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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BX7bn9xz7Qj55yN6ZFcPKwG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000600518</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170089</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Dyslipidemias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Expected Cardiovascular Benefit of Plasma Cholesterol Lowering with or Without LDL-C Targets in Healthy Individuals at Higher Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Henpin Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena,</bold> Avenida Brasil, 953. Postal Code 01431-000, Jardim Am&#233;rica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@einstein.br</email>, <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Cesena FHY; Statistical analysis: Cesena FHY, Bittencourt MS; Obtaining funding: Laurinavicius AG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Laurinavicius AG, Valente VA, Concei&#231;&#227;o RD, Bittencourt MS, Santos RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena has received honoraria for participating in a study funded by Sanofi. Dr. Antonio Gabriele Laurinavicius is employee at Sanofi. Dr. Raul D. Santos has received honoraria for consulting and speaker activities from Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Biolab, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cerenis, Genzyme, Eli-Lilly, Kowa, Akcea, Pfizer, Praxis, Sanofi Regeneron, Merck, and Unilever. All other authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>518</fpage>
      <lpage>525</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>There is controversy whether management of blood cholesterol should be based or not on LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) target concentrations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare the estimated impact of different lipid-lowering strategies, based or not on LDL-c targets, on the risk of major cardiovascular events in a population with higher cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We included consecutive individuals undergoing a routine health screening in a single center who had a 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) &#8805; 7.5% (pooled cohort equations, ACC/AHA, 2013). For each individual, we simulated two strategies based on LDL-c target (&#8804; 100 mg/dL [S<sub>target-100</sub>] or &#8804; 70 mg/dL [S<sub>target-70</sub>]) and two strategies based on percent LDL-c reduction (30% [S<sub>30%</sub>] or 50% [S<sub>50%</sub>]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In 1,897 subjects (57 &#177; 7 years, 96% men, 10-year ASCVD risk 13.7 &#177; 7.1%), LDL-c would be lowered from 141 &#177; 33 mg/dL to 99 &#177; 23 mg/dL in S<sub>30%</sub>, 71 &#177; 16 mg/dL in S<sub>50%</sub>, 98 &#177; 9 mg/dL in S<sub>target-100</sub>, and 70 &#177; 2 mg/dL in S<sub>target-70</sub>. Ten-year ASCVD risk would be reduced to 8.8 &#177; 4.8% in S<sub>50%</sub> and 8.9 &#177; 5.2 in S<sub>target-70</sub>. The number of major cardiovascular events prevented in 10 years per 1,000 individuals would be 32 in S<sub>30%</sub>, 31 in S<sub>target-100</sub>, 49 in S<sub>50%</sub>, and 48 in S<sub>target-70</sub>. Compared with S<sub>target-70</sub>, S<sub>50%</sub> would prevent more events in the lower LDL-c tertile and fewer events in the higher LDL-c tertile.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The more aggressive lipid-lowering approaches simulated in this study, based on LDL-c target or percent reduction, may potentially prevent approximately 50% more hard cardiovascular events in the population compared with the less intensive treatments. Baseline LDL-c determines which strategy (based or not on LDL-c target) is more appropriate at the individual level.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, HDL / blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, LDL / blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia / blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Lowering low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) levels is a well-established way to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and more aggressive LDL-c lowering strategies are recommended for subjects at higher risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, risk stratification, as well as recommendations for the management of blood cholesterol, differs across different guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The latest documents from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> National Lipid Association (NLA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Canadian Cardiovascular Society,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and the Atherosclerosis Department of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> maintain the long-standing principle of establishing LDL-c target concentrations according to the absolute risk of cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>In 2013, however, the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) cholesterol management guidelines changed this concept, abolishing the historical LDL-c targets and recommending statin prescription, at moderate or high intensity, according to the predicted absolute risk of events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Whether we should pursue LDL-c target levels or prescribe fixed-dose statins aiming at a percent LDL-c reduction is a subject of debate. Moreover, there is no consensus on how aggressive the lipid-lowering strategies should be at different risk levels, and the incremental benefit of more aggressive therapies should be counterbalanced by higher risk of adverse events and higher costs.</p>
      <p>In order to address these issues, the purpose of this study was to compare the estimated impact of different cholesterol-lowering strategies on the risk of major cardiovascular events in healthy subjects considered to be at higher cardiovascular risk. Specifically, we simulated cholesterol-lowering approaches at different intensities and based on LDL-c target or fixed percent reduction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects and estimation of cardiovascular risk</title>
        <p>Participants were selected from a large database of individuals undergoing a routine health screening at the Preventive Medicine Center of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, from January 2006 to June 2013. Data were prospectively collected from consecutive predominantly healthy individuals who underwent interview with a clinician, physical examination, treadmill stress test, and blood collection, among several procedures, as described elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> History of cardiovascular events and current use of medication were verified. Fasting blood glucose and lipids were performed, among other tests. LDL-c was calculated using the Friedewald equation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> except for the cases in which the triglyceride level was higher than 400 mg/dL, when LDL-c was measured by a direct method.</p>
        <p>We included subjects with a calculated 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) &#8805; 7.5%, according to the 2013 ACC/AHA risk calculator derived from the pooled cohort equations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This quantitative risk assessment method predicts the 10-year risk of developing a first cardiovascular event, defined as nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, or fatal or nonfatal stroke, among people without cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were as follows:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>individuals in secondary prevention, defined as history of clinical ASCVD, subclinical ASCVD deemed significant by the assistant physician, or aortic aneurysm;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>current use of lipid-lowering medication;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>presence of variable(s) out of the recommended range to use the pooled cohort equations: age &lt; 40 years or &gt; 79 years, total cholesterol &lt; 130 mg/dL (3.4 mmol/L) or &gt; 320 mg/dL (8.3 mmol/L), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) &lt; 20 mg/dL (0.5 mmol/L) or &gt; 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L), or systolic blood pressure &lt; 90 mmHg or &gt;200 mmHg;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>missing data not allowing calculations needed for risk estimation or predicted cardiovascular benefit.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil (CAAE: 53641916.9.0000.0071).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Simulated strategies and assumptions</title>
