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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LS7364Y7d9F8HbN7TZShGKr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000700001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170100</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Blood Pressure Targets: Will We Reach Definite Figures? I Currently Have Mine</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG); P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e Nutri&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de da UFG; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim,</bold> Rua 115-F n 135, Setor Sul. Postal Code 74085-300, Goiania, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fvjardim.ufg@gmail.com</email>, <email>fvjardim@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>01</fpage>
      <lpage>04</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Targets</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>I was born before the era of evidence-based Medicine. When I was a student, arterial hypertension (AH) used to be diagnosed based on blood pressure (BP) readings greater than 160/95 mm Hg.</p>
    <p>Can anyone imagine that now?</p>
    <p>Cardiology has advanced a lot in all directions, both in diagnostic and treatment methods. Currently, treatment is based on scientific evidence, and the drug armamentarium available is extremely effective.</p>
    <p>But let us go back to AH.</p>
    <p>Over the years, we have learned through a large number of studies, initially observational ones, and then intervention ones, that, if on the one side cardiovascular risk increases with BP levels from 115/75 mm Hg on, doubling with every 20-mmHg increase in systolic BP (SBP) and 10-mmHg increase in diastolic BP (DBP), on the other, cardiovascular risk decreases significantly with BP reduction by using the pharmacological treatment offered to hypertensives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>There is no definite evidence that non-pharmacological treatment (healthy lifestyle) yields the same results, but that is an obvious universally accepted assumption, although difficult to implement nowadays.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Excellent antihypertensive agents have been developed and perfected. The benefits of their use regarding both morbidity and mortality have been proven.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>There is no doubt about that.</p>
    <p>We face, however, some dilemmas, beginning with access to healthcare services and medications, when required. That is crucial, depends on consistent public policies that change the <italic>status quo</italic>; nevertheless, that is not the object of this discussion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Another aspect, concerning treatment itself, is the huge challenge posed by adherence to treatment. Currently, a small number of individuals, aware of their hypertensive condition and of the risks inherent to it, and even having access to the healthcare system, do not adhere to the proposed treatment. This critical issue involves educational measures as the major tool for that behavior change, which is common and universal, but, once again, this is not the object of my observations today.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Moving on to what matters!</p>
    <p>In the past 40 years, hundreds of studies on the treatment of AH were conducted worldwide, providing us with the opportunity to find that pharmacological therapy modifies the natural history of AH, significantly reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. It is worth noting that this fact is rather due mainly to BP reduction, than to the type of drug used.</p>
    <p>Therefore, the epidemiological cycle is closed: BP reduction is effectively beneficial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>But how much should it be reduced? To which extent is it safe?</p>
    <p>The dilemma of targets!</p>
    <p>Most studies showing a reduction in cardiovascular events have been designed to compare BP levels before and after treatment. At first, active drugs were compared to placebo, assessing the changes in BP and its possible benefits. Later, active drugs have been compared to each other, aiming at finding differences between them.</p>
    <p>The major focus was not the BP reached, but the difference between initial and final levels.</p>
    <p>The best source of evidence in medicine is known to come from randomized controlled clinical trials. Establishing objective targets required the investigation design to have that purpose.</p>
