted by Social Security because of CVD corresponds to 8% of total benefits granted. The number of benefits granted in CVD disability pensions has been declining in Brazil in recent years (a 10% drop), with an increase in the number of sickness-help (6% increase).</p>
        <p>The costs of morbidity (absenteeism) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>. The number of admissions and medical consultations in the period from 2010 to 2015, by sex, was used to calculate the number of days lost by CVD. The number of days lost with medical appointments was halved, considering that the worker loses half of his day worked to undergo a medical consultation. The minimum cost for transportation is added to the value, considering the minimum value of public transportation for each year in the same period. The cost of morbidity in 2010 was R$ 4,264,270,533.06, while the cost of morbidity in 2015 was R$ 5,657,186,269.96</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Costs of CVD morbidity per year. Brazil, 2010-2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Data/year</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2012</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2103</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2014</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2015</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospitalizations, male</td>
                <td align="center">569.537</td>
                <td align="center">574.593</td>
                <td align="center">567.461</td>
                <td align="center">565.431</td>
                <td align="center">569.142</td>
                <td align="center">569.604</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospitalizations, female</td>
                <td align="center">583.676</td>
                <td align="center">584.617</td>
                <td align="center">569.563</td>
                <td align="center">567.804</td>
                <td align="center">571.650</td>
                <td align="center">556.175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TMP</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Days of hospitalizations, female</td>
                <td align="center">3.793.894</td>
                <td align="center">3.858.472</td>
                <td align="center">3.759.116</td>
                <td align="center">3.747.506</td>
                <td align="center">3.830.055</td>
                <td align="center">3.615.138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Days of hospitalizations, male</td>
                <td align="center">3.701.991</td>
                <td align="center">3.792.314</td>
                <td align="center">3.745.243</td>
                <td align="center">3.731.845</td>
                <td align="center">3.813.251</td>
                <td align="center">3.702.426</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consultations</td>
                <td align="center">121.060.024</td>
                <td align="center">129.182.174</td>
                <td align="center">131.666.891</td>
                <td align="center">138.680.162</td>
                <td align="center">147.495.929</td>
                <td align="center">144.879.479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Average salary (R$), female</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 983,37</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 761,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 824,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 902,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.000,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 895,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Average salary (R$), male</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.390,99</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.340,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.430,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.540,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.664,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.611,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost of absenteeism for hospitalizations, female</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 124.360.051,43</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 97.876.578,14</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 103.250.380,64</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 112.675.025,76</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 127.668.500,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 107.875.703,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost of absenteeism for hospitalizations, male </td>
                <td align="center">R$ 171.647.725,52</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 169.390.016,40</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 178.523.230,60</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 191.568.022,80</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 211.508.344,32</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 198.864.705,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost of absenteeism per consultation</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.395.333.996,12</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.261.764.556,11</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.473.143.100,74</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.822.141.288,56</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.274.409.612,70</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.026.242.557,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost days lost due to morbidity</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.691.34.773,07</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.529.031.150,65</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.754.916.711,98</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.126.384.337,12</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.613.586.457,02</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.332.982.965,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Minimum ticket price (R$)</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2,34</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2,34</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2,44</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2,66</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2,66</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost of Transportation (R$)</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 566.560.914,19</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 604.572.572,45</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 642.534.427,59</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 737.458.428,57</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 784.337.964,40</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 875.963.619,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost Morbidity SUS</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.257.902.687,26</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.133.603.723,10</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.397.451.139,57</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.863.842.765,69</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.397.924.421,42</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.208.946.584,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coverage Rate</td>
                <td align="center">23,6</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">24,6</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">25,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SUS + private morbidity cost</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.264.270.533,06</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.123.162.793,55</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.505.903.368,13</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.186.366.128,44</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.943.141.110,03</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.657.186.269,96</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: SIA/DATASUS, SIH-DATASUS, PME/IBGE. TMP: mean length of stay.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Mortality costs are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref> and were performed using the formula given in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. The years of life lost by premature death by sex are multiplied by the average salary each year, corrected for the unemployment rate in the same period. The cost of mortality reached R$ 22,275,402,229.74 reais in 2014 and was estimated at almost 22 billion reais in the year 2015.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Costs of CVD mortality per year. Brazil, 2010-2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Data/year</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2012</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2013</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2014</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2015</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Women's Lost Years</td>
                <td align="center">520.810</td>
                <td align="center">527.350</td>
                <td align="center">511.302</td>
                <td align="center">512.366</td>
                <td align="center">517.223</td>
                <td align="center">516.891</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Men's Lost Years</td>
                <td align="center">791.003</td>
                <td align="center">805.339</td>
                <td align="center">799.250</td>
                <td align="center">799.692</td>
                <td align="center">804.724</td>
