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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dJjCyc4FHzrPBRL73YSj6hc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000600508</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170088</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Dyslipidemias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and Statin Eligibility Based on the Brazilian vs. North American Guidelines on Blood Cholesterol Management</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Henpin Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena,</bold> Avenida Brasil, 953. Postal Code 01431-000, Jardim Am&#233;rica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@einstein.br</email>, <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Cesena FHY; Statistical analysis: Cesena FHY, Bittencourt MS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Laurinavicius AG, Valente VA, Concei&#231;&#227;o RD, Bittencourt MS, Santos RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena received honoraria for participating in a clinical trial sponsored by Sanofi. Dr. Antonio Gabriele Laurinavicius is a Sanofi employee. Dr. Raul D. Santos receives honoraria as a consultant and speaker of the following companies: Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Biolab, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cerenis, Genzyme, Eli-Lilly, Kowa, Akcea, Pfizer, Praxis, Sanofi Regeneron, Merck and Unilever. The other authors report no conflict of interest.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>508</fpage>
      <lpage>517</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background: </title>
          <p>The best way to select individuals for lipid-lowering treatment in the population is controversial<bold>.</bold></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>In healthy individuals in primary prevention:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>to assess the relationship between cardiovascular risk categorized according to the V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia and the risk calculated by the pooled cohort equations (PCE);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>to compare the proportion of individuals eligible for statins, according to different criteria.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods: </title>
          <p>In individuals aged 40-75 years consecutively submitted to routine health assessment at one single center, four criteria of eligibility for statin were defined: BR-1, BR-2 (LDL-c above or at least 30 mg/dL above the goal recommended by the Brazilian Guideline, respectively), USA-1 and USA-2 (10-year risk estimated by the PCE &#8805; 5.0% or &#8805; 7.5%, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results: </title>
          <p>The final sample consisted of 13,947 individuals (48 &#177; 6 years, 71% men). Most individuals at intermediate or high risk based on the V Brazilian Guideline had a low risk calculated by the PCE, and more than 70% of those who were considered at high risk had this categorization because of the presence of aggravating factors. Among women, 24%, 17%, 4% and 2% were eligible for statin use according to the BR-1, BR-2, USA-1 and USA-2 criteria, respectively (p &lt; 0.01). The respective figures for men were 75%, 58%, 31% and 17% (p &lt; 0.01). Eighty-five percent of women and 60% of men who were eligible for statin based on the BR-1 criterion would not be candidates for statin based on the USA-1 criterion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions: </title>
          <p>As compared to the North American Guideline, the V Brazilian Guideline considers a substantially higher proportion of the population as eligible for statin use in primary prevention. This results from discrepancies between the risk stratified by the Brazilian Guideline and that calculated by the PCE, particularly because of the risk reclassification based on aggravating factors.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticholesterelemic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductases</kwd>
        <kwd>Practice Guidelines as Topic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Although the relationship between the reduction in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and the reduction in cardiovascular events is indisputable,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> the best way to select individuals in the population for treatment with lipid-lowering drugs is controversial, and the recommendations vary in different guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention (V Brazilian Guideline), published in 2013, is based on the classical precept, used for many years, of establishing more aggressive LDL-c goals for individuals at higher cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guideline, from now on referred to as North American Guideline, also published in 2013, does not advocate meeting LDL-c goals, but elects groups of individuals who benefit from statin use, based on their clinical antecedents or absolute risk for major cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In addition, the North American Guideline proposes new equations to calculate the cardiovascular risk, the pooled cohort equations (PCE), derived from cohorts representative of the North American population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Both the way of stratifying the cardiovascular risk and the criteria for statin eligibility can vary substantially, depending on the guideline used, which impacts the individual therapeutic decision-making and has an expressive repercussion to the health system.</p>
