<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YCxvMVV4q4SVbJRRtCdrTfB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000600526</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Dyslipidemias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Discordant Lipid Pattern and Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque. Importance of Remnant Cholesterol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Masson</surname>
            <given-names>Walter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Mart&#237;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Molinero</surname>
            <given-names>Graciela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siniawski</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio de Cardiolog&#237;a</institution>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Servicio de Cardiolog&#237;a - Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedad Argentina de Cardiolog&#237;a</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Consejo de Epidemiolog&#237;a</institution>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Consejo de Epidemiolog&#237;a. Sociedad Argentina de Cardiolog&#237;a - Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Walter Masson,</bold> Gascon, 450, 1416, Ciudad aut&#243;noma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires - Argentina. E-mail: <email>walter.masson@hospitalitaliano.org.ar</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Masson W, Lobo M, Molinero G, Siniawski D; Statistical analysis: Masson W, Lobo M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>526</fpage>
      <lpage>532</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Subjects with levels of non-HDL-C 30 mg/dL above those of LDL-C (lipid discordance) or with high remnant cholesterol levels could have a greater residual cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>To determine the prevalence of lipid discordance in a primary prevention population and analyze the clinical variables associated with it;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To investigate the association between lipid discordance and remnant cholesterol with the presence of carotid plaque.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Primary prevention patients without diabetes or lipid-lowering therapy were included. Regardless of the LDL-C level, we define &#8220;lipid discordance&#8221; if the non-HDL-C value exceeded 30 mg/dL that of LDL-C. Remnant cholesterol was calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL-C minus LDL-C when triglycerides were &lt; 4.0 mmol/L. Ultrasound was used to assess carotid plaque occurrence. Multiple regression logistic models were performed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study included 772 patients (mean age 52 &#177; 11 years, 66% women). The prevalence of lipid discordance was 34%. Male sex and body mass index were independently associated with discordant lipid pattern. The prevalence of carotid plaque was higher in subjects with lipid discordance (40.2% vs. 29.2, p = 0.002). The multivariate analysis showed that the discordant lipid pattern was associated with the greater probability of carotid plaque (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.08-2.34, p = 0.02). Similarly, a significant association between calculated remnant cholesterol and carotid plaque was found.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Lipid discordance and presence of a higher level of calculated remnant cholesterol are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Our findings could be used to improve the residual cardiovascular risk evaluation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerotic</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins, LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, VLDL</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Elevations in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events even in patients with well-controlled levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) achieved by statin regimens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although LDL-C has typically been the primary target of therapy, several guidelines recognize non-HDL-C as a secondary therapeutic target.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The US National Lipid Association (NLA) in its recent published recommendation recognizes both non-HDL-C and LDL-C as primary therapeutic targets.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In this scene, the non-HDL-C targets were 30 mg/dL higher than the recommended LDL-C goals.</p>
      <p>The non-HDL-C comprises cholesterol carried by all potentially atherogenic particles that include LDL-C, intermediate density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, remnant lipoproteins and lipoprotein(a). Additionally, in several meta-analyses, it was found that non-HDL-C correlated more closely with cardiovascular risk than LDL-C both at baseline and during therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the same way, the &#8220;atherogenic dyslipidemia&#8221; is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Its main findings include hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C levels, qualitative changes in LDL particles, accumulation of remnant lipoproteins, and postprandial hyperlipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Remnant cholesterol is the cholesterol content of triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins, which in the fasting state comprise very low-density lipoproteins and intermediate-density lipoproteins, and, in the non-fasting state, those two lipoproteins together with chylomicron remnants. Likewise, remnant lipoproteins carry large amounts of cholesterol and share with LDL the potential to enter and get trapped in the intima of the arterial wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the diagnosis of carotid atherosclerotic plaque is a surrogate objective and constitutes an independent predictor of coronary events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Our working group has previously reported a considerable prevalence of carotid plaque in patients in primary prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Given the above, we raised the possibility that subjects with non-HDL-C levels 30 mg/dL above the LDL value (lipid discordance) or with higher calculated remnant cholesterol value may show a higher prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>Hence, the objectives of our study were:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>To determine the prevalence of lipid discordance in a primary prevention population and to analyze the clinical variables associated with it;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>To investigate the association of lipid discordance and calculated remnant cholesterol with the presence of carotid plaque.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A multicenter, descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed on consecutive samples obtained in the cardiovascular prevention outpatient clinics of six cardiology centers in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Primary prevention subjects were included. Exclusion criteria were:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>previous cardiovascular disease;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>history of diabetes mellitus; and</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>prior hypolipidemic therapy.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Colorimetric and turbidimetric assays were used to measure non-fasting plasma levels of triglycerides, HDL-C and total cholesterol. The Friedewald equation was used to calculate LDL-C. Remnant cholesterol was calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL-C minus LDL-C when triglycerides were &lt; 4.0 mmol/L.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the LDL-C level, &#8220;lipid discordance&#8221; was defined as a non-HDL-C level exceeding 30 mg/dL that of LDL-C.</p>
      <p>Carotid atherosclerotic plaque was recorded when atherosclerotic plaque was found in the carotid arteries on noninvasive, 2D-mode ultrasound images. Presence of plaque was defined as:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>abnormal wall thickness (defined as intima-media thickness &gt;1.5 mm);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>abnormal structure (protrusion towards the lumen, loss of alignment with the adjacent wall); and</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>abnormal wall echogenicity.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Three cardiovascular risk scores were calculated:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>The Framingham Score for coronary events using the third National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel report on elevated blood cholesterol detection, assessment and treatment in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III - ATP III),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> defining low, moderate and high risk as values &lt; 10%, between 10% and 19%, and &#8805; 20%, respectively;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The new score used by the last 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines for cholesterol management;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The European SCORE for fatal events, using the specific score corresponding to low risk countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The choice of this score was arbitrary, based on the fact that most Argentine immigrant population comes from those countries. Risks &lt; 1%, between 1% and 4.9%, 5% and 9.9% or &#8805; 10% were classified as low, moderate, high or very high, respectively.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Variable normality was explored analyzing the mean, standard deviation, median, skewness, kurtosis and histogram, and using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous data were compared between groups using the unpaired <italic>t</italic> test for normal distribution or the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test for non-normal distribution. The analysis of categorical data was performed using the chi-square test. The correlation between LDL-C and non-HDL-C was performed with the Pearson test.</p>
