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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qfjY5PtHQh9JfnxZybdP8bB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000700030</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170070</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005009102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of the Use of Different Diagnostic Criteria in the Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Pregnant Women</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Alina Coutinho Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Tedgue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Matos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Freire da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Maternidade Professor Jos&#233; Maria de Magalh&#227;es Neto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Maternidade Professor Jos&#233; Maria de Magalh&#227;es Neto, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Isabel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Isabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luciana Tedgue Barreto</bold>, Alameda dos Sombreiros, n&#186; 1050, Caminho das &#193;rvores. Postal Code 41820-420, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lucianatbarreto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Feitosa ACR; Acquisition of data: Feitosa ACR, Barreto LT, Silva IM, Silva FF; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Feitosa ACR, Feitosa Filho GS; Statistical analysis: Feitosa ACR, Barreto LT; Writing of the manuscript: Feitosa ACR, Barreto LT, Feitosa Filho GS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>01</issue>
      <fpage>30</fpage>
      <lpage>38</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>There is a physiologic elevation of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) during pregnancy. Some authors define dyslipidemia (DLP) in pregnant women when TC, LDL and TG concentrations are above the 95th percentile (p95%) and HDL concentration is below the 5th percentile (P5%) for gestational age (GA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the prevalence of DLP in pregnant women using percentiles criteria with the V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and the association with maternal and fetal outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Pregnant women with high-risk conditions, aged 18-50 years, and at least one lipid profile during pregnancy was classified as the presence of DLP by two diagnostic criteria. Clinical and laboratorial data of mothers and newborns were evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>433 pregnant women aged 32.9 &#177; 6.5 years were studied. Most (54.6%) had lipid profile collected during third trimester. The prevalence of any lipid abnormalities according to the criteria of the National Guidelines was 83.8%: TC &#8805; 200 mg/dL was found in 49.9%; LDL &#8805; 160 mg/dL, in 14.3%, HDL &#8804; 50 mg/dL in 44.4% and TG &#8805; 150 mg/dL in 65.3%. Any changes of lipid according to percentiles criteria was found in 19.6%: elevation above the P95% for TC was found in 0.7%; for LDL, 1.7%; for TG 6.4% and HDL lower than the P5% in 13%. The frequency of comorbidity: hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity and preeclampsia was similar among pregnant women when DLP was compared by both criteria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of DLP during pregnancy varies significantly depending on the criteria used, however none demonstrated superiority in association with comorbidities. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy / high-risk</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy Complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipids</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdutcion</title>
      <p>Lipids and lipoproteins change in gestation due to interactions between genetic, energetic and hormonal factors. Gestational hyperlipidemia is physiological and results from increased insulin resistance, lipoprotein synthesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue that mobilize fats to serve as an energetic substrate for fetal growth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The majority of pregnant women presents an increase in triglycerides (TG) in the third trimester, high density lipoproteins (HDL) in the second half of gestation, and progressive increasing of intermediate and low density lipoproteins (IDL) (LDL) over the trimesters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In the last trimester, total cholesterol (TC) may increase by 25 to 50% and TG by 200 to 400%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemia (DPL) in pregnancy is characterized by TG and TC concentrations above the 95th percentile and HDLs below the 5th percentile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>, and this definition differs from that used for adults according to the <italic>Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults</italic> (NCEP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> used in the V Brazilian Directive. Several researchers evaluated the lipids in gestation using the criterion of percentiles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and reference values per quarter were established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Gestational hyperlipidemia is associated with metabolic morbidities such as obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and gestational diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and is a risk factor for acute pancreatitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, preeclampsia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and preterm birth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Hypertriglyceridemia at the end of gestation is associated with the development of DLP in the postpartum decades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and the offspring is at greater risk of being born large for gestational age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and having atherosclerosis in adult life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although pregnancy is recognized as a potential cause of DLP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> the lipid profile is not part of the routine obstetric exams.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> The lack of consensus regarding reference values per trimester, lack of standardization of the diagnostic criteria, lack of determination of risk groups and of evidences demonstrating the impact of DLP treatment on pregnancy limit the accomplishment of screening.</p>
      <p>In a population of high-risk pregnant women, we compared the prevalence of DLP defined by the criteria of the V Brazilian Dyslipidemia Directive with the specific criteria for pregnancy. We also evaluated the agreement between the criteria and the relationship between maternal lipid profile and maternal-fetal outcomes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>The population of the study was pregnant with an age between 18 and 50 years old, accompanied at the outpatient clinic of endocrine diseases during the gestation of the Maternity Professor Jos&#233; Maria de Magalh&#227;es Neto (MPJMMN) of Santa Casa da Bahia between April 2010 and March 2014. Those who had at least one lipid profile evaluation during gestation analyzed in a single laboratory and delivery in the MPJMMN. Demographic, clinical, obstetric, laboratorial, and labor data were obtained from medical records. The study was approved by the ethics and local research committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of lipids</title>
        <p>Blood samples were collected after a fast of 12-hour. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, HDLc and TG were determined by the automated colorimetric enzymatic method and LDL cholesterol was measured by the automated kinetic method. In pregnant women with more than one lipidogram collected during pregnancy, the first examination was considered for analysis. Less than half had more than one lipidogram in gestation. They made, respectively, two, three and four lipidograms during pregnancy: 109 (25.2%), 31 (7.2%) and 6 (1.4%). The gestational age (GA) at weeks at the time of blood collection was obtained from estimates of gestational age during the first ultrasound (USG). In patients in whom the first USG was not available, GA was estimated at the date of collection of the lipidogram by the date of the last menstrual period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of dyslipidemia in pregnancy</title>
        <p>The prevalence of dyslipidemia was evaluated considering two definitions:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>"Percentile criteria" when there was elevation of TC, LDL-c and TG concentrations above the 95th percentile and HDL-c levels below the 5th percentile for gestational age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Normal values in pregnant women in the first, second and third gestational trimesters were obtained from the study of Piechota W and col<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and are available in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. <table-wrap id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Percentiles 95 for TC, LDLc and TG and 5 for HDLc in mg/dl according to Piechota and Staszekski<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