    <p>The HOT (<italic>Hypertension Optimal Treatment</italic>) study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> published in 1998, was a pioneer in regard to targets, DBP being the reference used. Over 18500 patients aged between 50 and 80 years (mean, 61.5 years), with DBP between 100 and 115 mmHg, were allocated to DBP targets of &#8804; 90 mm Hg, &#8804; 85 mmHg and &#8804; 80 mmHg. As DBP levels lowered, greater reductions in cardiovascular events were observed, the greater benefit occurring in the group of patients whose DBP was reduced to the mean level of 82.6 mm Hg. Reductions to levels below those were observed to be safe, and, among patients with diabetes, the benefits were even higher for the group whose target was DBP &#8804; 80 mmHg. That study was a landmark regarding BP targets, and international guidelines have based their recommendation on it for years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Over time, there have been hundreds of good quality investigations on drug interventions, involving thousands of patients, and they have continued to support the benefits of BP control; however, the ones assessing targets have been scarce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Many might be thinking on some studies aimed at establishing some targets, such as the Italian Cardio-Sis, published in 2009, that investigated non-diabetic hypertensives over the age of 55 years, and aimed at SBP targets &lt; 130 mmHg or &lt; 140 mmHg. In that study, the intermediate primary outcome &#8216;left ventricular hypertrophy&#8217; showed significantly favorable results for lower BP levels, and positive results regarding pre-specified secondary outcomes, which were cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Similarly, in 2008, the CASE-J trial, involving only elderly individuals, was published reporting significant advantages for lower BP levels. In addition, in 2008, the JATOS study, assessing elderly, showed no difference between SBP targets under 140 mm Hg or 160 mm Hg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Until then, all official documents, including our last guideline, assessing what BP levels should be pursued for greater benefits, had worked with BP under 140/90 mmHg for the general population, and under 130/80 mmHg for individuals at high cardiovascular risk, those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and established kidney disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In 2010, the result of the ACCORD study was published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> It assessed only patients with diabetes, and tried to define if stricter BP control targets (SBP &lt; 120 mmHg) was advantageous over conventional targets (SBP &lt; 140 mmHg). That study randomized more than 4500 diabetic hypertensives, with a mean age of 62 years, followed up for a mean period of 4.7 years. The primary composite outcome was non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke or cardiovascular death. In addition, several secondary cardiocirculatory outcomes were predefined. The results were null, that is, there was no difference in major, fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular combined events. Regarding secondary outcomes, there was no significant difference, except for fatal and non-fatal stroke, which showed a significant reduction of 41% and 37%, respectively. The group with a more marked BP reduction had more adverse events, but without jeopardizing the end of the study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>That study had a huge repercussion, leading to a new rationale, which, in my opinion, was mistaken.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It was implied, almost immediately, that stricter BP targets for diabetic patients would be harmful, and, indirectly there was controversy about lower BP targets for all types of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>I assess the ACCORD study findings and interpret its results differently. The primary outcomes were similar, that is, there was no difference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> I emphasize the significance of that: there was neither reduction, nor increase in primary events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>On the other hand, but not less important, assessing the secondary outcome &#8216;stroke&#8217;, we observe that there were benefits for the group with stricter BP control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Who does not want to protect a diabetic patient from a stroke? Just food for thought!</p>
    <p>In the sequence of the investigations for more adequate BP levels, by the end of 2015, the SPRINT study was published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Financed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), without any conflict of interest, the protocol was carefully designed specifically aimed at assessing the more beneficial BP levels in terms of cardiocirculatory outcomes for non-diabetic hypertensives. Individuals aged 50 years or older, with SBP between 130 and 180 mm Hg and at increased cardiovascular risk were selected. For individuals randomized for intensive treatment, a SBP target &lt; 120 mmHg was defined, while for those randomized for standard treatment, a SBP target &lt; 140 mmHg was defined. The primary composite outcome comprised acute myocardial infarction, other acute coronary syndromes, stroke, heart failure and death from cardiovascular causes. The secondary outcomes were defined as the individual components of primary