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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9Pyjn6yg4Jz35dwkgTcRWJb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000600572</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Bridge and Angiotomography of the Coronary Arteries: Perfusion under Pharmacological Stress</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ker</surname>
            <given-names>Wilter dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Gama</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damas</surname>
            <given-names>Alair Sarmet A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i (CHN), Niter&#243;i - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Wilter dos Santos Ker</bold>, Rua Aroazes, 180, apto. 903. Postal Code 22775-060, Jacarepagu&#225;, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>wiltersker@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ker WS, Neves DG, Damas ASAA, Mesquita CT, NacifMS; Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ker WS, Mesquita CT, NacifMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>572</fpage>
      <lpage>575</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Bridge</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Radionuclide Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The myocardial bridge is one of the most prevalent congenital anomalies that involve the coronary circulation, and its incidence in the general population is high, affecting from 23 to 55% in necropsy studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>The impairment of the anterior descending artery is more frequent, on its proximal 2/3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>In most patients, the myocardial bridges do not cause symptoms, because in order to have ischemia, there must be an imbalance between supply and consumption of oxygen. The superficial bridges, with small or slender muscle band, are the most common ones, and they may account for 75% of the cases, with average length of 1.5 cm and usually without causing symptoms. In approximately 24% of the cases, we observed deep myocardial bridges, with thicker muscle band.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease. However, other causes for ischemia are frequent, and among them, we highlight the myocardial bridge, which may provoke typical or atypicalchest angina,acute myocardial infarction and sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Angiotomography of the coronary arteries is an increasingly important diagnosis technique when assessing the myocardial bridge, with high spatial and temporal resolution. Thisnoninvasive imaging technique is a very useful tool for locating and defining the morphology of the myocardial bridge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objectives</title>
      <p>We describe the case of a female patient with myocardial ischemia detected through myocardial scintigraphy on which the determining mechanism for presence of the perfusion alteration was a bridge diagnosed by the angiotomography of the coronary arteries, which also confirmed the of the perfusion defect by evaluating resting perfusion images and those under pharmacological stress.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>Female patient, 52 years old, presenting atypical chest pain, witha 26.5 body mass index, diabetic, hypertensive, dyslipidemic, usingASA, ARBS, Insulin, Metformin. She was forwarded to the nuclear medicine sector with a Myocardial Scintigraphy request for ischemia survey.</p>
      <p>The patient was invited to participate in the research project, approved by the ethics committee no. 392,966, which aims to compare the perfusion findings of the nuclear medicine exam to those from the angiotomography of the coronary arteriesat rest and under stress. The patient performed a specific myocardial scintigraphy procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) on a 1-collimator Gamma Camera device (Millennium MPR, GE) and acomputed tomography scan of 64 detectors (Brilliance, Philips), to evaluate the calcium score, myocardial perfusion at rest and under stress associated with coronary anatomical evaluation. The stress acquisition was conducted following dipyridamole infusion at a dose of 0.56 mg/kg, in 4 minutes. On the sixth minute, 25 mCi of 2-methoxyl-isobuthyl-isonitrile-99 m Tc (sestamibi-99mTc) was administered. In the same minute, the perfusion images under pharmacological stress by angiotomography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) were acquired, with infusion of iodinated contrast at a 70 ml dose under a 5 ml per second flow rate. The myocardial perfusion scintigraphy images, stress stage, were acquired 30 to 90 minutes after the administration of the radiopharmaceutical.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Myocardial scintigraphy with 2-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile -99mTc (sestamibi-99mTc) using protocol (rest-stress), with a 25 mCi dosein each step. The scintigraphic images reveal hypoperfusion in anteroapical and lateral-apical segments of the left ventricle in the post-stress images, with complete improvement of the uptake in relation to the rest images.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0572-70021-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>64-channel Cardiac Computed Tomography, effort and rest stage, reveals perfusion defect in the anteroapical and lateral-apical segments of the left ventricle in the post-stress images with normal perfusion in rest.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0572-70021-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The stress scintigraphic images demonstrated reversible perfusion defectswithin the territory of the anterior descending artery. Theperfusion computerized tomography confirmed the presence of perfusion defects and did not evidence a presence of atherosclerotic lesion in coronary arteries. A significant myocardial bridge constricting the anterior descending artery was diagnosed by the angiotomography of coronary arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), configuring the most probable mechanism for the observed perfusion defects.