										</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Period</th><th align="center">TC (mg/dl)</th><th align="center">LDLc (mg/dl)</th><th align="center">HDLc (mg/dl)</th><th align="center">TG (mg/dl)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Out of pregnancy</td><td align="center">251</td><td align="center">167</td><td align="center">34</td><td align="center">171</td></tr><tr><td align="left">1&#186; Quarter</td><td align="center">277</td><td align="center">186</td><td align="center">35</td><td align="center">175</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2&#186; Quarter</td><td align="center">319</td><td align="center">217</td><td align="center">42</td><td align="center">254</td></tr><tr><td align="left">3&#186; Quarter</td><td align="center">380</td><td align="center">250</td><td align="center">40</td><td align="center">414</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><p>TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoproteins; HDL: high density lipoproteins; TG: triglycerides.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>"Criteria of the V Brazilian Dyslipidemia Guideline" when TC, LDL and TG were, respectively, higher than 200 mg/dl, 160 mg/dl and 150 mg/dl, HDL-c, lower than 50 mg/dl.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> It was characterized as a carrier of dyslipidemia in pregnant women with at least one lipid fraction being altered.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Maternal weight gain</title>
        <p>Weight gain by the pregnant woman was categorized as below, in or above the target as recommended by the <italic>Institute of Medicine</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> which guides different weight gain intervals according to pregestational BMI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Neonatal outcomes</title>
        <p>Neonates were classified as small for gestational age (SGA) when birth weight was below the 10th percentile and large for gestational age (LGA) when the weight was above the 90th percentile for gestational age and gender. The reference used was the Brazilian population of Pedreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> (2011).</p>
        <p>Prematurity was defined as gestational age at birth between 24 and 36 weeks and 06 days of gestation. Preterm neonates were classified according to severity of prematurity in: preterm (&lt; 31 weeks), preterm (31-33 weeks and 6 days) and preterm (4 to 36 weeks and 6 days) . Gestation dating was established through the first USG and somatic Capurro. In cases in which the first USG was not available (0.81%), GA was estimated at birth by LMP (Last Menstrual Period) and somatic Capurro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data were analyzed to characterize the distribution normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables with normal distribution were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and, for non-normal distributions, as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were reported in absolute and percentage values. The subjects were categorized as having dyslipidemia for each of the two criteria and the statistical differences between continuous variables were obtained by means of the unpaired Student t test when the variables had normal distribution or by the <italic>Mann-Whitney</italic> U when they had a non-parametric distribution. The association between laboratory data of lipids and fractions, whose distribution was non-normal, with clinical variables: gestational age at birth, newborn weight and maternal weight gain were investigated using <italic>Spearman</italic>'s correlation tests. The concordance between the two criteria defining dyslipidemia was evaluated by the Kappa index. ROC curves were created, two in which the test variable was the percentile dyslipidemia criterion (curves A and B) and two (curves C and D) with the guideline criterion to determine the accuracy in predicting dichotomous weight outcomes of the neonate above the 90% percentile and gestational age at birth of 37 weeks or less. We calculated the area under the curve and the 95% confidence interval. Value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyzes were performed in the SPSS version 13 program.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 433 pregnant women with a mean age of 32.9 &#177; 6.4 years and mean gestational age of 24.8 &#177; 7.6 weeks were evaluated. The main reason for referral to the outpatient clinic for endocrine diseases during pregnancy was diabetes, which represented 84.8% of the cases, thyroid diseases accounted for 6.9% of referrals and 43.2% were hypertensive. The clinical and demographic characteristics of the population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the general population categorized according to the presence of any lipidic alteration according to the percentiles criteria and the Brazilian V guideline (n = 433, results expressed as mean, standard deviation, median and interquartile range)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Generaln = 433</th>
              <th align="center">Dyslipidemia Percentile <break/>criteria n = 85</th>
              <th align="center">Dyslipidemia Guideline <break/>criteria n = 363</th>
              <th align="center">No data</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age&#167;</td>
              <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 6,5<break/>33,1 (28,5&#8211;37,9)</td>
              <td align="center">31,9 &#177; 6,4<break/>32,0 (27,6&#8211;37,5)</td>
              <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 6,4<break/>33,1 (28,7&#8211;37,9)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">First time mother(%)</td>
              <td align="center">24,7%</td>
              <td align="center">31,0%</td>
              <td align="center">25,7%</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">0,19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">N by quarter (1&#186;, 2&#186; e 3&#186;)</td>
              <td align="center">23/173/237<break/>5,4/40,0/54,6%</td>
              <td align="center">4/34/47<break/>4,7/40,0/55,3%</td>
              <td align="center">14/130/219<break/>3,9/35,8/60,3%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI pre-gestacional&#167; (kg/m2)</td>
              <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 6,5<break/>29,7 (25,4&#8211;34,2)</td>
              <td align="center">29,0 &#177; 6,9<break/>27,4 (23,4&#8211;32,5)</td>
              <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 6,5<break/>30,1 (25,9&#8211;34,3)</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">0,09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous SAH (%)</td>
              <td align="center">167 (43,2%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (38,6%)</td>
              <td align="center">141 (43,4%)</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">0,41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">323 (84,8%)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (82,6%)</td>
              <td align="center">275 (85,7%)</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">0,39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous DLP (%)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (21,0%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (27,9%)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (21,6%)</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">0,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking(%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (2,4%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4,4%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (2,5%)</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">0,25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous preeclampsia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (14,0%)</td>
              <td align="center">7(14,9%)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (1,4%)</td>
              <td align="center">133</td>
              <td align="center">0,86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous preterm birth (%)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (20,6%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (21,2%)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (19,3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delivery mode (vaginal)</td>
              <td align="center">152 (35,1%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (36,5%)</td>
              <td align="center">133 (36,6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC (mg/dl) &#182;</td>
              <td align="center">204,0 &#177; 83,1<break/>199,0 (169,0&#8211;229,0)</td>
              <td align="center">212,8 &#177; 167,9<break/>190,0 (151,0&#8211;235,0)</td>
              <td align="center">211,2 &#177; 88,2<break/>206,1 (175,0&#8211;235,3)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDLc (mg/dl) &#182;</td>
              <td align="center">109,7 &#177; 42,8<break/>105,0 (81,2&#8211;131,0)</td>
              <td align="center">115,2 &#177; 61,1<break/>104,0 (71,0&#8211;151,0)</td>
              <td align="center">114,9 &#177; 43,6<break/>111,0 (85,0&#8211;136,0)</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">0,22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDLc (mg/dl) &#182;</td>
              <td align="center">55,2 &#177; 15,1<break/>54,0 (45,0&#8211;63,2)</td>
              <td align="center">40,9 &#177; 13,0<break/>39,0 (35,0&#8211;45,8)</td>
              <td align="center">53,7 &#177; 15,4<break/>51,0 (44,0&#8211;62,8)</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG (mg/dl) &#182;</td>
              <td align="center">199,9 &#177; 176<break/>176,0 (136,0&#8211;229,0)</td>
              <td align="center">296,6 &#177; 664,2<break/>224,0 (152,0&#8211;272,0)</td>