outcome, all-cause death and the addition of primary outcome or all-cause death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>That study randomly assigned 9361 patients, more than 4650 to each treatment type. The mean age was 67.9 years, and the groups were homogeneous in all aspects. In the first year of follow-up, the mean SBP and DBP achieved were, respectively, 121.4 and 68.7 mm Hg in the intensive-treatment group, and 136.2 and 76.3 mm Hg in the standard-treatment group. At the end of the study, the mean SBP levels were 121.5 and 134.6 mm Hg in the intensive-treatment and standard-treatment groups, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The SPRINT study, planned to last 5 years, was interrupted by the Safety Committee at 3.26 years, because a significant difference in outcomes was observed between the groups on two pre-established occasions for such control. The intensive-treatment group showed a 25%-reduction in primary outcomes, and that difference began to appear from the first year of intervention on. The number of all-cause deaths was also 27% lower in that group, in which there were 43% less deaths from cardiovascular causes. Adverse events were more frequent in that group with stricter BP control, however without significant hindrance to the ongoing research.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>That clinical trial was outstanding, had an excellent design, clear objectives and proper development. Its results were categorical. However, as any protocol, it is liable to be challenged, although, in that particular case, most lacked consistency.</p>
    <p>One point raised was its early interruption.</p>
    <p>But, how not to do that?</p>
    <p>It was a matter of safety. How can we not offer the best to our patients? In addition, on a critical review of the study, its results cannot be challenged for that reason. In fact, the trial effectively provided valuable information on the BP targets to be pursued.</p>
    <p>A good alternative to randomized clinical trials to confirm scientific evidence is provided by meta-analyses and systematic reviews. However, their results can be challenged, depending on the criteria used for selecting the studies to be assessed and those that should be eventually included.</p>
    <p>Regarding BP targets, there is a reasonable number of meta-analyses and systematic reviews on the subject.</p>
    <p>Four recent studies on that subject are worth noting: the first dates from 2015, assessing type 2 diabetic patients; two were from 2016, one by Xie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and the other by Ettehad et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> both treating hypertensives in general; and the fourth, published in 2017 in the JACC, approached the same question in elderly patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> All studies showed the benefits of stricter BP control to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in those patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In addition, it is worth emphasizing the interesting editorial by Perkovic and Rodgers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> published in the NEJM in November 2015, concomitantly with the SPRINT study publication. In that editorial, the authors assessed the ACCORD and SPRINT studies together, identified their similarities and differences, and understood them as complementary, creating a new situation, with an even larger number of patients, and suggested additional results. Those authors reported that, although both studies had the same BP target and similar outcomes, the ACCORD study had a smaller statistical power and primary outcomes less-sensitive to BP changes as compared to those of the SPRINT study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Those authors have not objectively suggested BP levels, but indicated, based on their observations and convictions, that stricter BP targets are welcome, mainly for individuals at higher cardiovascular risk.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Combination of the outcomes of the SPRINT and ACCORD studies, and combined data of both studies. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CE: coronary events; HF: heart failure; CV: cardiovascular. Adapted from Perkovic e Rodgers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0001-70100-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>At the beginning of 2017, Chobanian published in the JAMA a viewpoint that coincides with my understanding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Its rationale is logical and based on the existing evidence. That author suggested even stricter targets (BP &lt; 120/80 mmHg) for individuals under the age of 50 years. He values DBP for that age group, emphasizing the concept of the importance of DBP for youngsters. He suggested BP levels below 130 mmHg for individuals aged between 50 and 74 years at high cardiovascular risk or with established disease, including those with diabetes, considering the benefits reported in the ACCORD study regarding stroke. Finally, he recommended BP levels &lt;140 mmHg for all patients aged 75 years or older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Even considering the lack of definitive information on BP levels to be pursued in patients at high cardiovascular risk, inferring that excessively low BP levels can be harmful,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> those are the figures I have been working with, taking each patient&#8217;s characteristics into consideration.</p>
