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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hHFFPJPbMQqPH8Kp45FXj6B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000600539</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005008104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170065</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Exercising</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Effect of Physical Resistance Training on Baroreflex Sensitivity of Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mois&#233;s Felipe Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Eiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth de Orleans C. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mois&#233;s Felipe Pereira Gomes</bold>, Av. Ana Costa, 95. Postal Code 11060-001, Vl. Mathias, Santos, SP - Brazil. Email: <email>moisesunifesp@gmail.com</email>, <email>moisesippg@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Borges ME, Medeiros A; Acquisition of data: Borges ME, Rossi VA, Moura EOC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gomes MFP; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Gomes MFP; Obtaining funding: Medeiros A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gomes MFP, Medeiros A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>The authors also contributed to the article.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>539</fpage>
      <lpage>545</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Baroreceptors act as regulators of blood pressure (BP); however, its sensitivity is impaired in hypertensive patients. Among the recommendations for BP reduction, exercise training has become an important adjuvant therapy in this population. However, there are many doubts about the effects of resistance exercise training in this population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effect of resistance exercise training on BP and baroreceptor sensitivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Rats SHR (n = 16) and Wistar (n = 16) at 8 weeks of age, at the beginning of the experiment, were randomly divided into 4 groups: sedentary control (CS, n = 8); trained control (CT, n = 8); sedentary SHR (HS, n = 8) and trained SHR (HT, n = 8). Resistance exercise training was performed in a stairmaster-type equipment (1.1 &#215; 0.18 m, 2 cm between the steps, 80&#176; incline) with weights attached to their tails, (5 days/week, 8 weeks). Baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate (HR) was tested by loading/unloading of baroreceptors with phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Resistance exercise training increased the soleus muscle mass in SHR when compared to HS (HS 0.027 &#177; 0.002 g/mm and HT 0.056 &#177; 0.003 g/mm). Resistance exercise training did not alter BP. On the other hand, in relation to baroreflex sensitivity, bradycardic response was improved in the TH group when compared to HS (HS -1.3 &#177; 0.1 bpm/mmHg and HT -2.6 &#177; 0.2 bpm/mmHg) although tachycardia response was not altered by resistance exercise (CS -3.3 &#177; 0.2 bpm/mmHg, CT -3.3 &#177; 0.1 bpm/mmHg, HS -1.47 &#177; 0.06 bpm/mmHg and HT -1.6 &#177; 0.1 bpm/mmHg).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Resistance exercise training was able to promote improvements on baroreflex sensitivity of SHR rats, through the improvement of bradycardic response, despite not having reduced BP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Baroreflex</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscle Hypertrophy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization, hypertension is a major risk factor related to death and disability worldwide, affecting billions of people and killing about 9.4 million individuals every year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In Brazil, about 31 million people are hypertensive, disease responsible for 1,683 in-hospital deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hypertension occurs when the body loses the ability to maintain homeostasis of blood pressure (BP). The human body has many different mechanisms for BP control, among them: central nervous system ischemic response, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the baroreflex system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The baroreflex system consists in receptors located in the carotid arteries and aorta, which are sensitive to BP changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> When there is an elevation in BP, baroreceptors send a signal to the nucleus of the solitary tract, which, in turn, excites the caudal ventrolateral medulla, inhibiting the premotor neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla, thus decreasing the cardiac contractility and consequently the BP. However, when there is a decrease in BP, baroreceptors increase sympathetic activity by decreasing the transmission of inhibitory signals to the pressure-regulating center. But, when BP is continuously high, an adaptive response of these receptors occurs, which shifts the normal BP threshold upward, making this regulatory system ineffective to deal with abnormal pressures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In order to reduce BP levels and health problems, the main guidelines advocate lifestyle changes, through nutritional education and physical activity as recommendations to everyone, while drug therapy should be used only by patients diagnosed with hypertension or with borderline hypertension with high global cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that aerobic exercise training of mild or moderate intensity is effective in reducing BP by improving baroreflex control of HR significantly in hypertensive rats, as well as controlling risk factors associated with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Although there is no consensus in the literature on the effects of resistance training on BP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> practicing this type of training can be beneficial to hypertensive patients, especially elderly people, since muscle strength decreases with age, thus decreasing the quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance exercise training on BP and the sensitivity of baroreceptor in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Reagents</title>
