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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8vmNzjV5QBhZhkpp7r75RRm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000600552</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005008102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Three-Dimensional Volumetric Assessment of Diastolic Function by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo S</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD, PhD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andre L. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD, PhD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Young</surname>
            <given-names>Alistair A</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>PhD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cowan</surname>
            <given-names>Brett R</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MbChB</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson C</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Eunice</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sibley</surname>
            <given-names>Christopher T</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hundley</surname>
            <given-names>W. Gregory</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Songtao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Joao AC</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bluemke</surname>
            <given-names>David A</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD, PhD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Radiology and Imaging Sciences - National Institutes of Health Clinical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bethesda</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MD</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Radiology and Imaging Sciences - National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MD</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Johns Hopkins University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Radiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Radiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Auckland</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Auckland MRI Research Group</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Auckland</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NZ">New Zealand</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Auckland MRI Research Group, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Wake Forest University School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine and Radiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Winston-Salem</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">North Carolina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine and Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Wake Forest University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Molecular Biomedical Imaging Laboratory</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bethesda</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MD</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Molecular Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Souto Nacif</bold>, Av. S&#226;o Jo&#227;o 2400 apto 232B. Postal Code 12242-000, Jd. das Colinas, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>msnacif@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>msnacif@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Nacif MS, Young AA, Cowan BR, Lima JAC, Bluemke DA; Acquisition of data: Nacif MS, Almeida ALC, Young AA, Cowan BR, Armstrong AC, Yang E; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Nacif MS, Almeida ALC, Young AA, Cowan BR, Armstrong AC, Yang E, Sibley CT, Hundley WG, Liu S, Lima JAC, Bluemke DA; Statistical analysis: Nacif MS, Young AA, Cowan BR, Armstrong AC, Yang E; Obtaining funding: Lima JAC, Bluemke DA; Writing of the manuscript: Nacif MS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nacif MS, Almeida ALC, Young AA, Cowan BR, Sibley CT, Hundley WG, Liu S, Lima JAC, Bluemke DA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>552</fpage>
      <lpage>563</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance is in need of a simple and robust method for diastolic function assessment that can be done with routine protocol sequences.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To develop and validate a three-dimensional (3D) model-based volumetric assessment of diastolic function using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and compare the results obtained with the model with those obtained by echocardiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study participants provided written informed consent and were included if having undergone both echocardiography and cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) CMR on the same day. Guide points at the septal and lateral mitral annulus were used to define the early longitudinal relaxation rate (E'), while a time-volume curve from the 3D model was used to assess diastolic filling parameters. We determined the correlation between 3D CMR and echocardiography and the accuracy of CMR in classifying the diastolic function grade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study included 102 subjects. The E/A ratio by CMR was positively associated with the E/A ratio by echocardiography (r = 0.71, p &lt; 0.0001). The early diastolic relaxation velocity by tissue Doppler and longitudinal relaxation rate for the lateral mitral annulus displacement were positively associated (p = 0.007), as were the ratio between Doppler E/e' and CMR E/E' (p = 0.01). CMR-determined normalized peak E (NE) and deceleration time (DT) were able to predict diastolic dysfunction (areas under the curve [AUCs] = 0.70 and 0.72, respectively). In addition, the lateral E/E' ratio showed good utility in identifying diastolic dysfunction (AUC = 0.80). Overall, echocardiography and CMR interobserver and intraobserver agreements were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient range 0.72 - 0.97).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>3D modeling of standard cine CMR images was able to identify study subjects with reduced diastolic function and showed good reproducibility, suggesting a potential for a routine diastolic function assessment by CMR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance</kwd>
        <kwd>Imaging Three Dimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three -Dimensional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</funding-source>
          <award-id>RO1-HL66075-01</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>MESA</funding-source>
          <award-id>NO1-HC-9808</award-id>
          <award-id>NO1-HC-95168</award-id>
          <award-id>NO1-HC-95169</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was supported by a National Institutes of Health (NIH) intramural research program, a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant (RO1-HL66075-01), and by the MESA study contracts NO1-HC-9808, NO1-HC-95168, and NO1-HC-95169.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>the prevalence and cost of treatment of heart failure (HF) in the United States are high. In 2008, this condition was estimated to affected 5.3 million adults and was associated with a total spending of 34.8 billion dollars.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Approximately 50% of the patients were reported to have diastolic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Diastolic dysfunction is an increasingly recognized component of a variety of diseases of the myocardium,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and its recognition is necessary for patient management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Echocardiography is currently used as the standard of reference to evaluate diastolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> With cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, diastolic function is assessed using special pulse sequences such as phase-contrast analysis or myocardial tissue tagging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> These assessments require additional time and software for acquisition and analysis. As a result, the diastolic assessment with CMR is not routinely applied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Thus, CMR is in need of a simple and robust method for diastolic function assessment that can be done with routine protocol sequences.</p>
      <p>A three-dimensional (3D) model of myocardial function has been developed to assess the myocardial function based on standard steady-state free precession (SSFP) CMR cine images.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A model-based analysis of the systolic function is relatively fast (~15 minutes per CMR study) and allows extraction of time-varying function parameters that may characterize the diastolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, the purpose of this study was to perform an intraindividual analysis to develop and validate a 3D model-based volumetric assessment of diastolic function using CMR imaging and compare the results obtained with this model with those obtained by echocardiography.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>The study included participants who underwent both echocardiography and CMR between 2008 and 2009 in a substudy of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Details of the MESA study have been previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In brief, 1096 participants free of clinically apparent cardiovascular disease and aged 45-84 years, were enrolled at the Baltimore field center at baseline in 2000-2002. A total of 149 consecutive participants were invited to participate in the CMR-echocardiography substudy. Participants were excluded if they had not undergone both studies at the same day; if they had a heart rate variability of more than 15 beats per minute between both studies, severe mitral annular calcification or mitral valve regurgitation; or if the qualitative assessments of the left ventricular (LV) function was impaired by arrhythmias or poor image quality by either modality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The study was approved by the local ethics committee, and all subjects gave a written informed consent for participation.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of the study population. Abbreviation: CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0552-70063-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Since this study included a correlation between echocardiography and CMR, not all variables were used in the analysis. We will describe the variables that can be acquired by echocardiography and the 3D model-based volumetric assessment of diastolic function using CMR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiograms were obtained by expert sonographers according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The examinations were reviewed offline by two readers. Readers 1 (A.L.C.A.) and 2 (A.C.A.) had 20 and 5 years of experience, respectively, in reading echocardiograms. Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiograms were recorded using an Aplio scanner (Toshiba Medical Systems Corp, Tochigi, Japan). The images were acquired from an LV apical four-chamber view. Image acquisitions were performed using B-mode harmonic images adjusting transducer frequencies (1.7-3.5 MHz), frame rate (40-80 frames per second), focus, sector width (as narrow as possible), sector depth (minimal), and gain, in order to optimize myocardial image quality. The images were digitally recorded, stored on compact discs, and transferred to a computer terminal for post processing.</p>
        <p><bold>Mitral inflow velocities:</bold> All Doppler measurements were assessed according to the ASE recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> From the transmitral recordings, the following measurements were carried out: a) transmitral early peak filling velocity during diastole (early peak filling rate [E]), in centimeters per second; b) (transmitral late peak atrial filling velocity during diastole [peak atrial velocity [A]), in centimeters per second; c) time elapsed between E and the point where the extrapolation of the deceleration slope of the E velocity crosses the zero baseline (deceleration time [DT]), in milliseconds; d) time elapsed between the systolic peak to E (time to peak E [relative TPE]), in milliseconds; e) time elapsed between the systolic peak to A (time to peak A [relative TPA], in milliseconds.</p>
        <p><bold>Tissue Doppler measurement of mitral annular velocity:</bold> Pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) was performed in the apical views to acquire the mitral annular velocities according to the ASE recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The sample volume was placed in the ventricular myocardium immediately adjacent to the mitral annulus in the septal and lateral walls. With this method, the early diastolic myocardial relaxation velocity (e'; cm/s), as the annulus ascends away from the apex, was assessed in this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