      <p>The objectives of this study, carried out with mainly healthy individuals in primary prevention and with no clinical manifestation indicative of high cardiovascular risk, were:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>to assess the relationship between cardiovascular risk categorized according to the V Brazilian Guideline recommendations and the risk calculated by use of the PCE;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>to compare the proportion of individuals eligible for statins, according to either the V Brazilian Guideline or the North American Guideline criteria.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population studied</title>
        <p>The present study included individuals consecutively evaluated at the Preventive Medicine Center of the Albert Einstein Israeli Hospital (S&#227;o Paulo-SP) from 01/2009 to 12/2015. Data were prospectively collected. The study protocol comprises complete clinical history and physical examination performed by a clinician, treadmill exercise test and blood tests (lipid profile, fasting glycemia, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]), as previously detailed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Individuals with the following characteristics were excluded: age &lt; 40 years or &gt; 75 years; self-reported antecedents or detection of significant clinical or subclinical cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm or diabetes mellitus; LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL; and current use of lipid-lowering drugs. In addition, individuals with parameters outside the recommended range for using the cardiovascular risk equations (total cholesterol &lt; 130 mg/dL or &gt; 320 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c] &lt; 20 mg/dL or &gt; 100 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure &lt; 90 mm Hg or &gt; 200 mm Hg) were excluded, as were those whose missing data prevented risk calculation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular risk according to the V Brazilian Guideline</title>
        <p>As recommended by the V Brazilian Guideline, the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score was calculated by using the proper equation with continuous variables (age, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-c) and categorical variables (sex, arterial hypertension treatment or non-treatment, presence or absence of diabetes mellitus and smoking).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> That score calculates the risk of death from coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, peripheral vascular disease or heart failure in 10 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In addition, the presence or absence of aggravating risk factors, capable of re-stratifying cardiovascular risk, based on the V Brazilian Guideline recommendations, was assessed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The following aggravating risk factors were considered: hs-CRP &gt; 2 mg/L and &lt; 10 mg/L in the absence of inflammatory conditions (not related to atherosclerosis); family history of premature coronary artery disease (male first-degree relative &lt; 55 years or female first-degree relative &lt; 65 years); metabolic syndrome (according to the <italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic> criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>); and subclinical atherosclerosis (detected on ultrasound of the carotid arteries or computed tomography of the coronary arteries).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis is not part of the routine protocol at our service, so its request was up to the clinician in charge or to the patient&#8217;s attending physician.</p>
        <p>Individuals with a Framingham general cardiovascular risk score &lt; 5% were considered at low or intermediate risk, depending on the absence or presence of a family history of premature coronary artery disease, respectively. Women with a general risk score between 5% and 10%, as well as men with a general risk score between 5% and 20%, were classified as at an intermediate or high risk, depending on the absence or presence of aggravating factors, respectively. Women and men with global risk scores &gt; 10% and &gt; 20%, respectively, were stratified as at high risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular risk according to the PCE</title>
        <p>The cardiovascular risk was also calculated by use of the PCE, as recommended by the North American Guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The PCE used a more modern statistical modeling that allows greater flexibility in accommodating the clinical variables used for risk prediction, which are the same described above for the Framingham general risk score, in addition to ethnicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Differently from the general risk score, the PCE calculate the risk of major cardiovascular events, such as death from coronary artery disease, non-fatal myocardial infarction and fatal or non-fatal stroke, in 10 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statin eligibility criteria</title>
        <p>Based on the V Brazilian Guideline, two criteria of eligibility for statin use were arbitrarily considered: LDL-c above the goal advocated by the V Brazilian Guideline (BR-1 criterion) or LDL-c at least 30 mg/dL above that goal (BR-2 criterion).</p>
        <p>The following LDL-c goals are recommended by the V Brazilian Guideline: &lt; 100 mg/dL for individuals at intermediate risk and &lt; 70 mg/dL for those at high risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Individuals at low cardiovascular risk, according to the V Brazilian Guideline, to whom the guideline recommends an individualized LDL-c goal, were not considered eligible for statin use according to the BR-1 and BR-2 criteria.</p>