        <p>A multiple regression logistic model was performed to identify independent characteristics associated with discordant lipid pattern, including all variables with p &lt; 0.05 in the univariate analysis or those considered clinically relevant (age and smoking). Similarly, another multiple regression logistic model was performed to explore the association between the discordant lipid pattern and the presence of carotid plaque, including all variables with p &lt;0.05 in the univariate analysis or those considered clinically relevant (sex). Finally, a third multivariate model was performed to analyze the association between highest and lowest quartiles of calculated remnant cholesterol and the presence of carotid plaque, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking and antihypertensive medication.</p>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean (standard deviation) if the distribution was normal and as median (interquartile range) if the distribution was abnormal. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages. A two-tailed p value &lt; 0.01 was considered as statistically significant. STATA 11.1 and 3.1 EPIDAT software packages were used for statistical analysis.</p>
        <p>Sample size calculation: Looking to have a power of 80% and an alpha error of 0.05 to detect an absolute difference equal to or greater than 7% in the prevalence of carotid plaque among subjects with or without lipid discordance, we estimate that it would be necessary a sample of 513 subjects. Assuming a loss of 15%, the number was 604 patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethics considerations</title>
        <p>The study was conducted following the recommendations in medical research suggested by the Declaration of Helsinki, Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice and valid ethical regulations. The ethical issues have been evaluated and approved by the Area of Investigation of the Argentine Society of Cardiology.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 772 patients (mean age 52 &#177; 11 years, 66% women) were included in the study. Average body mass index was 26.9 &#177; 4.5 and mean cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C values were 219 &#177; 45 mg/dL, 142 &#177; 43 mg/dL and 50 &#177; 14 mg/dL, respectively. The median triglyceride level was 117 mg/dL (80-173). Thirty-six percent of patients were receiving antihypertensive treatment, and 20.5% were active smokers.</p>
      <p>Thirty-four percent of the population showed lipid discordance (non-HDL-C &gt; LDL-C+30 mg/dL). Relationship between LDL-C and non-HDL-C in the population is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relationship between LDL-C and non-HDL-C in the population. The black line represents the value of non-HDL-C (30 mg/dL above) associated with each value of LDL-C.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0526-70069-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with lipid discordance showed a higher proportion of men and subjects on anti-hypertensive medication, and higher body mass index compared with subjects with lipid concordance. Moreover, a smaller proportion of low-risk individuals according to different cardiovascular scores was observed in the group with lipid discordance. The characteristics of the population according to the lipid pattern are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Also, lipid values according to the lipid pattern are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between different non-lipid risk factors and lipid pattern</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Concordant n = 510</th>
              <th align="center">Discordant n = 262</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Continuous variables, mean (SD)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">52.8 (10.8)</td>
              <td align="center">51.6 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg</td>
              <td align="center">127.5 (15.3)</td>
              <td align="center">129.1 (14.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">26.0 (4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">28.6 (4.6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Categorical variables, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">39.0</td>
              <td align="center">54.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anti-hypertensive medication</td>
              <td align="center">33.1</td>
              <td align="center">42.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">20.2</td>
              <td align="center">21.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of early cardiovascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">26.5</td>
              <td align="center">26.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Framingham score (ATP III)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">80.6</td>
              <td align="center">69.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate risk</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
              <td align="center">24.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>New Score (ACC/AHA 2013)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 5%</td>
              <td align="center">55.1</td>
              <td align="center">40.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5-7.5%</td>
              <td align="center">10.8</td>
              <td align="center">16.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 7.5%</td>
              <td align="center">34.1</td>
              <td align="center">42.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>European SCORE</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">53.3</td>
              <td align="center">46.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate risk</td>
              <td align="center">36.9</td>
              <td align="center">47.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High/Very high risk</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lipid values according to the lipid pattern</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable (mg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">Concordant n = 510</th>
              <th align="center">Discordant n = 262</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total Cholesterol, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">213.3 (44.3)</td>
              <td align="center">232.2 (44.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">141.5 (41.8)</td>
              <td align="center">142.8 (44.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-HDL-C, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">160.0 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">188.4 (43.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">53.3 (14.7)</td>
              <td align="center">43.8 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides, median (interquartile range)</td>
              <td align="center">89.0 (72.0-116.0)</td>
              <td align="center">199.0 (172.0-252.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calculated remnant cholesterol, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">18.5 (5.8)</td>
              <td align="center">45.1 (16.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis, male sex (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.07-2.11, p = 0.02) and body mass index (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.08-1.17, p &lt; 0.001) were independently associated with greater probability of being a discordant lipid pattern.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> displays the characteristics of the population (non-lipid risk factors) according to the presence or absence of carotid plaque. The prevalence of carotid plaque was significantly higher in subjects with lipid discordance (40.2% vs. 29.2, p = 0.002). In univariate analysis, a significant association between discordant lipid pattern and the presence of carotid plaque was observed (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.17-2.19, p = 0.003). In the same way, the multivariate analysis showed that the discordant lipid pattern was independently associated with greater probability of exhibiting carotid plaque (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.08-2.34, p=0.02). This finding occurred after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment, active smoking and family history of early coronary disease.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between non-lipid risk factors and carotid plaque</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Without plaque n = 517</th>
              <th align="center">With plaque n = 254</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Continuous variables, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">49.8 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">57.7 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg</td>
              <td align="center">125.2 (13.8)</td>
              <td align="center">133.8 (15.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">26.3 (4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">27.9 (4.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Categorical variables, %</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">42.0</td>