    <p>Finally, it is worth noting that most individuals maintain BP levels far above any established BP target, and accepting higher BP levels is harmful, and will represent over the years a significant recrudescence of cardiovascular diseases, currently a major cause of morbidity and mortality.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Metas de Press&#227;o Arterial: Chegaremos a um N&#250;mero Definitivo? Neste Momento, Tenho o Meu</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG); P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e Nutri&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de da UFG; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim,</bold> Rua 115-F n 135, Setor Sul. CEP 74085-300, Goiania, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fvjardim.ufg@gmail.com</email>, <email>fvjardim@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Metas de Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Nasci na era da medicina sem evid&#234;ncias. Quando estudante, o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) era feito a partir de valores de press&#227;o arterial (PA) acima de 160/95 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Algu&#233;m pode imaginar isso agora?</p>
      <p>Na cardiologia avan&#231;amos demais, em todos os sentidos, tanto nos m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico como na terap&#234;utica. Hoje, o tratamento &#233; baseado em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas e o arsenal de medicamentos &#233; extremamente efetivo.</p>
      <p>Mas, voltemos &#224; HA.</p>
      <p>Ao longo dos anos, aprendemos, atrav&#233;s de um grande n&#250;mero de estudos, primeiro observacionais, depois de interven&#231;&#227;o, que, se por um lado, o risco cardiovascular se eleva a partir de valores de 115/75 mmHg e dobra a cada aumento de 20 mmHg de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (PAS) e 10 mmHg de press&#227;o diast&#243;lica (PAD), por outro, &#233; diminu&#237;do de maneira significativa pela redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, atrav&#233;s do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico oferecido aos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias definitivas de que o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (h&#225;bitos de vida saud&#225;veis) d&#234; os mesmos resultados, mas &#233; um pressuposto t&#227;o &#243;bvio, que &#233; aceito universalmente, ainda que de dif&#237;cil implementa&#231;&#227;o no mundo em que vivemos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Excelentes f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos foram desenvolvidos e aperfei&#231;oados. Os benef&#237;cios de seu uso foram comprovados, tanto do ponto de vista da morbidade, quanto da mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>N&#227;o paira qualquer d&#250;vida sobre isso.</p>
      <p>Estamos envolvidos, entretanto, em diversos dilemas, a come&#231;ar pelo acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e aos medicamentos, quando necess&#225;rios. &#201; um ponto crucial, depende de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas consistentes que mudem este estado de coisas, mas que n&#227;o ser&#225; objeto desta discuss&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto, no &#226;mbito do tratamento propriamente dito, &#233; o enorme desafio da ades&#227;o. At&#233; hoje, uma minoria de indiv&#237;duos, mesmo conhecedores de sua situa&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos e dos riscos inerentes a essa situa&#231;&#227;o e, mesmo tendo acesso ao sistema de sa&#250;de, n&#227;o adere ao tratamento proposto. Essa &#233; outra grave quest&#227;o que passa por medidas educacionais em todos os n&#237;veis, como principal forma de modifica&#231;&#227;o desse comportamento, que &#233; comum e universal, mas tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ser&#225; hoje, objeto de minhas observa&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>E vamos ao ponto.</p>
      <p>Na medida em que, nos &#250;ltimos 40 anos, centenas de estudos de tratamento de HA aconteceram ao redor do planeta, tivemos a oportunidade de constatar que a terapia farmacol&#243;gica modifica a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a, diminuindo a mortalidade e a morbidade cardiovascular de maneira significativa. Deve ser destacado que tal fato ocorre, menos pelo tipo de f&#225;rmaco utilizado, mas principalmente pela redu&#231;&#227;o da PA.</p>