        <p>According to the North American Guideline, statin should be considered for individuals aged between 40 and 75 years, not diagnosed with clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus, with LDL-c between 70 mg/dL and 189 mg/dL, and cardiovascular risk by using PCE &#8805; 7.5% in 10 years. Those with risk between 5.0% and &lt; 7.5% can also be considered for statin use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Thus, this study considered two criteria of eligibility for statin use based on the North American Guideline: cardiovascular risk by using the PCE &#8805; 5.0% (USA-1 criterion) or &#8805; 7.5% (USA-2 criterion).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Knowing in advance that the data bank used in this study is mainly composed of male individuals and does not represent the general Brazilian population, the cardiovascular risk stratification was planned to be evaluated separately for women and men. Likewise, statin eligibility was analyzed in subgroups defined by sex, age group and cardiovascular risk categories.</p>
        <p>Categorical variables were expressed as percentages, and the chi-square test was used for comparisons. Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations; non-paired Student <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare baseline characteristics between men and women, while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the cardiovascular risk obtained from the PCE among the low, intermediate and high risk categories. Considering the large sample size and the central limit theorem, according to which the distribution of the sample means always tends to normality, we assumed that all variables had a normal distribution and could be analyzed by use of parametric tests.</p>
        <p>The analyses were performed with Microsoft Office Excel tools and Stata statistical program, 13.0 version. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Albert Einstein Israeli Hospital (CAAE 54537916.2.0000.0071). Considering that this is a retrospective study using a data bank and involving a large number of individuals, many of whom seen several years before this study began, the written informed consent could not be used and the Ethics Committee approved its waiver.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population studied and its characteristics</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> details the individuals included in and excluded from the study. From the 32,532 individuals initially identified in the data bank, 18,585 (57%) were excluded, most of whom (76%) because of age &lt; 40 years.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart detailing individuals included in and excluded from the study. SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Of the final sample of 13,947 individuals, 9,901 (71%) were male. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the main characteristics of the population studied. Most women were at low cardiovascular risk. Despite the comparable mean age, the male population was characterized by a less favorable lipid profile, higher frequency of metabolic syndrome-related changes and higher cardiovascular risk as compared to women.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n = 13,947)</th>
                <th align="center">Women (n = 4,046)</th>
                <th align="center">Men (n = 9,901)</th>
                <th align="center">p (women vs men)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">25.3 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">27.5 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">203 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">198 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">205 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">127 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">137 &#177; 85</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 57</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#177; 91</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fasting glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">89 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">hs-CRP (mg/L)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,117 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">419 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">1,698 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Metabolic syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,557 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">613 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">2,944 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,268 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">335 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">933 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of premature coronary disease</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,399 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">432 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">967 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Cardiovascular risk (V Brazilian Guideline)</td>
                <td align="left">Low</td>
                <td align="center">5,049 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">2,969 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">2,080 (21)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">4,352 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">577 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">3,775 (38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">High</td>
                <td align="center">4,546 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">500 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">4,046 (41)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Framingham general cardiovascular risk (% in 10 years)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 6.7</td>
