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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5rtpzwtNLrWfw7KxNKqtkFB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000700014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170082</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005011103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Late Results of Cox Maze III Procedure in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Structural Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Gir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gali</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro Valentim Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kessler</surname>
            <given-names>Iruena Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (UnB), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gustavo Gir Gomes</bold> Quadra SQSW, 306 Bloco D apt 506. Postal Code 70673-434, Sudoeste, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil. E-mail: <email>gustavogir@cardiol.br</email>, <email>gustavogirgomes@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Gomes GG, Kessler IM, Atik FA; Acquisition of data: Gomes GG, Gali WL, Sarabanda AVL, Cunha CR, Atik FA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gomes GG, Gali WL, Sarabanda AVL, Kessler IM, Atik FA; Writing of the manuscript: Gomes GG, Atik FA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sarabanda AVL, Kessler IM, Atik FA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>01</issue>
      <fpage>14</fpage>
      <lpage>22</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cox-Maze III procedure is one of the surgical techniques used in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine late results of Cox-Maze III in terms of maintenance of sinus rhythm, and mortality and stroke rates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Between January 2006 and January 2013, 93 patients were submitted to the cut-and-sew Cox-Maze III procedure in combination with structural heart disease repair. Heart rhythm was determined by 24-hour Holter monitoring. Procedural success rates were determined by longitudinal methods and recurrence predictors by multivariate Cox regression models.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Thirteen patients that obtained hospital discharge alive were excluded due to lost follow-up. The remaining 80 patients were aged 49.9 &#177; 12 years and 47 (58.7%) of them were female. Involvement of mitral valve and rheumatic heart disease were found in 67 (83.7%) and 63 (78.7%) patients, respectively. Seventy patients (87.5%) had persistent or long-standing persistent AF. Mean follow-up with Holter monitoring was 27.5 months. There were no hospital deaths. Sinus rhythm maintenance rates were 88%, 85.1% and 80.6% at 6 months, 24 months and 36 months, respectively. Predictors of late recurrence of AF were female gender (HR 3.52; 95% CI 1.21-10.25; p = 0.02), coronary artery disease (HR 4.73 95% CI 1.37-16.36; p = 0.01) and greater left atrium diameter (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.02). Actuarial survival was 98.5% at 12, 24 and 48 months and actuarial freedom from stroke was 100%, 100% and 97.5% in the same time frames.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The Cox-Maze III procedure, in our experience, is efficacious for sinus rhythm maintenance, with very low late mortality and stroke rates.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias,Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Fever</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in adults, with a close relationship with aging. The prevalence of AF increases from 0.2% in individuals aged 45-54 years to 8% in those aged over 75 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Among cardiac surgery patients, AF is found in up to 50% of patients undergoing mitral valve surgery and in 1-6% of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization or aortic valve replacement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Surgical treatment of AF is an alternative, efficient therapeutic approach for long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm. The third version of Cox-Maze procedure (CM III), or traditional Maze, is considered the gold standard surgical procedure for AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A set of incisions and sutures causes anatomical and functional changes in the atria, allowing the conduction of stimulus from the sinus node to the atrioventricular node and, concomitantly, preventing both maintenance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and initiation of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CM III procedure leads to high rates of sinus rhythm maintenance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and low incidence of late stroke, particularly due to closure of the left atrial appendage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> On the other hand, advanced age, increased left atrial dimensions, and long-standing persistent AF have been identified as predictive factors of recurrent AF after the Maze procedure.</p>
      <p>Due to technical complexity and assumed increase in morbidity, CM III is performed on a regular basis in relatively few centers nowadays. The use of alternate energy sources and surgical ablation procedures has simplified the traditional procedure, and been increasingly performed worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study was to assess long-term results of CM III regarding maintenance of sinus rhythm, risk factors for recurrent arrhythmia, late mortality and survival rate free of stroke.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study evaluated a cohort of patients with structural heart disease-related AF, who underwent combined CM procedure from January 2006 to January 2013. Surgical treatment consisted of CM III, which was performed as described by Cox et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and registered at <italic>Plataforma Brasil</italic> (identification number 20301113.0.0000.0026). Informed consent was obtained from all volunteers and/or caregivers who agreed to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>Surgical indications were established based on clinical and surgical criteria, following the Brazilian Society of Cardiology guidelines. Decisions for surgery were made by the same staff, based on the risks of procedure, familiarity and previous experience with the technique, and potential benefits in each case.</p>
      <p>Demographical and clinical data, and complementary tests were obtained retrospectively from patients' medical records. Similarly, operative characteristics and post-operative information were collected from electronic and nursing records of the procedure. All data were stored electronically and protected against unauthorized access.</p>
      <p>Patients with more than three months of follow-up were invited to participate in the study, by attending a clinical visit with the main investigator (cardiologist) for assessment of cardiac rhythm by 12-lead electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter monitoring. It is worth pointing out that patients continued their postoperative outpatient treatment provided by the medical staff, and continuation of antiarrhythmic drug therapy was left to the cardiologist's discretion. Occurrence of any recurrent arrhythmia episode was recorded for analysis.</p>
      <p>Late AF recurrence was defined according to American cardiology societies' guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Recurrence was defined as the occurrence of AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia lasting &#8805; 30 seconds after a period of at least 3 months surgery. Episodes of early recurrent AF (AF occurring in the period from the day of surgery to the day of hospital discharge) were also verified for prediction of late recurrence.</p>
      <p>For assessment of CMIII-related late morbidity, we evaluated the incidence of stroke and mortality.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Surgical technique</title>
        <p>All surgeries were performed by the same staff and using the same standard technique.</p>
        <p>Surgery began with CMIII procedure, in which a cut was performed into the atrial walls with scissors or electrocautery, followed by continuous suture with polypropylene. Then, resection of left atrial appendage and complete isolation of pulmonary veins were performed, with an ablation line directed toward the mitral valve annulus, an ablation line to the cavo-tricuspid isthmus, a communicating incision from superior to inferior vena cava, and resection of right atrial appendage. After that, if indicated, additional procedures, concomitant to CM III were performed. Patients were then transferred to the post-operative intensive care unit.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard-deviation. Continuous variables with non-normal distribution were expressed as median and interquartile ranges.</p>
        <p>Efficacy of surgical treatment was assessed by the rate of maintenance of sinus rhythm at 6, 24 and 36 months. Survival rates free of stroke and death were estimate by Kaplan-Meier curves.</p>
        <p>Univariate Cox regression analysis was used for demographic and clinical variables in the assessment of predictors of late AF recurrence. Variables with p &lt; 0.25 in the uniariate analyses were included in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. The final multivariate logistic regression model was constructed by excluding the variables from the initial multivariate model, according to their relative importance (which was estimated by the similarity ratio test). The level of significance was set at 0.05, and analyses were performed using the SAS software, version 9.3.</p>
        <p>Left atrial diameter was compared with late AF recurrence, and sensitivity and specificity indicators were calculated for the cutoff points and ROC curve. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between early AF recurrence and late recurrence, and to evaluate the impact of the use of arrhythmic drugs on late recurrence.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Ninety-three patients underwent surgical treatment for AF combined with correction of structural heart disease between January 2006 and January 2013. Eighty patients met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen patients who survived the perioperative period were excluded, due to loss to follow up. Mean postoperative follow-up period was 27.5 months (3-89 months).</p>