        <p>For every subject, two strategies based on LDL-c target (S<sub>target-100</sub> and S<sub>target-70</sub>) and two based on fixed percent LDL-c reduction (S<sub>30%</sub> and S<sub>50%</sub>) were simulated. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> depicts the simulated treatments and the expected final LDL-c after the adoption of each strategy. In the strategies with LDL-c target, to reflect the common clinical practice, it was assumed that medication would be prescribed only if LDL-c was at least 20% higher than the target, and drug therapy would reduce LDL-c by at least 30%. In the strategies based on percent reduction, medication would be prescribed only if baseline LDL-c was &#8805; 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L), as recommended by the 2013 ACC/AHA guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Simulated treatments and the expected final LDL-c, according to strategies and baseline LDL-c</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Strategy</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline LDL-c</th>
                <th align="center">Treatment</th>
                <th align="center">Final LDL-c</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S<sub>30%</sub></td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">&lt; 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">None</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">= baseline LDL-c</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 70 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">30% LDL-c reduction</td>
                <td align="center">= baseline LDL-c &#8211; 30%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S<sub>50%</sub></td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">&lt; 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">None</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">= baseline LDL-c</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 70 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">50% LDL-c reduction</td>
                <td align="center">= baseline LDL-c &#8211; 50%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S<sub>target-100</sub></td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">&lt; 120 mg/dL (3.1 mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">None</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">= baseline LDL-c</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 120 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 30% LDL-c reduction</td>
                <td align="center">= baseline LDL-c &#8211; 30% or 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S<sub>target-70</sub></td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">&lt; 84 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">None</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">= baseline LDL-c</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805;84 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 30% LDL-c reduction</td>
                <td align="center">= baseline LDL-c &#8211; 30% or 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>The lower value was considered.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimation of cardiovascular risk reduction</title>
        <p>The expected variation in LDL-c allowed us to estimate the absolute cardiovascular risk reduction for every individual in each of the simulated strategies. For these calculations, we considered a 22% relative risk reduction (risk ratio [RR] equal to 0.78) in major cardiovascular events for each 39 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) of LDL-c lowered, based on the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists&#8217; (CTT) Collaboration meta-analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Accordingly, if LDL-c lowers 78 mg/dL (2 mmol/L), the relative risk reduces 39% (RR = 0.78 x 0.78 = 0.61). If LDL-c lowers 117 mg/dL (3 mmol/L), the relative risk is expected to reduce 53% (RR = 0.78 x 0.78 x 0.78 = 0.47).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Therefore, the final cardiovascular risk was given by the following formula:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math id="e01">
            <mml:semantics>
              <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                <mml:mtable>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mi>final</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>cardiovascular</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>risk</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mi>baseline</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>cardiovascular</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>risk</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:msup>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mn>78</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                      </mml:msup>
                      <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                </mml:mtable>
              </mml:mstyle>
            </mml:semantics>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>where <italic>n</italic> is the amount of LDL-c reduction expressed in mmol/L and the baseline cardiovascular risk is the ASCVD risk derived from the pooled cohort equations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Contemporary risk calculators and cost-effectiveness studies also use CTT results in order to estimate the benefits of lipid-lowering therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The number of events prevented in 10 years per 1,000 individuals assigned to a simulated strategy was calculated by dividing 1,000 by the number needed to treat (NNT), which was calculated directly as the reciprocal of the absolute difference between the baseline and the final cardiovascular risks. Calculations were also performed for subgroups defined by baseline LDL-c concentration.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were expressed as proportions and the chi-square test was used in the comparisons. Continuous variables were assumed to have a normal distribution due to the large sample size and were expressed as means and standard deviations. The different strategies for cholesterol reduction were compared by multilevel mixed effects models with Bonferroni&#180;s adjustment for multiple comparisons. Analyses were carried out with the use of the Stata software, version 13.0. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>From an initial population of 24,874 individuals, we first excluded 171 (0.7%) subjects with history of clinical ASCVD, significant subclinical ASCVD or aortic aneurysm. Among 24,712 individuals in primary prevention of ASCVD, we excluded 22,156 (89.7%) subjects with a 10-year risk for ASCVD &lt; 7.5%. From the remaining 2,556 individuals, all of them with a 10-year risk for ASCVD &#8805; 7.5%, we excluded 545 (21.3%) on current use of lipid-lowering drugs. The final study population consisted of 1,897 individuals (7.6% of the initial population, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Schematic &#64258;owchart depicting included and excluded subjects. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0518-70089-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the study subjects. The mean age was 57 &#177; 7 years, 96% were men, mainly white, and the mean 10-year ASCVD risk was 13.7 &#177; 7.1%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of participants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                <th align="center">Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">1,827 (96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mg/dL (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">221 &#177; 36 (5.7 &#177; 0.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c, mg/dL (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">141 &#177; 33 (3.6 &#177; 0.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c, mg/dL (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 10 (1.1 &#177; 0.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides, mg/dL (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">190 &#177; 120 (2.1 &#177; 1.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood glucose, mg/dL (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">102 &#177; 29 (5.7 &#177; 1.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">208 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">749 (40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">590 (31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 4.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10-year ASCVD risk, %</td>