              <td align="center">215,8 &#177; 327,8<break/>191,0 (152,0&#8211;237,0)</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GA in childbirth (weeks) &#182;</td>
              <td align="center">37,5 &#177; 3,0<break/>38,0 (37,0&#8211;39,0)</td>
              <td align="center">37,4 &#177; 2,6<break/>38,0 (37,0&#8211;39,0)</td>
              <td align="center">37,6 &#177; 2,9<break/>38,0 (37,0&#8211;39,0)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Newborn weight (g) &#182;</td>
              <td align="center">3187 &#177; 8523325 (2794&#8211;3677)</td>
              <td align="center">3183 &#177; 7923335 (2785&#8211;3695)</td>
              <td align="center">3195 &#177; 8063325 (2812&#8211;3686)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycated hemoglobin (g/dl) &#182;</td>
              <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,7<break/>6,0 (5,3&#8211;7,2)</td>
              <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,9<break/>6,5 (5,4&#8211;7,9)</td>
              <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,6<break/>6,0 (5,3&#8211;7,1)</td>
              <td align="center">141</td>
              <td align="center">0,09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight gain (kg) &#167;</td>
              <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 8,3<break/>8,6 (3,7&#8211;13,3)</td>
              <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 8,2<break/>8,3 (1,1&#8211;14,2)</td>
              <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 8,<break/>28,7 (3,6&#8211;13,6)</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">0,46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI adequacy B/I/A<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">112/85/97<break/>38,1/28,9/33</td>
              <td align="center">22/12/16<break/>44,0/24,0/32%</td>
              <td align="center">92/69/84<break/>37,6/28,2/34,3</td>
              <td align="center">139</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; hypertension: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DLP: dyslipidemia; GA: gestational age at delivery. TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoproteins; HDL: high density lipoproteins; TG: triglycerides.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p> Adequacy of weight according to Institutes of Medicine (IOM): B low, I ideal and A high. For the p values: the groups were compared according to the presence of dyslipidemia considering the two criteria, when the distribution was normal, the Student&#8217;s t test was used; When the non-parametric distribution was used, the Mann Whitney U test was used.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Dyslipidemia due to elevation of TC, LDLc and TG or reduction of HDLc was 4,3 times more frequent when dyslipidemia was considered by the V Dyslipidemia Guideline criterion in relation to percentile criterion (83.8 vs 19.6%). The 85 cases of dyslipidemia identified by the percentile criterion were among the 363 cases identified by the V guideline criterion. The most commonly found lipidic alteration was the reduction of HDLc, according to the criterion of percentiles and elevation of triglycerides, according to the criterion of V guideline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>). In addition, there was an increase in the frequency of any of the lipid changes with the progression of the quarters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemia according to the two criteria (n = 433)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cholesterol and fractions</th>
              <th align="center">Percentile criteria<break/>General prevalence n (%)<break/>Prevalence per quarter n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Guideline criteria<break/>General prevalence n (%)<break/>Prevalence per quarter n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">No data</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0,7)<break/>0 (0); 2 (66,7); 1 (33,3)</td>
              <td align="center">213 (49,9)<break/>4 (1,9); 67 (31,5);142 (66,7)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL</td>
              <td align="center">7 (1,7)<break/>1(14,3); 1(14,3); 5(71,4)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (11)<break/>0 (0); 13 (32,5); 27 (67,5)</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL</td>
              <td align="center">55 (13)<break/>1 (1,8); 18 (32,7); 36 (65,5)</td>
              <td align="center">161 (44,4)<break/>12 (7,5); 51 (31,5); 98 (60,9)</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG</td>
              <td align="center">27 (6,4)<break/>2 (7,4); 18 (66,7); 7 (25,9)</td>
              <td align="center">275 (65,3)<break/>3 (1,1); 94 (34,2); 178 (64,7)</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Any lipidic alteration</td>
              <td align="center">85 (19,6)<break/>4 (4,7); 34 (40); 47 (55,3)</td>
              <td align="center">363 (83,8)<break/>14 (3,9); 130 (35,8); 219 (60,3)</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">All lipidic alteration</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (3,6)<break/>0(0); 2(15,4); 13(84,6)</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoproteins; HDL: high density lipoproteins; TG: triglycerides.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemia according to percentile criteria. TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoproteins; HDL: high density lipoproteins; TG: triglycerides.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0030-70070-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemia according to guideline criteria. TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoproteins; HDL: high density lipoproteins; TG: triglycerides.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0030-70070-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The frequency of comorbidities SAH, DM, smoking, obesity and previous preeclampsia was similar when compared to pregnant women without dyslipidemia by any of the criteria. p = 0.005) and HDLc (39 vs 51 mg/dl, p = &lt; 0.0001) were lower in patients with dyslipidemia by the criterion of percentiles, while the TG concentration was significantly higher (224 vs. 191 mg/dl, p = 0.002). There were no correlations between cholesterol and fractions with gestational age at birth and neonatal weight. Total and LDL cholesterol were inversely related to maternal weight gain (r = -0.173, p 0.003 and r = -0.177, p 0.003, respectively).</p>
      <p>The agreement between the two criteria defining dyslipidemia was 0.09 (Kappa). All pregnant women with dyslipidemia according to percentile criteria were included in the guideline criteria. However, 80.2% of the women without dyslipidemia according to percentile criteria were dyslipidemic under Brazilian Guideline. The area under the curve (AUC) ROC for birth weight and gestational age revealed a lack of accuracy of both dyslipidemia criteria to predictthe risk of macrosomia and prematurity: dyslipidemia according to the National Guideline criteria, AUC 0.49 (95% CI 0%, 39 to 0.58) for birth weight and 0.51 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.59) for gestational age at birth; Dyslipidemia by percentile criterion, AUC 0.49 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.59) for birth weight and 0.47 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.60) for gestational age at birth, according to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figure 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curves of fetal outcomes and dyslipidemia by Percentile and Guideline criteria.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0030-70070-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study revealed that, in a population of pregnant women with high gestational risk, the frequency of diagnosis of dyslipidemia according to the V guideline criterion was higher than that identified by the percentile criterion and that none of the criteria was able to predict risk of macrosomia and prematurity in the offspring of affected pregnant women. These findings show the impact of using different criteria to determine the prevalence of the same disease. However, the lack of association between the presence of dyslipidemia and fetal outcomes raises questions about the clinical importance of the detection of dyslipidemia during pregnancy by the criteria evaluated in this study.</p>
      <p>The motivation to compare two diagnostic criteria for the definition of dyslipidemia during gestation was the lack of common understanding on the best way to diagnose dyslipidemia during pregnancy. The agreement between the two criteria was poor and this explained the significant difference in prevalence.</p>
      <p>The adoption of a diagnostic strategy with the institution of cut-off points and defining criteria of a disease is not a simple task. In pathologies in which continuous variables such as lipids, blood pressure and blood glucose are used for diagnosis, choosing the best cut-off point to determine the disease is often difficult.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> One of the strategies used to establish cut-off points is the frequency-based statistical definition and distribution of the variable in the population. However, the determination of the optimal cut-off point for a diagnosis in the case of measurement of continuous variables depends on the finding of a value that maintains the balance between the medical, social and economic costs of making the diagnosis in people without substantial risk of adverse effects of one disease and not to diagnose those at real risk of disease damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Establishing the diagnosis of a disease by statistical definition does not always reveal the association with risk and thus the value of the diagnosis. Glucose cutoff points for the diagnosis of diabetes, for example, were justified by the association with the dramatic increase in the prevalence of microvascular complications considered specific for diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> which was not determined for lipids and poor fetal maternal outcomes.</p>