        <p>Cine-CMR images were acquired on a 1.5 T scanner (Avanto, Siemens, Malvern, PA, USA) using a 2D SSFP acquisition in vertical long-axis, horizontal long-axis, and short-axis orientations with the following parameters: TE 1.16 ms, TR 3.2 ms, flip angle 60&#176;, receiver bandwidth &#177;1220 kHz, FOV 36 cm, slice thickness 8 mm, slice gap 2 mm, acquisition matrix 205 &#215; 256, number of averages = 1, number of frames = 30. The mean reconstructed temporal resolution (R-R interval/number of cardiac phases) was 30.43 &#177; 5.44 ms.</p>
        <p>CMR images were analyzed using a research version of the CIM 6.2 program modified to assess diastolic function (Auckland MRI Research Group, University of Auckland, New Zealand).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> CMR image analyses were done by two readers accredited by the Auckland MRI Research Group. Readers 1 (M.S.N.) and 2 (E.Y.) had 7 years and 1 year of experience, respectively, in reading CMR.</p>
        <p><bold>Time-volume curve:</bold> All timing measurements were defined semiautomatically with manual correction with the observer using a slider on the time/rate curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The following measurements were assessed: a) diastolic volume recovery (DVR), defined as the time from end-systole (ES) to the time at which the volume has filled to 80% of the stroke volume (msec); b) E (mL/sec), the first maximum filling rate detected after ES. Peak E was also divided by the end-diastolic volume (EDV) to generate a normalized peak E filling rate (NE). Additional measurements included: c) relative time to early peak filling rate (RTPE) (msec), the trigger time to peak E from the ES phase; d) A (mL/sec), the second peak filling rate after ES. Peak A was also indexed by EDV to generate a normalized peak A filling rate (NA); e) relative time of atrial peak filling rate (RTPA; msec), the trigger time to peak A from the ES phase; and f) DT (msec), or the time delay of E subtracted from the E wave downslope intersecting the baseline.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Screenshots of different diastolic function examples using the program CIM. A) Normal, B) impaired, and C) reduced. The following measurements were assessed: end-systole (ES), end-diastole (ED), early peak filling rate (E), atrial peak filling rate (A), and deceleration time (DT). All timing measurements were defined semiautomatically with manual correction with the observer using a slider on the time/rate curve.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0552-70063-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Guide points at the junction of the LV wall with the septal mitral annulus and at the junction of the LV wall with the lateral mitral annulus in the four-chamber view were used to define g) E' septal, and h) E' lateral, respectively. The ratio between E and E' was also calculated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Three-dimensional displays of the model fits throughout the cardiac cycle in one R-R interval of 870 ms (outside images) for volume- and derivative-curve assessment (mL/s). Septal and lateral guide points motion can be evaluated through time, calculating the distance between the defined point and the model apex for myocardial longitudinal relaxation rate (mm/s). The endocardial surface is shaded in red and drawn with green lines.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0552-70063-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Note that CMR rates are expressed as volume (mL) per unit of time, whereas echocardiographic parameters are expressed as distance (cm) per unit of time. However, CMR-derived E' is expressed as a linear velocity similar to its echocardiographic correlate.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data and statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The diastolic function classification used three echocardiographic parameters recommended by the ASE for this purpose: (1) septal e' &lt; 8 cm/s, (2) lateral e'&lt; 10 cm/s, and (3) ratio between average E and average e' &#8805; 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> If all three criteria were present, the diastolic function was rated as type II (reduced). If only two criteria were present or one criteria plus LV hypertrophy, the diastolic function was rated as type I (impaired). The LV mass was assessed by echocardiography and divided by the body surface area to define the LV mass index (LVMi). LV hypertrophy was defined as an LVMi &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women, as recommended by the ASE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as percentage for categorical variables. Multiple comparisons were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with <italic>post hoc</italic> Bonferroni correction. Fisher's exact test was used to examine the differences between proportions. As the variables were normally distributed, linear regression analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and setting echocardiography as the predictor variable and CMR as the dependent variable. We used Bland-Altman to compare variables with the same units. However, in many cases, the CMR surrogates for echocardiographic parameters were represented in different units, so the Bland-Altman analysis was inappropriate.</p>
        <p>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the diagnostic performance of CMR in predicting diastolic dysfunction. This was achieved by using the group with reduced diastolic function assessed by echocardiography as the "true positive" surrogate marker for diastolic dysfunction in this population, compared with the group with normal function as the "true negative" (area under the curve [AUC] &#8805; 0.5 to &lt; 0.7 = poor fit, AUC &#8805; 0.7 to &lt; 0.9 = good fit, and AUC &#8805; 0.9 to 1.0 = excellent fit).</p>
        <p>Intraobserver and interobserver agreements were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with a two-way random model (ICC &lt; 0.40 = poor agreement, ICC &#8805; 0.40 to 0.75 = fair to good agreement, ICC &gt; 0.75 = excellent agreement).</p>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using Stata, version 12.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA). A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 102 participants met the inclusion criteria (Figure 1). On echocardiography, the diastolic function was classified as normal in 66 (64.7%) patients, impaired in 21 (20.6%), and reduced in 15 (14.7%) of them. The mean duration of the CMR analysis (systolic and diastolic function) was 18.3 &#177; 4.5 minutes. Note that the CMR analysis also yields parameters such as LV volume and mass, since the analysis is performed over the full cardiac cycle. The mean duration of the echocardiographic analysis (diastolic function only) was 4.6 &#177; 0.6 minutes (p &lt; 0.0001 compared with the CMR analysis). Reduced diastolic function was more frequent in diabetic and hypertensive participants. Major variables, <italic>e.g.,</italic> age, gender, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), LV mass, EDV, and heart rate, showed no significant variance between groups. The characteristics of the subjects and the clinical data related to their LV function are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Population characteristics by diastolic function grades</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Normal n = 66 (64.70%)</th>
              <th align="center">Type I n = 21 (20.60%)</th>
              <th align="center">Type II n = 15 (14.70%)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">65.5 &#177; 7.5</td>
              <td align="center">64.4 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">45 to 64 years</td>
              <td align="center">24 (36.3)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (52.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (46.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">65 to 84 years</td>
              <td align="center">42 (63.6)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (47.6)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (53.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender (male)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (39.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (40.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Race</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White, Caucasian</td>
              <td align="center">41 (62.0)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (55.0)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (40.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black, African-American</td>
              <td align="center">25 (38.0)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (45.0)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">77.5 &#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">80.3 &#177; 19.4</td>
              <td align="center">80.3 &#177; 22.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">168.0 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">166.0 &#177; 11.2</td>
              <td align="center">166.1 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">29.1 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 7.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BSA</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking status</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never</td>
              <td align="center">27 (40.9)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (42.8)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Former</td>
              <td align="center">33 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (57.1)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (46.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current</td>
              <td align="center">6 (9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">121.8 &#177; 18.7</td>
              <td align="center">119.8 &#177; 14.6</td>
              <td align="center">121.3 &#177; 25.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">71.2 &#177; 11.2</td>
              <td align="center">66.3 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">69.1 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Any hypertension medication</td>
              <td align="center">31 (46.9)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (28.5)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">111.9 &#177; 60.5</td>
              <td align="center">100.3 &#177; 67.3</td>
              <td align="center">101.3 &#177; 54.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">111.5 &#177; 32.3</td>
              <td align="center">109.1 &#177; 34.2</td>
              <td align="center">112.4 &#177; 42.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">58.9 &#177; 18.4</td>
              <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 24.9</td>
              <td align="center">52.6 &#177; 12.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">192.8 &#177; 38.5</td>
              <td align="center">191.5 &#177; 38.8</td>
              <td align="center">185.2 &#177; 52.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Metabolic syndrome</td>
              <td align="center">21 (31.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (19.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (13.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiographic measurements</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">64.8 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">65.0 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">62.6 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">End-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic septal thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic inferolateral thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CMR measurements</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">65.2 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">61.6 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">69.0 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">70.7 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td align="center">70.6 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">End-diastolic volume (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">106.8 &#177; 24.4</td>
              <td align="center">110.6 &#177; 28.7</td>
              <td align="center">99.6 &#177; 22.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">End-systolic volume (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">33.8 &#177; 13.6</td>
              <td align="center">33.5 &#177; 14.2</td>
              <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass (g)</td>