                <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 7.1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD or n (%). BMI: body mass index; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medication use</title>
        <p>According to the LDL-c thresholds to prescribe medication showed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, the percentage of individuals receiving a lipid-lowering drug would be 99% in strategies S<sub>30%</sub> and S<sub>50%</sub>, 74% in S<sub>target-100</sub>, and 96% in S<sub>target-70</sub> (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>LDL-c and absolute cardiovascular risk predicted reductions</title>
        <p>The mean LDL-c achieved in the population would be significantly lower if participants were subjected to any of the more aggressive strategies (S<sub>50%</sub> or S<sub>target-70</sub>), compared with the less intensive approaches (S<sub>30%</sub> and S<sub>target-100</sub>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>). The adoption of S<sub>50%</sub> and S<sub>target-70</sub> would result in numerically comparable mean LDL-c in the population (71 &#177; 16 mg/dL [1.8 &#177; 0.4 mmol/L] and 70 &#177; 2 mg/dL [1.8 &#177; 0.1 mmol/L], respectively, p = 0.039). Also, the final mean LDL-c in the population would be comparable in S<sub>30%</sub> and S<sub>target-100</sub> (99 &#177; 23 mg/dL [2.6 &#177; 0.6 mmol/L] and 98 &#177; 9 mg/dL [2.5 &#177; 0.2 mmol/L], respectively, p = 0.171). Of note, the distribution pattern of LDL-c in the population would be very different according to the strategy, with a wider distribution in the approaches based on percent reduction, compared with the modalities based on target concentration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of LDL-c (A) and the 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (B) at baseline and according to the simulated strategy. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. * p &lt;0.001.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0518-70089-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In parallel to LDL-c reduction, S<sub>50%</sub> and S<sub>target-70</sub> would similarly decrease the average population cardiovascular risk (to 8.8 &#177; 4.8% and 8.9 &#177; 5.2%, respectively, p = 1.000), whereas both S<sub>30%</sub> and S<sub>target-100</sub> would reduce the mean cardiovascular risk to a comparable level (10.5 &#177; 5.6% and 10.6 &#177; 6.1%, respectively, p = 0.090). The expected final cardiovascular risk in the more aggressive strategies would be significantly lower than the risk predicted in the less intensive approaches (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>).</p>
        <p>The number of major cardiovascular events prevented in 10 years per 1,000 individuals assigned to the strategy would be 32 in S<sub>30%</sub>, 31 in S<sub>target-100</sub>, 49 in S<sub>50%</sub>, and 48 in S<sub>target-70</sub>.</p>
        <p>Despite resulting in similar mean values of final LDL-c and cardiovascular risk, the more aggressive strategies (S<sub>50%</sub>and S<sub>target-70</sub>) would be quite different depending on the way blood cholesterol is managed in the population. Indeed, the percentage of individuals achieving LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) would be 98% in S<sub>target-70</sub>, but only 49% in S<sub>50%</sub> (p &lt; 0.001). On the other hand, while 99% of the subjects would lower LDL-c by 50% in S<sub>50%</sub>, this proportion would be only 52% in S<sub>target-70</sub> (p<italic>&#160;</italic>&lt; 0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Influence of baseline LDL-c on the predicted absolute risk reduction</title>
        <p>The superiority of a strategy based on LDL-c target over percent reduction, or vice-versa, is expected to be dependent on the baseline LDL-c.</p>
        <p>In the intermediate LDL-c tertile of our population, S<sub>30%</sub> and S<sub>target-100</sub> would prevent a comparable number of events, whereas S<sub>50%</sub> and S<sub>target-70</sub> would also be similarly effective in reducing cardiovascular events (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The more aggressive strategies would prevent approximately 50% more hard cardiovascular events than the less intensive modalities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estimated number of events prevented in 10 years per 1,000 individuals assigned to the simulated strategy, according to baseline LDL-c (lower tertile [T1]: &lt; 129 mg/dL [3.3 mmol/L]; intermediate tertile [T2]: 129-155 mg/dL [3.3-4.0 mmol/L]; higher tertile [T3]: &gt; 155 mg/dL [4.0 mmol/L]).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0518-70089-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Subjects with lower LDL-c would benefit more from S<sub>30%</sub> than from S<sub>target-100</sub>, and more from S<sub>50%</sub> than from S<sub>target-70</sub>. In the lower LDL-c tertile, compared with S<sub>target-70</sub>, S<sub>50%</sub> would prevent 39% more hard cardiovascular events (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>In individuals with higher LDL-c, S<sub>target-100</sub> would prevent more events than S<sub>30%</sub>, and S<sub>target-70</sub> would prevent 13% more cardiovascular events compared with S<sub>50%</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study highlights relevant aspects of the management of blood cholesterol in individuals at higher cardiovascular risk:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>the cardiovascular benefit in the population would be similar for a strategy based on a 50% LDL-c reduction or targeting LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>the cardiovascular benefit would also be similar for a strategy based on a 30% LDL-c reduction or targeting LDL-c &#8804; 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>LDL-c lowering strategies based on target level or percent reduction may promote similar overall cardiovascular benefit despite resulting in different LDL-c distribution patterns in the population;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>the more aggressive modalities (based on a 50% LDL-c reduction or targeting LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL) would prevent approximately 50% more hard cardiovascular events compared with the less intensive treatments; </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>baseline LDL-c determines which modality of treatment (based on target concentration or percent reduction) would prevent more cardiovascular events.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Since the publication of the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol management guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> recommending a switch from a treat-to-target approach to a statin dose-based strategy, intense debate has taken place both inside and outside the USA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In the absence of randomized clinical trials directly comparing the outcome of different strategies, with or without LDL-c target concentrations, simulations may be of value to provide information that may help guide therapy and develop guidelines.</p>