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Myocardial CT angiography showing presence of a 34.3 mm myocardial bridge, in the projection of the anterior descending artery, responsible for the area of perfusion defect in the anteroapical and lateral-apical segments of the left ventricle, described in the myocardial scintigraphy and computed tomography.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0572-70021-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The myocardial bridge still shows various challenges to the clinical practice, because it may occur in patients on which the atherosclerotic disease is uncommon. This leads, in several situations, to failure to reach a diagnosis due to the low pretest probability of these patients. As it is a known factor for myocardial ischemia, the myocardial bridge may hamper the clinical correlation when linked to the atherosclerotic disease, complicating the planning of the best therapeutic management and monitoring of these patients. In the case of myocardial bridges, the mechanism responsible for the symptoms is uncertain and controversial. The irrigation of the vascular myocardium occurs almost exclusively during diastoles, and the bridge reduces the light of the artery, in most cases, only during systoles. As such, it is not easy to explain the physiopathology of myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the various hypothesis, we may mention the distortion of the intramyocardial artery during systoles, provoking myocardial ischemia. The presence of symptoms only in individuals whose myocardial bridges are long and deep is favorable to this hypothesis. This mechanism could be aggravated when the oxygen consumption by the myocardium increased. The appearance of coronary spasm in the anterior descending artery in its intramyocardium path after intracoronary injection of acetylcholine appears to be another hypothesis, suggesting endothelial dysfunction located in that segment. This seems to be the reason for the symptoms to appear only in the fourth or fifth decade of live, a time on which alterations to the vascular tonus occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>Theendothelial injury is also implied in the formation of thrombi at the proximal region of the coronary bridge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The diagnosis through clinical examination is difficult precisely because the symptoms are virtually identical to those of the atherosclerotic artery disease. Functional studies validating the effect of the myocardial bridge on the myocardial blood flow demonstrate that its restriction occurs both during the systoles as well as in diastoles, and that there is a link between reversible myocardial ischemia shown by scintigraphy or by the positron emission tomography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>Thevasodilator pharmacological stress may not be linked to ischemia because there is no increase in the coronary contractility and subsequent systolic compression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>The angiotomography (angio-CT) of the coronaries is an exam that allows viewing the cardiac anatomy, especially that of the coronary arteries, in addition to analyzing the vessel walls, the presence of plaques and the diameter and course of the arteries. Barros and collaborators demonstrated that angio-CT is highly accurate in the morphological evaluation of the myocardial bridge, allowing a noninvasive approach of its localization, length and depth, as well as of the presence of associated atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>The association of the coronary angio-CT with the functional study of the myocardial perfusion under stress with dipyridamole allows for a better definition of the physiological and clinical significance of this condition, as observedin the present case, where there is functional significance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In most cases of myocardial bridge, the prognostic is good, after the start of medication use, but there are reports of sudden death in in young people when exercising. The drug treatment is able to control the symptoms in the vast majority of cases, using beta-blockers and antagonists of calcium channels, providing better filling of the diseased coronary during diastoles, reducing the heart rate at rest and during efforts. Nitrates may aggravate the anginal symptoms and the ischemia when used in patients with myocardial bridge, because this drug promotes the reduction of the venous return and blood pressure with consequent adrenergic stimulation, increasing the systolic constriction of the myocardial band on the coronary artery. Currently, the drug treatment is the preferential for the myocardial bridges, because, in proper doses, it may control the angina episodes in most of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We believe that the angiotomography of the coronary arteries, when used with protocol at rest and under pharmacological stress, may gather useful information for handling the patient withprecordial pain without significant obstructive coronary disease, be it diagnosed by catheterization or any other method of characterization of ischemia, as demonstrated by scintigraphy in the instant case.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Wilter dos Santos Ker, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ponte Mioc&#225;rdica e Angiotomografia das Coron&#225;rias: Perfus&#227;o sob Estresse Farmacol&#243;gico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ker</surname>
            <given-names>Wilter dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Gama</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damas</surname>