                <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiovascular risk (PCE, ACC/AHA 2013, % in 10 years)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or n (%). ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; BMI: body mass index; hs&#8209;CRP: hogh&#8209;sensitivity C reactive protein; PCE: pooled cohort equations.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Data on hs-CRP were available in 96% of the study participants.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A significant percentage of individuals was re-stratified into a higher-risk category because of the presence of an aggravating factor. Of the 577 women at intermediate risk based on the V Brazilian Guideline, 332 (58%) had a Framingham general risk score &lt; 5% and family history of premature coronary artery disease. However, that situation occurred in only 187 (5%) of the 3,775 men stratified as at intermediate risk.</p>
        <p>In addition, of the 500 women at high risk according to the V Brazilian Guideline, 366 (73%) had a Framingham general risk score between 5% and 10%, and were re-stratified due to the presence of an aggravating factor. Of the 4,046 men at high risk, 3,221 (80%) had a Framingham general risk score between 5% and 20% and an aggravating factor. Metabolic syndrome was the major single aggravating factor responsible for re-stratification into high risk, for both sexes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aggravating cardiovascular risk factors responsible for risk re-stratifcation from intermediate to high risk. CAD: coronary artery disease; FH: family history; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MS: metabolic syndrome. * Albuminuria, left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid intima-media thickness or coronary calcifcation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular risk by the V Brazilian Guideline versus risk calculated by the PCE</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows the distribution of the cardiovascular risk categories calculated by using the PCE, according to the stratum of cardiovascular risk determined by the V Brazilian Guideline. For both sexes, a high proportion of individuals with PCE risk &lt; 5% in 10 years was observed, even in the categories of intermediate and high risk, according to the V Brazilian Guideline. However, only a minority of individuals stratified as at high risk, according to the V Brazilian Guideline, had a PCE risk &#8805; 7.5% in 10 years.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Categories of cardiovascular (CV) risk based on the pooled cohort equations (PCE) (ACC/AHA 2013), by sex and CV risk category according to the V Brazilian Guideline.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Among women, the means &#177; standard deviations of cardiovascular risks according to the PCE were as follows: 0.8 &#177; 0.6% in the low-risk category; 1.8 &#177; 1.6% in the intermediate-risk category; and 4.3&#177; 3.4% in the high-risk category (p &lt; 0.01). Among men, the respective values were 1.2 &#177; 0.4%, 4.1 &#177; 2.4% and 6.9 &#177; 5.4% (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statin eligibility</title>
        <p>Statin eligibility was significantly higher according to the BR-1 and BR-2 criteria, as compared to the USA-1 and USA-2 criteria, for both women and men. According to the BR-1, BR-2, USA-1 and USA-2 criteria, 975 (24%), 705 (17%), 156 (4%) and 63 (2%) women, respectively, would be eligible for statin use (p &lt; 0.01). The respective numbers for men were 7,381 (75%), 5,704 (58%), 3,050 (31%) and 1,696 (17%, p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        <p>A higher proportion of women eligible for statins according to the V Brazilian Guideline criteria as compared to those of the North American Guideline was observed in all age groups analyzed, and in those both at intermediate and high risks, according to the V Brazilian Guideline (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref>). The proportion of candidates for statin was 10 times greater according to the BR-1 criterion, as compared to the USA-1 criterion, for women aged between 50 and &lt; 60 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), 19 times greater in those classified as at intermediate risk according to the V Brazilian Guideline, and 4 times greater in those at high risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Proportion of individuals eligible for statin based on different criteria, by sex and age group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Proportion of individuals eligible for statin based on different criteria, by sex and cardiovascular risk according to the V Brazilian Guideline.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In men, the higher rate of statin eligibility according to the Brazilian criteria was also observed in those at intermediate risk and at high risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>) and aged &lt; 60 years, but this was not detected in the subgroup aged 60-75 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). As compared to the USA-1 criterion, statin eligibility according to the BR-1 criterion increases by 7 times in men aged between 40 and &lt; 50 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), triples in those at intermediate risk, and doubles in those at high risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Agreement and disagreement between the statin eligibility criteria</title>
        <p>The BR-1 and USA-1 criteria were used to assess agreement and disagreement regarding statin eligibility based on the Brazilian and North American guidelines.</p>
        <p>Among women, there was agreement between the criteria to not indicate statin in 76% of the population, while both criteria considered statin in only 4% of the cases.</p>
        <p>Among men, there was agreement between the criteria in 54% of the cases: in 24% statin would not be considered by any criterion, while 30% of the individuals would be candidates for statin according to both criteria.</p>