        <p>Epinephrine (Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA), sodium nitroprusside (Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA) and potassium chloride (Synth).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>SHR (n = 16) and Wistar rats (n = 16) were obtained from the CEDEME (Center for the Development of Experimental Models for Biology and Medicine) at the University UNIFESP. All rats were male and 8 weeks of age at the beginning of the experiment. Cages held four animals each, and the animals were fed with a standard diet for laboratory rodents (Nuvilab) and water <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Room temperature was kept between 22-23&#176;C and a light/dark cycle of 12:12 hours was adopted, with the light period beginning at 8:00 a.m. All experiments were carried out in accordance with National Research Council's Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were conducted after approval by the Ethics and Research Committee of the UNIFESP (CEP #0233/12). The animals were randomly divided into four groups, as follows: sedentary control (CS, n = 8); trained control (CT, n = 8); sedentary SHR (HS, n = 8) and trained SHR (HT, n = 8).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Murinometrics and evaluated vital signs</title>
        <p>The body mass in all groups was evaluated in semi-analytical balance (Gehaka), in the last day of experimental protocol, before the animals were anesthetized for euthanasia. The BP was evaluated by tail plethysmography (1day/week, during 8 weeks) using a specific system for rats (Visitech Systems: BP-2000 - Series II - Blood Pressure Analysis System) on days that the rats were not subjected to training session.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Training protocol</title>
        <p>After adaptation, all animals were habituated to the act of climbing steps for 5 consecutive days before the maximal load test. The test consisted of an initial load of 75% of the body mass, which was attached to the base of the tail. The load was progressively increased by 50 g increments in subsequent climbs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The resistance exercise training was then performed using the normalized value of the individual maximal load (load of the last complete climb/body weight) for each rat, and was adjusted in the fourth week according to the new test maximal load. Resistance exercise was performed 5 days/week, during 8 weeks at moderate intensity (40-60% of maximal load). The rats performed 15 climbs per session with a 1-min interval between climbs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Baroreflex sensitivity</title>
        <p>48 hours after the last exercise session, the animals were anesthetized with xylazine (20 mg/kg, ip) and ketamine (40 mg/kg, ip) and catheters made of polyethylene tubing PE-10 and PE-50 (Clay Adams, Parsipanny, NJ, USA) were introduced into carotid artery and vein. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were registered online, 48 hours after the last training session, through an analog-digital plate PowerLab (ADInstruments, Australia). The baroreflex control of HR was evaluated by bradycardia responses (vagal component) compared to a pressor and tachycardia stimulation (sympathetic component) after a depressant stimulus. This was accomplished by the administration of bolus doses of epinephrine (3, 5 and 10 &#181;g - ev) and depressor dose of sodium nitroprusside (5, 15 and 20 &#181;g - ev), respectively, with 10-minute interval between doses.</p>
        <p>Cardiac baroreflex gain was determined by the ratio of the &#916;HR/&#916;MAP induced by vasoactive drugs, and thus expressed as heart beats per millimeter of mercury (bpm/mmHg).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Euthanasia</title>
        <p>The animals were deeply anesthetized with urethane (1.7 g/kg - ev) followed by administration of 5% KCl (ev). The soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were removed for weighing the masses and had their values corrected by tibial length.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed in GraphPad Prism 5.0. The distribution of the data obtained in this study was verified by Shapiro-Wilk test. The data showed Gaussian distribution and were presented as mean &#177; standard error of the mean and compared using analysis of variance. MAP, body mass, muscle mass and HR were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by post-hoc Tukey's tests. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the maximum load tests were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni's tests. In all analyses, statistical significance was established when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Murinometrics and evaluated vital signs</title>