            <given-names>Alair Sarmet A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i (CHN), Niter&#243;i - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Wilter dos Santos Ker</bold>, Rua Aroazes, 180, apto. 903. CEP 22775-060, Jacarepagu&#225;, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>wiltersker@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Ker WS, Neves DG, Damas ASAA, Mesquita CT, NacifMS, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ker WS, Mesquita CT, NacifMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ponte Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfus&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ponte mioc&#225;rdica &#233; uma das mais prevalentes anomalias cong&#234;nitas que envolve a circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, sendo a sua incid&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral elevada, atingindo de 23 a 55% em estudos de necropsia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; mais frequente o comprometimento da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, nos seus 2/3 proximais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Na maioria dos pacientes, as pontes mioc&#225;rdicas n&#227;o apresentam sintomas pois, para haver isquemia, &#233; necess&#225;rio que exista um desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio. As pontes superficiais, com banda muscular pequena ou delgada, s&#227;o as mais comuns, podendo corresponder a 75% dos casos, com comprimento m&#233;dio de 1,5 cm e, geralmente, n&#227;o apresentam sintomas. Em cerca de 24% dos casos, observamos pontes mioc&#225;rdicas profundas, com banda muscular de maior espessura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A aterosclerose &#233; a causa mais comum de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, entretanto outras causas de isquemia s&#227;o frequentes e, dentre elas, destacamos a ponte mioc&#225;rdica, que pode provocar angina de peito t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#233; uma t&#233;cnica diagn&#243;stica de crescente import&#226;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ponte mioc&#225;rdica, com alta resolu&#231;&#227;o especial e temporal. Esta t&#233;cnica de imagem n&#227;o invasiva &#233; uma ferramenta muito &#250;til na localiza&#231;&#227;o e defini&#231;&#227;o da morfologia da ponte mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos</title>
        <p>Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica detectada pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, em que o mecanismo determinante para presen&#231;a da altera&#231;&#227;o perfusional foi uma ponte diagnosticada pela angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias que tamb&#233;m confirmou o defeito perfusional pela avalia&#231;&#227;o das imagens de perfus&#227;o em repouso e sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Paciente feminina, 52 anos, apresentando dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, com &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 26,5, diab&#233;tica, hipertensa, dislipid&#234;mica, fazendo uso de AAS, BRA, Insulina, Metformina. Foi encaminhada para o setor de medicina nuclear com o pedido de cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio para a pesquisa de isquemia.</p>
        <p>A paciente foi convidada a participar do projeto de pesquisa n&#186; 392.966, aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica, que tem como objetivo comparar os achados perfusionais do exame de medicina nuclear com os da angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em repouso e sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico. A paciente realizou protocolo espec&#237;fico de cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>) em um aparelho Gama C&#226;mara de 1 colimador (Millenium MPR, GE) e tomografia computadorizada de 64 detectores (Brilliance, Philips), para avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio, perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de repouso e estresse, associado &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica coronariana. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de estresse foi realizada ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de dipiridamol na dosagem de 0,56 mg/kg, em 4 minutos; no 6 minuto, foi administrado 25 mci de 2-metoxi-isobutil-isonitrila-99 mTc (sestamibi-99mTc). Logo no mesmo minuto, foram adquiridas as imagens de perfus&#227;o sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico pela angiotomografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>) e com infus&#227;o de contraste iodado na dosagem de 70 ml sob a velocidade de fluxo de 5 ml por segundo. As imagens da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica etapa estresse foram adquiridas 30 a 90 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com 2- metoxil- isobutil- isonitrila-99mTc (sestamibi-99mTc) utilizando-se protocolo (repouso-estresse), com dose de 25 mCi em cada etapa. As imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas revelam hipoperfus&#227;o nos segmentos &#226;ntero-apical e l&#225;tero-apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nas imagens p&#243;s-estresse com melhora completa da capta&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o as imagens em repouso.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0572-70021-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca de 64 canais etapa esfor&#231;o e repouso, revela defeito de perfus&#227;o nos segmentos &#226;ntero-apical e l&#225;tero-apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nas imagens p&#243;s-estresse com perfus&#227;o normal no repouso.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0572-70021-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas de estresse demonstraram defeitos perfusionais revers&#237;veis no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria descendente anterior. A tomografia computadorizada de perfus&#227;o confirmou a presen&#231;a dos defeitos perfusionais e n&#227;o evidenciou presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica em art&#233;rias coronarianas. Uma significativa ponte mioc&#225;rdica constringindo a art&#233;ria descendente anterior foi diagnosticada pela angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>), configurando o mecanismo mais prov&#225;vel para os defeitos perfusionais observados.