      <p>Fecha-se assim o ciclo epidemiol&#243;gico, a redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PA traz efetivamente o benef&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mas, quanto devemos reduzir, at&#233; quanto &#233; seguro?</p>
      <p>O dilema das metas!</p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos que mostraram diminui&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares foi desenhada para comparar valores de PA antes e depois do tratamento. No primeiro momento, f&#225;rmacos ativos comparados a placebo, verificando as mudan&#231;as na PA e seus poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios. Posteriormente, foram comparados medicamentos ativos entre si, na busca de diferen&#231;as entre eles.</p>
      <p>O foco principal n&#227;o foi o n&#237;vel de PA atingido, mas a diferen&#231;a entre os valores iniciais e finais.</p>
      <p>Sabemos que a melhor fonte de evid&#234;ncias em medicina vem dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados. Para o estabelecimento de metas objetivas era necess&#225;rio que o desenho da investiga&#231;&#227;o tivesse esse objetivo.</p>
      <p>O estudo HOT (<italic>Hypertension Optimal Treatment</italic>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> publicado em 1998, foi precursor em rela&#231;&#227;o a metas. Nesse caso, a refer&#234;ncia utilizada foi a PAD. Mais de 18.500 pacientes com idade entre 50 e 80 anos (m&#233;dia 61,5 anos), com PAD entre 100 e 115 mmHg, foram alocados para metas de PAD &#8804; 90 mmHg, PAD &#8804; 85 mmHg e PAD &#8804; 80 mmHg. Verificou-se que havia maior redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares na medida em que os valores obtidos eram menores, e o maior benef&#237;cio ocorreu no grupo de pacientes que teve redu&#231;&#227;o da PAD para um valor m&#233;dio de 82,6 mmHg. Foi observado, ainda, que redu&#231;&#245;es abaixo desses valores eram seguras e que, entre os diab&#233;ticos, os benef&#237;cios foram ainda maiores para o grupo em que a meta era de PAD &#8804; 80 mmHg. Esse estudo foi um marco no que diz respeito &#224;s metas de PA, e a diretrizes internacionais tomaram-no como base durante anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Tivemos, ao longo do tempo, centenas de investiga&#231;&#245;es de interven&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa, de boa qualidade, envolvendo milhares de pacientes e que continuaram sedimentando o conhecimento dos benef&#237;cios do controle da PA, mas, para avaliar metas, n&#227;o tivemos tantos projetos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Muitos estar&#227;o pensando em alguns estudos que buscaram estabelecer metas, como o italiano Cardio-Sis publicado em 2009, que investigou hipertensos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos acima de 55 anos, e buscou metas de PAS &lt; 130 mmHg ou &lt;140 mmHg. Nesse, o desfecho prim&#225;rio de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, que &#233; intermedi&#225;rio, mostrou resultados significativamente favor&#225;veis a valores inferiores de PA, sendo tamb&#233;m encontrados resultados positivos em rela&#231;&#227;o a desfechos secund&#225;rios pr&#233;-especificados, esses, sim, cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Da mesma forma foi publicado em 2008 o CASE-J <italic>trial</italic>, que envolveu apenas idosos e indicou vantagens significativas para menores valores de PA. Ainda em 2008, o estudo JATOS tamb&#233;m avaliou idosos e n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as entre metas menores que 140 mmHg ou 160 mmHg para PAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>At&#233; ent&#227;o, todos os documentos oficiais (inclusive nossas &#250;ltimas Diretrizes) sobre quais valores de PA deveriam ser buscados, para maiores benef&#237;cios, trabalhavam com n&#237;veis de PA menores que 140/90 mmHg para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral e menores que 130/80 mmHg para os de alto risco cardiovascular, os com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, os diab&#233;ticos e os com doen&#231;a renal estabelecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em 2010, &#233; publicado o resultado do Estudo ACCORD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Esse tratava exclusivamente de pacientes diab&#233;ticos e procurava definir, entre outras perguntas, se metas de controle da PA mais agressivas (PAS &lt; 120 mmHg) apresentavam alguma vantagem em rela&#231;&#227;o a metas que foram definidas como convencionais (PAS &lt; 140 mmHg). Foram randomizados, para esse fim, mais de 4.500 hipertensos diab&#233;ticos, com idade m&#233;dia de 62 anos, que foram seguidos por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 4,7 anos. O desfecho prim&#225;rio composto foi infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal ou morte por causa cardiovascular. Foram tamb&#233;m pr&#233;-definidos v&#225;rios desfechos cardiocirculat&#243;rios secund&#225;rios. Os resultados foram nulos, ou seja, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos eventos compostos cardiovasculares maiores, fatais e n&#227;o fatais. No que diz respeito aos desfechos secund&#225;rios, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em