      <p>When recommending LDL-c target levels, guidelines differ on the goal for individuals in primary prevention at higher cardiovascular risk (&lt; 70 mg/dL [1.8 mmol/L),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &lt; 77 mg/dL [2.0 mmol/L)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> or &lt; 100 mg/dL [2.6 mmol/L]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>). An aggressive LDL-c target (&lt; 70 mg/dL [1.8 mmol/L]) for these patients is supported by the CTT meta-analysis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as well as by extrapolation of subanalyses of randomized clinical trials in patients with cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Accordingly, our study, which is based on assumptions derived from the CTT study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> showed a robust difference between achieving LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL or &#8804; 100 mg/dL. This finding, however, contrasts with a recent population-based study that reported no additional benefit by achieving LDL-c 70 mg/dL or less in individuals with stable ischemic heart disease taking statins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>One of the main criticisms of the abolishment of LDL-c target levels is the possibility of undertreating individuals with higher baseline LDL-c. Indeed, subjects with LDL-c &gt; 140 mg/dL will not achieve 70 mg/dL even if they reduce LDL-c by 50%, approximately the expected mean reduction with high-intensity statin. In our simulations, this phenomenon was not negligible, as more than half of the study population simulated to a 50% LDL-c reduction would not attain LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL. This result compares with those of a meta-analysis of statin trials showing that more than 40% of subjects assigned to high-dose statin therapy did not reach LDL-c target &lt; 70 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In this regard, it is noteworthy that the expert consensus published by the ACC in 2016 states that a non-statin drug (ezetimibe) may be considered for primary prevention patients with 10-year ASCVD risk &#8805; 7.5% and high-risk markers who have not achieved LDL-c &lt; 100 mg/dL on maximally tolerated statin therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, under an LDL-c target-based strategy, many individuals with baseline LDL-c in the lower range would not need high-dose statins to reach the lipid goal. These individuals may also be considered undertreated, since high-dose statins would promote higher absolute LDL-c lowering and higher cardiovascular risk reduction. Our data demonstrate that this situation should not be underestimated. Indeed, in perfect agreement with our results, the recently published European guidelines recommend, for very high-risk patients, an LDL-c goal &lt; 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) or a reduction by at least 50% if LDL-c is between 70 and 135 mg/dL (1.8 and 3.5 mmol/L).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The importance of a percent LDL-c reduction is also supported by a recent publication by Bangalore et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In a large cohort of patients included in randomized trials, the authors reported that the percent LDL-c reduction added incremental prognostic value over statin dose and attained LDL-c levels, but achieved LDL-c did not provide incremental prognostic value over statin dose and percent LDL-c reduction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, the present study supports treating those individuals with relatively higher LDL-c plasma concentration to aggressive LDL-c target levels and prescribing high-dose statin, aiming for a great percent LDL-c reduction, for those with relatively lower LDL-c level. Our data suggest that the debate should shift from the &#8220;with or without target&#8221; issue to a broader discussion about how to customize the management of blood cholesterol in order to minimize the impact of cardiovascular diseases in the population.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study has several limitations inherent to simulation analyses. We had to make some assumptions arbitrarily and we cannot exclude the possibility of different results if other assumptions were used. We also simulated 30% and 50% LDL-c reductions as strategies roughly representative of moderate- and high-intensity statin therapies, respectively. It is widely known, however, that there is a substantial interindividual variability in the response to statin therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Our study population was almost exclusively male because of intrinsic characteristics of the preventive service where data were collected, which is attended predominantly by businessmen. Different results may be seen in populations with a more balanced male/female ratio. Ethnic issues also have to be considered, since we studied an almost exclusively white population. Importantly, we predict that results may significantly vary according to mean LDL-c in the population. Therefore, we cannot extrapolate our findings to other communities.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In a simulation study based on real-world individuals considered to be at higher risk for cardiovascular events, we observed that LDL-c lowering strategies based on target level or percent reduction may promote similar overall cardiovascular benefit, despite resulting in different distribution patterns of LDL-c in the population. Importantly, both aggressive approaches simulated (S<sub>50%</sub> and S<sub>target-70</sub>) may potentially prevent approximately 50% more hard cardiovascular events in the population compared with the less intensive treatments (S<sub>30%</sub> and S<sub>target-100</sub>).</p>
      <p>However, these strategies may be very different at the individual level depending on the baseline LDL-c. An aggressive target-based strategy is the best option when LDL-c is relatively high, while percent LDL-c reduction is superior when LDL-c is relatively low.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Editorial assistance was supported by Sanofi.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>Editorial assistance was supported by Sanofi. The authors thank the contribution of Nea Miwa Kashiwagi, Clariana Vitoria Ramos, Marcelo Katz, Rodrigo Ruscitto, medical doctors and the multidisciplinary team of the Preventive Medicine Center at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Dislipidemias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Benef&#237;cio Cardiovascular Esperado pela Redu&#231;&#227;o do Colesterol Plasm&#225;tico com ou sem Metas de LDL-C em Indiv&#237;duos Saud&#225;veis de Risco Cardiovascular mais Elevado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Henpin Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena,</bold> Avenida Brasil, 953. CEP 01431-000, Jardim Am&#233;rica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@einstein.br</email>, <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cesena FHY; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cesena FHY, Bittencourt MS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Laurinavicius AG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Laurinavicius AG, Valente VA, Concei&#231;&#227;o RD, Bittencourt MS, Santos RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena recebeu honor&#225;rios por participar de estudo financiado pela Sanofi, Dr. Antonio Gabriele Laurinavicius &#233; funcion&#225;rio da Sanofi e Dr. Raul D. Santos recebeu honor&#225;rios por atividades de consultoria e palestrante da Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Biolab, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cerenis, Genzyme, Eli-Lilly, Kowa, Akcea, Pfizer, Praxis, Sanofi Regeneron, Merck, e Unilever. Todos os outros autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesse.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>H&#225; controv&#233;rsias sobre se o controle do colesterol plasm&#225;tico deve ou n&#227;o se basear em metas de concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol LDL (LDL-c).