      <p>Baseline (pre-operative) demographic, clinical and echocardiographic data are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>, respectively. Patients were of moderately advanced age (mean of 50 years), and 57 (58.8%) were women. Persistent AF and long-standing persistent AF were the most prevalent conditions, found in 70 (87.5%) patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic characteristics of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">N = 80 patients</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">41.25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">49.94 &#177;12.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of atrial fibrillation (months)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">15 (8-36)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paroxystic atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">12.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Persistent atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">28.75%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">58.75%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Values indicate Mean (Standard Deviation);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Values indicate median and interquartile range.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of patients in the preoperative period</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics </th>
              <th align="center">N = 80 patients</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">42.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">7.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">12.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of stroke/TIA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">12.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valve disease</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">93.75%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rheumatic valve disease</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">78.75%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congenital heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of cardiac surgery</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">13.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medications</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Warfarin</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">61.25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">26.25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEIs/ARBs<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">66.25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">76.25%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>TIA: transient ischemic accident;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic characteristics of patients in the preoperative period</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Echocardiography</th>
              <th align="center">N = 80 patients</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">61(56-66)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">55.66&#177;9.41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA volume index (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">61(44-94)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">51(45,5-60,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV systolic diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">35(30-43)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Tricuspid regurgitation degree<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Mild</td>
              <td align="center">64%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">29%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PASP (mmHg) /(n = 74)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">//</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">47.5(40-60)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Values indicate Median</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Values indicate Mean (standard deviation);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Left atrial index volume: data obtained for 54 patients;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>Degree of regurgitation of the tricuspid valve: data obtained for 79 patients;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>//</label>
            <p>PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure - data obtained for 74 patients. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Heart valve disease was identified in 75 (93.8%), and rheumatic mitral valve disease was the most prevalent one, found in 63 (78.8%) patients. Coronary heart disease was diagnosed in 10 (12.5%) patients. There was a considerable increase (mean of 55 mm) in mean left atrial diameter.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows patients' operative data, including the type of surgery performed in combination with the CM III procedure. Sixty-seven (83.7%) patients underwent treatment of mitral valve, either alone or combined with other valve repair procedures. Myocardial revascularization (alone or in combination with valve repair) was found in 6 (7.5%) patients. Five patients underwent atrial septal repair by closure of the interatrial communication (6.3%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Operative data of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">COX-maze III-combined surgery</th>
              <th align="center">N = 80 patients</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral alone</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">36.25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral + tricuspid</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">33.75%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MRS alone <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral + MRS</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3.75%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic alone</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic + MRS</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral + aortic</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3.75%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral + aortic + tricuspid</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">6.25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others (including congenital</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">10%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Extracorporeal time (minutes) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">130 (117-150)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time at postoperative ICU (days) (n = 78)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3-5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Median and interquartile range;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>MRS: myocardial revascularization surgery;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Extracorporeal time; ICU: intensive care unit.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Perioperative results</title>
        <p>During hospitalization (perioperative period), 32 (40%) patients had early recurrent AF, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia. Sixteen patients (20%) had bradyarrhythmias, including atrioventricular block, sinus node dysfunction, sinus bradycardia, and junctional rhythm. Three (3.8%) patients required permanent pacemaker implantation. No patient died in the perioperative period.</p>
        <p>On the day of discharge, 66 patients (82.5%) showed sinus rhythm and 14 patients (17.5%) did not. Three (3.8%) were using a pacemaker, and 13 (16.3%) had AF, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical follow-up after hospital discharge</title>
        <p>Rates of sinus rhythm maintenance at 6, 24 and 36 months were 88%, 85.1% and 80.6%, respectively. The number of patients who underwent Holter monitoring and electrocardiogram at these time points were 76, 46 and 31, respectively.</p>
        <p>According to the multivariate analysis, predictors of late AF recurrence were female sex (HR 3.52; 95% CI 1.21-10.25; p = 0.02), presence of coronary artery disease (HR 4.73; 95% CI 1.37-16.36; p = 0.01) and increased left atrial diameter (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.02). For every one millimeter increase in left atrial diameter, AF recurrence increased by 5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Predictors of late recurrence of atrial fibrillation &#8211; crude hazard ratio and adjusted odds ratio for arrhythmia recurrence, by selected demographical and clinical variables</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hazard ratio &#8211; HR (95% CI)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Crude</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">Adjusted</th>
                <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.0633</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.0209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">2.60 (0.95 &#8211; 7.13)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0633</td>
                <td align="center">3.52 (1.21 &#8211; 10.25)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amiodarone</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.0892</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">3.54 (0.82 &#8211; 15.24)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0892</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">0.14 (0.02 &#8211; 0.91)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0392</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.1852</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.0142</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">2.11 (0.70 -6.38)</td>
                <td align="center">0.1852</td>
                <td align="center">4.73 (1.37 &#8211; 16.36)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0142</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left atrial diameter</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 (0.99 &#8211; 1.08)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0967</td>
                <td align="center">1.05 (1.01 &#8211; 1.09)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0256</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Late AF recurrence was found in 20.5% of patients with left atrial diameter &#8804; 56 mm, and in 34.3% of those with left atrial diameter &gt; 56 mm. Area under the ROC curve was 0.62 (95%CI 0.48-0.75), with sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 40%.</p>