      <p>The use of the criterion for the definition of dyslipidemia in adults resulted in a prevalence 4.3 times higher than that found by the criterion of specific percentiles for pregnant women. However, the frequency of comorbidities SH, DM and previous preeclampsia was similar in pregnant women with dyslipidemia by any of the criteria, when compared to those without dyslipidemia, and in the studied population there was no superiority of one of the criteria to identify pregnant women at greater risk . The areas under the ROC curve revealed a lack of accuracy in any of the criteria to establish the highest risk of macrosomia and prematurity. It is known that hypertriglyceridemia is associated with gestational diabetes and preeclampsia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> but it is unknown whether the strength of association with morbidities differs according to the criterion for dyslipidemia, however the present study revealed no association with both criteria. Using different criteria to diagnose the same disease, the result was the meeting of different prevalences that could have generated additional investigations, costs and unnecessary therapies. The similar proportion of comorbidities can be explained by the homogeneity of the population of the present study, consisting of pregnant women with high risk pathologies in which almost 90% were carriers of diabetes.</p>
      <p>The present study revealed that the prevalence of dyslipidemia increased during the quarters when the criterion of V guideline was used. This finding is compatible with the physiological behavior of gestational hyperlipidemia and has already been demonstrated in several studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> However, the frequency of lipid changes was not progressive with the progression from gestation to cholesterol and TG when the criterion of percentiles was used. It is possible that the limited number of patients with alterations in these lipid fractions favored chance and not demonstrated the physiological behavior of the lipids for the percentiles criterion. However, when analyzing dyslipidemia for any lipid alteration, increasing the sample size for each lipid fraction, we found that, for both criteria, dyslipidemia was more frequent with the advancement of the quarters.</p>
      <p>Controversies and questions about different definitions for the same disease are international. Regarding dyslipidemia in pregnant women, the scientific community claims for attention and research on lipid metabolism during gestation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The fact that there is no standardization of the ideal criterion may result in the doctor who assists the pregnant woman choosing any of the criteria without the benefit of the use being demonstrated. In the absence of evidence of cut-off points that identify the possible risk(s), it seems reasonable to use the percentiles definition strategy based on the frequency of lipid distribution during pregnancy. However, there are problems that limit the use of percentile criteria: it is necessary to have a reference table for pregnancy lipids categorized by quarter to establish cut points for each lipid and there is no established and internationally accepted standard. There are few studies that report reference values per quarter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and none in Brazil, to our knowledge. There are several Brazilian publications that demonstrate associations between lipids and BMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> depressive symptoms,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> changes in pressure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> risk of gestational diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> without, however, using cut-off points to determine the increase in morbidities or specific risks for dyslipidemia during pregnancy. The present study demonstrated that pregnant women with dyslipidemia defined by guideline criteria had higher TC and HDL and lower TG concentrations than pregnant women with dyslipidemia according to percentile criteria, suggesting that the guideline criterion selects cases of greater severity in relation to dyslipidemia . However, the study did not show superiority of any of the criteria in relation to the association with other maternal or fetal morbidities raising the question of why to diagnose a disease that does not modify maternal-fetal clinical outcomes. These findings, however, should be confirmed with a higher number of pregnant women and in low-risk pregnancies to define the importance of dyslipidemia during pregnancy and which diagnostic criteria to use.</p>
      <p>This task presents, however, some limitations. It is a unicentric study with pregnant women from the state of Bahia. The sample is presumed to be mixed, however, it is known that important population differences occur according to the region of the country and Bahia is the state with the highest percentage of African contribution to ancestry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> While the impact of ethnic/racial differences in the relation between dyslipidemia and rates of cardiovascular disease lack determination, non-hispanic blacks and whites are less likely to have dyslipidemia than Asian and Mexican Americans,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> and we do not know if the same is true for the Brazilian population. The results of the present study therefore do not allow national or international generalization and the absence of association with clinical outcomes may have been a result of racial influence and/or limited sample size.</p>
      <p>Most of the pregnant women had only one determination of the lipidogram and we know that the lipid fractions, especially the concentration of triglycerides, undergo significant changes depending on diet, exercise and intra and inter-laboratory variations. Despite recognizing the possibility of the influence of an isolated determination on the reduction of the robustness of the findings, a significant portion of the observational studies investigating associations between dyslipidemia and outcomes, do it with only determination, so that our study does not differ from the method commonly used in research in this area. All measurements were made in a 12-hour fasting period, which is also the most used method to determine the lipidogram and to investigate the outcomes related to dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p>The cross-sectional nature of the study with data collection in medical records is a limitation, as far as confounding factors could have been neglected. Lack of recognition and appropriate assessment of the influence of confounding factors possibly interferes with results. Most of the pregnant women investigated were diabetic and obese, morbidities associated with dyslipidemia, and the independent contribution of each morbidity in the findings was not established. While the limitation in establishing the causal relationship due to lack of evidence of the temporal sequence between exposure to the risk factor and disease development is a recognized disadvantage of cross-sectional studies, this type of study is important for calculating disease prevalence, the main focus of the present study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The prevalence of dyslipidemia assessed by the V Brazilian guideline for adult dyslipidemia was higher than the prevalence identified by the criterion of the specific percentiles of pregnancy without, however, showing superiority in the association with morbidities.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto do Uso de Diferentes Crit&#233;rios Diagn&#243;sticos na Preval&#234;ncia de Dislipidemia em Gestantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Alina Coutinho Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Tedgue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Matos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Freire da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Maternidade Professor Jos&#233; Maria de Magalh&#227;es Neto, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Isabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luciana Tedgue Barreto</bold>, Alameda dos Sombreiros, n&#186; 1050, Caminho das &#193;rvores. CEP 41820-420, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lucianatbarreto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Feitosa ACR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Feitosa ACR, Barreto LT, Silva IM, Silva FF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Feitosa ACR, Feitosa Filho GS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Feitosa ACR, Barreto LT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Feitosa ACR, Barreto LT, Feitosa Filho GS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o ocorrem, fisiologicamente, eleva&#231;&#245;es do colesterol total (CT) e triglicer&#237;dios (TG). Alguns autores definem dislipidemia (DLP) gestacional quando as concentra&#231;&#245;es de CT, LDL e TG s&#227;o superiores ao percentil 95 (P95%) e de