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar o impacto estimado de diferentes estrat&#233;gias hipolipemiantes, baseadas ou n&#227;o em metas de LDL-c, sobre o risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular mais elevado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos consecutivamente submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira de sa&#250;de em um &#250;nico centro e que apresentavam um risco em 10 anos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVAS) &#8805; 7,5% (&#8220;pooled cohort equations&#8221;, ACC/AHA, 2013). Para cada indiv&#237;duo, foram simuladas duas estrat&#233;gias baseadas em meta de LDL-c (&#8804; 100 mg/dL [E<sub>meta-100</sub>] ou &#8804; 70 mg/dL [E<sub>meta-70</sub>]) e duas estrat&#233;gias baseadas em redu&#231;&#227;o percentual do LDL-c (30% [E<sub>30%</sub>] ou 50% [E<sub>50%</sub>]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em 1.897 indiv&#237;duos (57 &#177; 7 anos, 96% homens, risco em 10 anos de DCVAS 13,7 &#177; 7,1%), o LDL-c seria reduzido de 141 &#177; 33 mg/dL para 99 &#177; 23 mg/dL na E<sub>30%</sub>, 71 &#177; 16 mg/dL na E<sub>50%</sub>, 98 &#177; 9 mg/dL na E<sub>meta-100</sub> e 70 &#177; 2 mg/dL na E<sub>meta-70</sub>. O risco em 10 anos de DCVAS seria reduzido para 8,8 &#177; 4,8% na E<sub>50%</sub> e para 8,9 &#177; 5,2 na E<sub>meta-70</sub>. O n&#250;mero de eventos cardiovasculares maiores prevenidos em 10 anos por 1.000 indiv&#237;duos seria de 32 na E<sub>30%</sub>, 31 na E<sub>meta-100</sub>, 49 na E<sub>50%</sub> e 48 na E<sub>meta-70</sub>. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a E<sub>meta-70</sub>, a E<sub>50%</sub> evitaria mais eventos no tercil inferior de LDL-c e menos eventos no tercil superior de LDL-c.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>As abordagens hipolipemiantes mais agressivas simuladas neste estudo, com base em meta de LDL-c ou redu&#231;&#227;o percentual, podem potencialmente prevenir cerca de 50% mais eventos cardiovasculares graves na popula&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com os tratamentos menos intensivos. Os n&#237;veis basais de LDL-c determinam qual estrat&#233;gia (baseada ou n&#227;o em meta de LDL-c) &#233; mais apropriada para cada indiv&#237;duo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Colesterol de HDL / sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol de LDL / sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia / sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Reduzir os n&#237;veis de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) &#233; uma forma bem estabelecida de diminuir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> sendo que estrat&#233;gias mais agressivas de redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c s&#227;o recomendadas para indiv&#237;duos com maior risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> N&#227;o obstante, tanto a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco quanto as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o controle da colesterolemia variam entre as diferentes diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Documentos mais recentes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> da Sociedade Europeia de Aterosclerose,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> da Associa&#231;&#227;o Nacional de L&#237;pides dos EUA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> da Sociedade Cardiovascular Canadense,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> mant&#234;m o princ&#237;pio antigo de estabelecer metas de concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c de acordo com o risco absoluto de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Em 2013, no entanto, a diretriz para manejo do colesterol do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC - Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia) /<italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA - Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana do Cora&#231;&#227;o) alterou este conceito, abolindo as metas hist&#243;ricas de LDL-c e recomendando a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas em intensidade moderada ou alta, de acordo com o risco absoluto esperado de eventos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; discut&#237;vel se devemos buscar atingir metas de LDL-c ou prescrever estatinas em doses fixas visando uma redu&#231;&#227;o percentual de LDL-c. Ademais, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre qu&#227;o agressivas devem ser as estrat&#233;gias de redu&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica nas diferentes faixas de risco, e o benef&#237;cio adicional de abordagens mais agressivas deve ser contrabalanceado por um maior risco de eventos adversos e custos mais altos.</p>
        <p>A fim de abordar essas quest&#245;es, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o impacto estimado de diferentes estrat&#233;gias de redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol sobre o risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em sujeitos saud&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular mais elevado. Especificamente, simulamos estrat&#233;gias de redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol em diferentes intensidades baseadas em metas de LDL-c ou em redu&#231;&#227;o percentual fixa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e estimativa do risco cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Os participantes foram selecionados de um grande banco de dados de indiv&#237;duos submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira de sa&#250;de no Centro de Medicina Preventiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, de janeiro de 2006 a junho de 2013. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente de indiv&#237;duos consecutivos, predominantemente h&#237;gidos, que foram submetidos a entrevista com um cl&#237;nico, exame f&#237;sico, teste de esfor&#231;o e coleta de sangue, entre v&#225;rios procedimentos, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Tamb&#233;m foram pesquisados antecedentes de eventos cardiovasculares e uso corrente de medica&#231;&#227;o. Foram analisadas glicemia e lipidemia de jejum, entre outros exames. Calculou-se o LDL-c atrav&#233;s da equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> exceto para os casos em que o n&#237;vel de triglic&#233;rides era maior que 400 mg/dL, situa&#231;&#227;o na qual o LDL-c foi medido por m&#233;todo direto.</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com risco calculado em 10 anos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVAS) &#8805; 7.5%, conforme a calculadora de risco do ACC/AHA de 2013, derivado das &#8220;pooled cohort equations&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Esse m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco quantitativo prev&#234; o risco em 10 anos de desenvolvimento de um primeiro evento cardiovascular, definido como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, morte por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana ou AVC fatal ou n&#227;o fatal entre pessoas n&#227;o portadoras de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, definida como antecedente de DCVAS cl&#237;nica, DCVAS subcl&#237;nica considerada significativa pelo m&#233;dico assistente, ou aneurisma de aorta;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Uso corrente de medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Presen&#231;a de vari&#225;vel (is) fora da faixa recomendada para uso das &#8220;pooled cohort equations&#8221;: idade &lt; 40 anos ou &gt; 79 anos, colesterol total &lt; 130 mg/dL ou &gt; 320 mg/dL, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) &lt; 20 mg/dL ou &gt; 100 mg/dL, ou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 90 mmHg ou &gt; 200 mmHg;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Dados faltantes n&#227;o permitindo os c&#225;lculos necess&#225;rios para a estimativa de risco ou benef&#237;cio cardiovascular esperado.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil (CAAE: 53641916.9.0000.0071).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gias simuladas e premissas</title>