                <td align="center">807.857</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost of mortality (R$)</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 19.349.117.782,66</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 17.765.622.096,07</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 18.770.886.111,48</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 20.324.158.368,20</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 22.275.402.229,74</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 21.173.626.058,79</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: SIM, PME/IBGE.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The total costs estimated with CVD in Brazil in the period from 2010 to 2015 is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref>. There was a 17% increase in CVD costs between 2010 and 2015, with an increase in the minimum salary of 55% in the same period. This means that there has been an increase in the per capita costs of the Brazilian with CVD in the last five years. The per capita expenditure in 2010 was R$ 154.41 and was estimated at R$ 172.62 in 2015. Despite this increase, the amount represented 30% of the minimum salary in 2010 and now represents 22 % in 2015.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estimated total CVD costs per year. Brazil, 2010-2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Data/Year</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2012</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2013</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2014</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2015</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Direct costs</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 6.169.421.794,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 6.616.780.073,69</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 6.920.244.266,23</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 7.337.716.100,29</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 7.775.257.583,99</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 7.821.609.101,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ANS reimbursement</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 78.850.898,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 74.994.805,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 88.213.668,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 84.807.361,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 96.928.835,33</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 103.459.587,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost of Morbidity</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.264.270.533,06</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.123.162.793,55</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.505.903.368,13</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.186.366.128,44</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.943.141.110,03</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.657.186.269,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortality cost</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 19.349.117.782,66</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 17.765.622.096,07</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 18.770.886.111,48</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 20.324.158.368,20</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 22.275.402.229,74</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 21.173.626.058,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost of pensions and helps</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 318.131.078,08</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 354.809.849,44</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 405.196.190,10</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 455.036.975,88</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 479.361.193,58</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 527.998.450,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cost of medication</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 968.489.393,60</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.286.742.089,14</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.277.654.330,14</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.418.869.356,06 </td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.162.470.925,74 </td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.819.345.140,75 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cost DCV</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 31.148.281.479,40</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 30.222.111.706,89</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 32.968.097.934,08</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 34.806.954.289,87</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 38.732.561.878,41</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 37.103.224.609,38</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The costs estimated for premature death with CVD represent 61% of total cost for CVD, direct costs were 22% and costs for morbidity were 15% of total CVD costs.</p>
        <p>The percentage of GDP with CVD by the study estimate was 0.8% in 2010, 0.7% in the years 2011 to 2014 and 0.6% of GDP in 2015, with an average of 0.7% of GDP over the last five years.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>It is essential today, with scarce resources, to discuss health costs based on sources of secure and real-time information.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The present study has a methodology that proposes to use the data sources with greater reliability and with greater speed in obtaining the information. The sources of billing expenses in Brazil occur with a maximum delay of about 2 months after the current month, for which reason they were prioritized. It is important to point out that the present study was based on the use of the largest possible amount of information available in public databases. As the nationally based information system is still settling in Brazil, billing data on SIH and SIA may be underestimated, and this is a limitation of the study.</p>
      <p>Another limitation of the study is information related to mortality, pensions and sickness-help, as well as the amounts of direct reimbursements from ANS to SUS. These data were not available for the years 2014 and 2015 in their fullness, in this way, it was chosen to estimate these values through linear progression. Expenses with drugs for treatment of cardiovascular disease are not available in Brazilian public information systems. The present study estimated expenditures for CVD drugs, considering that 10% of the pharmaceutical care expenses in Brazil are for CVD treatment. This strategy can be considered conservative. The criteria adopted for the selection of sources was to use as much information as possible in public databases, and to strengthen this information as a basis for the future of the country's public policies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The direct costs of supplementary health should be underestimated, since using the coverage rate available in the ANS assumes that the costs of supplementary medicine are at least similar to those spent in the SUS, which is known not to be a reality.</p>
      <p>The number of CVD pensions has been decreasing in the country in the analyzed period, and the number of sickness-help has increased. This can be considered an indirect indication that the Brazilian population is living with CVD, without interruption of labor activities. This may have been due to improved health, or changes in pension legislation.</p>
      <p>With the epidemiological transition in Brazil, associated with population aging, it is vehement that several studies estimate health costs, especially CVD, as the main cause of death due to illness in the country. As shown in the last five years, CVD costs are growing, and it is essential that health promotion measures occur to reduce premature deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The direct and indirect costs of CVD in Brazil have increased in the last five years in Brazil. This increase was more significant in drug costs (88%), followed by social security costs (66%) and morbidity costs (33%). These data are indirect indications that there is an increase in the population living with CVD. The number of social security benefits has increased in the last five years in proportion to the sickness-help, since it is possible to visualize the fall of the pensions occurred by CVD. When analyzed as a percentage of GDP, CVD costs are stable, probably due to the lower number of years of life lost. The goal of the WHO was to reduce 25% of CVDNCs by 2025,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and in line with the global targets for the reduction of CVD, the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> (SBC) launched in 2013 an important publication aimed at increasing CVD prevention in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In order to achieve a reduction in the impact of CVD in Brazil, it is essential to involve everyone in society. The fight to prevent and improve the quality of life of the population is urgent, especially in a developing country such as Brazil where resources are scarce.