              <td align="center">48.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anti-hypertensive medication</td>
              <td align="center">28.4</td>
              <td align="center">52.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">15.1</td>
              <td align="center">31.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of early cardiovascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">23.8</td>
              <td align="center">32.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Similarly, a significant association between calculated remnant cholesterol and the presence of carotid plaque was found in the univariate analysis (upper vs. lower quartile: OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.19-2.79, p = 0.006). This association remained after adjusting for other risk factors (upper vs. lower quartile: OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.11-3.05, p = 0.02). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the association between quartiles of calculated remnant cholesterol and the presence of carotid plaque.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between quartiles of calculated remnant cholesterol and the presence of carotid plaque. Q: Quartile.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0526-70069-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Discordance analysis is an analytical technique in which biologically linked variables are analyzed by groups of concordance or discordance between their relative distributions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In our work, we have defined "lipid discordance" arbitrarily but in an original way. For each patient, we categorize the lipid pattern as discordant if the non-HDL-C level exceeded 30 mg/dL that of LDL-C. Thus, the clinical value of this analysis is more closely related to the number of atherogenic particles than to the total mass of cholesterol.</p>
      <p>In our study, male patients or subjects with a higher body mass index were more likely to show lipid discordance. Coinciding with our findings, in a study that analyzed a population of Barcelona, the prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia was higher in men compared to women (using the HDL-C cutoff recommended by the European guidelines).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Also, a study conducted in primary health care users of Portugal showed a higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C levels in males.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In another study, Williams et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> demonstrated that non-diabetic men showed higher levels of apolipoprotein B, non-HDL-C and small LDL particles than women without diabetes. On the other hand, the association between overweight or obesity and high non-HDL-C levels was widely demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our analysis showed an association between discordant lipid pattern and higher prevalence of carotid plaque. Similarly, Holewijn et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> showed that subjects with high non-HDL-C levels had a lower ankle-brachial index, increased mean intima-media thickness and more atherosclerotic plaques than patients with low non-HDL-C levels. Moreover, high non-HDL-C/low LDL-C discordance was associated with higher coronary artery calcium score measured by computed tomography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Consequently, several factors arise to explain the association between discordant lipid pattern and higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis. First, some triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants enter the arterial wall similarly to LDL-C, contributing to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Second, non-HDL-C correlates more closely with the total burden of all atherogenic particles. Finally, elevated levels of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein-C could reflect the hepatic overproduction of atherogenic and dense particles characterized by a slower clearance from the circulation.</p>
      <p>Another finding of our study was the association between calculated remnant cholesterol and the presence of carotid plaque. This association remained even after adjusting for non-lipid risk factors.</p>
      <p>Elevated remnant cholesterol is associated with ischemic heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Similarly, increased concentrations of both calculated and measured remnant cholesterol were associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The main explanation for a causal effect of elevated remnant cholesterol on ischemic heart disease risk could be that remnants enter and get trapped in the intima of the arterial wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Even more, remnants may not need to be oxidized to be taken up by macrophages to cause foam cell formation and atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Therefore, the findings of our research are consistent with pathophysiological and clinical data previously reported.</p>
      <p>Our findings, regarding that patients with discordant lipid patterns and higher remnant cholesterol levels are associated with atherosclerotic plaque, highlight the role of non-HDL-C in clinical practice. In the real world, patients with very high cardiovascular risk have a significant prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia despite having achieved LDL-C goals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, the recommendations of the guidelines are confusing and not always consistent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> The 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines for cholesterol management do not consider HDL-C and triglycerides in cardiovascular prevention. However, the NLA emphasizes the relevance of atherogenic dyslipidemia and the Canadian guidelines introduced non-HDL-C and apolipoprotein B as alternative targets. The International Atherosclerosis Society and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines promote the importance of non-HDL-C. The European guidelines highlight HDL-C and triglycerides, but with the limitation that the main evidence comes from sub-analysis of clinical studies.</p>
      <p>Our study has some limitations. First, as in any cross-sectional study, the possibility of bias (mainly selection bias) potentially influencing the results cannot be ruled out. We believe a selection bias may exist in our sampling, as patients attending the cardiovascular prevention clinic do not necessarily represent the general population. Second, we did not measure remnant lipoprotein cholesterol directly. However, the measurement of calculated remnants has been used in several previous studies. Finally, in our study, carotid plaque was defined according to the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study criteria. Changing the definition of plaque could modify our results.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In our analysis, the lipid discordance and the presence of a higher level of calculated remnant cholesterol are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Our findings expand the strategies in primary prevention to evaluate the residual cardiovascular risk.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Le NA, Walter MF. The role of hypertriglyceridemia in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007;9(2):110-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Le</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walter</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The role of hypertriglyceridemia in atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Curr Atheroscler Rep</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>110</fpage>
          <lpage>115</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, Andreotti F, Bor&#233;n J, Catapano AL, et al; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(11):1345-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ginsberg</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amarenco</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bor&#233;n</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catapano</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for managemen</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1345</fpage>
          <lpage>1361</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Brunzell JD, Davidson M, Furberg CD, Goldberg RB, Howard BV, Stein JH, et al; American Diabetes Association; American College of Cardiology Foundation. Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):811-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brunzell</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davidson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furberg</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Diabetes Association</collab>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology Foundation</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>811</fpage>
          <lpage>822</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, Drexel H, et al; Authors/Task Force Members; Additional Contributor. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(39):2999-3058.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Catapano</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graham</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Backer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiklund</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drexel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Authors/Task Force Members</collab>
            <collab>Additional Contributor</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>39</issue>