          <p>Foram simuladas, para cada indiv&#237;duo, duas estrat&#233;gias baseadas em meta de LDL-c (E<sub>meta-100</sub> e E<sub>meta-70</sub>) e duas baseadas em redu&#231;&#227;o percentual fixa do LDL-c (E<sub>30%</sub> e E<sub>50%</sub>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os tratamentos simulados e o LDL-c final esperado ap&#243;s ado&#231;&#227;o de cada estrat&#233;gia. Nas estrat&#233;gias com meta de LDL- c, para refletir a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica usual, assumiu-se que a medica&#231;&#227;o somente seria prescrita se o LDL-c estivesse pelo menos 20% acima da meta, e o tratamento medicamentoso reduziria o LDL-c em pelo menos 30%. Nas estrat&#233;gias baseadas em redu&#231;&#227;o percentual, s&#243; seria prescrita medica&#231;&#227;o se o LDL-c inicial fosse &#8805; 70 mg/dL, conforme recomenda&#231;&#227;o da diretriz do ACC/AHA de 2013.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tratamentos simulados e LDL-c final esperado, de acordo com as estrat&#233;gias e LDL-c inicial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
                  <th align="center">LDL-c basal</th>
                  <th align="center">Tratamento</th>
                  <th align="center">LDL-c final</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">E<sub>30%</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">&lt; 70 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">= LDL-c basal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 70 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% do LDL-c</td>
                  <td align="center">= LDL-c basal &#8211; 30%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">E<sub>50%</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">&lt; 70 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">= LDL-c basal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 70 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% do LDL-c</td>
                  <td align="center">= LDL-c basal &#8211; 50%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">E<sub>meta-100</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">&lt; 120 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">= LDL-c basal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 120 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 30% do LDL-c</td>
                  <td align="center">= LDL-c basal &#8211; 30% ou 100 mg/dL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">E<sub>meta-70</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">&lt; 84 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">= LDL-c basal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 84 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 30% do LDL-c</td>
                  <td align="center">= LDL-c basal &#8211; 30% ou 70 mg/dL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Foi considerado o valor mais baixo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estimativa de redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular</title>
          <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o esperada do LDL-c nos permitiu estimar a redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta do risco cardiovascular para cada indiv&#237;duo em cada uma das estrat&#233;gias simuladas. Para tais c&#225;lculos, consideramos uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 22% no risco relativo (raz&#227;o de risco [RR] igual a 0,78) de eventos cardiovasculares maiores para cada 39 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) de LDL-c diminu&#237;do, com base na meta-an&#225;lise da <italic>Cholesterol Treatment Trialists</italic>&#8217; (CTT) <italic>Collaboration</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Assim sendo, se o LDL-c diminui em 78 mg/dL (2 mmol/L), espera-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 39% no risco relativo (RR = 0,78 x 0,78 = 0,61). Se o LDL-c reduz em 117 mg/dL (3 mmol/L), espera-se que o risco relativo diminua em 53% (RR = 0,78 x 0,78 x 0,78 = 0,47).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Portanto, o risco cardiovascular final foi determinado pela seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e2">
            <mml:math id="e02">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mtable>
                    <mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtd>
                        <mml:mi>Risco</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>cardiovascular</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>final</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtd>
                        <mml:mi>risco</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>cardiovascular</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>inicial</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:msup>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mn>78</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                        </mml:msup>
                        <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                  </mml:mtable>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>onde <italic>n</italic> &#233; a quantidade de redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c expressa em mmol/L, e o risco cardiovascular inicial &#233; o risco de DCVAS derivado das &#8220;pooled cohort equations&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Calculadoras de risco contempor&#226;neas e estudos de custo-benef&#237;cio tamb&#233;m utilizam os resultados do CTT para estimar os benef&#237;cios do tratamento hipolipemiante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de eventos prevenidos em 10 anos por 1.000 indiv&#237;duos designados para uma estrat&#233;gia simulada foi calculado dividindo-se 1.000 pelo n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT), que foi calculado diretamente como a rec&#237;proca da diferen&#231;a absoluta entre os riscos cardiovasculares inicial e final. Os c&#225;lculos tamb&#233;m foram realizados para subgrupos definidos pela concentra&#231;&#227;o inicial de LDL-c.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como propor&#231;&#245;es, sendo utilizado o teste do qui quadrado para as compara&#231;&#245;es. Assumiu-se que as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal devido ao grande tamanho amostral, sendo apresentadas como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es. As diferentes estrat&#233;gias para redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol foram comparadas atrav&#233;s de modelos de efeitos mistos multin&#237;veis com ajuste de Bonferroni para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do programa Stata vers&#227;o 13.0. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>De uma popula&#231;&#227;o inicial de 24.874 indiv&#237;duos, foram primeiramente exclu&#237;dos 171 (0,7%) sujeitos com antecedente cl&#237;nico de DCVAS, DCVAS subcl&#237;nica significativa ou aneurisma de aorta. Entre 24.712 indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para DCVAS, exclu&#237;mos 22.156 (89,7%) que apresentavam risco em 10 anos para DCVAS &lt; 7,5%. Dos 2.556 indiv&#237;duos restantes, todos com risco em 10 anos para DCVAS &#8805; 7,5%, foram exclu&#237;dos 545 (21,3%) que estavam fazendo uso de drogas hipolipemiantes. A popula&#231;&#227;o final do estudo consistiu de 1.897 indiv&#237;duos (7,6% da popula&#231;&#227;o inicial, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma esquem&#225;tico mostrando os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos. DCVAS: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0518-70089-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;stica basais</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos sujeitos do estudo s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 57 &#177; 7 anos, 96% eram do sexo masculino, predominantemente brancos, e o risco m&#233;dio em 10 anos para DCVAS foi de 13,7 &#177; 7,1%.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1.827 (96)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">57 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">221 &#177; 36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">141 &#177; 33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">190 &#177; 120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicemia, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">102 &#177; 29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">208 (11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">749 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">590 (31)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Risco em 10 anos de DCVAS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 7,1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n (%). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DCVAS: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Uso de medica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>De acordo com os limiares de LDL-c para prescri&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>, a porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos recebendo drogas hipolipemiantes seria de 99% nas estrat&#233;gias E<sub>30%</sub> e E<sub>50%</sub>, 74% na E<sub>meta-100</sub> e 96% na E<sub>meta-70</sub> (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Redu&#231;&#245;es esperadas do LDL-c e do risco cardiovascular absoluto</title>