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Alessandra de S&#225; Earp Siqueira, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise do Impacto Econ&#244;mico das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nos &#218;ltimos Cinco Anos no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra de S&#225; Earp</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Land</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Gerardin Poirot</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alessandra de S&#225; Earp Siqueira</bold>, Rua Ministro Correia de Melo, 70/202, CEP 22430-110, Leblon, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>asesiqueira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Siqueira ASE, Land MGP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Siqueira ASE; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Siqueira ASE, Siqueira-Filho AG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Siqueira-Filho AG, Land MGP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Existe uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o crescente com o impacto econ&#244;mico das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) no Brasil e no mundo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar o impacto econ&#244;mico das DCV no Brasil nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es para estimar os custos em DCV foram retiradas de bancos de dados nacionais, somando os custos diretos com hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, atendimentos ambulatoriais e benef&#237;cios concedidos pela previd&#234;ncia. Custos indiretos foram acrescidos ao c&#225;lculo, como a perda de renda causada pela morbidade ou pela mortalidade da DCV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A mortalidade por DCV representa 28% do total de &#243;bitos ocorridos no Brasil nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos e atinge 38% dos &#243;bitos na faixa et&#225;ria produtiva (18 a 65 anos). Os custos estimados por DCV foram de R$ 37,1 bilh&#245;es de reais no ano de 2015, um aumento percentual de 17% no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2015. Os custos estimados pela morte prematura por DCV representam 61% do total de custo por DCV, os custos diretos com interna&#231;&#245;es e consultas foram de 22% e os custos pela perda da produtividade relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a foram de 15% do total. Os gastos com sa&#250;de no Brasil s&#227;o estimados em 9,5% do PIB e o custo m&#233;dio das DCV foi estimado em 0,7% do PIB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os custos com DCV v&#234;m aumentando significativamente nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos. Estima-se que os custos por DCV aumentem &#224; medida que a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira envelhece e que a preval&#234;ncia de DCV aumenta. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Custos e An&#225;lise de Custos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT) - principalmente doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas - s&#227;o a maior causa de &#243;bito, causando aproximadamente 38 milh&#245;es mortes anualmente no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Aproximadamente 82% das mortes prematuras por doen&#231;as n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis ocorrem em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, o que ser em grande parte, evitado. Estat&#237;sticas mostram que aproximadamente metade destas mortes ocorre durante a vida produtiva dos indiv&#237;duos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e as DCV s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela maior parte delas, correspondendo a 37%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O impacto socioecon&#244;mico das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas &#233; crescente, sendo considerado um problema para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mundial. Al&#233;m das mortes prematuras, as DCNT s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por incapacidade laboral, redu&#231;&#227;o das rendas familiares e redu&#231;&#227;o da produtividade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O gasto atual com sa&#250;de no Brasil &#233; de aproximadamente 9,5% do PIB <italic>per capita</italic>. Dados da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de apontam gastos da sa&#250;de de 1078 d&#243;lares <italic>per capita</italic> no ano de 2012 no Brasil. Destes, 47,5% s&#227;o financiados pelo governo, o que corresponde a 7,9% do gasto total do governo brasileiro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Neste mesmo per&#237;odo, pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos gastam em m&#233;dia 4632 d&#243;lares <italic>per capita</italic>, que correspondem &#224; m&#233;dia de 16,8% dos gastos governamentais com sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>O custo das interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; considerado o maior dentre as causas de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e dados recentes do IBGE mostram que o Brasil est&#225; mudando muito rapidamente a sua estrutura et&#225;ria, aumentando a propor&#231;&#227;o de idosos e a expectativa de vida do brasileiro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O envelhecimento tende a aumentar a incid&#234;ncia de DCV e, consequentemente os seus custos de forma exponencial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi elaborado para estimar o impacto econ&#244;mico das DCV com base em dados brasileiros. Nossa estimativa de impacto socioecon&#244;mico &#233; baseada nos gastos governamentais do Brasil, uma vez que usou-se a informa&#231;&#227;o da base de dados p&#250;blicos do sistema de sa&#250;de. A metodologia proposta no presente estudo inclui os custos diretos e indiretos relacionados &#224;s DCV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Os custos em sa&#250;de podem ser divididos em:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Custos diretos: custos dos <bold>cuidados m&#233;dicos</bold> diretos ao paciente, tais como servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos prestados e tratamentos realizados, e os <bold>custos n&#227;o m&#233;dicos</bold> (visitas n&#227;o-m&#233;dicas);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Custos indiretos: custos da morbidade e custos da mortalidade. Os <bold>custos da morbidade</bold> s&#227;o definidos como os gastos pela perda tempor&#225;ria ou permanente das atividades laborais pela doen&#231;a estudada. Os <bold>custos da mortalidade</bold> s&#227;o os custos estimados pela morte prematura em consequ&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Fontes de dados</title>
          <p>As fontes de dados s&#227;o informa&#231;&#245;es de acesso p&#250;blico sobre o Sistema de Mortalidade Hospitalar (SIM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> a morbidade hospitalar obtida nos eventos com faturamento aprovados de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares (SIH) e ambulatoriais (SIA) do DATASUS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> al&#233;m das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre gastos com afastamentos tempor&#225;rios e/ou permanentes na Previd&#234;ncia Social - DATAPREV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para estimar os custos totais das doen&#231;as no Brasil foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es de estudos observacionais pr&#233;vios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> al&#233;m das obtidas no acesso &#224; base de dados da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Para estimar os custos da assist&#234;ncia privada, foram utilizadas as fontes de informa&#231;&#245;es na Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de (ANS)</p>
          <p>Para a estimativa do impacto sobre o custo da mortalidade, foram utilizadas informa&#231;&#245;es de estimativas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE), tais como: estimativas populacionais, expectativa de vida do brasileiro por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria, sal&#225;rio m&#233;dio da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e taxa de desemprego.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Foi considerada faixa produtiva a idade de 18 a 65 anos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por DCV est&#225; dispon&#237;vel nos dados de faturamentos aprovados no SIH-SUS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e corresponde a todos os eventos cadastrados no Cap&#237;tulo CID-10: IX Doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, no SUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Para estimar o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares na assist&#234;ncia privada, foram utilizados bancos de dados p&#250;blicos da (ANS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> que mostram a taxa de cobertura dos benefici&#225;rios dos planos privados de sa&#250;de, ou seja, o percentual de benefici&#225;rios que utilizam os planos privados para assist&#234;ncia hospitalar e ambulatorial a cada ano. A f&#243;rmula utilizada para estimar o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es a assist&#234;ncia suplementar foi: </p>
          <p>N&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es da assist&#234;ncia suplementar</p>
          <disp-formula id="e2">
            <mml:math id="e02">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>n&#250;mero</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>de</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>interna&#231;o&#771;es</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>SUS</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>taxa</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>de</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>cobertura</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>ANS</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>taxa</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>de</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>cobertura</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>da</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>ANS</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfenced>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atendimento ambulatorial</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de consultas m&#233;dicas realizadas por DCV foi estimado atrav&#233;s da Produ&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial do SUS - Brasil - por local de atendimento, dispon&#237;vel no SIA/SUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Foram extra&#237;das as informa&#231;&#245;es de quantidades aprovadas no Subgrupo procedimento: 0301 Consultas/Atendimentos /Acompanhamentos. Como n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel no sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de o n&#250;mero de consultas realizadas por CID de doen&#231;a, no presente estudo calculou-se o percentual de interna&#231;&#245;es por DCV do total de interna&#231;&#245;es ocorridas. Este valor percentual foi aplicado no total de consultas realizadas no SUS (10% do total), dado que pode estar subestimado. Para estimar o n&#250;mero de atendimentos ambulatoriais realizados no setor privado foi aplicada a taxa de cobertura da ANS.</p>