        <p>The impact of early recurrence of AF on late recurrence was evaluated by using the chi-square test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>). No correlation between early and late AF recurrence was observed.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Impact of early recurrence of atrial fibrillation on late recurrence of the disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Late recurrence</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Early recurrence (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">p value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Absent</th>
                <th align="center">Present</th>
                <th align="center">0.4066</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent</td>
                <td align="center">37 (77.08)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (68.75)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Present</td>
                <td align="center">11 (22.92)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (31.25)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">48 (60.00)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (40.00)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>chi-squared test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The effect of the use of antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone) on late recurrence of AF was analyzed from data of 78 patients (97.5% of total). Twenty-one patients used amiodarone at long-term follow-up; 10 (48%) of them without recurrent AF and 11 (52%) with recurrent AF. The chi-square test revealed an inverse relationship between the use of amiodarone and recurrence of arrhythmia, indicating that there was no protective effect of this medication on late arrhythmia recurrence (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between antiarrhythmics and atrial fibrillation recurrence</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Use of antiarrhythmics<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Recurrence of AF (%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">No</th>
                <th align="center">Yes</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">47 (82.46)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (17.54)</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">10 (47.62)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (52.38)</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Chi-squared test = 9.47; p = 0.0021. AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortality, incidence of stroke, and need for permanent pacemaker implant at late follow-up of CMIII</title>
        <p>At long-term follow-up, one (1.25%) death was recorded due to complications of mitral valve surgical repair eight months after the CMIII procedure. Actuarial survival at 12, 24 and 48 months was 98.5%, and the number of exposed patients at these time points was 66, 47 and 18, respectively. Survival rates free of stroke at 12, 24 and 48 months were 100%, 100% and 97.5%. A total of 59 (75.0%) patients used oral anticoagulation at late follow-up, 44 (56.0%) because of prosthetic heart valve.</p>
        <p>No patient required implantation of permanent pacemaker at late follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study aimed to assess long-term results of the "cut-and-sew" CM III technique in a cohort of patients with AF associated with structural cardiac disease, in terms of maintenance of sinus rhythm, morbidity and mortality, and to determine possible predictors of late AF recurrence.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Success rate of maintenance of sinus rhythm and predictive factors of late recurrence of AF in patients undergoing CM III</title>
        <p>Meaningful results were reported by several groups performing the CM III procedure in long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm, due to the consistent nature of the lesion in the atriums and the guarantee of obtaining transmural lesions by this technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Stulak et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> reported their experience with the surgical treatment of 1,540 patients with AF at Mayo Clinic, 514 of them undergoing the CM III procedure. In a median follow-up period of 34 months (maximum of 18.5 years), 80% of patients were free from AF and without antiarrhythmic medications. CMIII was superior in maintenance of sinus rhythm as compared with other surgical approaches for AF treatment.</p>
        <p>Kamata et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> were one of the first authors to investigate the predictors of AF recurrence in the late postoperative period of CMIII. The authors demonstrated that a low "f" wave amplitude (&lt;1mm) and left atrial diameter &gt; 65 mm were inversely related with late sinus rhythm restoration.</p>
        <p>In 2005, Gaynor et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in a study evaluating the predictors of late AF recurrence after CM surgery, in a mean follow-up of 6 years, demonstrated that a longer duration of preoperative AF was correlated with higher incidence of late AF. In addition, CM III procedure achieved higher success rates compared with other versions of the CM procedure. Left atrial dimensions were not investigated in this study.</p>
        <p>Left atrial diameter as a predictor of late AF recurrence after CM surgery was analyzed in a meta-analysis by Sunderland et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A diameter &gt; 60 mm showed a sensitivity of 100% for AF recurrence, whereas as a diameter &lt; 48.3 mm showed a sensitivity of 100% for reversal of the sinus rhythm. In the study by Gillinov et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> performed at the Cleveland Clinic, the following predictors of AF recurrence after combined CM and mitral valve surgery were reported: longer duration of preoperative AF, larger left atrial diameter, older age, and higher left ventricular mass index. In agreement with these reports, our findings demonstrated that left atrial diameter was an independent predictor of late AF recurrence. However, in contrast with the literature, duration of preoperative AF and the type of AF were not associated with higher postoperative AF recurrence. This may be explained by the small number of patients.</p>
        <p>Increased left atrial dimensions and AF with longer duration lead to greater degree of electrical and mechanical remodeling of the left atrium. According to Kottkamp,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> the presence of interstitial fibrosis would lead to abnormal conduction and activation of atrial electrical impulse, and increased risk for AF.</p>
        <p>In our study, the presence of coronary artery disease was considered a predictive factor of AF recurrence, which may be analyzed under two aspects: first, this data corroborates previous findings suggesting that AF physiopathology in coronary patients is correlated with more advanced stages of myocardial dissease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In this case, one may presume that these patients would be more likely to AF recurrence due to the presence of interstitial fibrosis in atrial tissue.</p>
        <p>In contrast, in 2003, Damiano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> already showed excellent results of myocardial revascularization combined with CM III procedure in late efficacy and low mortality index in a group of 47 coronary patients. Other studies have demonstrated this favorable trend of AF surgical repair in coronary disease patients. In fact, current American<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and Brazilian<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> cardiology societies' guidelines include all types of structural heart diseases as indications for combined treatment of AF by surgical approach.</p>
        <p>In our study, female sex was significantly correlated with higher late AF recurrence, which was a distinct characteristic of our study group; or, rather, it may be resulted from the small size of the sample. Further studies are needed to draw conclusions of this relationship between sex and AF recurrence.</p>
        <p>We did not find any correlation between early recurrence of AF and late recurrence of arrhythmia. There were 32 cases (40%) of early recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Other studies, such as those by Gaynor et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Gillinov et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> reported 44% and 38% of early recurrence, respectively. In both studies, there was a high successful rate of sinus rhythm maintenance at long-term.</p>
        <p>Up to 3 months after surgical treatment of AF, the substrates and triggers of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias may be different from the determinants of baseline arrhythmia and, for this reason recurrences within this period may not be considered a therapeutic failure <italic>per se</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The presence or not of predictors of late AF recurrence is a valuable information to guide the surgical treatment of AF, especially in those patients with indications of combined surgical heart repair. In this context, back in 1999, Kalil et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> proposed that the Maze procedure should be performed in all patients with long-standing, persistent AF, undergoing mitral valve surgery.</p>
        <p>According to Pinho-Gomes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> surgical repair of AF in patients with rheumatic valve disease would have inferior results, due to the presence of fibrosis and more severe inflammation in these patients. However, this was not observed in the our study, although 78.8% of the patients had rheumatic valve disease. Albrecht et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> also investigating a group of patients predominantly composed of rheumatic patients undergoing two different surgeries, one of them modified CMIII, also achieved high success rates in the maintenance of sinus rhythm. Also corroborating with our findings, in the study by Abreu-Filho et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> 70 patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease and long-standing persistent AF were allocated to undergo mitral surgery alone or mitral surgery plus modified CM III. The results showed marked differences in sinus rhythm restoration, with favorable results for the group that underwent surgical correction of AF.</p>
        <p>High success rates in sinus rhythm maintenance reported in the main centers may be influenced by insufficient monitoring of cardiac rhythm. In general, the longer the period of electrocardiographic monitoring, the higher the chance of AF recurrence, usually asymptomatic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Based on American and European arrhythmia societies' recommendations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> the most effective method to assess the cardiac rhythm is Holter monitoring for up to 7 days.</p>