          <p>O LDL-c m&#233;dio atingido na popula&#231;&#227;o seria significativamente menor se os participantes fossem submetidos a qualquer das estrat&#233;gias mais agressivas (E<sub>50%</sub> ou E<sub>meta-70</sub>), em compara&#231;&#227;o com as abordagens menos intensas (E<sub>30%</sub> e E<sub>meta-100</sub>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref>). A ado&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias E<sub>50%</sub> e E<sub>meta-70</sub> resultaria em um LDL-c m&#233;dio numericamente compar&#225;vel na popula&#231;&#227;o (71 &#177; 16 mg/dL e 70 &#177; 2 mg/dL, respectivamente, p = 0,039). Al&#233;m disso, o LDL-c m&#233;dio final na popula&#231;&#227;o seria compar&#225;vel entre as estrat&#233;gias E<sub>30%</sub> e E<sub>meta-100</sub> (99 &#177; 23 mg/dL e 98 &#177; 9 mg/dL, respectivamente, p<italic>&#160;</italic>= 0,171). &#201; interessante notar que o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c na popula&#231;&#227;o seria muito diferente de acordo com a estrat&#233;gia, com uma distribui&#231;&#227;o mais dispersa nas abordagens baseadas em redu&#231;&#227;o percentual em compara&#231;&#227;o com as modalidades baseadas em meta de concentra&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c (A) e risco em 10 anos para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (B) na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e de acordo com a estrat&#233;gia simulada. DCVAS: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. * p &lt; 0,001.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0518-70089-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Paralelamente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c, as estrat&#233;gias E<sub>50%</sub> e E<sub>meta-70</sub> diminuiriam de forma semelhante o risco cardiovascular m&#233;dio da popula&#231;&#227;o (para 8,8 &#177; 4,8% e 8,9 &#177; 5,2%, respectivamente, p = 1,000), ao passo que tanto a E<sub>30%</sub> quanto a E<sub>meta-100</sub> reduziriam o risco cardiovascular m&#233;dio a um n&#237;vel compar&#225;vel (10,5 &#177; 5,6% e 10,6 &#177; 6,1%, respectivamente, p = 0,090). O risco cardiovascular final esperado nas estrat&#233;gias mais agressivas seria significativamente menor que o risco previsto nas abordagens menos intensas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2B</xref>).</p>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de eventos cardiovasculares maiores prevenidos em 10 anos por 1.000 indiv&#237;duos designados para a estrat&#233;gia seria de 32 na E<sub>30%</sub>, 31 na E<sub>meta-100</sub>, 49 na E<sub>50%</sub> e 48 na E<sub>meta-70</sub>.</p>
          <p>Apesar de resultar em valores m&#233;dios semelhantes de LDL-c e risco cardiovascular finais, as estrat&#233;gias mais agressivas (E<sub>50%</sub> e E<sub>meta-70</sub>) seriam bastante diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; forma como a colesterolemia &#233; tratada na popula&#231;&#227;o. De fato, a porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos atingindo LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL seria de 98% na E<sub>meta-70</sub>, mas de apenas 49% na E<sub>50%</sub> (p &lt; 0,001). Por outro lado, enquanto 99% dos sujeitos reduziriam o LDL-c em 50% na E<sub>50%</sub>, esta propor&#231;&#227;o seria de apenas 52% na E<sub>meta-70</sub> (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Influ&#234;ncia do LDL-c basal sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o prevista de risco absoluto</title>
          <p>Espera-se que a superioridade de uma estrat&#233;gia baseada em meta de LDL-c em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o percentual ou vice-versa seja dependente dos n&#237;veis basais de LDL-c.</p>
          <p>No tercil intermedi&#225;rio de LDL-c de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, as estrat&#233;gias E<sub>30%</sub> e E<sub>meta-100</sub> preveniriam um n&#250;mero compar&#225;vel de eventos, enquanto que a E<sub>50%</sub> e a E<sub>meta-70</sub> tamb&#233;m seriam similarmente eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). As estrat&#233;gias mais agressivas preveniriam cerca de 50% mais eventos cardiovasculares graves do que as modalidades menos agressivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>N&#250;mero estimado de eventos prevenidos em 10 anos por 1.000 indiv&#237;duos designados para a estrat&#233;gia simulada, de acordo com o LDL-c basal (tercil inferior [T1]: &lt;129 mg/dL; tercil intermedi&#225;rio [T2]: 129-155 mg/dL; tercil superior [T3]: &gt;155 mg/dL).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0518-70089-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com menor LDL-c se beneficiariam mais da estrat&#233;gia E<sub>30%</sub> do que da E<sub>meta-100</sub>, e mais da estrat&#233;gia E<sub>50%</sub> do que da E<sub>meta-70</sub>. No tercil inferior de LDL-c, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a E<sub>meta-70</sub>, a E<sub>50%,</sub> preveniria 39% mais eventos cardiovasculares graves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>Em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais altos de LDL-c, a estrat&#233;gia E<sub>meta-100</sub> preveniria mais eventos do que a E<sub>30%</sub>, e a E<sub>meta-70</sub> preveniria 13% mais eventos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o com a E<sub>50%</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo enfatiza aspectos relevantes do controle da colesterolemia em indiv&#237;duos de risco cardiovascular mais alto:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>o benef&#237;cio cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o seria semelhante para uma estrat&#233;gia baseada em redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% do LDL-c ou em uma meta de LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>o benef&#237;cio cardiovascular tamb&#233;m seria semelhante para uma estrat&#233;gia baseada em redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% do LDL-c ou em uma meta de LDL-c &#8804; 100 mg/dL;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>as estrat&#233;gias de redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c baseadas em metas de concentra&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o percentual podem promover benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares totais semelhantes, apesar de resultarem em diferentes padr&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c na popula&#231;&#227;o;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>as modalidades mais agressivas (baseadas em uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% do LDL-c ou em uma meta de LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL) evitariam cerca de 50% mais eventos cardiovasculares graves do que os tratamentos menos agressivos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>os n&#237;veis iniciais de LDL-c determinam que tipo de tratamento (baseado na meta de concentra&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o percentual) preveniria mais eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Desde a publica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes para manejo do colesterol do ACC/AHA de 2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> que recomendam uma mudan&#231;a da estrat&#233;gia de &#8220;tratar para a meta&#8221; para uma estrat&#233;gia baseada na dose de estatina, um intenso debate tem ocorrido tanto dentro quanto fora dos EUA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Na aus&#234;ncia de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados comparando diretamente os resultados de estrat&#233;gias diferentes com ou sem metas de concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c, simula&#231;&#245;es podem ser &#250;teis no fornecimento de informa&#231;&#245;es que possam ajudar a orientar o tratamento e desenvolver diretrizes.</p>