          <fpage>2999</fpage>
          <lpage>3058</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Expert Dyslipidemia Panel of the International Atherosclerosis Society Panel members. An International Atherosclerosis Society Position Paper: global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia - Full report. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8(1):29-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Expert Dyslipidemia Panel of the International Atherosclerosis Society Panel members</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An International Atherosclerosis Society Position Paper: global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia - Full report</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Rabar S, Harker M, O'Flynn N, Wierzbicki AS, Wierzbicki A, Ahmad R, et al; Guideline Development Group. Lipid modification and cardiovascular risk assessment for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2014;349:g4356.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rabar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harker</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Flynn</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wierzbicki</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wierzbicki</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Guideline Development Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipid modification and cardiovascular risk assessment for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of updated NICE guidance</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>349</volume>
          <fpage>g4356</fpage>
          <lpage>g4356</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Bays HE, Jones PH, et al. National Lipid Association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1-executive summary. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8(5):473-88.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobson</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ito</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maki</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orringer</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bays</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>National Lipid Association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1-executive summary</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>488</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Robinson JG, Wang S, Smith BJ, Jacobson TA. Meta-analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(4):316-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobson</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Meta-analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>316</fpage>
          <lpage>322</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Boekholdt SM, Arsenault BJ, Mora S, Pedersen TR, LaRosa JC, Nestel PJ, et al. Association of LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with risk of cardiovascular events among patients treated with statins: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2012;307(12)1302-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boekholdt</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arsenault</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mora</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LaRosa</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nestel</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with risk of cardiovascular events among patients treated with statins: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>307</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1302</fpage>
          <lpage>1309</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Alibasic E, Ramic E, Bajraktarevic A, Ljuca F, Batic-Mujanovic O, Zildzic M. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and residual vascular risk in practice of family doctor. Med Arch. 2015;69(5):339-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alibasic</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramic</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bajraktarevic</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ljuca</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batic-Mujanovic</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zildzic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atherogenic dyslipidemia and residual vascular risk in practice of family doctor</article-title>
          <source>Med Arch</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>339</fpage>
          <lpage>341</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 J&#248;rgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, West AS, Grande P, Nordestgaard BG, Tybj&#230;rg-Hansen A. Genetically elevated non-fasting triglycerides and calculated remnant cholesterol as causal risk factors for myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(24):1826-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>J&#248;rgensen</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frikke-Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>West</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grande</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tybj&#230;rg-Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Genetically elevated non-fasting triglycerides and calculated remnant cholesterol as causal risk factors for myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1826</fpage>
          <lpage>1833</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Nambi V, Chambless L, Folsom AR, He M, Hu Y, Mosley T, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(15):1600-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nambi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chambless</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folsom</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosley</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1600</fpage>
          <lpage>1607</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Masson W, Lobo M, Huer&#237;n M, Molinero G, Manente D, P&#225;ngaro M, et al. Use of different scores for cardiovascular risk stratification in primary prevention and their implications in statin indication. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2014;82(6):473-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Masson</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lobo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huer&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molinero</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manente</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#225;ngaro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of different scores for cardiovascular risk stratification in primary prevention and their implications in statin indication</article-title>
          <source>Rev Argent Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>475</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Masson W, Huer&#237;n M, Vitagliano L, Zeballos C, Lobo M, Rostan M, et al. Estimation of cardiovascular risk and detection of subclinical carotid atheromatosis in middle-aged postmenopausal women. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2013;81(4):322-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Masson</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huer&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitagliano</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeballos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lobo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rostan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimation of cardiovascular risk and detection of subclinical carotid atheromatosis in middle-aged postmenopausal women</article-title>
          <source>Rev Argent Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>322</fpage>
          <lpage>328</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-97.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>285</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2486</fpage>
          <lpage>2497</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2889-934. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(24):2812. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):3024-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lichtenstein</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bairey Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blum</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckel</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt B</issue-part>
          <fpage>2889</fpage>
          <lpage>2934</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(24):2812. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):3024-5.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts): Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention &amp; Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(11):NP1-NP96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Piepoli</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoes</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agewall</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albus</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brotons</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catapano</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts): Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention &amp; Rehabilitation (EACPR)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>NP1</fpage>