              <td align="center">124.8 &#177; 34.4</td>
              <td align="center">132.5 &#177; 38.2</td>
              <td align="center">121.8 &#177; 26.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke volume (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">73.0 &#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">76.5 &#177; 18.0</td>
              <td align="center">73.1 &#177; 17.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; LV: left ventricular. Note:</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to compare proportions between diastolic severity grades.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Echocardiographic parameters showed increasing mean values in association with diastolic dysfunction severity (p &lt; 0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). However, A alone showed no statistically significant difference between groups. NE and DT obtained from derivative volume-curves by CMR showed trends toward diastolic dysfunction severity similar to those obtained by echocardiography (p &lt; 0.05). The E/A ratio by CMR was 1.10 &#177; 0.38 in the normal group, and was lower in the impaired group (1.01 &#177; 0.26) and higher in the reduced diastolic function group (1.33 &#177; 0.45, p = 0.03). All other variables showed no difference between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diastolic measurements by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Normal n = 66 (64.70%)</th>
              <th align="center">Type I n = 21 (20.60%)</th>
              <th align="center">Type II n = 15 (14.70%)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mitral inflow velocities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">74.53 &#177; 16.43</td>
              <td align="center">74.89 &#177; 20.76</td>
              <td align="center">87.68 &#177; 20.94</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">220.14 &#177; 45.19</td>
              <td align="center">247.95 &#177; 76.70</td>
              <td align="center">258.4 &#177; 77.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">77.66 &#177; 19.59</td>
              <td align="center">75.40 &#177; 19.55</td>
              <td align="center">77.18 &#177; 23.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.24</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Tissue Doppler velocities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Septal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">9.38 &#177; 1.69</td>
              <td align="center">8.33 &#177; 2.12</td>
              <td align="center">6.00 &#177; 1.26</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">8.20 &#177; 2.24</td>
              <td align="center">9.23 &#177; 2.22</td>
              <td align="center">15.37 &#177; 5.91</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lateral</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">e&#8217;(cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">11.61 &#177; 2.45</td>
              <td align="center">8.23 &#177; 1.68</td>
              <td align="center">6.97 &#177; 1.80</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">6.65 &#177; 1.82</td>
              <td align="center">9.37 &#177; 3.22</td>
              <td align="center">13.36 &#177; 5.21</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">10.47 &#177; 1.59</td>
              <td align="center">8.27 &#177; 1.45</td>
              <td align="center">6.48 &#177; 1.44</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">7.25 &#177; 1.78</td>
              <td align="center">9.12 &#177; 2.06</td>
              <td align="center">14.19 &#177; 5.40</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CMR</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Volume-curves</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E (mL/s)</td>
              <td align="center">189.30 &#177; 66.39</td>
              <td align="center">206.30 &#177; 62.58</td>
              <td align="center">213.60 &#177; 71.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NE (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.77 &#177; 0.46</td>
              <td align="center">1.89 &#177; 0.50</td>
              <td align="center">2.11 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">186.61 &#177; 43.94</td>
              <td align="center">211.08 &#177; 43.75</td>
              <td align="center">218.37 &#177; 42.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TPE (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">504.86 &#177; 82.41</td>
              <td align="center">493.46 &#177; 68.75</td>
              <td align="center">517.54 &#177; 37.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A (mL/s)</td>
              <td align="center">181.13 &#177; 72.08</td>
              <td align="center">211.09 &#177; 75.17</td>
              <td align="center">164.73 &#177; 43.96</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NA(s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.70 &#177; 0.53</td>
              <td align="center">1.98 &#177; 0.76</td>
              <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TPA (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">837.27 &#177; 193.40</td>
              <td align="center">861.57 &#177; 155.17</td>
              <td align="center">866.00 &#177; 115.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.26</td>
              <td align="center">1.33 &#177; 0.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DVR (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">535.32 &#177; 117.96</td>
              <td align="center">542.44 &#177; 122.45</td>
              <td align="center">516.08 &#177; 78.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Longitudinal relaxation rate</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Septal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">75.35 &#177; 24.49</td>
              <td align="center">66.49 &#177; 25.31</td>
              <td align="center">58.22 &#177; 24.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/E&#8217; (mL/mm)</td>
              <td align="center">2.64 &#177; 0.96</td>
              <td align="center">3.45 &#177; 1.60</td>
              <td align="center">4.65 &#177; 3.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.0002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lateral</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">82.36 &#177; 26.14</td>
              <td align="center">70.88 &#177; 28.45</td>
              <td align="center">61.06 &#177; 27.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/E&#8217; (mL/mm)</td>
              <td align="center">2.40 &#177; 0.83</td>
              <td align="center">3.32 &#177; 1.80</td>
              <td align="center">4.52 &#177; 3.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">78.86 &#177; 24.85</td>
              <td align="center">68.69 &#177; 26.26</td>
              <td align="center">59.64 &#177; 25.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/E&#8217; (mL/mm)</td>
              <td align="center">2.50 &#177; 0.87</td>
              <td align="center">3.33 &#177; 1.53</td>
              <td align="center">4.55 &#177; 3.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>E: early peak filling rate; DT: deceleration time; A: atrial peak filling rate; E/A:E/A ratio; e&#8217;: early diastolic myocardial relaxation velocity; E/e&#8217;: E/e&#8217; ratio; NE: normalized peak E filling rate; NA: normalized peak A filling rate; DVR: diastolic volume recovery; E&#8217;: early longitudinal relaxation rate; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance, TPE: time to peak E; TPA: time to peak A.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Tissue Doppler velocities by echocardiography assessed e' and the E/e' ratio. In all regions (septal and lateral mitral annulus), e' showed significantly decreased mean values in the normal diastolic function group (e' lateral = 11.6 &#177; 2.4 cm/s) and in the reduced diastolic function group (e' lateral = 6.9 &#177; 1.8 cm/s, p &lt; 0.05). Also, E/e' increased from the group with a normal diastolic function to the one with reduced diastolic function (6.65 &#177; 1.8 and 13.3 &#177; 5.2, respectively, p &lt; 0.0001). Compared with CMR, E' and E/E' showed similar trends toward worse diastolic function for both septal and lateral walls (p &lt; 0.05 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> highlights the associations between the diastolic function measured by echocardiography and CMR. E/A ratios on echocardiography were positively associated with E/A ratios on CMR (r = 0.71, p &lt; 0.0001). The 95% limits of agreement between the two methods were -0.45% to +0.62%. A small bias (0.081%) toward a higher E/A ratio by CMR was detected (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Associations between measures of diastolic function by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (n = 102)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Echocardiography</th>
              <th align="center">CMR</th>
              <th align="center">Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient (r)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mitral inflow velocities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Volume-curves</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">E (mL/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">NE (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">A (mL/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">NA (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Tissue Doppler</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Longitudinal relaxation rate</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Septal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Septal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">E/E&#8217; (mL/mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lateral</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Lateral</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">E/E&#8217; (mL/mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">E/E&#8217; (mL/mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; early peak filling rate; A: atrial peak filling rate; e&#8217;: early diastolic myocardial relaxation velocity; NE: normalized peak E filling rate; NA: normalized peak A filling rate; E/A: E/A ratio; E&#8217;: early longitudinal relaxation rate. Echocardiography corresponds to Doppler echocardiography.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results obtained using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) three-dimensional volume-curve and echocardiography Doppler mitral valve inflow. The ratio between the early peak filling (E) and atrial peak filling rate (A) using velocity (cm/s) by echocardiography and flow (mL/s) by CMR. (A) Linear regression and Pearson's correlation; (B) Bland-Altman analysis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0552-70063-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Values of e' by tissue Doppler and E' for the lateral mitral annulus displacement were positively correlated (r = 0.26, p = 0.007), as were E/e' by CMR and echocardiography (r = 0.24, p = 0.01). However, both septal measurements were not correlated (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Prediction of reduced diastolic function by cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the ROC curve analysis for reduced diastolic function for all CMR parameters. CMR-determined NE and DT were able to predict diastolic dysfunction (AUCs = 0.70 and 0.72, respectively). In addition, the lateral E/E' ratio appeared to be useful in the classification of diastolic dysfunction (AUC = 0.80) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prediction of reduced diastolic function by cardiac magnetic resonance (n = 81)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">CMR</th>
                <th align="center">Area under the ROC curve</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Volume-curves</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NE (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
                <td align="center">0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NA (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.48</td>
                <td align="center">0.92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVR (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
                <td align="center">0.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Longitudinal relaxation rate</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.67</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E&#8217; (mL/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