        <p>At the end of the experimental protocol, hypertensive animals (HS and HT) showed a decrease in body weight compared to the control groups (CS and CT). However, there was no significant change between HS and HT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Body mass in grams (g) in sedentary control (CS), trained control (CT), sedentary SHR (HS) and trained SHR (HT) after 8 weeks of either sedentary or resistance exercise training protocol. * p &lt; 0.05 vs. CS; # p &lt; 0.05 vs. CT.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>At the end of the eighth week of exercise training protocol, it was possible observe the significant increase in the maximum strength in all groups. In addition, we could see that tolerance to weight at the end of the experimental protocol was lower in the HS group in comparison to other groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Maximum load test in grams (g) in sedentary control (CS), trained control (CT), sedentary SHR (HS) and trained SHR (HT) pre and post 8 weeks of either sedentary or resistance exercise training protocol. &amp; p &lt; 0.05 vs. same group at pre moment; * p &lt; 0.05 vs. all groups at post moment.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The mass of the soleus muscle in the HS group (0.027 &#177; 0.002 g/mm) was lower compared to the CS group (0.046 &#177; 0.005 g/mm, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>). Although the exercise has promoted increased muscle mass in the trained groups, only the HT group showed significant increase in relation to its control (0.056 &#177; 0.003 g/mm HT). Regarding the EDL muscle, there were no significant differences between groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Muscle mass in grams corrected by tibia length (g/mm) in sedentary control (CS), trained control (CT), sedentary SHR (HS) and trained SHR (HT) after 8 weeks of either sedentary or resistance exercise training protocol. A) Soleus mass; B) Extensor digitorum longus mass. * p &lt; 0.05 vs. CS; # p &lt; 0.05 vs HS.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows the indirect measurements SBP and DBP over the eight weeks of the experimental protocol, and demonstrate the MAP and HR of the animals directly at the end of the protocol. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref> demonstrates that the hypertensive groups (HS and HT) showed a significant increase in SBP from the fourth week compared to the CS group. Although the blood pressure of the CT group was higher compared to the CS in the third and fourth week, pressure levels showed no significant difference from the fifth week onwards. It was observed that the HT group showed significant reductions in SBP for two weeks (5th and 6th week), however, the decrease in SBP was not sustained.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Blood Pressure measurements in sedentary control (CS), trained control (CT), sedentary SHR (HS) and trained SHR (HT) during or after 8 weeks of either sedentary or resistance exercise training protocol. A) Systolic blood pressure in mmHg evaluated by tail plethysmography; B) Diastolic blood pressure in mmHg evaluated by tail plethysmography. (*) There was significant difference between the groups HS vs. CS (p &lt; 0.05); (#) There was significant difference between the groups CT vs. CS (p &lt; 0.05); (@) There was significant difference between the groups HT vs. CS (p &lt; 0.05); (&amp;) There was significant difference between the groups CT vs. HT (p &lt; 0.05). Significance based on two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post-hoc test.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>There were no significant differences in DBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4B</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5A</xref> shows that MAP of HS group (188 &#177; 14 mmHg) and HT group (174 &#177; 29 mmHg), assessed directly, showed significantly higher values in comparison to the CS group (106 &#177; 3 mmHg). Resistance exercise training had no effect on MAP in groups CT or HT. No significant differences were found in the HR evaluated directly in animals (CT = 336 &#177; 20 bpm, HS = 362 &#177; 17 bpm, CT = 328 &#177; 60 bpm and HT = 342 &#177; 27 bpm), (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean arterial pressure and heart rate evaluated directly after experimental protocol. A) Mean arterial pressure (*) p &lt; 0.05 vs. CS. (#) p &lt; 0.05 vs. CT. and B) Heart rate. Significance based on one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test. There was no significant difference.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Baroreflex sensitivity</title>
        <p>We found that exercise was not effective in promoting improved tachycardia sensitivity in hypertensive groups (CS -3.3 &#177; 0.2 bpm/mmHg, CT -3.3 &#177; 0.1 bpm/mm Hg, HS -1.47 &#177; 0.06 bpm/mmHg, HT -1.6 &#177; 0.1 bpm/mmHg) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6A</xref>). In relation to the bradycardic response, we observed a decrease in the HS group (-1.3 &#177; 0.1 bpm/mmHg) compared to the CS group (-2.67 &#177; 0.06 bpm/mmHg). Moreover, mean values of &#916;HR/&#916;MAP and bradycardic sensitivity were also higher in the HT group (-2.6 &#177; 0.2 bpm/mmHg) in relation to the HS group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baroreflex sensitivity (difference between &#916;HR and &#916;MAP) in sedentary control (CS), trained control (CT), sedentary SHR (HS) and trained SHR (HT) after 8 weeks of either sedentary or resistance exercise training protocol. A) Tachycardic sensitivity; B) Bradycardic sensitivity. * p &lt; 0.05 vs. CS; # p &lt; 0.05 vs. respective control group; @ p &lt; 0.05 vs. CT. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>It was found that hypertensive animals showed a decrease in body mass compared to control groups, and that resistance exercise training did not promote changes. The HS group also presented a reduced mass of the soleus muscle when compared to the CS group. Although it had no effect on body mass, resistance exercise training promoted an increase in soleus muscle mass in the HT group in comparison to the HS group. Therefore, we can infer that the lower body mass observed in HT rats was due to the likely reduction of adipose tissue, since resistance training promotes increased expression of genes related to lipid catabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The HS group showed less strength compared to the other groups in maximum load test; however, the resistance exercise training promoted increase in muscle strength after the exercise training period in both groups. Recent studies in humans have shown that there is a strong correlation between decreased handgrip performance with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Previous studies have related functional alteration of skeletal muscle with decreased nitric oxide bioavailability caused by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), endothelin receptor type A and increased activation of protein catabolism due to increased angiotensin- II (ANG II).