          <lpage>NP96</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Sniderman AD, Lamarche B, Contois JH, de Graaf J. Discordance analysis and the Gordian Knot of LDL and non-HDL cholesterol versus apoB. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2014;25(6):461-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sniderman</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamarche</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Contois</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Graaf</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Discordance analysis and the Gordian Knot of LDL and non-HDL cholesterol versus apoB</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>461</fpage>
          <lpage>467</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Caballero Sarmiento R. [Epidemiology of atherogenic dyslipidemia in an urban area of the city of Barcelona]. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2014;26(1):17-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caballero Sarmiento</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology of atherogenic dyslipidemia in an urban area of the city of Barcelona</article-title>
          <source>Clin Investig Arterioscler</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Cortez-Dias N, Robalo Martins S, Belo A, Fi&#250;za M. [Characterization of lipid profile in primary health care users in Portugal]. Rev Port Cardiol. 2013;32(12):987-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cortez-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robalo Martins</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fi&#250;za</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characterization of lipid profile in primary health care users in Portugal</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>987</fpage>
          <lpage>996</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Williams K, Tchernof A, Hunt KJ, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM, Sniderman AD. Diabetes, abdominal adiposity, and atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia in women compared with men. Diabetes. 2008;57(12):3289-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tchernof</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunt</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wagenknecht</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haffner</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sniderman</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetes, abdominal adiposity, and atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia in women compared with men</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>3289</fpage>
          <lpage>3296</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Bosomworth NJ. Approach to identifying and managing atherogenic dyslipidemia: a metabolic consequence of obesity and diabetes. Can Fam Physician. 2013;59(11):1169-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bosomworth</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Approach to identifying and managing atherogenic dyslipidemia: a metabolic consequence of obesity and diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Can Fam Physician</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1169</fpage>
          <lpage>1180</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Holewijn S, den Heijer M, Swinkels DW, Stalenhoef AF, de Graaf J. Apolipoprotein B, non-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol for identifying individuals at increased cardiovascular risk. J Intern Med. 2010;268(6):567-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holewijn</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>den Heijer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swinkels</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stalenhoef</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Graaf</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apolipoprotein B, non-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol for identifying individuals at increased cardiovascular risk</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>268</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>567</fpage>
          <lpage>577</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Wilkins JT, Li RC, Sniderman A, Chan C, Lloyd-Jones DM. Discordance between apolipoprotein B and LDL-Cholesterol in young adults predicts coronary artery calcification. The CARDIA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67(2):193-201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sniderman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Discordance between apolipoprotein B and LDL-Cholesterol in young adults predicts coronary artery calcification. The CARDIA Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Varbo A, Benn M, Tybj&#230;rg-Hansen A, J&#248;rgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG. Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(4):427-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Varbo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benn</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tybj&#230;rg-Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>J&#248;rgensen</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frikke-Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>427</fpage>
          <lpage>436</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Jepsen AM, Langsted A, Varbo A, Bang LE, Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG. Increased remnant cholesterol explains part of residual risk of all-cause mortality in 5414 patients with ischemic heart disease. Clin Chem. 2016;62(4):593-604.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jepsen</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langsted</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varbo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bang</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamstrup</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased remnant cholesterol explains part of residual risk of all-cause mortality in 5414 patients with ischemic heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>593</fpage>
          <lpage>604</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Nordestgaard BG, Wootton R, Lewis B. Selective retention of VLDL, IDL, and LDL in the arterial intima of genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits in vivo. Molecular size as a determinant of fractional loss from the intima-inner media. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15(4):534-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wootton</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Selective retention of VLDL, IDL, and LDL in the arterial intima of genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits in vivo. Molecular size as a determinant of fractional loss from the intima-inner media</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>534</fpage>
          <lpage>542</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Nakajima K, Nakano T, Tanaka A. The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherosclerosis: the comparison of atherogenic effects on oxidized LDL and remnant lipoproteins in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2006;367(1-2):36-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nakajima</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakano</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanaka</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherosclerosis: the comparison of atherogenic effects on oxidized LDL and remnant lipoproteins in plas</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chim Acta</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>367</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>36</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Plana N, Ibarretxe D, Cabr&#233; A, Ruiz E, Masana L. Prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia in primary care patients at moderate-very high risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular risk perception. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2014;26(6):274-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ibarretxe</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabr&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruiz</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masana</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia in primary care patients at moderate-very high risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular risk perception</article-title>
          <source>Clin Investig Arterioscler</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>274</fpage>
          <lpage>284</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Pedro-Botet J, Mantilla-Morat&#243; T, D&#237;az-Rodr&#237;guez &#193;, Brea-Hernando &#193;, Gonz&#225;lez-Santos P, Hern&#225;ndez-Mijares A, et al. [The role of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in clinical practice guidelines]. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2016;28(2):65-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedro-Botet</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mantilla-Morat&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#237;az-Rodr&#237;guez</surname>
              <given-names>&#193;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brea-Hernando</surname>
              <given-names>&#193;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Santos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hern&#225;ndez-Mijares</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The role of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in clinical practice guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Clin Investig Arterioscler</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Dislipidemias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Padr&#227;o Lip&#237;dico Discordante e Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica Carot&#237;dea. Import&#226;ncia do Colesterol Remanescente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Masson</surname>