                <td align="center">0.0003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.0004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E&#8217; (mL/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.69</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E&#8217; (mL/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; E: early peak filling rate; NE: normalized peak E filling rate; DT: deceleration time; A: atrial peak filling rate; NA: normalized peak A filling rate; DVR: diastolic volume recovery; E/A: E/A ratio; E&#8217;: early longitudinal relaxation rate; E/E&#8217;: E/E&#8217; ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diastolic time periods and cardiac cycle duration</title>
        <p>No significant differences were detected in relative TPE and RTPA values obtained by CMR compared with those obtained by echocardiography (mean RTPA: 183.3 &#177; 47.32 ms <italic>versus</italic> 181.5 &#177; 27.45 ms, respectively, p = 0.90; mean TPE: 544.32 &#177; 145.62 ms <italic>versus</italic> 550.77 &#177; 196.19 ms, respectively, p = 0.91). The cardiac cycle duration (R-R interval) was also not significantly different by CMR <italic>versus</italic> echocardiography (mean 943.65 &#177; 135.11 ms <italic>versus</italic> 944.77 &#177; 135.42 ms, respectively, p = 0.95).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interobserver and intraobserver agreements</title>
        <p>Overall, echocardiography and CMR interobserver and intraobserver agreements were excellent (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). The mean ICC for measurements by echocardiography was excellent (0.89) and slightly higher than those obtained by CMR (0.86).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intraobserver and interobserver agreement (n = 20)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)</th>
                <th align="center">Bias</th>
                <th align="center">95% limits of agreement</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Echocardiography R1 <italic>versus</italic> R2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral inflow velocities</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
                <td align="center">-1.66</td>
                <td align="center">-11.70 to 8.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
                <td align="center">9.84</td>
                <td align="center">-38.67 to 58.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
                <td align="center">-1.12</td>
                <td align="center">-14.84 to 12.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tissue Doppler velocities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
                <td align="center">-1.84 to 2.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
                <td align="center">-0.37</td>
                <td align="center">-1.76 to 2.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Echocardiography R1 <italic>versus</italic> R1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mitral inflow velocities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
                <td align="center">-1.39</td>
                <td align="center">-9.22 to 6.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
                <td align="center">6.77</td>
                <td align="center">-62.40 to 75.96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.96</td>
                <td align="center">-0.22</td>
                <td align="center">-12.85 to 12.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tissue Doppler velocities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
                <td align="center">0.28</td>
                <td align="center">-1.78 to 2.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.92</td>
                <td align="center">-0.59</td>
                <td align="center">-2.06 to 0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CMR R1 <italic>versus</italic> R2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Volume-curves</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
                <td align="center">2.54</td>
                <td align="center">-79.77 to 84.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0.77</td>
                <td align="center">-21.52</td>
                <td align="center">-81.75 to 38.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
                <td align="center">22.89</td>
                <td align="center">-51.20 to 97.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Longitudinal relaxation rate</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
                <td align="center">-4.90</td>
                <td align="center">-32.59 to 22.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
                <td align="center">-5.48</td>
                <td align="center">-25.24 to 14.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CMR R1 <italic>versus</italic> R1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Volume-curves</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
                <td align="center">-1.36</td>
                <td align="center">-33.73 to 31.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
                <td align="center">12.93</td>
                <td align="center">-28.46 to 28.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.96</td>
                <td align="center">-15.51</td>
                <td align="center">-64.82 to 33.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Longitudinal relaxation rate</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">-2.93</td>
                <td align="center">-23.91 to 18.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E&#8217; (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">-4.11</td>
                <td align="center">-18.93 to 10.70</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Note: R1: reader 1 and R2: reader 2. E: early peak filling rate; DT: deceleration time; A: atrial peak filling rate; e&#8217;: early diastolic myocardial relaxation velocity; E&#8217;: early longitudinal relaxation rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of cine CMR for diastolic function assessment and compare values obtained with this method with those obtained with echocardiography. Using a relatively fast and reproducible method, CMR-derived parameters were shown to be comparable to those obtained by echocardiography, with good correlations. Importantly, this study demonstrated that CMR was capable of identifying diastolic dysfunction in most patients with diastolic dysfunction detected by echocardiography. This suggests a role for CMR in the assessment of LV diastolic function in the general population.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography has long been used to evaluate diastolic dysfunction. The combination of mitral inflow velocity curves and tissue Doppler velocities of the mitral annulus are known to provide better estimates of LV filling pressures than other methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Although routinely reported by echocardiography, diastolic function by CMR is usually not routinely assessed due to the requirement of additional phase contrast or tagged sequences, as well as separate post processing. Automated segmentation of LV volumes for all temporal phases holds the potential to rapidly assess diastolic filling patterns;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> however, this method alone only provides partial information regarding the diastolic physiology needed to differentiate all degrees of diastolic dysfunction severity.</p>
      <p>Recently, CMR software innovations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> have allowed the assessment of similar parameters using SSFP cine CMR with 3D post processing. HF with preserved ejection fraction is increasing in incidence and has a high clinical relevance,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> although a clear consensus for its diagnosis has yet to be established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> In this study, we decided to follow the ASE recommendations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> to delineate normal <italic>versus</italic> reduced diastolic function groups.</p>
      <p>CMR is considered a reference standard for ventricular systolic function, including the analysis of regional wall motion, mass, and volumes, and estimation of ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> The assessment of diastolic function by CMR is usually not routinely performed in our clinical practice. CMR diastolic assessment typically requires an increased scan time for image acquisition (<italic>e.g.</italic>, additional phase-contrast sequences), as well as a tedious imaging post-processing analysis. Automated segmentation of LV volumes for all temporal phases holds the potential to assess rapidly diastolic filling patterns;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> however, this method relies on a sequential cross-sectional analysis that only provides partial information regarding the diastolic physiology needed to differentiate all degrees of diastolic dysfunction severity.</p>
      <p>In our study, we were able to overcome several limitations of CMR diastolic function analysis using a new 3D method with an average analysis time of fewer than 20 minutes with no need to add more sequences in our routine protocol. In our experience, this analysis time is comparable to that obtained for full 3D volumetric assessment of systole alone. For CMR, it appears that E/E', NE, DT, and E/A were the most useful parameters obtained from time-volume curves. When the longitudinal shortening was measured, both septal and lateral measurements were able to categorize diastolic dysfunction. However, E' at the lateral wall was shown to be more reproducible and easily measured by CMR. By comparison, septal E' had lower reader reproducibility.</p>
      <p>This study had several limitations. Echocardiography was used as the reference standard, but reader variability and diastolic classification are known to be imperfect with this method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> The correlation between LV mitral valve inflow velocities and time-volume curves from CMR represents different physiological processes. The time-volume curves from CMR should not be adversely affected by mitral valve disease or angle of acquisition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In this study population, hemodynamic data were not available. In addition, our study population did not include subjects with restrictive cardiomyopathy. CMR time-volume curves represent the average of several cardiac cycles, whereas echocardiography shows peak values for each cardiac cycle. Finally, although a good correlation of echocardiographic and CMR data appears to be present, outcome data is still needed to validate further the CMR approach.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The 3D CMR method was relatively fast, reproducible, and successfully applied to routine SSFP cine CMR data. CMR was able to identify most patients with reduced diastolic function identified by echocardiography. This suggests a role for CMR in the assessment of LV diastolic function in the general population and in patients with mild and moderate diastolic dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was supported by a National Institutes of Health (NIH) intramural research program, a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant (RO1-HL66075-01), and by the MESA study contracts NO1-HC-9808, NO1-HC-95168, and NO1-HC-95169.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Post Doctoral submitted by Marcelo Souto Nacif, from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and National Institutes of Health Clinical Center.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledge</title>
      <p>The authors thank the other investigators, the staff, and the participants of the MESA study for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating MESA investigators and institutions can be found at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org">http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org</ext-link>.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Volum&#233;trica Tridimensional da Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica Por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca: <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis</italic> (MESA)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo S</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD, PhD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andre L. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD, PhD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Young</surname>
            <given-names>Alistair A</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>PhD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cowan</surname>
            <given-names>Brett R</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MbChB</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson C</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Eunice</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sibley</surname>