        <p>In most of studies, including in the present one, cardiac rhythm was assessed by electrocardiography in each visit and by at least one 24-hour Holter recording.</p>
        <p>Ad et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> compared thee methods for the analysis of cardiac rhythm - electrocardiogram, 24-hour Holter monitoring and long-term (5 days) monitoring. The results revealed higher sensitivity of long-term cardiac monitoring over the other techniques.</p>
        <p>In addition to assessing cardiac rhythm, we evaluated the possible effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on AF recurrence. In our study, the use of amiodarone did not provide additional protection to CM III procedure against late AF recurrence. This finding is similar to that reported by Schuetz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> on surgical treatment of AF using microwave energy ablation. Twelve months after surgery, the authors found no significant difference in AF recurrence between the groups treated and not treated with antiarrhythmic drugs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Late results of CM surgery in terms of mortality, stroke and pacemaker implantation</title>
        <p>There was one late death (1.3%); two (2.5%) patients had ischemic stroke, and no patient required pacemaker implantation.</p>
        <p>Due to technical complexity of CM III, the surgery is not performed in some institutions, which may contribute to increased mortality and morbidity rates. The CM IV procedure has been proposed to simplify the original CM III. Weimer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> showed similar efficacy, shorter operating times and lower complication of CM IV compared with CM III. However, in a population of 212 patients, no difference in 30-day mortality was found between CM III and CM IV, despite the higher frequency of perioperative complications in the CM III group.</p>
        <p>Combination of surgical treatment of AF with cardiac surgery causes a minimal increase in mortality and morbidity, with a mortality rate of 4%, in comparison with the rate of 3.3% of cardiac surgery alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Although we did not have a control group composed of patients undergoing cardiac surgery alone, the occurrence of one death (1.3%) at long-term follow-up corroborates the literature in the sense that there was no significant effect of CM III on mortality.</p>
        <p>An important issue to be discussed is the need of oral anticoagulation in preventing thromboembolic events, taking into consideration restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm in the postoperative period of CM III. Dr. Cox himself has reported that the technique proposed by his group reduced the incidence of stroke in the perioperative period to less than 1%, and practically eliminated the risk of late stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In our study, the incidence of late stroke of 2.5% is in agreement with the reports of low incidence of cerebrovascular events. However, so far, there has been no strong evidence for interruption of oral anticoagulation in the postoperative period of surgical repair of AF, regardless of maintenance of sinus rhythm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Decision on the suspension of anticoagulation should be individualized.</p>
        <p>Another important issue related to CM III surgery is the higher requirement for pacemaker implantation for bradyarrhythmias. According to Gillinov et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> this may occur in 5-20% of cases. In our study, there were 3 patients (3.8%) in this condition. This may be explained not only by biatrial lesions performed during surgery, but also by an underlying sinus node dysfunction in many patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The present study has some limitations to be considered. One of them is the retrospective nature of the study, in which all patients who had submitted to CM III in the study period were included in the study. In addition, there was no control group for comparisons of cardiac rhythm in the postoperative period.</p>
        <p>Second, assessment of cardiac rhythm was performed only by electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter monitoring. We did not use other more sensitive methods for detection of AF recurrence, including Holter recordings for up to seven-day, and non-implantable and implantable cardiac monitors available at the market. In addition, success rates may have been overestimated in sinus rhythm maintenance.</p>
        <p>Third, we did not analyze any parameter of left atrial contractility after AF surgical repair. It is known that, despite sinus rhythm recovery, a group of patients does not show any improvement of left atrial contractile function, which may result from scars and electrical isolation areas created during the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Finally, although the low incidence of cerebrovascular events in the late post-operative period in our study was in agreement with previous studies, the possibility that it may have been influenced by the high prevalence of warfarin use (75% of patients) cannot be ruled out.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Information on the late results of CM III with respect to sinus rhythm maintenance and late recurrence of AF contributes to proper indication of the surgery combined with structural heart disease repair. In our population, success rates of late outcomes of the surgery were comparable with those of major centers. In addition, low mortality index and low incidence of stroke were achieved. On the other hand, increased left atrial diameter, coronary heart disease and female sex were shown to be suboptimal predictors of CM III surgery outcomes. The association between sex and CM III outcome needs to be confirmed by further studies.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gustavo Gir Gomes, from Universidade de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados Tardios da Opera&#231;&#227;o de Cox Maze III em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Associada A Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Estrutural</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Gir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gali</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro Valentim Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kessler</surname>
            <given-names>Iruena Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (UnB), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Gir Gomes</bold> Quadra SQSW, 306 Bloco D apt 506. CEP 70673-434, Sudoeste, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil E-mail: <email>gustavogir@cardiol.br</email>, <email>gustavogirgomes@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gomes GG, Kessler IM, Atik FA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gomes GG, Gali WL, Sarabanda AVL, Cunha CR, Atik FA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gomes GG, Gali WL, Sarabanda AVL, Kessler IM, Atik FA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gomes GG, Atik FA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sarabanda AVL, Kessler IM, Atik FA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o de Cox-Maze III &#233; uma das variantes t&#233;cnicas no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Estudar os resultados tardios da opera&#231;&#227;o de Cox-Maze III, quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia na manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal e taxas de mortalidade e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Entre janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2013, 93 pacientes foram submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o de Cox-Maze III por corte e sutura associada a corre&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias estruturais. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco ocorreu por Holter 24 horas. Taxas de sucesso da opera&#231;&#227;o foram estudadas por m&#233;todos longitudinais e os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox multivariada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos 13 pacientes sobreviventes ao per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar cujo seguimento tardio n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel. Os 80 pacientes restantes tinham idade m&#233;dia de 49,9 &#177; 12 anos e 47 (58,75%) eram do sexo feminino. Acometimento da valva mitral ocorreu em 67 pacientes (83,7%). Valvopatia reum&#225;tica ocorreu em 63 (78,7%). Setenta pacientes (87,5%) tinham fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente ou persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento cl&#237;nico com avalia&#231;&#227;o de Holter foi de 27,5 meses. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares. As taxas de manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal foram 88%, 85,1% e 80,6% aos 6 meses, 24 meses e 36 meses, respectivamente. Os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia tardia foram sexo feminino (RR 3,52; IC 95% 1,21-10,25; p = 0,02), doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (RR 4,73; IC 95% 1,37-16,36; p = 0,01) e maior di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo (RR 1,05; IC 95% 1,01-1,09; p = 0,02). A sobrevida atuarial aos 12, 24 e 48 meses foi de 98,5% e as taxas atuariais livres de AVC nos mesmos per&#237;odos de 100%, 100% e 97,5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o de Cox-Maze III, na nossa experi&#234;ncia, &#233; eficaz na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, com baix&#237;ssimos &#237;ndices de mortalidade e de AVC tardios.