          <p>Os atendimentos no SUS ocorridos aos benefici&#225;rios do setor privado s&#227;o contabilizados pela ANS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e os valores de reembolsos das interna&#231;&#245;es e/ou atendimentos ambulatoriais foram contabilizados nos c&#225;lculos dos custos diretos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custos diretos</title>
          <p>Os custos diretos foram calculados em moeda brasileira (reais) para o ano de 2016.</p>
          <p>Os custos hospitalares relacionados a eventos por DCV foram separados de forma did&#225;tica em:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Tratamentos cl&#237;nicos das DCV - subgrupo 0303, intitulado de "Tratamentos cl&#237;nicos (outras especialidades)";</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Tratamentos cir&#250;rgicos das DCV - subgrupo 0406, intitulado "Cirurgia do aparelho circulat&#243;rio" - que incluem: procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos cardiol&#243;gicos, procedimentos em arritmia (marcapassos, cardiodesfibriladores e estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos - EEF), angioplastias coronarianas e tratamentos de doen&#231;as vasculares (cir&#250;rgicos e/ou percut&#226;neos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Os custos das interna&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas foram acrescidos da estimativa de gastos das &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses ou materiais especiais (OPME). Para estimar os custos gastos com OPME, utiliza-se a base de pre&#231;o dispon&#237;vel na ANVISA, com o menor pre&#231;o praticado no Brasil para cada tipo de OPME.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custos indiretos</title>
          <p>Os custos indiretos s&#227;o calculados atrav&#233;s dos <bold>custos da morbidade</bold> (perda da produtividade causados pela DCV) somados aos <bold>custos da mortalidade</bold>, custos pela morte prematura pela DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os custos da morbidade podem ser definidos como tempo e produ&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica perdida pela aus&#234;ncia do paciente as suas atividades habituais e laborais como resultado direto da DCV ou do seu tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Os c&#225;lculos foram agrupados em dois componentes:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Custos pelos afastamentos tempor&#225;rios ao trabalho dos pacientes empregados (absente&#237;smo): neste componente s&#227;o inseridos os afastamentos para interna&#231;&#245;es e consultas m&#233;dicas, e somados os valores gastos no deslocamento, ou seja, do transporte para cada consulta realizada;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Custos dos pacientes que n&#227;o se encontram mais em condi&#231;&#245;es laborais em consequ&#234;ncia &#224; DCV (afastamentos definitivos ou tempor&#225;rios pagos pelo governo): custos com as aposentadorias e aux&#237;lio-doen&#231;a ocasionados pela DCV.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Benef&#237;cios Previdenci&#225;rios</title>
          <p>Para se estimar o impacto dos afastamentos tempor&#225;rios (aux&#237;lio-doen&#231;a) e definitivos (aposentadorias) foi utilizada a informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel no site da Previd&#234;ncia Social. Foi feita a an&#225;lise da quantidade de benef&#237;cios concedidos por DCV, atrav&#233;s da exclus&#227;o dos benef&#237;cios ocorridos por outras doen&#231;as fora do Cap&#237;tulo CID-10: IX. Doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os benef&#237;cios concedidos pela Previd&#234;ncia Social foram analisados pela frequ&#234;ncia de eventos na amostra no grupo de doen&#231;a do DCV no per&#237;odo de 2008 a 2013. E para a estimativa dos afastamentos ocorridos nos anos de 2014 e 2015, foi feita uma proje&#231;&#227;o baseada na s&#233;rie temporal do per&#237;odo de 2008 a 2013 a partir de um modelo (ARIMA). O modelo ARIMA &#233; um tipo de modelo de m&#233;dia m&#243;vel. Uma metodologia muito utilizada para elabora&#231;&#227;o de estudos de previs&#227;o, aplicado no m&#243;dulo de previs&#227;o do software de spss.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Os benef&#237;cios concedidos por DCV correspondem a 25% do total dos gastos concedidos pela Previd&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>Os <bold>custos da mortalidade</bold> s&#227;o efetuados atrav&#233;s da estimativa dos anos de vida produtiva perdidos pela morte prematura em consequ&#234;ncia &#225;s DCV. O c&#225;lculo &#233; efetuado atrav&#233;s da multiplica&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos por DCV conforme a faixa et&#225;ria pelo n&#250;mero de dias perdidos (diferen&#231;a entre a expectativa de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e a idade da morte prematura).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Este dado &#233; expresso em valor econ&#244;mico atrav&#233;s da multiplica&#231;&#227;o dos dias perdidos pelo ganho estimado do brasileiro at&#233; a idade de 65 anos - Figura 1. No presente estudo, o sal&#225;rio utilizado para o c&#225;lculo foi o sal&#225;rio m&#233;dio da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, corrigido pela taxa de desemprego da popula&#231;&#227;o no mesmo per&#237;odo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 1</xref> mostra que houve um aumento de 3% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos era de 195.497.797 brasileiros em 2010 e foi para 204.450.649 brasileiros em 2015, com percentual de 49% do sexo masculino e 51% do sexo feminino. Houve um envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira neste per&#237;odo, com aumento de 22% da popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 65 anos. Os &#243;bitos por DCV representaram 28% do total de &#243;bitos no Brasil.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o, &#243;bitos, consultas, interna&#231;&#245;es por DCV por ano. Brasil, 2010-2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Dados/Ano</th>
                <th align="center">2010</th>
                <th align="center">2011</th>
                <th align="center">2012</th>
                <th align="center">2013</th>
                <th align="center">2014</th>
                <th align="center">2015</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira</td>
                <td align="center">195.497.797</td>
                <td align="center">197.397.018</td>
                <td align="center">199.242.462</td>
                <td align="center">201.032.714</td>
                <td align="center">202.768.562</td>
                <td align="center">204.450.649</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Popula&#231;&#227;o com idade &gt; 65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">13.253.407</td>
                <td align="center">13.749.501</td>
                <td align="center">14.289.040</td>
                <td align="center">14.870.086</td>
                <td align="center">15.489.166</td>
                <td align="center">16.143.835</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total de &#243;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">1.136.947</td>
                <td align="center">1.170.498</td>
                <td align="center">1.181.166</td>
                <td align="center">1.210.474</td>
                <td align="center">1.199.937<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.217.673<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos DCV</td>
                <td align="center">326.371</td>
                <td align="center">335.213</td>
                <td align="center">333.295</td>
                <td align="center">339.672</td>
                <td align="center">328.367<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">334.076<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es DCV SUS</td>
                <td align="center">1.153.213</td>
                <td align="center">1.159.210</td>
                <td align="center">1.137.024</td>
                <td align="center">1.133.235</td>
                <td align="center">1.140.792</td>
                <td align="center">1.124.156</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consultas m&#233;dicas DCV SUS</td>
                <td align="center">121.060.024</td>
                <td align="center">129.182.174</td>
                <td align="center">131.666.891</td>
                <td align="center">138.680.162</td>
                <td align="center">147.495.929</td>
                <td align="center">144.879.479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas por DCV SUS</td>
                <td align="center">246.038</td>
                <td align="center">259.888</td>
                <td align="center">267.323</td>
                <td align="center">275.838</td>
                <td align="center">285.109</td>
                <td align="center">279.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es por angioplastia coronariana SUS</td>
                <td align="center">55.980</td>
                <td align="center">62.221</td>
                <td align="center">67.113</td>
                <td align="center">70.744</td>
                <td align="center">73.939</td>
                <td align="center">75.410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es para implante de marcapasso SUS</td>
                <td align="center">19.937</td>
                <td align="center">20.857</td>
                <td align="center">21.959</td>
                <td align="center">22.448</td>
                <td align="center">23.426</td>
                <td align="center">23.300</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es para realiza&#231;&#227;o de EEF SUS</td>
                <td align="center">5.532</td>
                <td align="center">6.052</td>
                <td align="center">6.392</td>
                <td align="center">6.962</td>