            <given-names>Christopher T</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hundley</surname>
            <given-names>W. Gregory</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Songtao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Joao AC</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bluemke</surname>
            <given-names>David A</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>MD, PhD</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Radiology and Imaging Sciences - National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Radiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Auckland MRI Research Group, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine and Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Molecular Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Souto Nacif</bold>, Av. S&#226;o Jo&#227;o 2400 apto 232B. CEP 12242-000, Jd. das Colinas, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>msnacif@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>msnacif@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Nacif MS, Young AA, Cowan BR, Lima JAC, Bluemke DA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Nacif MS, Almeida ALC, Young AA, Cowan BR, Armstrong AC, Yang E; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nacif MS, Almeida ALC, Young AA, Cowan BR, Armstrong AC, Yang E, Sibley CT, Hundley WG, Liu S, Lima JAC, Bluemke DA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nacif MS, Young AA, Cowan BR, Armstrong AC, Yang E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lima JAC, Bluemke DA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nacif MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nacif MS, Almeida ALC, Young AA, Cowan BR, Sibley CT, Hundley WG, Liu S, Lima JAC, Bluemke DA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca necessita de um m&#233;todo simples e robusto para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica que pode ser feito com sequ&#234;ncias protocolares de rotina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Desenvolver e validar a avalia&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica atrav&#233;s de um modelo tridimensional (3D) com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) e comparar os resultados obtidos com este modelo com os obtidos por ecocardiografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os participantes do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento e foram inclu&#237;dos se tivessem sido submetidos no mesmo dia tanto &#224; ecocardiografia quanto &#224; cine RMC com precess&#227;o livre no estado estacion&#225;rio (<italic>steady-state free precession</italic>, SSFP). Pontos-guia foram utilizados no anel mitral septal e lateral para definir a velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (E'), enquanto curvas de volume-tempo do modelo 3D foram utilizadas para avaliar os par&#226;metros de enchimento diast&#243;lico. Foram determinadas a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a RMC 3D e a ecocardiografia, al&#233;m da acur&#225;cia da RMC em classificar o grau de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ao todo, 102 sujeitos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A raz&#227;o E/A pela RMC esteve positivamente associada com a raz&#227;o E/A obtida pela ecocardiografia (r = 0,71, p &lt; 0,0001). Estiveram positivamente associadas a velocidade de relaxamento diast&#243;lico inicial ao Doppler tecidual e a velocidade de relaxamento longitudinal de deslocamento do anel mitral lateral (p = 0,007), bem como a raz&#227;o entre E/e' por Doppler e E/E' pela RMC (p = 0,01). A velocidade normalizada de pico de enchimento (EM) determinada pela RMC e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD) foram capazes de predizer a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (&#225;reas sob a curva [AUCs] = 0,70 e 0,72, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, a raz&#227;o E/E' lateral mostrou boa utilidade para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (AUC = 0,80). No geral, a ecocardiografia e a RMC apresentaram excelente concord&#226;ncia interobservador e intraobservador (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse 0,72 - 0,97).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Uma modelagem 3D de imagens padr&#245;es de cine RMC foi capaz de identificar os indiv&#237;duos do estudo com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduzida e mostrou uma boa reprodutibilidade, sugerindo ter potencial na avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por RMC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia e o custo do tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) nos Estados Unidos s&#227;o altos. Estimou-se que em 2008 esta condi&#231;&#227;o afetou 5,3 milh&#245;es de adultos e esteve associada a um gasto de 34,8 bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes foram descritos como tendo IC diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; um componente cada vez mais reconhecido de uma variedade de doen&#231;as do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e o seu reconhecimento &#233; necess&#225;rio para o manejo dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; atualmente utilizada como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Com imagens obtidas pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC), a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; avaliada com uso de sequ&#234;ncias de pulso especiais, tais como an&#225;lise de contraste de fase ou <italic>tagging</italic> de tecido mioc&#225;rdico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Estas avalia&#231;&#245;es requerem tempo adicional e um programa para aquisi&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise. Como resultado, a avalia&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pela RMC n&#227;o &#233; rotineiramente utilizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Portanto, a RMC requer um m&#233;todo simples e robusto para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, que possa ser realizado com sequ&#234;ncias rotineiras de protocolo.</p>
        <p>Um modelo tridimensional (3D) da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi desenvolvido para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com base em imagens de cine RMC com precess&#227;o livre no estado estacion&#225;rio (<italic>steady-state free precession</italic>, SSFP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Uma an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica baseada no modelo &#233; relativamente r&#225;pida (~15 minutos por exame de RMC) e permite a extra&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#245;es que variam de acordo com o tempo e que podem caracterizar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma an&#225;lise intraindividual para desenvolver e validar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica baseada em um modelo 3D atrav&#233;s da RMC e comparar os resultados obtidos com este modelo com os obtidos por ecocardiografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu participantes que foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia e RMC entre 2008 e 2009 como parte de um subestudo do <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> (MESA) no <italic>Johns Hopkins Hospital</italic>. Detalhes do estudo MESA foram descritos previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Resumidamente, 1096 participantes sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular clinicamente aparente e com idade entre 45-84 anos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo no campo do centro de Baltimore no momento basal entre 2000 e 2002. Um total de 149 participantes consecutivos foram convidados a participar do subestudo RMC-ecocardiografia. Os participantes foram exclu&#237;dos se n&#227;o tivessem sido submetidos a ambos os estudos no mesmo dia, se tivessem uma variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca maior que 15 batimentos por minuto entre ambos os estudos, calcifica&#231;&#227;o grave do anel mitral ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral, ou se as avalia&#231;&#245;es qualitativas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE) estivessem comprometidas devido a arritmias ou m&#225; qualidade da imagem obtida por qualquer uma das modalidades (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e todos os sujeitos entregaram um termo de consentimento para a participa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Abreviatura: RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0552-70063-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Sendo um resultado de um estudo de correla&#231;&#227;o entre ecocardiografia e RMC, nem todas as vari&#225;veis foram utilizadas na an&#225;lise. N&#243;s iremos descrever as vari&#225;veis que podem ser obtidas por meio de ecocardiografia e a avalia&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica com base no modelo 3D com uso da RMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Ecocardiogramas foram obtidos por especialistas em ultrassonografia de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os exames foram revisados <italic>offline</italic> por dois leitores. Os leitores 1 (A.L.C.A) e 2 (A.C.A.) possu&#237;am 20 e 5 anos de experi&#234;ncia, respectivamente, na leitura de ecocardiogramas. Ecocardiogramas bidimensionais (2D) foram obtidos a partir de um esc&#226;ner Aplio (<italic>Toshiba Medical Systems Corp</italic>., Tochigi, Jap&#227;o). As imagens foram adquiridas a partir de uma proje&#231;&#227;o apical quatro c&#226;maras do VE. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi feita com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagens harm&#244;nicas no modo B com ajuste de frequ&#234;ncias do transdutor (1,7-3,5 MHz), frequ&#234;ncia de repeti&#231;&#227;o de pulso (40-80 <italic>frames</italic> por segundo), foco, largura do setor (t&#227;o estreita quanto poss&#237;vel), profundidade do setor (m&#237;nima) e ganho, a fim de otimizar a qualidade da imagem do mioc&#225;rdio. As imagens foram gravadas digitalmente, armazenadas em CDs e transferidas para um terminal de computador para p&#243;s-processamento.</p>
          <p><bold>Velocidades de influxo mitral:</bold> Todas as medidas realizadas por Doppler foram analisadas conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A partir de grava&#231;&#245;es transmitrais, foram realizadas as seguintes medidas: a) pico da velocidade de enchimento transmitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (pico da velocidade de enchimento inicial [E]), em cent&#237;metros por segundo; b) pico da velocidade de enchimento transmitral na fase de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial ao final da di&#225;stole (pico de velocidade de enchimento tardio [A]), em cent&#237;metros por segundo; c) tempo decorrido entre E e o ponto no qual a extrapola&#231;&#227;o da inclina&#231;&#227;o da desacelera&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da onda E cruza o zero basal (tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o [TD]), em milissegundos; d) tempo decorrido entre o pico sist&#243;lico at&#233; E (tempo at&#233; o pico E [TPE relativo]) em milissegundos; e) tempo decorrido entre o pico sist&#243;lico at&#233; A (tempo at&#233; o pico da onda A [TPA]), em milissegundos.</p>
          <p><bold>Medida da velocidade do anel mitral por Doppler tecidual:</bold> Imagens de Doppler tecidual puls&#225;til (DTP) foram obtidas nos cortes apicais para aquisi&#231;&#227;o das velocidades anulares mitrais de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A amostra de volume foi colocada no mioc&#225;rdio ventricular imediatamente adjacente ao anel mitral nas paredes septal e lateral. Com este m&#233;todo, foi acessada no presente estudo a velocidade de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (e'; cm/s) &#224; medida que o anel se afasta do &#225;pex.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Imagens de cine RMC foram adquiridas com um esc&#226;ner de 1,5 T (Avanto, Siemens, Malvern, PA, EUA) com aquisi&#231;&#227;o por SSFP 2D nas orienta&#231;&#245;es de eixos longo vertical, longo horizontal e curto com os seguintes par&#226;metros: TE 1,16 ms, TR 3,2 ms, &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o 60&#176;, largura de banda &#177;1220 kHz, campo de vis&#227;o (FOV) 36 cm, espessura de corte 8 mm, espessura entre os cortes 2 mm, matriz de aquisi&#231;&#227;o 205&#215;256, n&#250;mero de m&#233;dias = 1, n&#250;mero de cortes = 30. A m&#233;dia da resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal reconstru&#237;da (intervalo R-R/n&#250;mero de fases card&#237;acas) foi de 30,43 &#177; 5,44 ms.</p>