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais comum em adultos, guardando estreita rela&#231;&#227;o com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o. A preval&#234;ncia de FA aumenta de 0,2% em pessoas com 45-54 anos de idade para 8% em pessoas com mais de 75 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, a FA est&#225; presente em at&#233; 50% dos casos antes da cirurgia de valva mitral e entre 1 a 6% antes da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou da troca valvar a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da FA &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica reconhecidamente eficaz para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal a longo prazo. A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica do labirinto ("maze") criada por Cox et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> em sua terceira vers&#227;o, Cox-maze III (CM III), &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da FA. Incis&#245;es e suturas nos &#225;trios modificam o substrato anat&#244;mico e funcional de forma a permitir a condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo entre o n&#243; sinusal e o n&#243; atrioventricular e, ao mesmo tempo, inviabilizam a manuten&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e deflagra&#231;&#227;o de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica de CM III resulta em taxas elevadas de manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e baixo &#237;ndice de acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos (AVE) tardios, principalmente, devido &#224; excis&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por outro lado, estudos que avaliaram a recidiva de FA ap&#243;s a cirurgia de CM III identificaram, em geral, idade avan&#231;ada, dimens&#245;es aumentadas do &#225;trio esquerdo e FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o como preditores de risco para a recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dada a sua complexidade t&#233;cnica e maior morbidade presumida, poucos servi&#231;os na atualidade mant&#233;m a t&#233;cnica cl&#225;ssica de CM III, de forma sistem&#225;tica. A simplifica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento com o uso de fontes alternativas de energia e de linhas de abla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica mais direcionadas s&#227;o a tend&#234;ncia dos servi&#231;os em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os resultados tardios da cirurgia de CM III, em termos da efic&#225;cia da t&#233;cnica na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal e dos fatores de risco de recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia, al&#233;m de mostrar a mortalidade tardia e taxa de sobrevida livre de AVE tardio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O estudo avaliou uma coorte de pacientes portadores de FA associada &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico combinado no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2013. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da FA consistiu na execu&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de CM III, conforme descrito por Cox e colaboradores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo obteve aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em pesquisa, tendo sido homologado na Plataforma Brasil sob o protocolo de n&#186; 20301113.0.0000.0026. Todos os pacientes e/ou respons&#225;veis concordaram em participar do estudo, tendo sido aplicado e assinado o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi estabelecida com base em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e cir&#250;rgicos, segundo normativas espec&#237;ficas de indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. A realiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico da FA foi decidida pela mesma equipe, avaliando riscos do procedimento, familiaridade e experi&#234;ncia com a t&#233;cnica, e os potenciais benef&#237;cios para cada caso individualmente.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e de exames complementares foram extra&#237;das de prontu&#225;rios por coleta retrospectiva de dados. Da mesma forma, as caracter&#237;sticas operat&#243;rias e da fase hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foram coletadas de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos e de registros cir&#250;rgicos e de enfermagem. Esses dados foram armazenados em planilhas eletr&#244;nicas e guardadas em sigilo.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com 3 ou mais meses de seguimento foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, sendo convidados para uma consulta cl&#237;nica com o cardiologista respons&#225;vel pela pesquisa, a fim de se verificar ritmo card&#237;aco, por meio de eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e registro de Holter de 24 horas. Ressalta-se que, paralelamente, os pacientes seguiam acompanhamento ambulatorial p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por parte do servi&#231;o m&#233;dico, ficando a crit&#233;rio do cardiologista cl&#237;nico a indica&#231;&#227;o de manuten&#231;&#227;o do uso de medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas. Qualquer registro de recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia era considerado para an&#225;lise do ritmo card&#237;aco no estudo.</p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA seguiu as diretrizes das Sociedades Americanas de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Recorr&#234;ncia foi definida por qualquer ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, ou taquicardia atrial, com dura&#231;&#227;o de no m&#237;nimo 30 segundos, ap&#243;s, pelo menos, 3 meses do procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Analisamos tamb&#233;m a recorr&#234;ncia precoce de FA para fins de verifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;vel predi&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia tardia. Definimos como precoce o per&#237;odo compreendido entre a data da cirurgia e a data da alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de morbidade tardia relacionada &#224; cirurgia de CM III, avaliamos a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVE e mortalidade.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo estudado, a equipe de cirurgi&#245;es foi sempre a mesma, utilizando t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica padr&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Cada procedimento iniciava com a opera&#231;&#227;o de CM III, sendo cada paciente submetido &#224; cirurgia com corte transmural do tecido atrial, utilizando tesoura e eletrocaut&#233;rio, seguido de sutura com fio de polipropileno cont&#237;nuo. A sequ&#234;ncia de execu&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o foi a ressec&#231;&#227;o da aur&#237;cula esquerda, isolamento completo das quatro veias pulmonares em bloco, linha de corte at&#233; o anel da valva mitral, linha de corte no istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo at&#233; o anel da valva tric&#250;spide, linha de corte comunicante entre as veias cava superior e inferior e ressec&#231;&#227;o da aur&#237;cula direita. Quando havia indica&#231;&#227;o de outros procedimentos concomitantes &#224; cirurgia de CM III, esses eram realizados em seguida. Ao t&#233;rmino do procedimento, todos os pacientes eram encaminhados para a unidade de terapia intensiva p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas por frequ&#234;ncias e percentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas por m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressas por medianas e intervalos interquartis.</p>
          <p>A efic&#225;cia do tratamento cir&#250;rgico foi determinada por taxas reais de manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal aos 6, 24 e 36 meses. Para an&#225;lise de sobrevida livre de AVE e de morte, foram utilizadas curvas de Kaplan-Meier.</p>
          <p>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o de Cox univariadas foram empregadas para vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de preditores de recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA. Vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,25 nas an&#225;lises univariadas foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox multivariada. O modelo de regress&#227;o multivariado final foi constru&#237;do pela exclus&#227;o consecutiva de vari&#225;vel a vari&#225;vel a partir do modelo multivariado inicial, empregando-se o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a para determinar a import&#226;ncia de cada vari&#225;vel exclu&#237;da. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi fixado em 0,05. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas empregando-se o programa SAS 9.3.</p>
          <p>Resultados do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo foram comparados com a recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA e indicadores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram calculados para diversos pontos de corte e a curva ROC constru&#237;da. O teste de qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre recorr&#234;ncia precoce de FA e recorr&#234;ncia tardia e para avalia&#231;&#227;o de impacto do uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas na recorr&#234;ncia tardia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Noventa e tr&#234;s pacientes foram operados de FA em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia estrutural entre janeiro de 2006 e janeiro de 2013. Oitenta pacientes corresponderam ao crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o. Treze pacientes sobreviventes ao per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio foram exclu&#237;dos por impossibilidade de acesso aos dados de seguimento cl&#237;nico tardio. O tempo de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio m&#233;dio foi de 27,5 meses, e variou de 3 a 89 meses.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas basais (pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria) dos pacientes est&#227;o expressas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabelas 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">3</xref>, respectivamente. Trata-se de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de idade pouco avan&#231;ada (m&#233;dia de 50 anos), sendo 57 pacientes (58,8%) do sexo feminino. FA persistente e FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o foram as mais prevalentes, ocorrendo em 70 pacientes (87,5%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">N = 80 pacientes</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">41,25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">49,94 (12,06) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da FA (meses) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8-36) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA parox&#237;stica</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">12,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA persistente</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">28,75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA persistente longa dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">58,75%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores indicam M&#233;dia (Desvio padr&#227;o)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Valores indicam mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">N = 80 pacientes</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">42,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">7,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">12,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVE/AIT pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">12,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a valvar</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">93,75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvopatia reum&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">78,75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">13,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">61,25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">26,25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/BRA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">66,25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-bloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">76,25%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>AVE/AIT: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico/acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>IECA/BRA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina/bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina II.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Ecocardiograma</th>