                <td align="center">6.751</td>
                <td align="center">7.417</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es por cirurgias vasculares SUS</td>
                <td align="center">10.238</td>
                <td align="center">10.719</td>
                <td align="center">11.586</td>
                <td align="center">13.403</td>
                <td align="center">14.931</td>
                <td align="center">15.907</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas por DCV SUS</td>
                <td align="center">874.949</td>
                <td align="center">870.306</td>
                <td align="center">844.018</td>
                <td align="center">831.130</td>
                <td align="center">819.789</td>
                <td align="center">807.304</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: IBGE, SIA/DATASUS e SIH/DATASUS.</attrib>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos total e o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos por DCV nos anos de 2014 e 2015 foi estimado atrav&#233;s do c&#225;lculo de progress&#227;o linear</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Houve uma queda no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas por DCV de 874.949 no ano de 2010 para 807.304 no ano de 2015. Entretanto, houve um aumento das interna&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas por DCV de 246.038 para 279.010, com aumento percentual de 55% das interna&#231;&#245;es para realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos relacionados a cirurgias vasculares, de 35% para realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastias coronarianas, e de 34% nas interna&#231;&#245;es para realiza&#231;&#227;o de Estudos Eletro Fisiol&#243;gicos (EEF). </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Custos diretos</title>
          <p>A estimativa dos custos diretos do setor p&#250;blico com DCV no Brasil de 2010 a 2015 est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 2</xref>. Os gastos estimados com consultas cardiol&#243;gicas aumentaram de aproximadamente R$ 1.2 para 1,5 bilh&#245;es de reais. Os gastos com as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por DCV sofreram um incremento de 28%, com gastos mais expressivos pagos pelas interna&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas. O gasto direto total gasto com interna&#231;&#245;es e consultas por DCV no ano de 2015 foi de R$ 5.103.930.001,38.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores gastos com consultas, interna&#231;&#245;es no SUS por DCV por ano. Brasil, 2010-2015.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados/Ano</th>
                  <th align="center">2010</th>
                  <th align="center">2011</th>
                  <th align="center">2012</th>
                  <th align="center">2013</th>
                  <th align="center">2014</th>
                  <th align="center">2015</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Consultas m&#233;dicas cardiol&#243;gicas <bold>estimadas</bold> SUS</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.210.600.244,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.291.821.736,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.316.668.909,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.386.801.616,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.474.959.285,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.448.794.790,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es DCV SUS</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.094.586.170,18</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.280.690.735,84</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.381.639.909,14</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.490.327.299,45</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.616.411.987,59</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.672.683.530,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas por DCV SUS</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.220.173.241,66</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.408.938.230,39</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.476.651.259,61</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.523.040.930,90</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.591.102.088,65</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.595.198.657,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angioplastia coronariana SUS</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 334.006.069,71</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 374.975.648,22</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 409.312.529,41</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 431.199.989,60</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 459.208.716,25</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 470.525.283,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marcapasso/ CDI SUS</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 239.463.794,84</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 255.854.307,54</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 271.049.370,77</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 283.030.018,64</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 305.711.764,52</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 314.135.570,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es para realiza&#231;&#227;o de EEF</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 19.133.666,93</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 21.114.282,38</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 23.329.967,02</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 25.291.313,54</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 24.932.895,30</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 27.324.342,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cirurgias vasculares</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 158.714.446,97</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 164.802.452,92</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 172.418.564,05</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 195.286.271,67</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 212.540.472,21</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 205.203.059,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas por DCV</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 850.627.032,61</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 867.021.396,62</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 889.182.386,96</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 914.259.698,41</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 951.621.476,71</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 982.451.681,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gastos diretos SUS</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.155.813.446,79</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.439.533.868,46</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.587.491.205,10</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.791.388.613,86</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.042.992.749,30</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.103.930.001,38</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os gastos relacionados aos OPME foram inclu&#237;dos nos valores gastos com as interna&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas em DCV no SUS. Os valores m&#233;dios praticados no Brasil gastos com OPME foram multiplicados pelo n&#250;mero de procedimentos com c&#243;digos da tabela de procedimento (TABNET)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que utilizam cada tipo de material. Os valores estimados constam da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 3</xref>. O pre&#231;o m&#233;dio praticado no Brasil foi retirado da tabela de valores de mercado publicado pela ANVISA. Os gastos estimados em OPME aumentaram de R$ 557.624.803,82 em 2010 para R$ 715.347.170,25 em 2015 (incremento percentual de 28%).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores gastos com materiais especiais no SUS por DCV por ano. Brasil, 2010-2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados/Ano</th>
                  <th align="center">2010</th>
                  <th align="center">2011</th>
                  <th align="center">2012</th>
                  <th align="center">2013</th>
                  <th align="center">2014</th>
                  <th align="center">2015</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gastos com stents coronarianos</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 213.729.307,50</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 237.557.185,46</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 256.234.637,63</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 270.097.644,33</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 282.296.021,21</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 287.912.237,92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gastos pr&#243;teses e stents vasculares</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 101.859.798,52</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 101.813.096,10</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 109.033.160,55</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 131.874.682,40</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 138.307.046,37</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 139.058.871,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gastos marcapasso</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 172.383.272,80</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 181.073.385,60</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 190.190.120,80</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 193.936.978,40</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 201.300.852,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 200.252.844,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gastos CDI</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 69.652.425,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 68.775.320,39</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 74.915.052,67</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 79.300.575,72</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 88.793.943,28</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 88.123.216,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gastos totais com OPME </td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 557.624.803,82</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 589.218.987,54</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 630.372.971,64</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 675.209.880,86</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 710.697.862,85</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 715.347.170,25</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: Tabela de procedimentos SIH/DATASUS e valores dos materiais da ANVISA.