            <given-names>Walter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Mart&#237;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Molinero</surname>
            <given-names>Graciela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siniawski</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Servicio de Cardiolog&#237;a - Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Consejo de Epidemiolog&#237;a. Sociedad Argentina de Cardiolog&#237;a - Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Walter Masson,</bold> Gascon, 450, 1416, Ciudad aut&#243;noma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires - Argentina. E-mail: <email>walter.masson@hospitalitaliano.org.ar</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Masson W, Lobo M, Molinero G, Siniawski D; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Masson W, Lobo M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis de n&#227;o HDL-C excedendo em 30 mg/dl aqueles de LDL-C (discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica) ou com altos n&#237;veis de colesterol remanescente poderiam ter maior risco cardiovascular residual.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>determinar a preval&#234;ncia de discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e analisar as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas com ela associadas;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o de discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica e colesterol remanescente calculado com a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea<bold>.</bold></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria sem diabetes ou sem terapia hipolipemiante foram inclu&#237;dos. Independentemente do n&#237;vel de LDL-C, definiu-se &#8220;discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica&#8221; como um valor de n&#227;o HDL-C excedendo em 30 mg/dl aquele de LDL-C. Calculou-se o colesterol remanescente como colesterol total menos HDL-C menos LDL-C na presen&#231;a de triglicer&#237;deos &lt; 4,0 mmol/l. Usou-se ultrassom para avaliar a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla foram constru&#237;dos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 772 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia, 52 &#177; 11 anos; 66% mulheres). A preval&#234;ncia de discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica foi de 34%. Sexo masculino e &#237;ndice de massa corporal mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante. A preval&#234;ncia de placa carot&#237;dea foi maior em indiv&#237;duos com discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica (40,2% vs. 29,2; p = 0,002). A an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante com maior probabilidade de placa carot&#237;dea (OR: 1,58; IC95%: 1,08-2,34; p = 0,02). Da mesma forma, identificou-se uma significativa associa&#231;&#227;o entre colesterol remanescente calculado e placa carot&#237;dea.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica e presen&#231;a de n&#237;vel mais alto de colesterol remanescente calculado acham-se associados com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Nossos achados podem ser usados para aprimorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular residual.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>VLDL-Colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Eleva&#231;&#245;es nas lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglicer&#237;deos est&#227;o associadas com risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticos mesmo em pacientes com bom controle dos n&#237;veis do colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) obtido por uso de estatinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora o LDL-C tenha sido tipicamente o alvo da terapia, v&#225;rias diretrizes reconhecem o n&#227;o HDL-C como uma meta terap&#234;utica secund&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em recente recomenda&#231;&#227;o publicada, a <italic>National Lipid Association</italic> (NLA) dos Estados Unidos reconhece tanto o n&#227;o HDL-C quanto o LDL-C como metas terap&#234;uticas prim&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Nesse cen&#225;rio, as metas para n&#227;o HDL-C foram 30 mg/dl mais altas do que as recomendadas para LDL-C.</p>
        <p>O n&#227;o HDL-C &#233; constitu&#237;do pelo colesterol transportado por todas as part&#237;culas potencialmente aterog&#234;nicas, que incluem LDL-C, lipoprote&#237;nas de densidade intermedi&#225;ria, lipoprote&#237;nas de densidade muito baixa, lipoprote&#237;nas remanescentes e lipoprote&#237;na(a). Al&#233;m disso, v&#225;rias meta-an&#225;lises mostraram que o n&#227;o HDL-C se correlacionou melhor com risco cardiovascular do que o LDL-C, tanto em condi&#231;&#245;es basais quanto durante tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Da mesma maneira, a &#8220;dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica&#8221; est&#225; associada com maior risco cardiovascular. Seus principais achados consistem em hipertrigliceridemia, baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-C, altera&#231;&#245;es qualitativas nas part&#237;culas de LDL, ac&#250;mulo de lipoprote&#237;nas remanescentes e hiperlipidemia p&#243;s-prandial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O colesterol remanescente &#233; aquele contido nas lipoprote&#237;nas remanescentes ricas em triglicer&#237;deos, que, no jejum correspondem &#224;s lipoprote&#237;nas de densidade muito baixa e &#224;s lipoprote&#237;nas de densidade intermedi&#225;ria, e, no estado de n&#227;o jejum, correspondem &#224;quelas duas lipoprote&#237;nas somadas aos quilom&#237;crons remanescentes. Da mesma maneira, as lipoprote&#237;nas remanescentes transportam grandes quantidades de colesterol e compartilham com o LDL o potencial de entrar na &#237;ntima da parede arterial e de ficar a&#237; alojadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, o diagn&#243;stico de placa ateroscler&#243;tica carot&#237;dea &#233; um objetivo substituto, sendo um preditor independente de eventos coronarianos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nosso grupo de trabalho j&#225; relatou a consider&#225;vel preval&#234;ncia de placa carot&#237;dea em pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, levantamos a possibilidade de que indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis de n&#227;o HDL-C 30 mg/dl acima daqueles de LDL (discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica) ou com colesterol remanescente calculado mais alto possam apresentar maior preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea.</p>
        <p>Os objetivos do nosso estudo foram:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>determinar a preval&#234;ncia de discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e analisar as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas com ela associadas;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o de discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica e colesterol remanescente calculado com a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal descritivo multic&#234;ntrico realizado em amostras consecutivas obtidas em ambulat&#243;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de seis centros cardiol&#243;gicos na cidade de Buenos Aires. Indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foram inclu&#237;dos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>hist&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus; e</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>terapia hipolipemiante anterior.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Ensaios colorim&#233;trico e turbidim&#233;trico foram usados para medir os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos fora do jejum de triglicer&#237;deos, HDL-C e colesterol total. A equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald foi usada para calcular o LDL-C. O colesterol remanescente foi calculado como colesterol total menos HDL-C menos LDL-C quando os triglicer&#237;deos fossem &lt;4,0 mmol/l.</p>
        <p>Independentemente do n&#237;vel de LDL-C, &#8220;discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica&#8221; foi definida como n&#237;vel de n&#227;o HDL-C excedendo em 30 mg/dl o de LDL-C.</p>
        <p>Registrou-se placa ateroscler&#243;tica carot&#237;dea na presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas art&#233;rias carot&#237;deas em ultrassonografia bidimensional n&#227;o invasiva. Definiu-se a presen&#231;a de placa como:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>espessura anormal da parede (definida como espessura m&#233;dio-intimal &gt;1,5 mm);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>estrutura anormal (protrus&#227;o no l&#250;men, perda de alinhamento com a parede adjacente); e</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ecogenicidade anormal da parede.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Os seguintes tr&#234;s escores de risco cardiovascular foram calculados:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>escore de Framingham para eventos coronarianos usando o Terceiro Relat&#243;rio do Painel de Especialistas sobre Detec&#231;&#227;o, Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Tratamento de Colesterol Sangu&#237;neo Elevado em Adultos do Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o sobre Colesterol (NCEP-ATP III),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que define risco baixo, moderado e alto como n&#237;veis &lt; 10%, entre 10% e 19%, e &#8805; 20%, respectivamente;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>o novo escore usado pela &#250;ltima diretriz da ACC/AHA de 2013 para manejo de colesterol;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>o SCORE Europeu para eventos fatais, usando o escore espec&#237;fico correspondente aos pa&#237;ses de baixo risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A escolha do escore foi arbitr&#225;ria, baseada no fato de que a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o argentina imigrante vem desses pa&#237;ses. Riscos &lt; 1%, entre 1% e 4,9%, 5% e 9,9% ou &#8805; 10% foram classificados como baixo, moderado, alto ou muito alto, respectivamente.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada analisando m&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o, mediana, assimetria, curtose e histograma, e usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas entre os grupos com o teste <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareado para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou o teste de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon para distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizada com o teste do qui-quadrado. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre LDL-C e n&#227;o HDL-C foi feita com o teste de Pearson.</p>