          <p>As imagens de RMC foram analisadas com uso de uma vers&#227;o de pesquisa do programa CIM 6.2, modificado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (<italic>Auckland MRI Research Group, University of Auckland</italic>, Nova Zel&#226;ndia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A an&#225;lise das imagens de RMC foi feita por dois leitores credenciados pelo <italic>Auckland MRI Research Group</italic>. Os leitores 1 (M.S.N.) e 2 (E.Y.) possu&#237;am 7 anos e 1 ano de experi&#234;ncia, respectivamente, na leitura de RMC.</p>
          <p><bold>Curva tempo-volume:</bold> Todas as medidas de tempo foram definidas semiautomaticamente com corre&#231;&#227;o manual com o observador utilizando um cursor na curva de tempo-velocidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). As seguintes medidas foram avaliadas: a) recupera&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico (RVD), definida como o tempo a partir do final da s&#237;stole (FS) at&#233; o momento no qual o volume preencheu 80% do volume sist&#243;lico (mseg); b) E (mL/seg), o primeiro valor m&#225;ximo da velocidade de enchimento detectado ap&#243;s o FS. O pico E tamb&#233;m foi dividido pelo volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF) para gerar a velocidade normalizada de pico de enchimento E (EN). Medidas adicionais inclu&#237;ram: c) tempo relativo do pico da velocidade de enchimento inicial (TRPE) (ms), o tempo de disparo ao pico E da fase FS; d) A (mL/seg), o segundo pico de enchimento ap&#243;s o FS. O pico A foi tamb&#233;m indexado pelo VDF para gerar a velocidade normalizada do pico A de enchimento (AN); e) tempo relativo do pico da velocidade de enchimento atrial (TRPA; mseg), o tempo de disparo ao pico A da fase FS; e f) DT (ms), ou tempo de retardo de E subtra&#237;do da onda E descendente intersectando a linha de base.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Imagens de exemplos de fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas diferentes com uso do programa CIM. A) Normal, B) comprometida e C) reduzida. As seguintes medidas foram avaliadas: final da s&#237;stole (FS), final da di&#225;stole (FD), pico da velocidade de enchimento inicial (E), pico da velocidade de enchimento tardio (A) e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD). Todas as medidas temporais foram definidas de modo semiautomaticamente com corre&#231;&#227;o manual com o observador utilizando um cursor na curva de tempo-velocidade.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0552-70063-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Pontos-guia na jun&#231;&#227;o da parede do VE com o anel mitral septal e na jun&#231;&#227;o da parede do VE com o anel mitral lateral no corte de quatro c&#226;maras foram utilizados para definir g) E' septal e h) E' lateral, respectivamente. A raz&#227;o entre E e E' foi tamb&#233;m calculada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Apresenta&#231;&#245;es tridimensionais dos ajustes do modelo ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco em um intervalo R-R de 870 ms (imagens externas) para avalia&#231;&#245;es de curvas-volume e curvas derivadas (mL/s). O movimento dos pontos-guia septais e laterais pode ser avaliado ao longo do tempo, calculando a dist&#226;ncia entre o ponto definido e o &#225;pice do modelo para a velocidade de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico longitudinal (mm/s). A superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica est&#225; sombreada em vermelho e desenhada com linhas verdes.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0552-70063-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Nota-se que as taxas de RMC s&#227;o expressas em volume (mL) por unidade de tempo, enquanto os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o expressos em dist&#226;ncia (cm) por unidade de tempo. No entanto, a E' obtida por RMC &#233; expressa como uma velocidade linear, semelhante ao seu correspondente ecocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica utilizou tr&#234;s par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos recomendados pelo ASE para este fim: (1) septal e' &lt; 8 cm/s, (2) lateral e' &lt; 10 cm/s e (3) raz&#227;o entre a m&#233;dia E e a m&#233;dia e' &#8805; 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Se todos os tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios estivessem presentes, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica era classificada como tipo II (reduzida). Se somente dois crit&#233;rios estivessem presentes ou um crit&#233;rio mais hipertrofia do VE, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica era classificada como tipo I (comprometida). A massa do VE foi avaliada pela ecocardiografia e dividida pela &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal para definir o &#237;ndice de massa do VE (IMVE). A hipertrofia do VE foi definida por um IMVE &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres, como recomendado pela ASE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os dados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e percentagem para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas foram testadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unifatorial com teste <italic>post hoc de</italic> Bonferroni. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para examinar as diferen&#231;as entre propor&#231;&#245;es. Como as vari&#225;veis apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear atrav&#233;s do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r), adotando-se a ecocardiografia como vari&#225;vel preditora e a RMC como vari&#225;vel dependente. Vari&#225;veis com unidades semelhantes foram comparadas com Bland-Altman. No entanto, em muitos casos os substitutos da RMC para os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estavam representados em unidades diferentes, portanto a an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman era inadequada.</p>
          <p>An&#225;lise de curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>, ROC) foi utilizada para identificar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da RMC para predizer a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Isto foi realizado com uso do grupo com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduzida &#224; ecocardiografia como um marcador substituto de "verdadeiro positivo" para a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo normal como o "verdadeiro negativo" (AUC &#8805; 0,5 a &lt; 0,7 = ajuste pobre, AUC &#8805; 0,7 a &lt; 0,9 = bom ajuste e AUC &#8805; 0,9 a 1,0 = excelente ajuste).</p>
          <p>Concord&#226;ncias intraobservador e interobservador foram acessadas com uso do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) com um modelo aleat&#243;rio de duas vias (CCI &lt; 0,40 = concord&#226;ncia pobre, CCI &#8805; 0,40 a 0,75 = boa concord&#226;ncia, CCI &gt; 0,75 = excelente concord&#226;ncia).</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa Stata, vers&#227;o 12.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, EUA). Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Ao todo, 102 participantes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). &#192; ecocardiografia, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi classificada como normal em 66 (64,7%) pacientes, comprometida em 21 (20,6%) e reduzida em 15 (14,7%). A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da an&#225;lise pela RMC (fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica) foi de 18,3 &#177; 4,5 minutos. Nota-se que a an&#225;lise da RMC tamb&#233;m oferece par&#226;metros como volume e massa do VE, uma vez que a an&#225;lise &#233; realizada ao longo de todo o ciclo card&#237;aco. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica (somente a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica) foi de 4,6 &#177; 0,6 minutos (p &lt; 0,0001 em compara&#231;&#227;o com a an&#225;lise pela RMC). A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduzida foi mais frequente em participantes diab&#233;ticos e hipertensos. As vari&#225;veis principais como a idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), massa do VE, VDF e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o mostraram varia&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os grupos. As caracter&#237;sticas dos sujeitos e os dados cl&#237;nicos relacionados com suas fun&#231;&#245;es VE est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o por graus de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Normal n = 66 (64,70%)</th>
                <th align="center">Tipo I n = 21 (20,60%)</th>
                <th align="center">Tipo II n = 15 (14,70%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">66,8 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">65,5 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">64,4 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">45 a 64 anos</td>
                <td align="center">24 (36,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (52,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (46,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">65 a 84 anos</td>
                <td align="center">42 (63,6)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (47,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (53,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca, Caucasiana</td>
                <td align="center">41 (62,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (55,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra, Afro-Americanos</td>
                <td align="center">25 (38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">77,5 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">80,3 &#177; 19,4</td>
                <td align="center">80,3 &#177; 22,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">168,0 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">166,0 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">166,1 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">29,1 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASC</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca</td>
                <td align="center">27 (40,9)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (42,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anterior</td>
                <td align="center">33 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (46,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atual</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">121,8 &#177; 18,7</td>
                <td align="center">119,8 &#177; 14,6</td>
                <td align="center">121,3 &#177; 25,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">71,2 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">66,3 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">69,1 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o para hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">31 (46,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">111,9 &#177; 60,5</td>
                <td align="center">100,3 &#177; 67,3</td>
                <td align="center">101,3 &#177; 54,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">111,5 &#177; 32,3</td>
                <td align="center">109,1 &#177; 34,2</td>
                <td align="center">112,4 &#177; 42,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 18,4</td>
                <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 24,9</td>
                <td align="center">52,6 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">192,8 &#177; 38,5</td>
                <td align="center">191,5 &#177; 38,8</td>
                <td align="center">185,2 &#177; 52,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">21 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos/min)</td>
                <td align="center">64,8 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">65,0 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">62,6 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura diast&#243;lica septal (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura diast&#243;lica inferolateral (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medidas por RMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos/min)</td>
                <td align="center">65,2 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,6 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">69,0 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">70,7 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,6 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">106,8 &#177; 24,4</td>
                <td align="center">110,6 &#177; 28,7</td>
                <td align="center">99,6 &#177; 22,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico final (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">33,8 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">33,5 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa do VE (g)</td>
                <td align="center">124,8 &#177; 34,4</td>
                <td align="center">132,5 &#177; 38,2</td>