HDL, inferiores ao percentil 5 (P5%) para a idade gestacional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a preval&#234;ncia da DLP em gestantes conforme crit&#233;rio por percentis com o da V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia e avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos materno-fetais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Gestantes com patologias de alto risco, idade entre 18 a 50 anos, e, pelo menos um perfil lip&#237;dico durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o foram classificadas quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de DLP por dois crit&#233;rios. Dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais das m&#227;es e neonatos foram avaliados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Estudou-se 433 gestantes com idade de 32,9 &#177; 6,5 anos. A maioria (54,6%) teve o perfil lip&#237;dico coletado no terceiro trimestre. A preval&#234;ncia de quaisquer das altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, conforme os crit&#233;rios da Diretriz Nacional, foi de 83,8%: CT &#8805; 200 mg/dL foi encontrado em 49,9%; LDL &#8805; 160 mg/dL, em 14,3%, HDL &#8804; 50 mg/dL em 44,4% e TG &#8805; 150 mg/dL, em 65,3%. Quaisquer das altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas pelo crit&#233;rio dos percentis foi encontrada em 19,6%: sendo que eleva&#231;&#227;o superior ao P95% para CT foi encontrada em 0,7%; para LDL, em 1,7%; para TG, em 6,4% e inferiores ao P5% para o HDL em 13%. A frequ&#234;ncia das comorbidades: hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo, obesidade e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia foi semelhante entre as gestantes quando se comparou DLP pelos dois crit&#233;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DLP na gesta&#231;&#227;o variou significativamente conforme o crit&#233;rio utilizado, entretanto nenhum demonstrou superioridade na associa&#231;&#227;o com comorbidades. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Gesta&#231;&#227;o de Alto Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es na Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Lip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>L&#237;pides e lipoprote&#237;nas modificam-se na gesta&#231;&#227;o em fun&#231;&#227;o de intera&#231;&#245;es entre fatores gen&#233;ticos, energ&#233;ticos e hormonais. A hiperlipidemia gestacional &#233; fisiol&#243;gica e resulta do aumento na resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, s&#237;ntese de lipoprote&#237;nas e lip&#243;lise no tecido adiposo que mobilizam gorduras para servir como substrato energ&#233;tico para o crescimento fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria das gestantes apresenta aumento de triglic&#233;rides (TG) no terceiro trimestre, das lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade (HDL) na segunda metade da gesta&#231;&#227;o e eleva&#231;&#245;es das lipoprote&#237;nas de densidade intermedi&#225;ria (IDL) e baixa (LDL) progressivas ao longo dos trimestres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No &#250;ltimo trimestre o colesterol total (CT) pode aumentar em 25 a 50% e o TG, em 200 a 400%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>A dislipidemia (DPL) na gesta&#231;&#227;o caracteriza-se por concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG e CT superiores ao percentil 95 e de HDL inferiores ao percentil 5<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e esta defini&#231;&#227;o difere da usada para adultos segundo o <italic>Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults</italic> (NCEP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> utilizado na V Diretriz Brasileira. Diversos pesquisadores avaliaram os l&#237;pides na gesta&#231;&#227;o utilizando o crit&#233;rio dos percentis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e valores de refer&#234;ncia por trimestre foram estabelecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hiperlipidemia gestacional est&#225; associada a morbidades metab&#243;licas como obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e diabetes gestacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e &#233; fator de risco para pancreatite aguda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e parto pr&#233;-termo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Hipertrigliceridemia no final da gesta&#231;&#227;o associa-se ao desenvolvimento de DLP nas d&#233;cadas posteriores ao parto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e a prole tem maior risco de nascer grande para a idade gestacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e de ter aterosclerose na vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora a gravidez seja reconhecida como potencial causa de DLP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> o perfil lip&#237;dico n&#227;o faz parte da rotina de exames obst&#233;tricos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A aus&#234;ncia de consenso a respeito dos valores de refer&#234;ncia por trimestre, a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio para diagn&#243;stico, a aus&#234;ncia de determina&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de risco e de evid&#234;ncias que demonstrem o impacto do tratamento da DLP na gesta&#231;&#227;o limitam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do rastreamento.</p>
        <p>Em popula&#231;&#227;o de gestantes de alto risco, comparamos a preval&#234;ncia da DLP definida pelos crit&#233;rios da V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia com os crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos para a gesta&#231;&#227;o. Avaliamos, tamb&#233;m, a concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil lip&#237;dico materno com desfechos materno-fetais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo foram gestantes com idade entre 18 a 50 anos acompanhadas no ambulat&#243;rio de endocrinopatias na gesta&#231;&#227;o da Maternidade Professor Jos&#233; Maria de Magalh&#227;es Neto (MPJMMN) da Santa Casa da Bahia entre abril de 2010 e mar&#231;o de 2014. Eram eleg&#237;veis as que tivessem pelo menos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de perfil lip&#237;dico durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o analisada em &#250;nico laborat&#243;rio e parto na MPJMMN. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, obst&#233;tricos, laboratoriais e do parto foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa local.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mensura&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas. As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas do colesterol total, HDLc e TG foram determinadas pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico automatizado e o colesterol de LDL foi mensurado pelo m&#233;todo cin&#233;tico automatizado. Nas gestantes em que havia mais de um lipidograma coletado durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, foi considerado para an&#225;lise o primeiro exame realizado. Menos da metade teve mais que um lipidograma na gesta&#231;&#227;o. Fizeram, respectivamente, dois, tr&#234;s e quatro lipidogramas durante a gravidez: 109 (25,2%), 31 (7,2%) e 6 (1,4%). A idade gestacional (IG) em semanas no momento da coleta de sangue foi obtida a partir estimativa da idade gestacional durante a primeira ultrassonografia (USG). Nas pacientes em que a primeira USG n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel, estimou-se a IG na data da coleta do lipidograma pela data da &#250;ltima menstrua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de dislipidemia na gesta&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia foi avaliada considerando-se duas defini&#231;&#245;es:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>"Crit&#233;rio dos percentis" quando houvesse eleva&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de CT, LDL-c e TG superiores ao percentil 95 e de HDL-c inferiores ao percentil 5 para a idade gestacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os valores de normalidade em gestantes no primeiro, segundo, terceiro trimestres gestacional foram obtidos do estudo de Piechota e Staszewski<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref>. <table-wrap id="t4"><label>Tabela 1</label><caption><title>Percentis 95 para CT, LDLc e TG e 5 para HDLc em mg/dl segundo Piechota e Staszekski<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
											</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Per&#237;odo</th><th align="center">CT (mg/dl)</th><th align="center">LDLc (mg/dl)</th><th align="center">HDLc (mg/dl)</th><th align="center">TG (mg/dl)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Fora da gesta&#231;&#227;o</td><td align="center">251</td><td align="center">167</td><td align="center">34</td><td align="center">171</td></tr><tr><td align="left">1&#186; Trimestre</td><td align="center">277</td><td align="center">186</td><td align="center">35</td><td align="center">175</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2&#186; Trimestre</td><td align="center">319</td><td align="center">217</td><td align="center">42</td><td align="center">254</td></tr><tr><td align="left">3&#186; Trimestre</td><td align="center">380</td><td align="center">250</td><td align="center">40</td><td align="center">414</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN5"><p>CT: colesterol total; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;dios.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>"Crit&#233;rio da V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia" quando o CT, LDL e TG fossem, respectivamente, superiores a 200 mg/dl, 160 mg/dl e 150 mg/dl, o HDL-c, inferior a 50 mg/dl.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Foi caracterizada como portadora de dislipidemia a gestante em que pelo menos uma fra&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica estivesse alterada.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ganho de peso materno</title>