          <p>Construiu-se um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para identificar caracter&#237;sticas independentes associadas com padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante, incluindo todas as vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05 na an&#225;lise univariada ou aquelas consideradas clinicamente relevantes (idade e tabagismo). Da mesma forma, construiu-se outro modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante e a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea, incluindo todas as vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05 na an&#225;lise univariada ou aquelas consideradas clinicamente relevantes (sexo). Por fim, um terceiro modelo multivariado foi constru&#237;do para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre quartis mais altos e mais baixos de colesterol remanescente calculado e a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea, ajustando para idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, tabagismo e medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o) se a distribui&#231;&#227;o fosse normal, e como mediana (intervalo interquartil) se a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fosse normal. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagens. Considerou-se um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,01 como estatisticamente significativo. Os programas STATA 11.1 e 3.1 EPIDAT foram usados para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>C&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra: Para se obter poder de 80% e erro alfa de 0,05 para detectar uma diferen&#231;a absoluta &#8805; 7% na preval&#234;ncia de placa carot&#237;dea em indiv&#237;duos com e sem discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica, estimamos ser necess&#225;ria uma amostra de 513 indiv&#237;duos. Assumindo-se uma perda de 15%, chegou-se ao n&#250;mero de 604 pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>O estudo foi conduzido seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para pesquisa m&#233;dica de Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, Diretrizes de Boa Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica e regulamentos &#233;ticos v&#225;lidos. As quest&#245;es &#233;ticas foram avaliadas e aprovadas pela Se&#231;&#227;o de Investiga&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Argentina de Cardiologia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu um total de 772 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia, 52 &#177; 11 anos; 66% mulheres). Os valores m&#233;dios dos seguintes par&#226;metros foram observados: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, 26,9 &#177; 4,5; colesterol, LDL-C e HDL-C, 219 &#177; 45 mg/dl, 142 &#177; 43 mg/dl e 50 &#177; 14 mg/dl, respectivamente. A mediana do n&#237;vel de triglicer&#237;deos foi 117 mg/dl (80-173). Tratamento anti-hipertensivo era administrado a 36% dos pacientes e 20,5% deles eram tabagistas ativos.</p>
        <p>Discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica (n&#227;o HDL-C &gt; LDL-C+30 mg/dl) foi observada em 34% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> mostra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre LDL-C e n&#227;o HDL-C na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre LDL-C e n&#227;o HDL-C na popula&#231;&#227;o. A linha negra representa o valor do n&#227;o HDL-C (30 mg/dl acima) associado com cada valor de LDL-C.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0526-70069-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Entre os pacientes com discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica, havia uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens e indiv&#237;duos recebendo medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, e ainda mais alto &#237;ndice de massa corporal em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com concord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma menor propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco conforme os diferentes escores cardiovasculares no grupo com discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos de acordo com o padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes fatores de risco n&#227;o lip&#237;dicos e padr&#245;es lip&#237;dicos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Concordante n = 510</th>
                <th align="center">Discordante n = 262</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">52,8 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">51,6 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">127,5 (15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">129,1 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,0 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">39,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">33,1</td>
                <td align="center">42,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">20,2</td>
                <td align="center">21,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular precoce</td>
                <td align="center">26,5</td>
                <td align="center">26,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore de Framingham (ATP III)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco baixo</td>
                <td align="center">80,6</td>
                <td align="center">69,4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">24,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco alto</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Novo escore (ACC/AHA 2013)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 5%</td>
                <td align="center">55,1</td>
                <td align="center">40,8</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5-7,5%</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">16,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 7,5%</td>
                <td align="center">34,1</td>
                <td align="center">42,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SCORE Europeu</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco baixo</td>
                <td align="center">53,3</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">36,9</td>
                <td align="center">47,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco alto/muito alto</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos de acordo com o padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis (mg/dl)</th>
                <th align="center">Concordante n = 510</th>
                <th align="center">Discordante n = 262</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">213,3 (44,3)</td>
                <td align="center">232,2 (44,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">141,5 (41,8)</td>
                <td align="center">142,8 (44,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o HDL-C, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">160,0 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">188,4 (43,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">53,3 (14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">43,8 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mediana (intervalo interquartil)</td>
                <td align="center">89,0 (72,0-116,0)</td>
                <td align="center">199,0 (172,0-252,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol remanescente calculado, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">18,5 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">45,1 (16,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, sexo masculino (OR: 1,50; IC95%: 1,07-2,11; p = 0,02) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (OR: 1,12; IC95%: 1,08-1,17; p &lt; 0,001) apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com maior probabilidade de padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o (fatores de risco n&#227;o lip&#237;dicos) de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de placa carot&#237;dea. A preval&#234;ncia de placa carot&#237;dea foi significativamente maior em indiv&#237;duos com discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica (40,2% vs. 29,2; p = 0,002). Na an&#225;lise univariada, observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante e a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea (OR: 1,61; IC95%: 1,17-2,19; p = 0,003). Da mesma forma, a an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o independente do padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante com a maior probabilidade de exibir placa carot&#237;dea (OR: 1,58; IC95%: 1,08-2,34; p = 0,02). Isso ocorreu ap&#243;s ajuste por idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, tratamento anti-hipertensivo, tabagismo ativo e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana precoce.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco n&#227;o lip&#237;dicos e placa carot&#237;dea</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sem placa n = 517</th>