                <th align="center">N = 80 pacientes</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">61(56-66)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">55,66 (9,41) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume indexado AE (mm/m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">61(44-94)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE di&#225;stole (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">51(45,5-60,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE s&#237;stole (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">35(30-43)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Discreto</td>
                <td align="center">64%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Moderado</td>
                <td align="center">29%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Acentuado</td>
                <td align="center">7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">//</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">47,5(40-60)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores indicam Mediana (Intervalo interquartil)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Valores indicam M&#233;dia(Desvio-padr&#227;o);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo: dados obtidos para 54 pacientes;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide: dados obtidos para 79 pacientes;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>//</label>
              <p>PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar - dados obtidos para 74 pacientes. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A doen&#231;a valvar esteve presente em 75 pacientes (93,8%), sendo a valvopatia mitral, de etiologia reum&#225;tica, a mais prevalente, ocorrendo em 63 pacientes (78,8%). Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ocorreu em 10 pacientes (12,5%), e hist&#243;ria de AVE e/ou AIT foi identificada em 10 (12,5%) pacientes. O di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do &#225;trio esquerdo demonstrou aumento importante (m&#233;dia de 55 mm).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">tabela 4</xref> expressa os dados operat&#243;rios dos pacientes, incluindo o tipo de cirurgia concomitante ao CM III. Houve tratamento da valva mitral, isolada ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com outras corre&#231;&#245;es valvares em 67 pacientes (83,7%). Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com corre&#231;&#227;o valvar ocorreu em 6 pacientes (7,5%). Cinco pacientes foram submetidos &#224; atriosseptoplastia por comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (6,3%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas operat&#243;rias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Cirurgia concomitante ao COX-maze III</th>
                <th align="center">N = 80 pacientes</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral isolada</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">36,25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral + tric&#250;spide</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">33,75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRVM isolada <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral + CRVM</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3,75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A&#243;rtica isolada</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A&#243;rtica + CRVM</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral + a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3,75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral + a&#243;rtica + tric&#250;spide</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">6,25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outras (inclui cong&#234;nitas)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">10%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo CEC (minutos) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">130 (117-150)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo UTI p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3-5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mediana (Intervalo interquartil);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>CRVM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Tempo de CEC (circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea); UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados do per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio</title>
          <p>Na fase intra-hospitalar (per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio), 32 (40%) pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia precoce de FA, <italic>flutter</italic> atrial ou taquicardia atrial. Dezesseis pacientes (20%) apresentaram bradiarritmias incluindo bloqueio atrioventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal, bradicardia sinusal e ritmo juncional. Tr&#234;s (3,8%) necessitaram de implante de marcapasso definitivo. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos hospitalares.</p>
          <p>&#192; data de alta hospitalar, 66 pacientes (82,5%) apresentavam ritmo sinusal e 14 pacientes (17,5%) n&#227;o apresentavam ritmo sinusal. Tr&#234;s (3,8%) estavam em ritmo de marcapasso e 13 (16,25%) apresentavam FA, flutter atrial ou taquicardia atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados do seguimento cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar</title>
          <p>As taxas reais de manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal aos 6, 24 e 36 meses foram, respectivamente, 88%, 85,1% e 80,6%. O n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidos aos registros de Holter e a eletrocardiograma nesses per&#237;odos foram, respectivamente, 76, 47 e 31.</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA, como expressos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">tabela 5</xref>, foram: sexo feminino (raz&#227;o de risco 3,52; IC 95% 1,21-10,25; p = 0,02), presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana como caracter&#237;stica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (raz&#227;o de risco 4,73; IC 95% 1,37-16,36; p = 0,01) e di&#226;metro aumentado do &#225;trio esquerdo (raz&#227;o de risco 1,05; IC 95% 1,01-1,09; p = 0,02). Para cada aumento de um mil&#237;metro no di&#226;metro, o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA aumentou 5%.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores de risco de recorr&#234;ncia tardia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#8211; raz&#227;o de risco bruta e ajustada para recorr&#234;ncia de arritmias, por vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas selecionadas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Raz&#227;o de Risco - RR (IC 95%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Bruta</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">Ajustada</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0633</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">2,60 (0,95 &#8211; 7,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0633</td>
                  <td align="center">3,52 (1,21 &#8211; 10,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0892</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3,54 (0,82 &#8211; 15,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0892</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14 (0,02 &#8211; 0,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0392</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1852</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0142</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2,11 (0,70 -6,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1852</td>
                  <td align="center">4,73 (1,37 &#8211; 16,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0142</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (0,99 &#8211; 1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0967</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (1,01 &#8211; 1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0256</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Dentre os pacientes que apresentaram di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo &#8804; 56 mm, 20,45% tiveram recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA, contra 34,29 % para aqueles com di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo &gt; 56 mm. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi 0,62 (IC95% 0,48-0,75), com sensibilidade de 57% e especificidade de 40%.</p>
          <p>Avaliou-se o impacto da recorr&#234;ncia precoce de FA sobre a recorr&#234;ncia tardia pelo teste qui-quadrado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 6</xref>). N&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o entre recidiva precoce de FA com recidiva tardia.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Impacto da recorr&#234;ncia precoce de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial sobre a recorr&#234;ncia tardia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Recorr&#234;ncia Tardia</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Recorr&#234;ncia Precoce(%)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Ausente</th>
                  <th align="center">Presente</th>