        <p>Ao recomendarem metas de concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c, as diretrizes divergem quanto &#224; meta para indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com maior risco cardiovascular (&lt; 70 mg/dL,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &lt; 77 mg/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> ou &lt; 100 mg/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>). Uma meta agressiva de LDL-c (&lt; 70 mg/dL) para esses pacientes tem o respaldo da meta-an&#225;lise CTT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> bem como da extrapola&#231;&#227;o de suban&#225;lises de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Assim sendo, nosso estudo, que &#233; baseado em premissas derivadas do estudo CTT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> mostrou uma diferen&#231;a robusta entre atingir LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL ou &#8804; 100 mg/dL. Este achado, no entanto, contrasta com os de um estudo populacional recente que relatou n&#227;o haver nenhum benef&#237;cio adicional ao se atingir LDL-c 70 mg/dL ou menos em indiv&#237;duos com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica est&#225;vel em uso de estatinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma das maiores cr&#237;ticas ao abandono de metas de n&#237;veis de LDL-c &#233; a possibilidade de subtratar indiv&#237;duos com LDL-c basal mais alto. De fato, sujeitos com LDL-c &gt;140 mg/dL n&#227;o atingir&#227;o 70 mg/dL mesmo se reduzirem o LDL-c em 50%, aproximadamente a redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia esperada com estatinas de alta pot&#234;ncia. Em nossas simula&#231;&#245;es, este fen&#244;meno n&#227;o foi desprez&#237;vel, uma vez que mais da metade da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo simulada para uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% do LDL-c n&#227;o atingiria LDL-c &#8804; 70 mg/dL. Este resultado se compara aos de uma meta-an&#225;lise de estudos sobre estatinas que mostrou que mais de 40% dos sujeitos designados para tratamento com altas doses de estatina n&#227;o atingiram a meta de LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Nesse sentido, vale observar que o consenso de especialistas publicado recentemente pelo ACC afirma que uma droga al&#233;m da estatina (ezetimiba) pode ser considerada na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de pacientes com risco em 10 anos de DCVAS &#8805; 7.5% e marcadores de alto risco que n&#227;o atingem LDL- c &lt; 100 mg/dL com a dose m&#225;xima tolerada de estatina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, sob uma estrat&#233;gia baseada em meta de LDL-c, muitos indiv&#237;duos com LDL-c basal na faixa mais baixa n&#227;o necessitariam de estatinas em altas doses para atingir a meta lip&#237;dica. Esses indiv&#237;duos tamb&#233;m podem ser considerados subtratados, uma vez que as estatinas em alta dose promoveriam uma maior queda absoluta de LDL-c e redu&#231;&#227;o mais intensa do risco cardiovascular. Nossos dados demonstram que esta situa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deve ser subestimada. De fato, corroborando plenamente nossos resultados, as diretrizes europeias recentemente publicadas recomendam, para pacientes com risco muito alto, uma meta de LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL ou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 50% se o LDL-c estiver entre 70 e 135 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia de uma redu&#231;&#227;o percentual de LDL-c tamb&#233;m tem o apoio de uma publica&#231;&#227;o recente de Bangalore et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Em uma grande coorte de pacientes inclu&#237;dos em ensaios randomizados, os autores relataram que a redu&#231;&#227;o percentual de LDL-c agregou valor progn&#243;stico sobre a dose de estatina e n&#237;veis atingidos de LDL-c, mas o LDL-c alcan&#231;ado n&#227;o proporcionou valor progn&#243;stico adicional sobre a dose de estatina e a redu&#231;&#227;o percentual de LDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Portanto, o presente estudo apoia o tratamento com metas agressivas de n&#237;veis de LDL-c para indiv&#237;duos com concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de LDL-C relativamente mais altas e a prescri&#231;&#227;o de altas doses de estatina, objetivando uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o percentual de LDL-c para aqueles com um LDL-c relativamente mais baixo. Nossos dados sugerem que o debate &#8220;com ou sem meta&#8221; deve mudar para uma discuss&#227;o mais ampla sobre como personalizar o controle da colesterolemia, a fim de minimizar o impacto da doen&#231;a cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo possui v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a an&#225;lises de simula&#231;&#227;o. Tivemos que fazer algumas suposi&#231;&#245;es arbitrariamente e n&#227;o podemos excluir a possibilidade de resultados diferentes, caso fossem utilizadas outras premissas. Tamb&#233;m simulamos redu&#231;&#245;es de 30% e 50% de LDL-c como estrat&#233;gias aproximadamente representativas, respectivamente, de tratamento com estatinas de moderada e alta intensidades. &#201; amplamente sabido, no entanto, que h&#225; uma variabilidade interindividual substancial na resposta ao tratamento com estatinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi quase exclusivamente composta por indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas intr&#237;nsecas do servi&#231;o preventivo onde os dados foram coletados, o qual &#233; predominantemente frequentado por executivos. Resultados diferentes podem ser observados em popula&#231;&#245;es com uma propor&#231;&#227;o mais equilibrada de homens/mulheres. Tamb&#233;m h&#225; que se considerar aspectos &#233;tnicos, uma vez que estudamos uma popula&#231;&#227;o quase que exclusivamente branca. &#201; importante observar que prevemos que os resultados podem variar significativamente de acordo com o LDL-c m&#233;dio na popula&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, n&#227;o podemos extrapolar nossos achados para outras comunidades.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Num estudo de simula&#231;&#227;o baseado em indiv&#237;duos do mundo real considerados de risco mais elevado para eventos cardiovasculares, observamos que as estrat&#233;gias para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c baseadas em meta de concentra&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o percentual podem promover benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares globais semelhantes, apesar de resultarem em diferentes padr&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante salientar que ambas as abordagens agressivas simuladas (E<sub>50%</sub> e E<sub>meta-70</sub>) t&#234;m o potencial de prevenir cerca de 50% mais eventos cardiovasculares graves na popula&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos tratamentos menos intensivos (E<sub>30%</sub> e E<sub>meta-100</sub>).</p>
        <p>No entanto, essas estrat&#233;gias podem ser muito diferentes no n&#237;vel individual, dependendo do LDL-c basal. Uma estrat&#233;gia agressiva baseada em metas &#233; a melhor op&#231;&#227;o quando o LDL-c &#233; relativamente alto, ao passo que a redu&#231;&#227;o percentual de LDL-c mostra-se superior quando o LDL-c &#233; relativamente baixo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>A assist&#234;ncia editorial foi apoiada pela Sanofi.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A assist&#234;ncia editorial foi apoiada pela Sanofi. Os autores agradecem a contribui&#231;&#227;o de Nea Miwa Kashiwagi, de Clariana Vitoria Ramos, de Marcelo Katz, de Rodrigo Ruscitto, dos m&#233;dicos e da equipe multidisciplinar do Centro de Medicina Preventiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