          <p>O ganho de peso pela gestante foi categorizado como abaixo, dentro ou acima do alvo de acordo com o recomendado pelo <italic>Institute of Medicine</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> que orienta diferentes intervalos de ganho de peso de acordo com o IMC pr&#233;-gestacional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos neonatais</title>
          <p>Neonatos foram classificados como pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG) quando o peso ao nascer foi inferior ao percentil 10 e grandes para a idade gestacional (GIG) quando o peso foi superior ao percentil 90 para a idade gestacional e sexo. A refer&#234;ncia utilizada foi a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de Pedreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A prematuridade foi definida como idade gestacional ao nascer entre 24 a 36 semanas e 06 dias de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Os neonatos prematuros foram classificados segundo graus de severidade da prematuridade em: pr&#233;-termo extremo (&lt; 31 semanas), pr&#233;-termo moderado (31 a 33 semanas e 6 dias) e pr&#233;-termo tardio (4 a 36 semanas e 6 dias). A data&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o foi estabelecida por meio da primeira USG e pelo Capurro som&#225;tico. Nos casos em que a primeira USG n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel (0,81%), estimou-se a IG ao nascer pela DUM e pelo Capurro som&#225;tico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados para caracterizar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e, para as distribui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-normais, como mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram reportadas em valores absolutos e percentuais. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram categorizados como portadores de dislipidemia por cada um dos dois crit&#233;rios e as diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram obtidas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado quando as vari&#225;veis tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou pelo U de <italic>Mann-Whitney</italic> quando tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-param&#233;trica. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dados laboratoriais de l&#237;pides e fra&#231;&#245;es, cuja distribui&#231;&#227;o foi n&#227;o normal, com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas: idade gestacional ao parto, peso do neonato e ganho de peso materno foram investigadas por meio dos testes de correla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Spearman</italic>. A concord&#226;ncia entre os dois crit&#233;rios definidores de dislipidemia foi avaliada pelo &#237;ndice Kappa. Curvas ROC foram criadas, duas nas quais a vari&#225;vel de teste foi o crit&#233;rio de dislipidemia por percentis (curvas A e B) e duas (curvas C e D) com o crit&#233;rio da diretriz, para determinar a acur&#225;cia em predizer os desfechos dicot&#244;micos de peso do neonato superior ao percentil 90% e idade gestacional ao nascer igual ou inferior a 37 semanas. Calculamos a &#225;rea sob a curva e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas no programa SPSS vers&#227;o 13.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliadas 433 gestantes com idade m&#233;dia de 32,9 &#177; 6,4 anos e idade gestacional m&#233;dia de 24,8 &#177; 7,6 semanas. O principal motivo de encaminhamento para o ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;as end&#243;crinas na gesta&#231;&#227;o foi o diabetes, que representou 84,8% dos casos, doen&#231;as tireoidianas foram respons&#225;veis por 6,9% dos encaminhamentos e 43,2% eram hipertensas. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o geral categorizada de acordo com a presen&#231;a de qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica segundo os crit&#233;rios de percentis e o da V diretriz brasileira (n = 433, resultados expressos em m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, mediana e varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Geral n = 433</th>
                <th align="center">Dislipidemia Crit&#233;rio dos <break/>percentis n = 85</th>
                <th align="center">Dislipidemia Crit&#233;rio da <break/>diretriz n = 363</th>
                <th align="center">Sem dados</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade&#167;</td>
                <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 6,5<break/>33,1 (28,5&#8211;37,9)</td>
                <td align="center">31,9 &#177; 6,4<break/>32,0 (27,6&#8211;37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 6,4<break/>33,1 (28,7&#8211;37,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Primigesta (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,7%</td>
                <td align="center">31,0%</td>
                <td align="center">25,7%</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">n por trimestre (1&#186;, 2&#186; e 3&#186;)</td>
                <td align="center">23/173/237<break/>5,4/40,0/54,6%</td>
                <td align="center">4/34/47<break/>4,7/40,0/55,3%</td>
                <td align="center">14/130/219<break/>3,9/35,8/60,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC pr&#233;-gestacional&#167; (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 6,5<break/>29,7 (25,4&#8211;34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 &#177; 6,9<break/>27,4 (23,4&#8211;32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 6,5<break/>30,1 (25,9&#8211;34,3)</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (43,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (38,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (43,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM (%)</td>
                <td align="center">323 (84,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (82,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">275 (85,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DLP pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (21,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (27,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (21,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (2,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (14,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">7(14,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">133</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parto prematuro pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (20,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (21,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (19,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo parto (vaginal)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (35,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (36,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (36,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dl) &#182;</td>
                <td align="center">204,0 &#177; 83,1<break/>199,0 (169,0&#8211;229,0)</td>
                <td align="center">212,8 &#177; 167,9<break/>190,0 (151,0&#8211;235,0)</td>
                <td align="center">211,2 &#177; 88,2<break/>206,1 (175,0&#8211;235,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDLc (mg/dl) &#182;</td>
                <td align="center">109,7 &#177; 42,8<break/>105,0 (81,2&#8211;131,0)</td>
                <td align="center">115,2 &#177; 61,1<break/>104,0 (71,0&#8211;151,0)</td>
                <td align="center">114,9 &#177; 43,6<break/>111,0 (85,0&#8211;136,0)</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDLc (mg/dl) &#182;</td>
                <td align="center">55,2 &#177; 15,1<break/>54,0 (45,0&#8211;63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">40,9 &#177; 13,0<break/>39,0 (35,0&#8211;45,8)</td>
                <td align="center">53,7 &#177; 15,4<break/>51,0 (44,0&#8211;62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (mg/dl) &#182;</td>
                <td align="center">199,9 &#177; 176<break/>176,0 (136,0&#8211;229,0)</td>
                <td align="center">296,6 &#177; 664,2<break/>224,0 (152,0&#8211;272,0)</td>
                <td align="center">215,8 &#177; 327,8<break/>191,0 (152,0&#8211;237,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IG no parto (semanas) &#182;</td>
                <td align="center">37,5 &#177; 3,0<break/>38,0 (37,0&#8211;39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">37,4 &#177; 2,6<break/>38,0 (37,0&#8211;39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">37,6 &#177; 2,9<break/>38,0 (37,0&#8211;39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso neonato (g) &#182;</td>
                <td align="center">3187 &#177; 852<break/>3325 (2794&#8211;3677)</td>
                <td align="center">3183 &#177; 792<break/>3335 (2785&#8211;3695)</td>
                <td align="center">3195 &#177; 806<break/>3325 (2812&#8211;3686)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HbA1c (g/dl) &#182;</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,7<break/>6,0 (5,3&#8211;7,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,9<break/>6,5 (5,4&#8211;7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,6<break/>6,0 (5,3&#8211;7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ganho de peso (kg) &#167;</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 8,3<break/>8,6 (3,7&#8211;13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 8,2<break/>8,3 (1,1&#8211;14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 8,2<break/>8,7 (3,6&#8211;13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequa&#231;&#227;o do IMC B/I/A<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">112/85/97<break/>38,1/28,9/33</td>