                <td align="center">121,8 &#177; 26,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico de eje&#231;&#227;o (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">73,0 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">76,5 &#177; 18,0</td>
                <td align="center">73,1 &#177; 17,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Nota:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es entre os graus de gravidade diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mostraram aumento dos valores m&#233;dios em associa&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (p &lt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). No entanto, somente A n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. O EN e o TD obtidos a partir de curvas-volume derivadas pela RMC mostraram tend&#234;ncias para a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica semelhante &#224;s obtidas pela ecocardiografia (p &lt; 0,05). A raz&#227;o E/A pela RMC foi de 1,10 &#177; 0,38 no grupo normal e foi menor no grupo com comprometimento (1,01 &#177; 0,26) e maior no grupo com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduzida (1,33 &#177; 0,45, p = 0,03). Todas as outras vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas diast&#243;licas pela ecocardiografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Normal n = 66 (64,70%)</th>
                <th align="center">Tipo I n = 21 (20,60%)</th>
                <th align="center">Tipo II n = 15 (14,70%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Velocidades do fluxo transvalvar mitral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">74,53 &#177; 16,43</td>
                <td align="center">74,89 &#177; 20,76</td>
                <td align="center">87,68 &#177; 20,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">220,14 &#177; 45,19</td>
                <td align="center">247,95 &#177; 76,70</td>
                <td align="center">258,4 &#177; 77,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">77,66 &#177; 19,59</td>
                <td align="center">75,40 &#177; 19,55</td>
                <td align="center">77,18 &#177; 23,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Velocidades ao Doppler tecidual</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">9,38 &#177; 1,69</td>
                <td align="center">8,33 &#177; 2,12</td>
                <td align="center">6,00 &#177; 1,26</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">8,20 &#177; 2,24</td>
                <td align="center">9,23 &#177; 2,22</td>
                <td align="center">15,37 &#177; 5,91</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">11,61 &#177; 2,45</td>
                <td align="center">8,23 &#177; 1,68</td>
                <td align="center">6,97 &#177; 1,80</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">6,65 &#177; 1,82</td>
                <td align="center">9,37 &#177; 3,22</td>
                <td align="center">13,36 &#177; 5,21</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">10,47 &#177; 1,59</td>
                <td align="center">8,27 &#177; 1,45</td>
                <td align="center">6,48 &#177; 1,44</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">7,25 &#177; 1,78</td>
                <td align="center">9,12 &#177; 2,06</td>
                <td align="center">14,19 &#177; 5,40</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>RMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Curvas-volume</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">189,30 &#177; 66,39</td>
                <td align="center">206,30 &#177; 62,58</td>
                <td align="center">213,60 &#177; 71,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EN (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,77 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td align="center">1,89 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td align="center">2,11 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">186,61 &#177; 43,94</td>
                <td align="center">211,08 &#177; 43,75</td>
                <td align="center">218,37 &#177; 42,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TPE (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">504,86 &#177; 82,41</td>
                <td align="center">493,46 &#177; 68,75</td>
                <td align="center">517,54 &#177; 37,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">181,13 &#177; 72,08</td>
                <td align="center">211,09 &#177; 75,17</td>
                <td align="center">164,73 &#177; 43,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AN(s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 &#177; 0,53</td>
                <td align="center">1,98 &#177; 0,76</td>
                <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TPA (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">837,27 &#177; 193,40</td>
                <td align="center">861,57 &#177; 155,17</td>
                <td align="center">866,00 &#177; 115,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">535,32 &#177; 117,96</td>
                <td align="center">542,44 &#177; 122,45</td>
                <td align="center">516,08 &#177; 78,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">75,35 &#177; 24,49</td>
                <td align="center">66,49 &#177; 25,31</td>
                <td align="center">58,22 &#177; 24,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E' (mL/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,64 &#177; 0,96</td>
                <td align="center">3,45 &#177; 1,60</td>
                <td align="center">4,65 &#177; 3,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,0002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">82,36 &#177; 26,14</td>
                <td align="center">70,88 &#177; 28,45</td>
                <td align="center">61,06 &#177; 27,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E' (mL/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,40 &#177; 0,83</td>
                <td align="center">3,32 &#177; 1,80</td>
                <td align="center">4,52 &#177; 3,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">78,86 &#177; 24,85</td>
                <td align="center">68,69 &#177; 26,26</td>
                <td align="center">59,64 &#177; 25,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E' (mL/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,50 &#177; 0,87</td>
                <td align="center">3,33 &#177; 1,53</td>
                <td align="center">4,55 &#177; 3,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>E: pico da velocidade de enchimento inicial; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; A: pico da velocidade de enchimento tardio; E/A: raz&#227;o E/A; e&#8217;: velocidade de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; E/e&#8217;: raz&#227;o E/e&#8217;; EM: velocidade normalizada de pico E de enchimento; NA: velocidade normalizada de pico A de enchimento; RVD: recupera&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico; E&#8217;: velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, TPE: tempo at&#233; o pico E; TPA: tempo at&#233; o pico da onda A.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Velocidades do Doppler tecidual &#224; ecocardiografia avaliaram e' e a raz&#227;o E/e'. Em todas as regi&#245;es (septal e lateral do anel mitral), e' mostrou valores m&#233;dios significativamente mais baixos no grupo com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal (e' lateral = 11,6 &#177; 2,4 cm/s) e no grupo com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduzida (e' lateral = 6,9 &#177; 1,8 cm/s, p &lt; 0,05). Al&#233;m disto, E/e' aumentou a partir do grupo com fun&#231;&#227;o normal para o grupo com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduzida (6,65 &#177; 1,8 e 13,3 &#177; 5,2, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,0001). Em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; RMC, as velocidades de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (E') e E/E' mostraram tend&#234;ncias semelhantes a uma pior fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tanto para a parede septal quanto para a lateral (p &lt; 0,05 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> destaca as associa&#231;&#245;es entre a medida da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por ecocardiografia e RMC. A raz&#227;o E/A &#224; ecocardiografia correlacionou positivamente com a raz&#227;o E/A &#224; RMC (r = 0,71, p &lt; 0,0001). Os limites de concord&#226;ncia de 95% entre os dois m&#233;todos foram de -0,45% a +0,62%. Um pequeno vi&#233;s (0,081%) em dire&#231;&#227;o a uma maior raz&#227;o E/A foi detectado pela RMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es entre medidas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por ecocardiografia e por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (n = 102)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Ecocardiografia</th>
                <th align="center">RMC</th>
                <th align="center">Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Velocidades do fluxo transvalvar mitral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Curvas-volume</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">E (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">EN (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">A (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">AN (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Doppler tecidual</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">E' (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">E/E' (mL/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">E' (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">E/E' (mL/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">E' (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">E/E' (mL/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; E: pico da velocidade de enchimento inicial; A: pico da velocidade de enchimento tardio; E/A: raz&#227;o E/A; e&#8217;: velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; EM: velocidade normalizada de pico E de enchimento; NA: velocidade normalizada de pico A de enchimento; E/A: raz&#227;o E/A; E&#8217;: velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole. Ecocardiografia corresponde ecocardiografia Doppler.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados obtidos com resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) tridimensional, curva de volume e ecocardiografia Doppler do fluxo da valva mitral. A raz&#227;o entre o pico da velocidade de enchimento inicial (E) e o pico da velocidade de enchimento tardio (A) com utiliza&#231;&#227;o da velocidade (cm/s) pela ecocardiografia e fluxo (mL/s) pela RMC. (A) Regress&#227;o linear e correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson; (b) an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0552-70063-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Valores de e' pelo Doppler tecidual e E' para o deslocamento do anel mitral lateral estiveram positivamente correlacionados (r = 0,26, p = 0,007), assim como E/e' pela RMC e ecocardiografia (r = 0,24, p = 0,01). No entanto, ambas as medidas septais n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Predi&#231;&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por meio de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise da curva ROC para a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduzida para todos os par&#226;metros da RMC. O EN e o TD determinados pela RMC foram capazes de predizer a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (AUCs = 0,70 e 0,72, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, a raz&#227;o E/E' lateral pareceu &#250;til na classifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (AUC = 0,80) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Predi&#231;&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (n = 81)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">RMC</th>
                  <th align="center">&#193;rea sob a curva ROC</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Curvas-volume</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E (mL/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EN (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A (mL/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AN (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RVD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Septal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/E' (mL/mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Lateral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/E' (mL/mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/E' (mL/mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; E: pico da velocidade de enchimento inicial; EM: velocidade normalizada de pico E de enchimento; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; A: pico da velocidade de enchimento tardio; NA: velocidade normalizada de pico A de enchimento; RVD: recupera&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico; E/A: raz&#227;o E/A; E&#8217;: velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; E/E&#8217;: raz&#227;o E/E&#8217;.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Per&#237;odo do tempo diast&#243;lico e dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores relativos de TPE e TRPA obtidos pela RMC em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles obtidos por ecocardiografia (m&#233;dia TRPA: 183,3 &#177; 47,32 ms <italic>versus</italic> 181,5 &#177; 27,45 ms, respectivamente, p = 0,90; m&#233;dia de TPE: 544,32 &#177; 145,62 ms <italic>versus</italic> 550,77 &#177; 196,19 ms, respectivamente, p = 0,91). A dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco (intervalo R-R) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente pela RMC <italic>versus</italic> ecocardiografia (m&#233;dia 943,65 &#177; 135,11 ms <italic>versus</italic> 944,77 &#177; 135,42 ms, respectivamente, p = 0,95).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Concord&#226;ncias interobservador e intraobservador</title>