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Such changes may explain the decrease in strength that was observed in the HS group. Concerning the increase in strength observed in all groups, when we compare post-experimental to pre-experimental data, animal growth can be cited as a factor responsible for this increase, as well as the adaptation of the animals to the test.</p>
      <p>In fact, resistance exercise training is able to promote increased muscle mass, especially in the soleus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, there were no significant changes in the EDL, as observed in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> According to Neves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> the type of training can justify these results, since the climbing training exercises promote little action in the EDL muscle and greater action in the soleus, because of the greater need of force employed by the rat to perform plantar flexion while up the stairs. A fact that contributes to this hypothesis is that training with electrical stimulation for muscle contraction promotes significant increase in mass of the EDL, while the soleus presents atrophy with this type of stimulus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding hemodynamic parameters, it was found that the SHR animals developed spontaneous hypertension, with significant increase in SBP from the fourth week of the experimental protocol and thirteenth week of life, which was expected for the model as reported by other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Elevation of SBP observed in CT group at 3rd and 4th week of training is possibly related to the stress of the load that was increased in the half time of the training protocol and due to the beginning of the reproductive phase of the animals, between the 10<sup>th</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> week of life, since testosterone increases the ANG II sensitivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>At the end of the experimental protocol, resistance exercise training did not promote alterations in MAP measured directly. Previous studies also found no significant effects of resistance training on BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>About the baroreflex sensitivity, it was found that the HS group showed a reduction in both bradycardic and tachycardia response, which was expected, as was noted earlier in experimental models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> and in humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Resistance exercise training was able to promote significant improvement only in the bradycardic response. When analyzing the effect of resistance exercise training in rats with metabolic syndrome induced by hypercaloric diet, Valenti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> obtained similar results to ours, demonstrating that this type of exercise is ineffective in improving the tachycardic response, regardless of the experimental model. Thus, the resistance exercise training seems to work mainly with the improvement of the sensitivity of the carotid baroreceptors, since the bradycardic response demonstrates strong correlation with the integrity of carotid sinus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Furthermore, increased bradycardic response collaborates with decreasing sympathetic activity in the heart, leading to a reduction in HR at rest, decreasing cardiac output and finally decreasing BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>With the data obtained in this study, we can conclude that resistance exercise training, despite not promoting a significant decrease in BP in SHR, improves bradycardic response. However, more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms that lead to this improvement.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Exerc&#237;cio</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito do Treinamento F&#237;sico Resistido na Sensibilidade Barorreflexa de Ratos Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mois&#233;s Felipe Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Eiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth de Orleans C. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mois&#233;s Felipe Pereira Gomes</bold>, Av. Ana Costa, 95. CEP 11060-001, Vl. Mathias, Santos, SP - Brasil. Email: <email>moisesunifesp@gmail.com</email>, <email>moisesippg@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Borges ME, Medeiros A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Borges ME, Rossi VA, Moura EOC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gomes MFP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gomes MFP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Medeiros A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gomes MFP, Medeiros A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn2">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para o artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os barorreceptores atuam como reguladores da press&#227;o arterial (PA); no entanto, sua sensibilidade encontra-se prejudicada em pacientes hipertensos. Dentre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, o treinamento f&#237;sico tem se tornado um importante adjunto na terapia dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, ainda