                <td align="center">22/12/16<break/>44,0/24,0/32%</td>
                <td align="center">92/69/84<break/>37,6/28,2/34,3</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; DLP: dislipidemia; IG: idade gestacional no parto. CT: colesterol total; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;dios.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Adequa&#231;&#227;o do peso conforme Institutes of Medicine (IOM). B: baixo; I: ideal; A: alto. Para os valores de p: comparou-se os grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a de dislipidemia considerando-se os dois crit&#233;rios, quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi normal, usou-se o teste t de Students&#167;; quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica, usou-se o teste U de Mann Whitney&#182;.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dislipidemia por eleva&#231;&#227;o do CT, LDLc e TG ou redu&#231;&#227;o do HDLc foi 4,3 vezes mais frequente quando se considerou dislipidemia pelo crit&#233;rio da V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao crit&#233;rio dos percentis (83,8 vs. 19,6%). Os 85 casos de dislipidemia identificados pelo crit&#233;rio dos percentis estavam em meio aos 363 casos identificados pelo crit&#233;rio da V diretriz. A altera&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica mais encontrada foi a redu&#231;&#227;o do HDLc, conforme o crit&#233;rio dos percentis e a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides, conforme o crit&#233;rio da V diretriz (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, houve aumento da frequ&#234;ncia de quaisquer das altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas com a progress&#227;o dos trimestres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia de acordo com os dois crit&#233;rios (n = 433)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Colesterol e fra&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">Crit&#233;rio dos percentis<break/>Preval&#234;ncia geral n (%)<break/>Preval&#234;ncia por trimestre n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Crit&#233;rio da diretriz<break/>Preval&#234;ncia geral n (%)<break/>Preval&#234;ncia por trimestre n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Sem dados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,7)<break/>0 (0); 2 (66,7); 1 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">213 (49,9)4 (1,9); 67 (31,5);142 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,7)<break/>1(14,3); 1(14,3); 5(71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (11)0 (0); 13 (32,5); 27 (67,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL</td>
                <td align="center">55 (13)<break/>1 (1,8); 18 (32,7); 36 (65,5)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (44,4)12 (7,5); 51 (31,5); 98 (60,9)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG</td>
                <td align="center">27 (6,4)<break/>2 (7,4); 18 (66,7); 7 (25,9)</td>
                <td align="center">275 (65,3)3 (1,1); 94 (34,2); 178 (64,7)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica</td>
                <td align="center">85 (19,6)<break/>4 (4,7); 34 (40); 47 (55,3)</td>
                <td align="center">363 (83,8)14 (3,9); 130 (35,8); 219 (60,3)</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Todas as altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,6)<break/>0(0); 2(15,4); 13(84,6)</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>CT: colesterol total; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;dios.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia da dislipidemia conforme crit&#233;rios dos percentis. CT: colesterol total; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;dios.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0030-70070-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia da dislipidemia conforme crit&#233;rio da diretriz. CT: colesterol total; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;dios.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0030-70070-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia das comorbidades HAS, DM, tabagismo, obesidade e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via foi semelhante quando comparadas com as gestantes sem dislipidemia por quaisquer dos crit&#233;rios. O CT (190 vs. 206 mg/dl, p = 0,005) e HDLc (39 vs. 51 mg/dl, p = &lt; 0,0001) foram menores nas portadoras de dislipidemia pelo crit&#233;rio dos percentis enquanto a concentra&#231;&#227;o de TG foi significativamente maior (224 vs. 191 mg/dl, p = 0,002). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#245;es entre o colesterol e fra&#231;&#245;es com a idade gestacional ao parto e peso do neonato. O colesterol total e LDL estiveram inversamente relacionados com o ganho de peso materno (r = -0,173, p = 0,003 e r = -0,177, p = 0,003, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>A concord&#226;ncia entre os dois crit&#233;rios definidores de dislipidemia foi de 0,09 (Kappa). Todas as gestantes com dislipidemia pelo crit&#233;rio dos percentis estavam contidas nas identificadas pelo crit&#233;rio da diretriz, entretanto 80,2% das gestantes sem dislipidemia pelo crit&#233;rio dos percentis eram dislipid&#234;micas pela Diretriz Brasileira. A &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) ROC para peso ao nascer e idade gestacional revelaram falta de acur&#225;cia de ambos os crit&#233;rios de dislipidemia para predizer o risco de macrossomia e prematuridade: dislipidemia pelo crit&#233;rio da Diretriz Nacional, AUC 0,49 (IC 95% 0,39 a 0,58) para peso ao nascer e 0,51 (IC 95% 0,43 a 0,59) para idade gestacional ao nascimento; dislipidemia pelo crit&#233;rio dos percentis, AUC 0,49 (IC 95% 0,4 a 0,59) para peso ao nascer e 0,47 (IC 95% 0,44 a 0,60) para idade gestacional ao nascer, conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas ROC dos desfechos fetais e dislipidemia pelos crit&#233;rios dos Percentis e da Diretriz.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0030-70070-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo revelou, numa popula&#231;&#227;o de gestantes portadoras de patologias de alto risco gestacional, que a frequ&#234;ncia do diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia pelo crit&#233;rio da V diretriz brasileira foi maior que a identificada pelo crit&#233;rio dos percentis e que nenhum dos crit&#233;rios foi capaz de predizer risco de macrossomia e prematuridade na prole de gestantes afetadas. Estes achados evidenciam o impacto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios diferentes na determina&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de uma mesma doen&#231;a, entretanto a falta da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de dislipidemia e desfechos fetais gera questionamentos sobre a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da detec&#231;&#227;o da dislipidemia na gesta&#231;&#227;o pelos crit&#233;rios avaliados neste estudo.</p>
        <p>A motiva&#231;&#227;o para comparar dois crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para a defini&#231;&#227;o de dislipidemia na gesta&#231;&#227;o foi a falta de consenso sobre qual a melhor forma de diagnosticar a dislipidemia na gesta&#231;&#227;o. A concord&#226;ncia entre os dois crit&#233;rios foi pobre e isto explicou a diferen&#231;a expressiva na preval&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>A ado&#231;&#227;o de uma estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica com institui&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte e crit&#233;rios definidores de uma doen&#231;a n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa simples. Nas patologias em que vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como l&#237;pides, press&#227;o arterial e glicemias s&#227;o utilizadas para diagn&#243;stico, a escolha do melhor ponto de corte para determinar a enfermidade &#233; frequentemente dif&#237;cil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Uma das estrat&#233;gias utilizadas para estabelecer pontos de corte &#233; a defini&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica baseada na frequ&#234;ncia e distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel na popula&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto a determina&#231;&#227;o de ponto corte &#243;timo para um diagn&#243;stico em caso de mensura&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas depende do encontro de um valor que mantenha o equil&#237;brio entre os custos m&#233;dicos, sociais e econ&#244;micos de se fazer o diagn&#243;stico em pessoas sem risco substancial de efeitos adversos de uma doen&#231;a e o de n&#227;o diagnosticar aqueles sob risco real de danos pela doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de uma doen&#231;a por defini&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica nem sempre revela a associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco e, desta forma, o valor do diagn&#243;stico. Os pontos de cortes de glicemia para o diagn&#243;stico do diabetes, por exemplo, foram justificados pela associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento dram&#225;tico na preval&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es microvasculares consideradas espec&#237;ficas para o diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> o que n&#227;o foi determinado para l&#237;pides e maus desfechos maternos fetais.</p>