          <p>Em geral, as concord&#226;ncias interobservador e intraobservador para a ecocardiografia e a RMC foram excelentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). A m&#233;dia do CCI para as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi excelente (0,89) e ligeiramente mais elevada do que as obtidas por RMC (0,86).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador (n = 20)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Coeficiente de Correla&#231;&#227;o Intraclasse (CCI)</th>
                  <th align="center">Vi&#233;s</th>
                  <th align="center">Limites de concord&#226;ncia de 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Ecocardiografia L1 <italic>versus</italic> L2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Velocidades do fluxo transvalvar mitral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,66</td>
                  <td align="center">-11,70 a 8,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">9,84</td>
                  <td align="center">-38,67 a 58,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">-14,84 a 12,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Velocidades ao Doppler tecidual</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Septal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,84 a 2,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Lateral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,76 a 2,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Ecocardiografia L1 <italic>versus</italic> L1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Velocidades do fluxo transvalvar mitral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">-9,22 a 6,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">6,77</td>
                  <td align="center">-62,40 a 75,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,85 a 12,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Velocidades ao Doppler tecidual</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Septal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,78 a 2,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Lateral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,06 a 0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>RMC L1 <italic>versus</italic> L2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Curvas-volume</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E (mL/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">2,54</td>
                  <td align="center">-79,77 a 84,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">-21,52</td>
                  <td align="center">-81,75 a 38,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A (mL/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">22,89</td>
                  <td align="center">-51,20 a 97,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Septal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,90</td>
                  <td align="center">-32,59 a 22,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Lateral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,48</td>
                  <td align="center">-25,24 a 14,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>RMC L1 <italic>versus</italic> L1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Curvas-volume</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E (mL/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">-33,73 a 31,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">12,93</td>
                  <td align="center">-28,46 a 28,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A (mL/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">-15,51</td>
                  <td align="center">-64,82 a 33,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Septal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,93</td>
                  <td align="center">-23,91 a 18,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Lateral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' (mm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,11</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,93 a 10,70</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>Nota: L1: leitor 1 e L2: leitor 2. E: pico da velocidade de enchimento inicial; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; A: pico da velocidade de enchimento tardio; e&#8217;: velocidade de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; E&#8217;: velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o papel da cine RMC na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e comparar valores obtidos com este m&#233;todo com os obtidos por ecocardiografia. Utilizando um m&#233;todo relativamente r&#225;pido e reprodut&#237;vel, par&#226;metros derivados da RMC se mostraram compar&#225;veis aos obtidos pela ecocardiografia, com boas correla&#231;&#245;es. &#201; importante destacar que este estudo demonstrou que a RMC foi capaz de identificar a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na maioria dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica detectada por ecocardiografia. Isso sugere que a RMC tem um papel na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia tem sido utilizada para avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A combina&#231;&#227;o de curvas de velocidade de influxo transvalvar mitral e as velocidades do anel mitral por Doppler tecidual s&#227;o conhecidas por fornecer melhores estimativas de press&#245;es de enchimento do VE do que outros m&#233;todos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Embora relatada rotineiramente pela ecocardiografia, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pela RMC geralmente n&#227;o &#233; avaliada rotineiramente devido ao requisito adicional de contraste de fase ou sequ&#234;ncias com marcadores, bem como p&#243;s-processamento separado. A segmenta&#231;&#227;o automatizada de volumes do VE para todas as fases temporais tem potencial de avaliar rapidamente os padr&#245;es de enchimento diast&#243;lico;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> no entanto, este m&#233;todo sozinho fornece apenas informa&#231;&#245;es parciais sobre a fisiologia diast&#243;lica necess&#225;ria para diferenciar todos os graus de gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, inova&#231;&#245;es de programas de <italic>software</italic> para a RMC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> t&#234;m permitido a avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros semelhantes com uso da RMC SSFP com p&#243;s-processamento por cine 3D. A IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada vem aumentando em incid&#234;ncia e tem alta relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> embora um consenso claro para seu diagn&#243;stico ainda n&#227;o tenha sido estabelecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> No presente estudo, n&#243;s decidimos seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> para delinear grupos com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal <italic>versus</italic> reduzida.</p>
        <p>A RMC &#233; considerada um padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular, incluindo a an&#225;lise de movimento regional de parede, massa e volumes, e estimativa da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pela RMC geralmente n&#227;o &#233; realizada de rotina em nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A avalia&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pela RMC normalmente exige um tempo maior de varredura para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens (por exemplo, sequ&#234;ncias adicionais de contraste de fase), bem como uma an&#225;lise demorada das imagens p&#243;s-processamento. A automatiza&#231;&#227;o segmentar de volumes do VE para todas as fases temporais tem potencial para avaliar rapidamente os padr&#245;es de enchimento diast&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> No entanto, este m&#233;todo depende de uma an&#225;lise transversal sequencial que fornece apenas informa&#231;&#245;es parciais a respeito da fisiologia diast&#243;lica necess&#225;ria para diferenciar todos os graus de gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, fomos capazes de superar v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es da an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pela RMC utilizando um novo m&#233;todo 3D com uma m&#233;dia de tempo de an&#225;lise de menos de 20 minutos e sem a necessidade de adicionar mais sequ&#234;ncias em nosso protocolo de rotina. Em nossa experi&#234;ncia, este tempo de an&#225;lise &#233; compar&#225;vel ao obtido para a avalia&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica completa 3D da s&#237;stole apenas. Para a RMC, a E/E', EN, TD e E/A parecem ter sido os par&#226;metros mais &#250;teis obtidos a partir de curvas de volume-tempo. Quando o encurtamento longitudinal foi medido, tanto a medida septal quanto lateral foram capazes de categorizar a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. No entanto, E' na parede lateral se mostrou mais reprodut&#237;vel e facilmente medida pela RMC. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, E' septal teve menor reprodutibilidade pelo leitor.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. A ecocardiografia foi utilizada como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, mas a variabilidade do leitor e a classifica&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica s&#227;o conhecidamente imperfeitas com este m&#233;todo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades do fluxo transvalvar mitral do VE e as curvas de tempo-volume pela RMC representa diferentes processos fisiol&#243;gicos. As curvas de tempo-volume obtidas pela RMC n&#227;o devem ser negativamente afetadas pela doen&#231;a da valva mitral ou &#226;ngulo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Na popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, os dados hemodin&#226;micos n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis. Al&#233;m disso, a popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo n&#227;o incluiu indiv&#237;duos com cardiomiopatia restritiva. As curvas de tempo-volume representam a m&#233;dia de v&#225;rios ciclos card&#237;acos, considerando que a ecocardiografia mostra valores de pico para cada ciclo card&#237;aco. Finalmente, apesar de uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de RMC terem aparentemente estado presentes, dados de desfecho ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar adicionalmente a abordagem por RMC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O m&#233;todo de RMC 3D foi relativamente r&#225;pido, reprodut&#237;vel e aplicado com sucesso a dados rotineiros de cine RMC SSFP. A RMC foi capaz de identificar a maioria dos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduzida identificados pela ecocardiografia. Isto sugere um papel para a RMC na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve e moderada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi apoiado por um programa de investiga&#231;&#227;o intramural do <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> (NIH), por uma bolsa do <italic>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</italic> (RO1-HL66075-01) e os contratos do estudo MESA NO1-HC-9808, NO1-HC-95168 e NO1-HC-95169.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-Doutorado de Marcelo Souto Nacif pelo Johns Hopkins School of Medicine e National Institutes of Health Clinical Center.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem os demais pesquisadores, a equipe e os participantes do estudo MESA pelas suas valiosas contribui&#231;&#245;es. Uma lista completa de investigadores e institui&#231;&#245;es participantes do MESA pode ser encontrada em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org">http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org</ext-link>.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