h&#225; diversos questionamentos sobre os efeitos de treinamento f&#237;sico resistido nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico resistido na PA e na sensibilidade de barorreceptores em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Ratos SHR (n = 16) e Wistar (n = 16) com 08 semanas de idade foram aleatoriamente divididos em 4 grupos: controle sedent&#225;rio (CS, n = 8); controle treinado (CT, n = 8); SHR sedent&#225;rio (HS, n = 8) e SHR treinado (HT, n = 8). O treinamento f&#237;sico foi realizado em aparato com degraus (1,1 &#215; 0,18 m, 2 cm entre os degraus, 80&#176; inclina&#231;&#227;o) com peso fixado na cauda, (5 vezes por semana durante 8 semanas). O controle barorreflexo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi testado com est&#237;mulos de fenilefrina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O treinamento resistido foi capaz de aumentar a massa muscular do s&#243;leo em ratos SHR (HS 0,027 &#177; 0,002 g/mm e HT 0,056 &#177; 0,003 g/mm). N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o da PA com o treinamento. Por outro lado, houve melhora na resposta bradic&#225;rdica da sensibilidade barorreflexa no grupo HT (HS -1,3 &#177; 0,1 bpm/mmHg e HT -2,6 &#177; 0,2 bpm/mmHg), no entanto, a resposta taquic&#225;rdica n&#227;o foi alterada pelo exerc&#237;cio resistido (CS -3,3 &#177; 0,2 bpm/mmHg, CT -3,3 &#177; 0,1 bpm/mmHg, HS -1,47 &#177; 0,06 e HT -1,6 &#177; 0,1).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido foi capaz de otimizar a sensibilidade barorreflexa dos ratos SHR por meio da melhora &#224; resposta bradic&#225;rdica, apesar de n&#227;o alterar a PA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Barorreflexo</kwd>
        <kwd>Treino Hipertrofia Muscular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de, a hipertens&#227;o &#233; o maior fator de risco relacionado a mortes e invalidez no mundo todo, acometendo bilh&#245;es de pessoas e matando aproximadamente 9,4 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos todos os anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No Brasil, aproximadamente 31 milh&#245;es de pessoas sofrem de hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a respons&#225;vel por 1.683 mortes intra-hospitalares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o ocorre quando o corpo perde sua habilidade de manter a homeostase da press&#227;o arterial (PA). O corpo humano tem diversos mecanismos para o controle da PA, entre eles: a resposta isqu&#234;mica do sistema nervoso central, o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e o sistema barorreflexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O sistema barorreflexo consiste em receptores localizados nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e na aorta, sens&#237;veis a mudan&#231;as na PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Quando h&#225; eleva&#231;&#227;o na PA, o barorreceptor envia um sinal para o n&#250;cleo do trato solit&#225;rio que, por sua vez, aciona o bulbo caudal ventrolateral inibindo os neur&#244;nios pr&#233;-motores do bulbo rostral ventrolateral diminuindo, assim, a contratilidade card&#237;aca e, consequentemente, a PA. Contudo, quando h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA, os barorreceptores aumentam a atividade simp&#225;tica diminuindo a transmiss&#227;o de sinais inibidores ao centro regulador de press&#227;o. Por&#233;m, quando a PA &#233; mantida alta, ocorre uma resposta adaptativa desses receptores, o que eleva o limiar normal da PA, tornando esse sistema regulat&#243;rio ineficaz para lidar com press&#245;es anormais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para reduzir os n&#237;veis de PA e problemas de sa&#250;de, as principais diretrizes sugerem mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, por meio de educa&#231;&#227;o nutricional e atividade f&#237;sica como recomenda&#231;&#245;es para todos, enquanto terapias medicamentosas devem ser usadas apenas por pacientes j&#225; diagnosticados com hipertens&#227;o ou aqueles considerados borderline com alto risco cardiovascular global.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos j&#225; mostraram que exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos leves e moderados s&#227;o efetivos na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, pois melhoram significativamente o controle barorreflexo da FC de ratos hipertensos, al&#233;m de controlarem fatores de risco associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Apesar de n&#227;o haver consenso na literatura sobre os efeitos de treinamento f&#237;sico resistido na PA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> a pr&#225;tica desse tipo de treinamento pode ser ben&#233;fico para pacientes hipertensos, especialmente os mais idosos, j&#225; que a for&#231;a muscular diminui com a idade, piorando assim a qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito de treinamento f&#237;sico resistido na PA e na sensibilidade de barorreceptores em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Reagentes</title>
          <p>Epinefrina (Sigma-Aldrich Co., EUA), nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (Sigma-Aldrich Co., EUA) e cloreto de pot&#225;ssio (Synth).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Ratos SHR (n = 16) e Wistar (n = 16) foram obtidos no Centro de Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais para Biologia e Medicina da Unifesp. Todos os ratos eram macho e tinham 8 semanas de idade no in&#237;cio do experimento. Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas; quatro animais em cada uma, e os animais eram alimentados com uma dieta padr&#227;o para ratos de laborat&#243;rio (Nuvilab) e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>. A temperatura ambiente foi mantida entre 22-23&#176;C e adotou-se um ciclo luz/escurid&#227;o de 12:12 horas, com o ciclo de luz iniciando &#224;s 8 h. Todos os experimentos foram realizados de acordo com o Guia Brasileiro de Cria&#231;&#227;o e Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de Animais para Atividades de Ensino e Pesquisa e conduzidos, ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o, pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UNIFESP (CEP #0233/12). Os animais foram randomicamente divididos em quatro grupos: controle sedent&#225;rio (CS, n = 8), controle treinado (CT, n = 8), SHR sedent&#225;rio (HS, n = 8) e SHR treinado (HT, n = 8).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas murinas e sinais vitais avaliados</title>