                  <th align="center">0,4066</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (77,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (68,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Presente</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (22,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (60,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (40,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN28">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Valor de p calculado pelo teste de qui-quadrado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Para avaliar o poss&#237;vel impacto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-arr&#237;tmicas (amiodarona) sobre a recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA, foram disponibilizadas as informa&#231;&#245;es de 78 pacientes (97,5% do total). Vinte e um pacientes (27%) utilizaram amiodarona no seguimento tardio; destes, 10 (48%) n&#227;o apresentaram recidiva de FA e 11 (52%) apresentaram recidiva de FA. O teste do qui-quadrado revelou associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o uso da medica&#231;&#227;o e a recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia. Portanto, n&#227;o houve efeito protetor da amiodarona na redu&#231;&#227;o da recidiva tardia da arritmia. Este resultado est&#225; expresso na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">tabela 7</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre uso de antiarr&#237;tmico e recorr&#234;ncia de FA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Uso Antiarr&#237;tmico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Recorr&#234;ncia de FA (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Total</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">N&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Sim</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (82,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (17,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (47,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (52,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN29">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Qui-quadrado = 9,47; p = 0,0021. FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortalidade, incid&#234;ncia de AVEs e necessidade de marcapasso definitivo no seguimento tardio da cirurgia de CM III</title>
          <p>Houve 1 &#243;bito (1,25%) tardio, por complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; reabordagem cir&#250;rgica da valva mitral, oito meses ap&#243;s o procedimento de CM III. A sobrevida atuarial aos 12, 24 e 48 meses foi de 98,5%, sendo o n&#250;mero de pacientes expostos, nestes per&#237;odos, respectivamente, 66, 47 e 18. As taxas atuariais livres de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico aos 12, 24 e 48 meses foram de 100%, 100% e 97,5%. O total de pacientes em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral foi 59 (75,0%) no seguimento tardio, sendo 44 (56,0%) devido &#224; pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve necessidade de implante de marcapasso definitivo no seguimento tardio.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os resultados tardios da t&#233;cnica de CM III por corte e sutura em uma coorte de pacientes portadores de FA associada &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural quanto aos &#237;ndices de manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, morbidade e mortalidade, e determinar poss&#237;veis preditores da recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Taxas de sucesso na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal e fatores preditores para recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA em pacientes tratados pela cirurgia de CM III</title>
          <p>Resultados relatados por diversos grupos que utilizaram a t&#233;cnica de CM III foram bastante expressivos em termos da manuten&#231;&#227;o prolongada do ritmo sinusal. Tal fato deve-se &#224; consist&#234;ncia do padr&#227;o de les&#245;es criada nos &#225;trios e pela garantia da transmuralidade destas les&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Stulak et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> descreveram a experi&#234;ncia de 1540 pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico da FA na Cl&#237;nica Mayo, sendo 514 submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de CM III. Em seguimento com mediana de 34 meses, chegando at&#233; a 18,5 anos, 80% dos pacientes estavam livres de FA e livres de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. O procedimento de CM III demonstrou superioridade na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas de tratamento da FA.</p>
          <p>Kamata et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> foram uns dos primeiros autores a investigar preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA tardia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de CM III. Os autores demonstraram que baixa amplitude das ondas "f"(menor que 1 mil&#237;metro), e di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo maior ou igual a 65 mil&#237;metros foram relacionados inversamente com a manuten&#231;&#227;o tardia do ritmo sinusal.</p>
          <p>Em 2005, Gaynor et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> avaliando preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a cirurgia de CM em seguimento m&#233;dio de 6 anos, demonstrou que dura&#231;&#227;o maior de FA pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria foi correlacionada com maior recorr&#234;ncia de FA tardia. Al&#233;m disso, a cirurgia de CM III apresentou maior taxa de sucesso, comparativamente &#224;s outras vers&#245;es da opera&#231;&#227;o de CM. N&#227;o foram estudadas as medidas do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
          <p>O di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo como preditor de recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA ap&#243;s cirurgia de CM foi analisado em metan&#225;lise de Sunderland et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Di&#226;metro maior que 60 mil&#237;metros demonstrou sensibilidade de 100% para a recidiva de FA, enquanto que o di&#226;metro menor que 48,3 mil&#237;metros demonstrou sensibilidade de 100% de revers&#227;o para ritmo sinusal. Em trabalho de Gillinov et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> na Cl&#237;nica Cleveland, foram encontrados os seguintes preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s cirurgia de CM associados &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral: maior dura&#231;&#227;o da FA pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, maior di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, idade mais avan&#231;ada e maior &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda. Consoante com as experi&#234;ncias apresentadas, a nossa experi&#234;ncia demonstrou que o di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo foi preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA. Todavia, destoante da literatura, a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e o tipo de FA n&#227;o foram associados com maior recorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Isto possivelmente ocorreu em fun&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes.</p>
          <p>Dimens&#245;es aumentadas de &#225;trio esquerdo e FA de maior dura&#231;&#227;o implicam em maior grau de remodelamento mec&#226;nico e el&#233;trico do tecido atrial. Segundo Kottkamp,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> a presen&#231;a de fibrose intersticial levaria &#224; propaga&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o anormal do impulso el&#233;trico atrial, aumentando a predisposi&#231;&#227;o para a FA.</p>
          <p>A demonstra&#231;&#227;o em nosso estudo de que a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi preditora de maior recorr&#234;ncia de FA pode ser avaliada sob dois aspectos. O primeiro, em favor do achado e condizente com an&#225;lises pr&#233;vias de que a fisiopatologia da FA nos pacientes coronariopatas est&#225; relacionada com um est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado de doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Neste caso, caberia a suposi&#231;&#227;o de que h&#225; maior presen&#231;a de fibrose intersticial no tecido atrial desses pacientes, tornando-os mais propensos &#224; recidiva de FA.</p>
          <p>Em contrapartida, em 2003, Damiano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> j&#225; demonstrava excelentes resultados da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associada ao procedimento de CM III quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia tardia e baixo &#237;ndice de mortalidade em um grupo de 47 pacientes coronariopatas. Outros estudos tamb&#233;m revelaram essa tend&#234;ncia favor&#225;vel &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da FA em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana. De fato, as atuais diretrizes das sociedades americana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> de cardiologia n&#227;o diferenciam o tipo de cardiopatia estrutural a serem corrigidas conjuntamente com o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da FA.</p>
          <p>O achado de que o sexo feminino foi significativamente correlacionado com maior recorr&#234;ncia de FA tardia demonstrou uma caracter&#237;stica peculiar da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada; ou, apenas, decorreu do n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes inclu&#237;dos. Estudos vindouros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para que se possam estabelecer conclus&#245;es sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o g&#234;nero e a recorr&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
          <p>A recorr&#234;ncia precoce de FA n&#227;o demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o com recorr&#234;ncia tardia da arritmia, em nosso estudo. Obtivemos 32 casos (40%) de recorr&#234;ncia precoce de taquiarritmias atriais. Outros estudos, como o de Gaynor et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e o de Gillinov et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> apresentaram, respectivamente, 44% e 38% de recidivas precoces. Em ambos, houve elevado &#237;ndice de manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal no seguimento tardio.</p>