                <th align="center">Com placa n = 254</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">49,8 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">57,7 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">125,2 (13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">133,8 (15,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,3 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">42,0</td>
                <td align="center">48,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">28,4</td>
                <td align="center">52,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">15,1</td>
                <td align="center">31,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular precoce</td>
                <td align="center">23,8</td>
                <td align="center">32,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Da mesma forma, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o colesterol remanescente calculado e a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea na an&#225;lise univariada (quartil superior vs. inferior: OR: 1,82; IC95%: 1,19-2,79; p = 0,006). Essa associa&#231;&#227;o permaneceu ap&#243;s ajuste para outros fatores de risco (quartil superior vs. inferior: OR: 1,84; IC95%: 1,11-3,05; p = 0,02). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os quartis do colesterol remanescente calculado e a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre quartis do colesterol remanescente calculado e a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea. Q: quartil.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0526-70069-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de discord&#226;ncia &#233; uma t&#233;cnica anal&#237;tica na qual vari&#225;veis biologicamente ligadas s&#227;o analisadas por grupos de concord&#226;ncia ou discord&#226;ncia entre suas distribui&#231;&#245;es relativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> No nosso estudo, definimos "discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica" arbitrariamente, mas de modo original. Para cada paciente, categorizamos o padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico como discordante caso o n&#237;vel de n&#227;o HDL-C n&#237;vel excedesse em 30 mg/dl aquele de LDL-C. Assim, o valor cl&#237;nico dessa an&#225;lise acha-se mais intimamente relacionado ao n&#250;mero de part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas do que &#224; massa total de colesterol.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, os pacientes do sexo masculino ou aqueles com &#237;ndice de massa corporal mais alto apresentaram maior probabilidade de discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica. Como no nosso estudo, um outro conduzido na popula&#231;&#227;o de Barcelona relatou preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica maior em homens do que em mulheres, usando o ponto de corte de HDL-C recomendado pelas diretrizes europeias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo realizado com usu&#225;rios de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de sa&#250;de de Portugal mostrou maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertrigliceridemia e de baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-C em homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em outro estudo, Williams et al. demonstraram em homens n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos n&#237;veis mais altos de apolipoprote&#237;na B, n&#227;o HDL-C e pequenas part&#237;culas de LDL do que em mulheres n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Por outro lado, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sobrepeso ou obesidade e altos n&#237;veis de n&#227;o HDL-C foi amplamente demonstrada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossa an&#225;lise mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante e maior preval&#234;ncia de placa carot&#237;dea. Da mesma forma, Holewijn et al. relataram que indiv&#237;duos com altos n&#237;veis de n&#227;o HDL-C tinham &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial mais baixo, maior espessura m&#233;dio-intimal m&#233;dia e mais placas ateroscler&#243;ticas do que aqueles com baixos n&#237;veis de n&#227;o HDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a discord&#226;ncia &#8216;alto n&#227;o HDL-C&#8217;/&#8216;baixo LDL-C&#8217; foi associada com mais alto escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio medido por tomografia computadorizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> H&#225; v&#225;rios fatores para explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante e maior preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Primeiro, alguns remanescentes de lipoprote&#237;na rica em triglicer&#237;deos entram na parede arterial &#224; semelhan&#231;a do LDL-C, contribuindo para o in&#237;cio e progress&#227;o da aterosclerose. Segundo, o n&#227;o HDL-C se correlaciona mais intimamente com a carga total de todas as part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas. Por fim, n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos e de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade poderiam refletir produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica excessiva de part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas e densas caracterizadas por uma depura&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o mais lenta.</p>
        <p>Outro achado do nosso estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre colesterol remanescente calculado e a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea. Tal associa&#231;&#227;o permaneceu mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco n&#227;o lip&#237;dicos.</p>
        <p>Colesterol remanescente elevado acha-se associado com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Da mesma forma, concentra&#231;&#245;es aumentadas do colesterol remanescente tanto calculado quanto medido est&#227;o associadas com aumento da mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A principal explica&#231;&#227;o para o efeito causal da eleva&#231;&#227;o do colesterol remanescente no risco de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica seria que os remanescentes entram na camada &#237;ntima da parede arterial e ficam a&#237; presos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os remanescentes podem prescindir de oxida&#231;&#227;o para serem englobados por macr&#243;fagos para causar a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas e aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Logo, nossos achados s&#227;o consistentes com os dados fisiopatol&#243;gicos e cl&#237;nicos j&#225; relatados.</p>
        <p>Nosso achado da associa&#231;&#227;o de padr&#227;o lip&#237;dico discordante e de altos n&#237;veis de colesterol remanescente com placa ateroscler&#243;tica enfatiza o papel do n&#227;o HDL-C na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. No mundo real, pacientes com risco cardiovascular muito alto t&#234;m uma significativa preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica a despeito de terem atingido as metas de LDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entretanto, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes s&#227;o confusas e nem sempre consistentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> As diretrizes da ACC/AHA de 2013 para manejo de colesterol n&#227;o consideram HDL-C e triglicer&#237;deos na preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Contudo, a NLA enfatiza a relev&#226;ncia da dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica e as diretrizes canadenses introduziram o n&#227;o HDL-C e a apolipoprote&#237;na B como metas alternativas. As diretrizes da Sociedade Internacional de Aterosclerose e do <italic>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</italic> (NICE) promovem a import&#226;ncia do n&#227;o HDL-C. As diretrizes europeias enfatizam o papel de HDL-C e triglicer&#237;deos, mas com a limita&#231;&#227;o de que a principal evid&#234;ncia tem origem em suban&#225;lise de estudos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, como em qualquer estudo transversal, n&#227;o se pode descartar a possibilidade de vi&#233;s, em especial de sele&#231;&#227;o, influenciando os resultados. Acreditamos que possa existir um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o na nossa amostra, pois os pacientes atendidos em cl&#237;nica de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular n&#227;o necessariamente representam a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Segundo, n&#227;o medimos o colesterol remanescente diretamente. Contudo, o uso do colesterol remanescente calculado j&#225; foi relatado em v&#225;rios estudos. Por fim, no nosso estudo, a placa carot&#237;dea foi definida conforme os crit&#233;rios do estudo <italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities</italic>. A mudan&#231;a da defini&#231;&#227;o de placa poderia modificar nossos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na nossa an&#225;lise, a discord&#226;ncia lip&#237;dica e a presen&#231;a de um n&#237;vel mais alto de colesterol remanescente calculado acham-se associadas com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Nossos resultados expandem as estrat&#233;gias na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular residual.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