          <p>A massa corporal em todos os grupos foi avaliada em balan&#231;a semi-anal&#237;tica (Gehaka), no &#250;ltimo dia do protocolo experimental, antes de os animais serem anestesiados para eutan&#225;sia. A PA foi avaliada por pletismografia de cauda (1 dia/semana, durante 8 semanas) com um sistema espec&#237;fico para ratos (Visitech Systems: BP-2000 - Series II - <italic>Blood Pressure Analysis System</italic>) em dias em que os ratos n&#227;o eram submetidos a sess&#245;es de treinamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de treinamento</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s adapta&#231;&#227;o, todo os animais foram habituados ao ato de subir degraus por cinco dias consecutivos antes do teste de carga m&#225;xima. O teste consistia em uma carga inicial de 75% da massa corporal, acoplado &#224; base da cauda. A carga foi aumentada progressivamente em incrementos de 50 g em escaladas subsequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O treinamento de exerc&#237;cio resistido foi realizado usando-se o valor normalizado da carga m&#225;xima individual (carga da &#250;ltima escalada completa/peso corporal) para cada rato, e o exerc&#237;cio foi ajustado na quarta semana de acordo com a nova carga m&#225;xima de teste. O exerc&#237;cio resistido foi feito 5 dias/semana, durante 8 semanas em intensidade moderada (40-60% da carga m&#225;xima). Os ratos realizaram 15 escaladas por sess&#227;o com intervalo de 1 minuto entre escaladas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensibilidade barorreflexa</title>
          <p>48 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios, os animais foram anestesiados com xilazina (20 mg/kg, ip) e cetamina (40 mg/kg, ip) e cateteres feitos de tubos de polietileno PE-10 e PE-50 (Clay Adams, Parsipanny, NJ, EUA) foram introduzidos na art&#233;ria e veia car&#243;tida. A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foram registradas online, 48 horas depois da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de treinamento, por meio da placa an&#225;loga-digital PowerLab (ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia). O controle barorreflexo da FC foi avaliado por respostas bradic&#225;rdicas (componente vagal) comparadas ao est&#237;mulo press&#243;rico e taquic&#225;rdico (componente simp&#225;tico) ap&#243;s um est&#237;mulo depressivo. Para tal, foi feita a administra&#231;&#227;o de doses bolus de epinefrina (3, 5 e 10 &#181;g - ev) e dose depressora de nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (5, 15 e 20 &#181;g - ev), respectivamente, com 10 minutos de intervalo entre as doses.</p>
          <p>O ganho no barorreflexo card&#237;aco foi determinado pela raz&#227;o &#8710;FC/ &#8710;PAM induzida por drogas vasoativas, e assim expressas em batidas por mil&#237;metro de merc&#250;rio (bpm/mmHg).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eutan&#225;sia</title>
          <p>Os animais foram anestesiados profundamente com uretano (1,7 g/kg - ev) seguido de administra&#231;&#227;o de 5% KCl (ev.). O s&#243;leo e o extensor digit&#243;rio longo (EDL) foram removidos para pesagem das massas e tiveram seus valores corrigidos por comprimento tibial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita no GraphPad Prism 5.0. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados obtidos neste estudo foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana e foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia e comparados pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia. PAM, massa corporal, massa muscular e FC foram analisadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), seguida do teste post-hoc de Tukey. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD) e testes de carga m&#225;xima foram analisados por ANOVA de duas vias, seguida dos testes post-hoc de Bonferroni. Em todas as an&#225;lises, signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas murinas e sinais vitais avaliados</title>
          <p>Ao final do protocolo experimental, os animais hipertensos (HS e HT) mostraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controles (CS e CT). Por&#233;m, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a significativa entre HS e HT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Massa corporal em gramas (g) no controle sedent&#225;rio (CS), controle treinado (CT), SHR sedent&#225;rio (HS) e SHR treinado (HT) ap&#243;s 8 semanas de protocolo sedent&#225;rio ou de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido. * p &lt; 0,05 vs. CS; # p &lt; 0,05 vs. CT.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Ao final de oito semanas do protocolo de exerc&#237;cios, foi poss&#237;vel observar um aumento significativo na for&#231;a m&#225;xima em todos os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, vimos que a toler&#226;ncia ao peso, ao final do protocolo experimental, mostrava-se mais baixa no grupo HS em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Teste de carga m&#225;xima em gramas (g) no controle sedent&#225;rio (CS), controle treinado (CT), SHR sedent&#225;rio (HS) e SHR treinado (HT) pr&#233; e p&#243;s 8 semanas de protocolo sedent&#225;rio ou de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido. &amp; p &lt; 0,05 vs. mesmo grupo pr&#233; momento; * p &lt; 0,05 vs. todos os grupos p&#243;s momento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A massa do m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo no grupo HS (0,027 &#177; 0,002 g/mm) mostrava-se mais baixa em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS (0,046 &#177; 0,005 g/mm), <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3A</xref>). Embora o exerc&#237;cio tenha promovido aumento de massa muscular nos grupos treinados, apenas o grupo HT mostrou aumento significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o a seu grupo controle (0,056 &#177; 0,003 g/mm HT). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao m&#250;sculo EDL, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Massa muscular em gramas corrigida por comprimento tibial (g/mm) no controle sedent&#225;rio (CS), controle treinado (CT), SHR sedent&#225;rio (HS) e SHR treinado (HT) ap&#243;s 8 semanas de protocolo sedent&#225;rio ou de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido. A) Massa do s&#243;leo; B) Massa do Extensor digit&#243;rio longo. *p &lt; 0,05 vs. CS; #p &lt; 0,05 vs HS.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref> mostra as medi&#231;&#245;es indiretas da PAS e PAD ao longo de oito semanas de protocolo experimental, e demonstra a PAM e FC dos animais diretamente no final no protocolo. A figura 4A demonstra que os grupos hipertensivos (HS e HT) mostraram aumento significativo na PAS a partir da quarta semana em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS. Embora a press&#227;o arterial do grupo CT estivesse mais alto do que a do grupo CS na terceira e quarta semana, n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas a partir da quinta semana. Observou-se que o grupo HT mostrou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na PAS por duas semanas (5&#176; e 6&#176; semana), mas a diminui&#231;&#227;o na PAS n&#227;o foi sustentada.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es arteriais no controle sedent&#225;rio (CS), controle treinado (CT), SHR sedent&#225;rio (HS) e SHR treinado (HT) durante ou ap&#243;s 8 semanas de protocolo sedent&#225;rio ou de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido. A) Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em mmHg avaliada por pletismografia de cauda; B) Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica em mmHg avaliada por pletismografia de cauda. (*) Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos HS vs. CS (p &lt; 0,05); (#) Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos CT vs. CS (p &lt; 0,05); (@) Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos HT vs. CS (p &lt; 0,05); (&amp;) Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos CT vs. HT (p &lt; 0,05). Signific&#226;ncia baseada em ANOVA de duas vias com teste post-hoc de Bonferroni.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na PAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4B</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5A</xref> mostra que a PAM do grupo HS (188 &#177; 14 mmHg) e do grupo HT (174 &#177; 29 mmHg) apresentou valores significativamente mais altos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS (106 &#177; 3 mmHg). O treinamento de exerc&#237;cio resistido n&#227;o teve efeito sobre a PAM nos grupos CT e HT. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas na FC avaliada diretamente nos animais (CT=336 &#177; 20 bpm, HS = 362 &#177; 17 bpm, CT = 328 &#177; 60 bpm and HT=342 &#177; 27 bpm), (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avaliadas diretamente ap&#243;s o protocolo experimental. A) Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (*) p &lt; 0,05 vs. CS. (#) p &lt; 0,05 vs. CT. B) Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Signific&#226;ncia baseada em ANOVA de duas vias com teste post-hic de Tukey. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensibilidade barorreflexa</title>
          <p>Foi visto que os exerc&#237;cios n&#227;o foram eficazes em promover melhorias na sensibilidade taquic&#225;rdica nos grupos hipertensos (CS -3,3 &#177; 0,2 bpm/mmHg, CT -3,3 &#177; 0,1 bpm/mm Hg, HS -1,47 &#177; 0,06 bpm/mmHg, HT -1,6 &#177; 0,1 bpm/mmHg) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6A</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; resposta bradic&#225;rdica, foi observada uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do grupo HS (-1,3 &#177; 0,1 bpm/mmHg) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS (-2,67 &#177; 0,06 bpm/mmHg). Al&#233;m disso, os valores m&#233;dios de &#8710;FC/&#8710;PAM e sensibilidade bradic&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m se mostraram mais altos no grupo HT (-2,6 &#177; 0,2 bpm/mmHg) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Sensibilidade barorreflexa (diferen&#231;a entre &#916;FC e &#916;PAM) no controle sedent&#225;rio (CS), controle treinado (CT), SHR sedent&#225;rio (HS) e SHR treinado (HT) ap&#243;s 8 semanas de protocolo sedent&#225;rio ou de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido. A) sensibilidade taquic&#225;rdica; B) sensibilidade bradic&#225;rdica. * p &lt; 0,05 vs. CS; # p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo controle respectivo; @ p &lt; 0,05 vs. CT. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0539-70065-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foi visto que animais hipertensos apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na massa corporal em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle, e que exerc&#237;cios resistidos n&#227;o promoveram mudan&#231;as. O grupo HS tamb&#233;m apresentou a massa do m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo reduzida em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS. Apesar de n&#227;o ter tido efeito na massa corporal, o treinamento de exerc&#237;cio resistido promoveu um aumento na massa do m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo no grupo HT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HS. Portanto, podemos presumir que a massa corporal mais baixa observada nos ratos do grupo HT foi devida &#224; prov&#225;vel redu&#231;&#227;o de tecido adiposo, j&#225; que o exerc&#237;cio resistido promove maior express&#227;o de genes relacionados ao catabolismo lip&#237;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O grupo HS mostrou menor for&#231;a em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos no teste de carga m&#225;xima; por&#233;m, o treinamento de exerc&#237;cio resistido promoveu um aumento de for&#231;a muscular ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de treinamento f&#237;sico em ambos os grupos. Estudos recentes em humanos mostraram que h&#225; uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual reduzida e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios relacionaram a altera&#231;&#227;o funcional do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico com a redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico causada por um aumento de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO), receptor de endotelina tipo A e aumento na ativa&#231;&#227;o do catabolismo proteico devido a um aumento de angiostesina II (ANG II).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Tais mudan&#231;as podem explicar a diminui&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a observada no grupo HS. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento de for&#231;a observado em todos os grupos, quando comparados os dados p&#243;s e pr&#233;-experimentais, o crescimento dos animais pode ser citado como fator respons&#225;vel por tal aumento, assim como a adapta&#231;&#227;o dos animais ao teste.</p>
        <p>De fato, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido consegue promover um aumento da massa muscular, especialmente no s&#243;leo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Contudo, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as significativas no EDL, conforme observado em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> De acordo com Neves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> o tipo de treinamento pode justificar esses resultados, j&#225; que os exerc&#237;cios de escalada com degraus promovem pouca a&#231;&#227;o no m&#250;sculo EDL, e maior a&#231;&#227;o no s&#243;leo devido a maior necessidade de for&#231;a empregada pelo rato para realizar a flex&#227;o plantar enquanto sobre os degraus. Um fato que contribui para essa hip&#243;tese &#233; que o treinamento com estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica para contra&#231;&#227;o muscular promove aumento significativo na massa do EDL, enquanto o s&#243;leo apresenta atrofia com esse tipo de est&#237;mulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, viu-se que os animais do grupo SHR desenvolveram hipertens&#227;o espont&#226;nea, com aumento significativo da PAS, a partir da quarta semana do protocolo experimental e d&#233;cima-semana de vida, o que era esperado para o modelo, conforme relatado por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> A eleva&#231;&#227;o da PAS observada no grupo CT na 3&#176; e 4&#176; semana de treinamento est&#225; possivelmente relacionada ao estresse da carga que foi aumentada na metade do protocolo de treinamento e, tamb&#233;m, devido ao in&#237;cio da fase reprodutiva dos animais, entre a 10&#176; e 12&#176; semana de vida, j&#225; que a testosterona aumenta a sensibilidade &#224; ANG II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao final do protocolo experimental, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido n&#227;o promoveu altera&#231;&#245;es na PAM medida diretamente. Estudos pr&#233;vios tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram efeitos significativos de exerc&#237;cio resistido na PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sensibilidade barorreflexa, foi visto que o grupo HS apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o nas respostas bradic&#225;rdica e taquic&#225;rdica, o que era esperado, conforme notado anteriormente em modelos experimentais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> e em humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> O treinamento de exerc&#237;cio resistido conseguiu promover melhora significativa na resposta bradic&#225;rdica. Ao analisar o efeito de treinamento f&#237;sico em ratos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica induzida por dieta hipercal&#243;rica, Valenti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> obtiveram resultados similares aos nossos, demonstrando que esse tipo de exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o &#233; efetivo na melhoria da resposta taquic&#225;rdica, independentemente do modelo experimental. Portanto, o treinamento de exerc&#237;cio resistido parece funcionar basicamente com a melhora da sensibilidade de barorreceptores card&#237;acos, j&#225; que a resposta bradic&#225;rdica demonstra forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a integridade do seio carot&#237;deo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da resposta bradic&#225;rdica colabora com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da FC em repouso, diminuindo o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e a PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com os dados obtidos neste estudo, podemos concluir que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido, embora n&#227;o promova diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na PA em SHR, melhora a resposta bradic&#225;rdica. Por&#233;m, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para entendermos os mecanismos que levam a essa melhora.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