v&#225;rios deles, mas, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao acidente vascular fatal e n&#227;o fatal, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa desses eventos, de 41% e 37% respectivamente. O grupo de redu&#231;&#227;o mais intensa da PA apresentou mais eventos adversos, mas sem comprometer o final do estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A repercuss&#227;o desse estudo foi grande e trouxe, como consequ&#234;ncia, um novo racioc&#237;nio, em minha avalia&#231;&#227;o, equivocado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> De modo quase que imediato, ficou subentendido que metas de PA mais rigorosas para diab&#233;ticos seriam prejudiciais, e, ainda de maneira indireta, houve um questionamento sobre metas de PA mais baixas para todos os tipos de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Avalio os achados do estudo ACCORD de maneira diferente e interpreto os resultados com outra &#243;tica. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram semelhantes, ou seja, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> E refor&#231;o, o significado disso &#233;: n&#227;o houve diminui&#231;&#227;o nem aumento dos eventos prim&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, e n&#227;o menos importante, ao verificarmos o desfecho secund&#225;rio &#8216;acidente vascular cerebral&#8217;, constatamos que houve benef&#237;cios para o grupo com controle mais intenso da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Quem, em s&#227; consci&#234;ncia, n&#227;o quer proteger seu paciente diab&#233;tico de um acidente vascular cerebral? S&#243; para reflex&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia das investiga&#231;&#245;es em busca dos valores mais adequados para a PA, no final de 2015 &#233; publicado o estudo SPRINT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Financiado pelo <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> (NIH), sem qualquer conflito de interesses, o protocolo foi cuidadosamente desenhado com o objetivo espec&#237;fico de verificar quais valores de PA seriam mais ben&#233;ficos em termos de desfechos cardiocirculat&#243;rios para pacientes hipertensos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Foram selecionados indiv&#237;duos de 50 anos ou mais, com PAS entre 130 e 180 mmHg e risco cardiovascular aumentado. Foram definidas metas de PAS &lt; 120 mmHg para os randomizados para tratamento mais intensivo, e PAS &lt; 140 mmHg para os indicados para tratamento definido como convencional. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios compostos foram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, outras s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou morte por causa cardiovascular. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram definidos como os componentes individuais dos prim&#225;rios, morte por todas as causas e a soma do desfecho prim&#225;rio ou morte por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Foram randomizados 9.361 pacientes, sendo mais de 4.650 em cada modalidade de tratamento. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 67,9 anos e os grupos foram homog&#234;neos em todos os aspectos. No primeiro ano de seguimento, as m&#233;dias alcan&#231;adas de PAS e PAD foram, respectivamente, de 121,4 e 68,7 mmHg no grupo de tratamento intensivo, e 136,2 e 76,3 mmHg no grupo de tratamento convencional. Ao final do estudo, as m&#233;dias das PAS foram de 121,5 e 134,6 mmHg, para o grupo de tratamento intensivo e convencional, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O SPRINT, planejado para ter 5 anos de dura&#231;&#227;o, foi interrompido pelo Comit&#234; de Seguran&#231;a aos 3,26 anos, por ter sido observada diferen&#231;a significativa de desfechos entre os dois grupos, em dois momentos distintos pr&#233;-estabelecidos para esse controle. Houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 25% nos desfechos prim&#225;rios no grupo de tratamento intensivo, e esta diferen&#231;a j&#225; come&#231;ou a aparecer a partir do primeiro ano da interven&#231;&#227;o. O n&#250;mero de mortes por todas as causas foi tamb&#233;m 27% menor no grupo de tratamento intensivo e, da mesma forma, ocorreram 43% menos mortes por causa cardiovascular nesse grupo de indiv&#237;duos. Os eventos adversos foram mais frequentes no grupo que teve controle mais rigoroso da PA sem, entretanto, haver preju&#237;zos significativos que comprometessem o andamento da pesquisa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Esse ensaio cl&#237;nico foi marcante, com um excelente desenho, objetivos claros e desenvolvimento correto. Seus resultados foram contundentes. Por&#233;m, como qualquer protocolo, sujeito a questionamentos. Nesse caso, a maioria sem consist&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Um ponto levantado foi o fato de ter sido interrompido antecipadamente.</p>
      <p>Mas, como n&#227;o o fazer?</p>