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os valores reembolsados pela ANS ao setor p&#250;blico pelas Autoriza&#231;&#245;es de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (AIH) e/ou Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Procedimento de Alta Complexidade (APAC) por atendimentos no SUS s&#227;o somados ao c&#225;lculo de custos diretos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a taxa de cobertura da ANS ano a ano e os gastos com reembolsos ao SUS pelas interna&#231;&#245;es e atendimentos ambulatoriais dos seus benefici&#225;rios. O valor do ano de 2015 foi estimado atrav&#233;s do c&#225;lculo de progress&#227;o linear, j&#225; que o valor n&#227;o se encontra dispon&#237;vel at&#233; a presente data.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxa de cobertura ANS e valores gastos reembolsados ao SUS por benefici&#225;rios da ANS. Brasil. 2010 - 2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados/ano</th>
                  <th align="center">2010</th>
                  <th align="center">2011</th>
                  <th align="center">2012</th>
                  <th align="center">2013</th>
                  <th align="center">2014</th>
                  <th align="center">2015</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taxa de cobertura (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,6</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">25,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valor reembolsado ao SUS</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 78.850.898,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 74.994.805,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 88.213.668,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 84.807.361,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 96.928.835,33</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 103.459.587,90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: ANS.</attrib>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p> estimado por c&#225;lculo de progress&#227;o linear.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os custos dos medicamentos utilizados para DCV foram estimados atrav&#233;s da informa&#231;&#227;o coletada no portal de transpar&#234;ncia do Brasil. Foram somados todos os gastos diretos do governo federal com medicamentos a assist&#234;ncia farmac&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Para o c&#225;lculo do percentual do gasto total com DCV, o mesmo percentual de 10% foi utilizado ano a ano.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custos Indiretos</title>
          <p>Os gastos da Previd&#234;ncia Social com aposentadorias e aux&#237;lio-doen&#231;a por DCV est&#225; dispon&#237;vel com dados abertos no portal do DATAPREV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os dados dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o referentes aos anos de 2008 a 2013, sem atualiza&#231;&#245;es at&#233; a finaliza&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo. Os valores gastos nos anos de 2010 a 2013 no Brasil ocorridos por DCV est&#227;o detalhados na Tabela 5. Para se estimar os valores gastos nos anos de 2014 e 2015, foi feita an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos anos anteriores e estimado o valor gasto por progress&#227;o linear.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 5</xref> evidencia que foram gastos no ano de 2010 R$ 318.131.078,08 por afastamentos tempor&#225;rios ou permanentes por DCV no Brasil. O gasto estimado para 2015 &#233; de R$ 380.402.308,87. Os gastos com aposentadorias por invalidez relacionados &#224; DCV cresceram de forma exponencial. Este aumento n&#227;o p&#244;de ser justificado pelo PIB <italic>per capita</italic> do brasileiro. O PIB <italic>per capita</italic> no ano de 2010 do total de benef&#237;cios por DCV calculado foi de 1,63 e no ano de 2015 foi de 1,2. A quantidade de benef&#237;cios concedidos pela Previd&#234;ncia por DCV corresponde a 8% do total de benef&#237;cios concedidos. A quantidade de benef&#237;cios concedidos em aposentadorias por invalidez por DCV vem caindo no Brasil nos &#250;ltimos anos (queda percentual de 10%) com aumento da quantidade de benef&#237;cios por aux&#237;lio-doen&#231;a (aumento percentual de 6%).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gastos da Previd&#234;ncia Social com aposentadorias e aux&#237;lio-doen&#231;a por DCV por ano. Brasil, 2010-2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Dados/Ano</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2010</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2011</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2012</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2013</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2014*</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2015*</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">32-Ap Invalidez</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 37.615.271,29</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 40.444.323,27</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 42.972.030,79</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 47.495.480,16</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 46.720.481,83</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 50.581.850,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ap Invalidez Det. Ignorado</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.044.567,55</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.070.944,17</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.212.029,12</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.419.950,57</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.572.476,76</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.742.351,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aposentadoria Acident&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 760.432,36</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 841.083,89</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 847.858,46</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 840.913,39</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.011.029,71</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.046.865,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aux&#237;lio-Doen&#231;a Acident&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.243.965,12</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.298.365,35</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.958.255,43</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.447.369,98</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.034.996,01</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.860.224,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aux&#237;lio-Doen&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 271.466.841,76</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 305.155.132,76</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 353.206.016,30</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 397.833.261,78</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 423.022.209,26</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 467.767.157,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total Gastos pela Previd&#234;ncia Social</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 318.131.078,08</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 354.809.849,44</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 405.196.190,10</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 455.036.975,88</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 479.361.193,58</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 527.998.450,32</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: DATAPREV.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os custos da morbidade (absente&#237;smo) est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 6</xref>. O n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es e de consulta m&#233;dicas no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2015, por sexo, foi utilizado para o c&#225;lculo do n&#250;mero de dias perdidos pela DCV. O n&#250;mero de dias perdidos com consultas m&#233;dicas foi dividido pela metade, considerando que o trabalhador perde metade de seu dia trabalhado para ser submetido a uma consulta m&#233;dica. &#201; acrescido ao valor o custo m&#237;nimo para o transporte, tendo sido considerado o valor m&#237;nimo de transporte p&#250;blico para cada ano no mesmo per&#237;odo. O custo de morbidade no ano de 2010 foi R$ 4.264.270.533,06, enquanto que o custo da morbidade em 2015 foi de R$ 5.657.186.269,96.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Custos da morbidade por DCV por ano. Brasil, 2010-2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados/ano</th>
                  <th align="center">2010</th>
                  <th align="center">2011</th>
                  <th align="center">2012</th>
                  <th align="center">2103</th>
                  <th align="center">2014</th>
                  <th align="center">2015</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es, masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">569.537</td>