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>AngioTC mioc&#225;rdica demonstrando presen&#231;a de ponte mioc&#225;rdica de 34,3 mm, na proje&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, sendo respons&#225;vel pela &#225;rea de defeito perfusionalnos segmentos &#226;ntero-apical e l&#225;tero-apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, descritos na cintilografia e tomografia computadorizada do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0572-70021-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ponte mioc&#225;rdica ainda apresenta diversos desafios &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pois pode ocorrer em pacientes nos quais a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; incomum. Isto leva, em in&#250;meras situa&#231;&#245;es, a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico pela baixa probabilidade pr&#233;-teste destes pacientes. Por ser um fator conhecido de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, a ponte mioc&#225;rdica pode dificultar a correla&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica quando associada &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, dificultando o planejamento da melhor conduta terap&#234;utica e de acompanhamento destes pacientes. No caso das pontes mioc&#225;rdicas, o mecanismo respons&#225;vel pelos sintomas &#233; incerto e controverso. A irriga&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular ocorre, quase exclusivamente, durante a di&#225;stole, e a ponte reduz a luz da art&#233;ria, na grande maioria dos casos, somente durante a s&#237;stole, sendo assim n&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil explicar a fisiopatologia da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre as diversas hip&#243;teses, podemos citar a distor&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria intramioc&#225;rdica durante a s&#237;stole, provocando isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A presen&#231;a de sintomas somente nos indiv&#237;duos, cujas pontes mioc&#225;rdicas s&#227;o longas e profundas, corrobora essa hip&#243;tese. Este mecanismo poderia ser agravado quando houvesse aumento do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio. O aparecimento do espasmo coronariano na art&#233;ria descendente anterior, no seu trajeto intramioc&#225;rdico, ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de acetilcolina, parece ser outra hip&#243;tese, sugerindo haver disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial localizada naquele segmento, parecendo ser esta a raz&#227;o do aparecimentodos sintomas somente na 4&#170; ou 5&#170; d&#233;cada de vida, &#233;poca em que ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es no t&#244;nus vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A les&#227;o endotelial tamb&#233;m est&#225; implicada na forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos na por&#231;&#227;o proximal &#224; ponte mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico atrav&#233;s do exame clinico &#233; dif&#237;cil justamente porque os sintomas s&#227;o praticamente iguais aos da doen&#231;a coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica. Estudos funcionais avaliando o efeito da ponte mioc&#225;rdica sobre o fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico demonstram que a sua restri&#231;&#227;o ocorre tanto durante a s&#237;stole quanto na di&#225;stole e que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica revers&#237;vel demonstrada pela cintilografia ou pela tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O estresse farmacol&#243;gico vasodilatador pode n&#227;o se associar &#224; isquemia, pois n&#227;o h&#225; aumento da contratilidade e consequente compress&#227;o sist&#243;lica coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A angiotomografia (angioTC) das coron&#225;rias &#233; um exame que permite visualizar a anatomia card&#237;aca, especialmente das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, al&#233;m de analisar a parede dos vasos, a presen&#231;a de placas e o di&#226;metro e curso das art&#233;rias. Barros e colaboradores demonstraram que a angioTC tem elevada acur&#225;cia na avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica da ponte mioc&#225;rdica, permitindo uma abordagem n&#227;o invasiva de sua localiza&#231;&#227;o, extens&#227;o e profundidade, bem como da presen&#231;a de aterosclerose associada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A associa&#231;&#227;o da angioTC de coron&#225;ria com o estudo funcional da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse com dipiridamol permite uma melhor defini&#231;&#227;o do significado fisiol&#243;gico e cl&#237;nicos desta condi&#231;&#227;o, conforme observado no caso em quest&#227;o, em que h&#225; significado funcional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O progn&#243;stico, na maioria dos casos de ponte mioc&#225;rdica, &#233; bom, ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do uso de medicamentos, mas existem relatos de morte s&#250;bita em jovens ao praticar exerc&#237;cios. O tratamento medicamentoso consegue controlar os sintomas na grande maioria dos casos, podendo ser feito utilizando betabloqueadores e antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio, propiciando melhor enchimento da coron&#225;ria comprometida durante a di&#225;stole, reduzindo a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e os esfor&#231;os. Os nitratos podem agravar os sintomas anginosos e a isquemia, quando usados em pacientes com ponte mioc&#225;rdica, pois esse medicamento promove redu&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso e da press&#227;o arterial, com consequente estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica, aumentando a constri&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica da banda mioc&#225;rdica sobre a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Atualmente, o tratamento preferencial das pontes mioc&#225;rdicas tem sido medicamentoso, pois este, em doses adequadas, consegue controlar os epis&#243;dios de angina na maioria dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Acreditamos que a angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, quando utilizada com protocolo em repouso e sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico, poder&#225; agregar informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis para o manejo do paciente com dor precordial sem doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva significativa, seja diagnosticada pelo cateterismo, ou por qualquer outro m&#233;todo de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da isquemia, como demonstramos pela cintilografia no presente caso.</p>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Wilter dos Santos Ker pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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