      <p>Era uma quest&#227;o de seguran&#231;a. Como n&#227;o oferecer o melhor aos pacientes? E revendo criticamente o estudo, sabe-se que seus resultados n&#227;o podem ser questionados por esse motivo. De fato, o ensaio trouxe, efetivamente, preciosas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as metas a serem perseguidas.</p>
      <p>Uma boa alternativa aos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, para a comprova&#231;&#227;o de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas, &#233; oferecida pelas meta-an&#225;lises e revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas. Mas sabemos que podem, tamb&#233;m, ser levantados &#243;bices aos seus resultados. Esses podem variar, na depend&#234;ncia dos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos que ser&#227;o avaliados e de quais, finalmente, ser&#227;o inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>No que diz respeito a metas de PA, temos um n&#250;mero razo&#225;vel dessa modalidade de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Destaco quatro trabalhos recentes nessa linha, sendo o primeiro de 2015, em pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, dois de 2016, sendo um de Xie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e outro de Ettehad et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que tratam de hipertensos em geral, e o &#250;ltimo, publicado em 2017 no JACC, que avalia a mesma quest&#227;o em pacientes idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Todos demonstram os benef&#237;cios de controles mais rigorosos da PA como forma de diminuir a morbimortalidade cardiovascular dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o a essa quest&#227;o, vale destacar o interessante editorial publicado por Perkovic e Rodgers,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> no NEJM em novembro de 2015, quando da publica&#231;&#227;o do SPRINT. Nele, os autores fazem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o conjunta dos Estudos ACCORD e SPRINT, identificam suas semelhan&#231;as e eventuais diferen&#231;as e entendem os estudos como complementares, criando uma nova situa&#231;&#227;o, com um n&#250;mero ainda maior de pacientes, e sugerindo resultados adicionais. Observam que ambos os estudos tinham a mesma meta de PA, os desfechos foram semelhantes, mas o estudo ACCORD teve um poder estat&#237;stico menor que o SPRINT, e alguns dos desfechos prim&#225;rios do ACCORD eram menos sens&#237;veis &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es da PA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Esses autores n&#227;o chegam a fazer uma sugest&#227;o objetiva de valores, mas indicam, com base em suas observa&#231;&#245;es e convic&#231;&#245;es, que metas mais arrojadas s&#227;o bem-vindas, principalmente para indiv&#237;duos de maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Combina&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos do SPRINT e ACCORD e dados combinados dos dois estudos. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ICC: Insufci&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; ICo: eventos coronarianos; CV: cardiovascular. Adaptado de Perkovic e Rodgers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-01-0001-70100-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Por &#250;ltimo, no in&#237;cio de 2017, Chobanian publica, no JAMA, um ponto de vista que coincide com meu pensamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Seu racional &#233; bastante l&#243;gico com base nas evid&#234;ncias existentes at&#233; o momento. Sugere metas mais rigorosas (PA &lt; 120/80 mmHg) para indiv&#237;duos com menos de 50 anos. Valoriza, assim, a PAD nesse grupo, refor&#231;ando o conceito da import&#226;ncia da PAD para os mais jovens. Sugere valores menores que 130 mmHg para todos aqueles entre 50 e 74 anos com risco cardiovascular elevado ou com doen&#231;a estabelecida, inclusive os diab&#233;ticos, considerando os benef&#237;cios oferecidos pelo ACCORD em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acidente vascular cerebral. Finalmente reserva valores &lt; 140 mmHg para todos os pacientes com idade igual ou maior que 75 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mesmo levando em conta a falta de informa&#231;&#245;es definitivas sobre quais n&#250;meros devem ser buscados em pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular, inclusive com algumas infer&#234;ncias de que valores excessivamente baixos possam ser prejudiciais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> esses s&#227;o os n&#250;meros com os quais tenho trabalhado, levando em conta, evidentemente, a peculiaridade de cada paciente.</p>
      <p>Por fim, devemos ter em mente que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos permanece com n&#237;veis de PA muito acima de qualquer meta estabelecida e aceitar valores mais elevados, ser contemplativo, &#233; prejudicial e representar&#225;, ao longo dos anos, um recrudescimento significativo das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares que ainda s&#227;o a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade nos dias atuais.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