                  <td align="center">574.593</td>
                  <td align="center">567.461</td>
                  <td align="center">565.431</td>
                  <td align="center">569.142</td>
                  <td align="center">569.604</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es, feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">583.676</td>
                  <td align="center">584.617</td>
                  <td align="center">569.563</td>
                  <td align="center">567.804</td>
                  <td align="center">571.650</td>
                  <td align="center">556.175</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TMP</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dias de interna&#231;&#245;es, feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">3.793.894</td>
                  <td align="center">3.858.472</td>
                  <td align="center">3.759.116</td>
                  <td align="center">3.747.506</td>
                  <td align="center">3.830.055</td>
                  <td align="center">3.615.138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dias de interna&#231;&#245;es, masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">3.701.991</td>
                  <td align="center">3.792.314</td>
                  <td align="center">3.745.243</td>
                  <td align="center">3.731.845</td>
                  <td align="center">3.813.251</td>
                  <td align="center">3.702.426</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Consultas</td>
                  <td align="center">121.060.024</td>
                  <td align="center">129.182.174</td>
                  <td align="center">131.666.891</td>
                  <td align="center">138.680.162</td>
                  <td align="center">147.495.929</td>
                  <td align="center">144.879.479</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sal&#225;rio m&#233;dio (R$), feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 983,37</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 761,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 824,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 902,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.000,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 895,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sal&#225;rio m&#233;dio (R$), masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.390,99</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.340,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.430,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.540,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.664,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.611,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo absente&#237;smo por interna&#231;&#245;es, feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 124.360.051,43</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 97.876.578,14</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 103.250.380,64</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 112.675.025,76</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 127.668.500,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 107.875.703,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo absente&#237;smo por interna&#231;&#245;es, masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 171.647.725,52</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 169.390.016,40</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 178.523.230,60</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 191.568.022,80</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 211.508.344,32</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 198.864.705,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo absente&#237;smo por das consultas</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.395.333.996,12</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.261.764.556,11</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.473.143.100,74</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.822.141.288,56</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.274.409.612,70</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.026.242.557,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo dias perdidos pela morbidade</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.691.34.773,07</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.529.031.150,65</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.754.916.711,98</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.126.384.337,12</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.613.586.457,02</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.332.982.965,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pre&#231;o m&#237;nimo da passagem (R$)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2,34</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2,34</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2,44</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2,66</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2,66</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo do Transporte (R$)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 566.560.914,19</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 604.572.572,45</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 642.534.427,59</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 737.458.428,57</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 784.337.964,40</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 875.963.619,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo Morbidade SUS</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.257.902.687,26</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.133.603.723,10</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.397.451.139,57</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.863.842.765,69</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.397.924.421,42</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.208.946.584,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taxa de cobertura</td>
                  <td align="center">23,6</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">25,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo Morbidade SUS + privado</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.264.270.533,06</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.123.162.793,55</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.505.903.368,13</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.186.366.128,44</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.943.141.110,03</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.657.186.269,96</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: SIA/DATASUS, SIH-DATASUS, PME/IBGE. TMP: tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os custos da mortalidade est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tabela 7</xref> e foram efetuados atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula contida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>. Os anos de vida perdidos pela morte prematura por sexo s&#227;o multiplicados pelo sal&#225;rio m&#233;dio a cada ano, corrigidos pela taxa de desemprego no mesmo per&#237;odo. O custo da mortalidade chegou a R$ 22.275.402.229,74 reais em 2014 e foi estimado em quase 22 bilh&#245;es de reais no ano de 2015.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t15">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Custos da mortalidade por DCV por ano. Brasil, 2010-2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados/ano</th>
                  <th align="center">2010</th>
                  <th align="center">2011</th>
                  <th align="center">2012</th>
                  <th align="center">2013</th>
                  <th align="center">2014</th>
                  <th align="center">2015</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anos Perdidos feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">520.810</td>
                  <td align="center">527.350</td>
                  <td align="center">511.302</td>
                  <td align="center">512.366</td>
                  <td align="center">517.223</td>
                  <td align="center">516.891</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anos Perdidos masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">791.003</td>
                  <td align="center">805.339</td>
                  <td align="center">799.250</td>
                  <td align="center">799.692</td>
                  <td align="center">804.724</td>
                  <td align="center">807.857</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo mortalidade (R$)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 19.349.117.782,66</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 17.765.622.096,07</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 18.770.886.111,48</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 20.324.158.368,20</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 22.275.402.229,74</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 21.173.626.058,79</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: SIM, PME/IBGE.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>F&#243;rmulas utilizadas para a estimativa de custo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0039-70068-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os custos totais estimados com DCV no Brasil no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2015 est&#225; evidenciado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 8</xref>. Houve um aumento percentual de 17% nos custos das DCV entre o ano de 2010 e 2015, sendo que o aumento do sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo foi de 55% no mesmo per&#237;odo. Isto significa que houve um aumento nos custos <italic>per capita</italic> do brasileiro com DCV nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos. O gasto <italic>per capita</italic> no ano de 2010 era de R$ 154,41 e foi estimado em R$ 172,62 no ano de 2015. Apesar deste aumento, o valor representava 30% do sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo no ano de 2010 e passou a representar 22% em 2015.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t16">