          <p>Explica-se que at&#233; 3 meses ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da FA, os substratos e gatilhos para as recidivas de taquiarritmias atriais podem ser diferentes dos fatores que determinaram a arritmia basal. Portanto, durante esse per&#237;odo, as recorr&#234;ncias n&#227;o s&#227;o consideradas como falhas da terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de preditores de recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA &#233; preciosa para nortear a indica&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da FA, sobretudo nos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca concomitante. Neste contexto, Kalil et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> j&#225; propunha, em 1999, que fosse recomendado o procedimento de "maze" para todos os pacientes portadores de FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o que fossem submetidos &#224; cirurgia mitral.</p>
          <p>Segundo Pinho-Gomes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de FA em portadores de valvopatia reum&#225;tica produziriam resultados inferiores, dada a presen&#231;a de fibrose e inflama&#231;&#227;o em maior intensidade nestes pacientes. Por&#233;m, os resultados ora apresentados n&#227;o demonstram essa inferioridade, apesar de a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ser predominantemente composta por pacientes portadores de valvopatia reum&#225;tica (78,8%). Albrecht et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> tamb&#233;m avaliando um grupo de pacientes predominante reum&#225;ticos submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico da FA, por duas t&#233;cnicas distintas, uma delas, o CM III modificado, obteve altas taxas de sucesso na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal. Ainda corroborando com nossos achados, Abreu-Filho et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> publicou trabalho com 70 pacientes portadores de valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica e FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. Estes pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, um cirurgia mitral isolada, o outro, cirurgia mitral associada com opera&#231;&#227;o de CM III modificada. Os resultados demonstraram n&#237;tida diferen&#231;a na restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal favor&#225;vel ao grupo corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da FA.</p>
          <p>As altas taxas de sucesso na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal relatadas pelos principais centros podem ter sido influenciadas por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o insuficiente do ritmo card&#237;aco. Em geral, quanto maior o tempo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, maior chance de presenciar recidivas de FA, que muitas vezes &#233; assintom&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Pelas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das sociedades de arritmia card&#237;aca americana e europ&#233;ia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> o Holter com at&#233; 7 dias de grava&#231;&#227;o seria a forma mais efetiva de verifica&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco.</p>
          <p>A maior parte dos trabalhos, assim como o presente, avaliaram o ritmo card&#237;aco por meio de eletrocardiografia a cada visita de seguimento e, pelo menos, um registro de Holter de 24 horas.</p>
          <p>Ad et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> compararam tr&#234;s m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise do ritmo card&#237;aco em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de CM III: eletrocardiografia, Holter de 24 horas e monitoramento card&#237;aco de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (5 dias). Os resultados revelaram maior sensibilidade da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de 5 dias sobre as demais t&#233;cnicas.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m da adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco, avaliamos o poss&#237;vel impacto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas sobre o recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Em nosso estudo, o uso de amiodarona n&#227;o demonstrou prote&#231;&#227;o adicional &#224; cirurgia de CM III contra a recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA. Este achado &#233; semelhante ao reportado por Schuetz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> ap&#243;s tratamento cir&#250;rgico da FA utilizando abla&#231;&#227;o por microondas. Nesse trabalho, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa na recorr&#234;ncia de FA entre os grupos que receberam ou n&#227;o drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas at&#233; 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados tardios da cirurgia de CM, em termos de mortalidade, AVEs e implantes de marca-passo</title>
          <p>Houve um &#243;bito tardio (1,3%). Dois pacientes apresentaram AVEs (2,5%), de etiologia isqu&#234;mica. N&#227;o houve necessidade de implante de marca-passo.</p>
          <p>O principal motivo apontado para o abandono da opera&#231;&#227;o de CM III por parte das institui&#231;&#245;es foi a complexidade t&#233;cnica, podendo cursar com maiores morbidade e mortalidade. Conforme exposto por Weimar et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> a vers&#227;o CM IV foi proposta para simplificar a vers&#227;o III, resultando em efic&#225;cia semelhante, com menores tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 212 pacientes, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa de mortalidade em 30 dias comparando-se as duas t&#233;cnicas, CM IV e CM III, apesar de complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias mais frequentes no grupo CM III.</p>
          <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico da FA com cirurgia card&#237;aca est&#225; associada com m&#237;nimo incremento no risco de mortalidade e morbidade, com mortalidade de 4% em compara&#231;&#227;o a 3,3% da cirurgia card&#237;aca isolada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Apesar de n&#227;o termos um grupo-controle composto por pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca isolada, a ocorr&#234;ncia em nosso grupo de um &#243;bito (1,3%), no seguimento tardio, corrobora com a literatura, no sentido de o procedimento CM III n&#227;o ter impacto significante na mortalidade.</p>
          <p>Outro ponto fundamental a ser discutido &#233; a necessidade de manuten&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral para a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, em vista da restaura&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o em ritmo sinusal no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio da cirurgia de CM III. O pr&#243;prio Dr. Cox relatou que a t&#233;cnica proposta por seu grupo reduziu a menos de 1% a incid&#234;ncia de AVE perioperat&#243;rio, e praticamente eliminou o risco de AVE tardio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de 2,5% de AVEs tardios na nossa casu&#237;stica est&#225; de acordo com os relatos de baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos cerebrovasculares. Entretanto, at&#233; o momento n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias robustas para indica&#231;&#227;o de interrup&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de FA, indepedente da manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A decis&#227;o de suspens&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o deve ser individualizada.</p>
          <p>Outro tema de relev&#226;ncia relacionada &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de CM III &#233; a maior necessidade de implantes de marca-passo por bradiarritmias. Segundo Gillinov et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> isso pode ocorrer em 5 a 20% dos casos. Na nossa experi&#234;ncia, foram 3 casos (3,75%). Essa maior propens&#227;o deve-se n&#227;o somente ao padr&#227;o de les&#245;es biatriais produzidas pelo ato cir&#250;rgico, mas tamb&#233;m pela pr&#233;-exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal em muitos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O presente estudo traz algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, dentre elas o m&#233;todo retrospectivo, em que o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o envolveu todos os pacientes operados por CM III no per&#237;odo determinado. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve grupo-controle para compara&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
          <p>A verifica&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco no seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi realizada apenas por eletrocardiografia e Holter de 24 horas. N&#227;o foram utilizados m&#233;todos mais sens&#237;veis para detec&#231;&#227;o de recidivas de FA, como gravadores de Holter de at&#233; sete dias, monitores n&#227;o implant&#225;veis e implant&#225;veis de eventos card&#237;acos, j&#225; dispon&#237;veis no mercado. Pode ter havido superestima&#231;&#227;o das taxas de sucesso na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos par&#226;metros de an&#225;lise da contratilidade atrial esquerda ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da FA. Sabidamente, apesar do retorno ao ritmo sinusal, uma parcela dos pacientes n&#227;o apresenta recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do &#225;trio esquerdo. Isto ocorre pela cria&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de cicatrizes e &#225;reas de isolamento el&#233;trico pelo pr&#243;prio procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos cerebrovasculares no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio, apesar de estar em concord&#226;ncia com os estudos apresentados, pode ter sido influenciada pela preval&#234;ncia elevada de pacientes utilizando varfarina (75% dos pacientes).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O conhecimento dos resultados tardios da opera&#231;&#227;o de CM III na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal e dos fatores preditores de recidiva tardia de FA traz contribui&#231;&#245;es para sua indica&#231;&#227;o combinada com corre&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia estrutural. Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, obtivemos taxas compar&#225;veis aos grandes centros de refer&#234;ncia no sucesso tardio do procedimento, al&#233;m de &#237;ndices baixos de mortalidade e incid&#234;ncia de AVEs. Por outro lado, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e sexo feminino constitu&#237;ram preditores de resultados sub&#243;timos do procedimento. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre sexo e o sucesso da cirurgia de CM III carece de comprova&#231;&#227;o em estudos posteriores.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Gustavo Gir Gomes pela Universidade de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