        <p>O uso do crit&#233;rio para defini&#231;&#227;o da dislipidemia em adultos resultou em uma preval&#234;ncia 4,3 vezes maior que a encontrada pelo crit&#233;rio dos percentis espec&#237;ficos para gestantes. No entanto, a frequ&#234;ncia das comorbidades HAS, DM e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via foi semelhante nas gestantes com dislipidemia por quaisquer dos crit&#233;rios, quando comparadas as sem dislipidemia, n&#227;o havendo, na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, superioridade de um dos crit&#233;rios para identificar gestantes sob maior risco. As &#225;reas sob a curva ROC revelaram falta de acur&#225;cia em quaisquer dos crit&#233;rios para estabelecer o maior risco de macrossomia e prematuridade. &#201; sabido que a hipertrigliceridemia associa-se com diabetes gestacional e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> mas &#233; desconhecido se a for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o com as morbidades difere conforme o crit&#233;rio para dislipidemia, no entanto o presente estudo revelou n&#227;o haver associa&#231;&#227;o com ambos os crit&#233;rios. Ao utilizar crit&#233;rios diferentes para diagnosticar uma mesma doen&#231;a, o resultado foi o encontro de preval&#234;ncias diferentes que poderia ter gerado investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais, custos e terapias desnecess&#225;rias. A semelhante propor&#231;&#227;o das comorbidades pode ser explicada pela homogeneidade da popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo, constitu&#237;da por gestantes com patologias de alto risco em que quase 90% eram portadoras de diabetes.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo revelou que a preval&#234;ncia da dislipidemia aumentou ao longo dos trimestres quando se utilizou o crit&#233;rio da V diretriz. Este achado &#233; compat&#237;vel com o comportamento fisiol&#243;gico da hiperlipidemia gestacional e j&#225; foi demonstrado em diversos estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> No entanto a frequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas n&#227;o foi progressiva com o avan&#231;ar da gesta&#231;&#227;o para o colesterol e TG quando se usou o crit&#233;rio dos percentis. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es nestas fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas tenha favorecido o acaso e n&#227;o demostrado o comportamento fisiol&#243;gico dos l&#237;pides para o crit&#233;rio dos percentis. Por&#233;m ao se analisar dislipidemia por qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, aumentando o tamanho amostral para cada fra&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, verificamos que, para ambos os crit&#233;rios, a dislipidemia foi mais frequente com o avan&#231;ar dos trimestres.</p>
        <p>Controv&#233;rsias e questionamentos a respeito de defini&#231;&#245;es diferentes para a mesma doen&#231;a s&#227;o internacionais. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dislipidemia em gr&#225;vidas, a comunidade cient&#237;fica clama por aten&#231;&#227;o e pesquisas sobre metabolismo lip&#237;dico na gesta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O fato de n&#227;o haver uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio ideal, poder&#225; resultar na escolha, pelo m&#233;dico que assiste a gestante, de qualquer um dos crit&#233;rios sem que tenha sido demonstrado o benef&#237;cio do uso. Na aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias de pontos de corte que identifiquem o(s) poss&#237;vel(is) risco(s), parece razo&#225;vel utilizar a estrat&#233;gia da defini&#231;&#227;o dos percentis baseada na frequ&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos l&#237;pides na gesta&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto existem problemas que limitam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio dos percentis: &#233; necess&#225;rio existir uma tabela de refer&#234;ncia para l&#237;pides na gesta&#231;&#227;o categorizada por trimestre para estabelecer os pontos de cortes para cada l&#237;pide e n&#227;o h&#225; um padr&#227;o estabelecido e internacionalmente aceito. H&#225; poucos estudos que reportam os valores de refer&#234;ncia por trimestre<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e nenhum no Brasil, ao nosso conhecimento. H&#225; diversas publica&#231;&#245;es brasileiras que demonstram associa&#231;&#245;es entre l&#237;pides e IMC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> sintomas depressivos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> risco de diabetes gestacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> sem, no entanto, utilizar pontos de corte para determinar o aumento de morbidades ou riscos espec&#237;ficos para a dislipidemia na gesta&#231;&#227;o. O presente estudo demonstrou que as gestantes com dislipidemia definida pelos crit&#233;rios da diretriz tinham maior CT e HDL e menores concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG que as gestantes com dislipidemia pelos crit&#233;rios dos percentis, sugerindo que o crit&#233;rio da diretriz seleciona os casos de maior gravidade em rela&#231;&#227;o a dislipidemia. Entretanto o estudo n&#227;o mostrou superioridade de quaisquer dos crit&#233;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o a associa&#231;&#227;o com outras morbidades maternas ou fetais levantando a quest&#227;o do porqu&#234; diagnosticar uma doen&#231;a que n&#227;o modifica desfechos cl&#237;nicos materno-fetais. Estes achados, no entanto, devem ser confirmados com maior n&#250;mero de gestantes e em gravidezes de baixo risco para definir a import&#226;ncia da dislipidemia na gesta&#231;&#227;o e qual o crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico utilizar.</p>
        <p>Este trabalho apresenta, no entanto, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se de estudo unic&#234;ntrico com gestantes provenientes do estado da Bahia. A amostra avaliada &#233;, presumivelmente miscigenada, entretanto, &#233; conhecido que importantes diferen&#231;as populacionais ocorrem de acordo com a regi&#227;o do pa&#237;s e a Bahia &#233; o estado com maior percentual de contribui&#231;&#227;o africana na ancestralidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Enquanto o impacto das diferen&#231;as &#233;tnicas/raciais na rela&#231;&#227;o entre dislipidemia e taxas de doen&#231;a cardiovascular carecem de determina&#231;&#227;o, negros e brancos n&#227;o hisp&#226;nicos s&#227;o menos propensos a ter dislipidemia que asi&#225;ticos e mexicanos americanos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> e n&#227;o sabemos se o mesmo acontece na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Os resultados do presente estudo, portanto, n&#227;o permitem a generaliza&#231;&#227;o nacional ou internacional e a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos cl&#237;nicos pode ter sido resultado de influ&#234;ncia racial e/ou limitado tamanho amostral.</p>
        <p>A maioria das gestantes tinha apenas uma determina&#231;&#227;o do lipidograma e sabemos que as fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, especialmente a concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos, sofrem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas a depender da alimenta&#231;&#227;o, exerc&#237;cio e varia&#231;&#245;es intra e inter ensaios laboratoriais. Apesar de reconhecer a possibilidade da influ&#234;ncia de uma determina&#231;&#227;o isolada na redu&#231;&#227;o da robustez dos achados, significativa parcela dos estudos observacionais que investigam associa&#231;&#245;es entre dislipidemia e desfechos, o fazem com &#250;nica determina&#231;&#227;o, de forma que o nosso estudo n&#227;o difere do m&#233;todo comumente empregado em pesquisas nesta &#225;rea. Todas as mensura&#231;&#245;es foram feitas em jejum de 12 horas, que &#233; tamb&#233;m, a forma mais utilizada na determina&#231;&#227;o do lipidograma e investiga&#231;&#227;o de desfechos relacionados &#224; dislipidemia.</p>
        <p>A natureza transversal do estudo com coleta de dados em prontu&#225;rio &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o, na medida em que fatores de confus&#227;o poderiam ter sido negligenciados. A falta de reconhecimento e apropriada avalia&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia dos fatores confundidores possivelmente interferem nos resultados. A maioria das gestantes investigadas era portadora de diabetes e obesidade, morbidades associadas &#224; dislipidemia e n&#227;o foi estabelecida a contribui&#231;&#227;o independente de cada morbidade nos achados. Enquanto a limita&#231;&#227;o em estabelecer a rela&#231;&#227;o causal por falta de prova da sequ&#234;ncia temporal entre exposi&#231;&#227;o ao fator de risco e desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a &#233; uma reconhecida desvantagem de estudos transversais, este tipo de estudo &#233; importante para o c&#225;lculo de preval&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as, principal foco do presente trabalho.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia avaliada pelo crit&#233;rio da V diretriz brasileira de dislipidemia para adultos foi maior do que a preval&#234;ncia identificada pelo crit&#233;rio dos percentis espec&#237;ficos da gesta&#231;&#227;o sem, no entanto, demonstrar superioridade na associa&#231;&#227;o com morbidades.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