            <label>Tabela 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Custos totais estimados por DCV por ano. Brasil, 2010-2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados/Ano</th>
                  <th align="center">2010</th>
                  <th align="center">2011</th>
                  <th align="center">2012</th>
                  <th align="center">2013</th>
                  <th align="center">2014</th>
                  <th align="center">2015</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custos diretos </td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 6.169.421.794,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 6.616.780.073,69</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 6.920.244.266,23</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 7.337.716.100,29</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 7.775.257.583,99</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 7.821.609.101,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Reembolso ANS</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 78.850.898,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 74.994.805,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 88.213.668,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 84.807.361,00</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 96.928.835,33</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 103.459.587,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo da Morbidade</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.264.270.533,06</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.123.162.793,55</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.505.903.368,13</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.186.366.128,44</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.943.141.110,03</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.657.186.269,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo mortalidade</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 19.349.117.782,66</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 17.765.622.096,07</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 18.770.886.111,48</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 20.324.158.368,20</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 22.275.402.229,74</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 21.173.626.058,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo aposentadorias e aux&#237;lios</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 318.131.078,08</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 354.809.849,44</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 405.196.190,10</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 455.036.975,88</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 479.361.193,58</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 527.998.450,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custo medicamentos</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 968.489.393,60</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.286.742.089,14 </td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.277.654.330,14 </td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.418.869.356,06</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 2.162.470.925,74</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.819.345.140,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custos totais DCV</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 31.148.281.479,40</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 30.222.111.706,89</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 32.968.097.934,08</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 34.806.954.289,87</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 38.732.561.878,41</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 37.103.224.609,38</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os custos estimados pela morte prematura com DCV representam 61% do total de custo por DCV, os custos diretos foram de 22% e os custos pela morbidade foram de 15% do total de custos com DCV.</p>
          <p>O percentual do PIB com DCV pela estimativa do estudo foi de 0,8% em 2010, 0,7% nos anos de 2011 a 2014 e de 0,6% do PIB no ano de 2015, com m&#233;dia de 0,7% do PIB nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>&#201; essencial nos dias atuais, com a escassez de recursos, a discuss&#227;o sobre os custos em sa&#250;de baseada em fontes de informa&#231;&#245;es seguras e em tempo real.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> O presente estudo traz uma metodologia que se prop&#245;e a utilizar as fontes de dados com maior fidedignidade poss&#237;vel e com maior rapidez na obten&#231;&#227;o da informa&#231;&#227;o. As fontes de gastos por faturamentos no Brasil informam com atraso m&#225;ximo de cerca de 2 meses ap&#243;s o m&#234;s corrente, por este motivo foram priorizadas. &#201; importante salientar que o presente estudo teve como premissa a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do maior n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis em bancos de dados p&#250;blicos. Como o sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es de base nacional ainda est&#225; se sedimentando no Brasil, os dados de faturamentos nas SIH e SIA podem estar subestimados, sendo esta uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
        <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo s&#227;o as informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224; mortalidade, &#224;s aposentadorias e aos aux&#237;lios doen&#231;a, assim como os valores de reembolsos diretos da ANS para o SUS. Estes dados n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para os anos 2014 e 2015 na sua plenitude, desta forma, optou-se por estimar estes valores atrav&#233;s de progress&#227;o linear.</p>
        <p>Os gastos com medicamentos para tratamento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis nos sistemas de informa&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicos brasileiros. O presente estudo estimou os gastos com medicamentos em DCV considerando que 10% dos gastos da assist&#234;ncia farmac&#234;utica populares no Brasil s&#227;o para tratamento de DCV. Esta estrat&#233;gia pode ser considerada conservadora.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios adotados para a sele&#231;&#227;o das fontes, foi a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#225;ximo de informa&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis em bancos de dados p&#250;blicos, e fortalecer esta informa&#231;&#227;o como base para o futuro das pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas do pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os custos diretos da sa&#250;de suplementar devem estar subestimados, pois utilizar a taxa de cobertura dispon&#237;vel na ANS, incorre na suposi&#231;&#227;o que os custos da medicina suplementar s&#227;o ao menos similares aos gastos no SUS, o que se sabe que n&#227;o &#233; uma realidade.</p>
        <p>A quantidade de aposentadorias por DCV v&#234;m diminuindo no pa&#237;s no per&#237;odo analisado, e vem aumentando a quantidade de benef&#237;cios concedidos por aux&#237;lio-doen&#231;a. Este pode ser considerado um indicativo indireto de que a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira est&#225; convivendo com a DCV, sem que haja uma interrup&#231;&#227;o das atividades laborais. Isto pode ter ocorrido pela melhoria da sa&#250;de, ou pelas mudan&#231;as ocorridas na legisla&#231;&#227;o das regras das aposentadorias.</p>
        <p>Com a transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica no Brasil, associada ao envelhecimento populacional, torna-se veemente que diversos estudos estimem os custos em sa&#250;de, principalmente das DCV, como a principal causa de morte por doen&#231;a no pa&#237;s. Conforme mostrados nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos, os custos com a DCV est&#227;o em crescimento e, &#233; essencial que medidas de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de ocorram para a redu&#231;&#227;o das mortes prematuras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os custos diretos e indiretos das DCV no Brasil v&#234;m aumentado nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos no Brasil. Este aumento foi mais significativo nos custos dos medicamentos (88%), seguido pelos custos da previd&#234;ncia social (66%) e dos custos da morbidade (33%). Estes dados s&#227;o indicativos indiretos de que existe um aumento da popula&#231;&#227;o que est&#225; convivendo com DCV. A quantidade de benef&#237;cios previdenci&#225;rios aumentou nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos proporcionalmente aos aux&#237;lios-doen&#231;a, j&#225; sendo poss&#237;vel visualizar a queda das aposentadorias ocorridas por DCV. Quando se analisa em percentual do PIB, os custos por DCV est&#227;o est&#225;veis, provavelmente devido ao menor n&#250;mero de anos de vida perdidos.</p>
        <p>A OMS estabeleceu como meta a redu&#231;&#227;o de 25% das DCNT at&#233; o ano de 2025,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e em sintonia com a metas mundiais para a redu&#231;&#227;o das DCV, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) lan&#231;ou em 2013 uma importante publica&#231;&#227;o com objetivo de aumentar a preven&#231;&#227;o da DCV no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Para que se consiga atingir uma redu&#231;&#227;o do impacto da DCV no Brasil &#233; essencial o envolvimento de todos na sociedade. A luta na preven&#231;&#227;o e melhoria da qualidade de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; urgente, principalmente num pais em desenvolvimento como o Brasil em que os recursos s&#227;o escassos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Alessandra de S&#225; Earp Siqueira pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