        <p>Eighty-five percent of women and 60% of men who were eligible for statin based on the BR-1 criterion would not be candidates for statin based on the USA-1 criterion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). However, almost all individuals eligible for statin use based on that North American criterion would also be eligible based on that Brazilian criterion (Figure 6). The rare cases eligible for statin based on the USA-1 criterion, but not on the BR-1 criterion, were mainly observed among the elderly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Venn diagram showing the number of eligible (&#8220;yes&#8221;) or non-eligible (&#8220;no&#8221;) individuals for statin use based on the BR-1 and USA-1 criteria, by sex.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Proportion of eligible (&#8220;yes&#8221;) or non-eligible (&#8220;no&#8221;) individuals for statin use based on the BR-1 and USA-1 criteria, by sex, age group and cardiovascular risk according to the V Brazilian Guideline. *Individuals classifed as at low risk based on the V Brazilian Guideline were considered non-eligible for statin use according to the BR-1 criterion (see Methods).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Analyzing the subgroups defined by age group, the disagreement rate between the BR-1 and USA-1 criteria increases with age in women, but decreases in men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>). While for most (88%) women between 40 and &lt; 50 years there was agreement regarding the non-indication for statin, for men of the same age group there was 50% disagreement between the criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>). However, while the criteria agreed in considering statin for 94% of the men aged 60-75 years, for women of the same age group disagreement between the criteria reached 40% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>Among individuals classified as at intermediate risk and, to a lower extent, at high risk according to the V Brazilian Guideline, the disagreement rate between the BR-1 and USA-1 criteria was high, with an expressive number of cases of statin eligibility by the BR-1 criterion, but not by the USA-1 criterion, mainly among women (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, we observed a large discrepancy in statin eligibility between the V Brazilian Guideline and the 2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline, the number of candidates for statin being significantly higher following the recommendations of the Brazilian Guideline.</p>
      <p>Among individuals stratified as at intermediate or high risk, according to the V Brazilian Guideline, the number of those eligible for statin based on the Brazilian Guideline, but not on the North American Guideline, is high mainly among women. This is directly related to the fact that most individuals considered at intermediate or high risk by the V Brazilian Guideline has a low risk calculated with the PCE. For those classified as at high risk according to the Brazilian Guideline, for example, the mean risk in 10 years calculated with the PCE was &lt; 5% for women and &lt; 7% for men, while North American guidelines consider individuals at high risk those with risk &#8805; 15% or &#8805; 20% in 10 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>That discrepancy between the risk stratifications recommended by the V Brazilian Guideline and the North American Guideline is associated with the finding that most individuals classified as at high risk by the V Brazilian Guideline has a Framingham general risk score at intermediate levels, being re-stratified due to the presence of an aggravating factor, mainly metabolic syndrome and hs-CRP elevated levels.</p>
      <p>The magnitude of risk reclassification observed in this study might be overestimated as compared to that of clinical practice. The hs-CRP measurement was performed as part of this study protocol and was available in 96% of the participants, a proportion certainly higher than that in the real world. In addition, hs-CRP was measured only once. Among individuals reclassified due to hs-CRP elevation, there might be cases in which that elevation would not repeat, if a second measurement was performed, and cases in which the hs-CRP increase occurred due to incipient or subclinical inflammatory conditions, not diagnosed or not reported by the attending physician.</p>
      <p>The highest rate of statin eligibility according to the Brazilian Guideline as compared to the North American Guideline can also be related to changes in the V Brazilian Guideline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> as compared to the previous one,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> which made it more &#8220;aggressive&#8221;: a reduction in the LDL-c goals, a reduction in the thresholds to categorize intermediate and high risks (mainly in women), and the adoption of the Framingham general risk score in the place of the risk score for &#8220;hard&#8221; coronary outcomes. The Canadian guideline, for example, which also recommends risk stratification based on the same general cardiovascular risk score, although modified (the risk is doubled in the presence of family history of premature cardiovascular disease), uses higher cutoff points than those of the V Brazilian Guideline to separate the risk categories: low-risk individuals are those with score &lt; 10%, intermediate-risk individuals are those with score &#8805; 10% and &lt; 20%, and high-risk individuals are those with score &#8805; 20% in 10 years, with no distinction between men and women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our results differ from those of a recent publication that reports a higher number of candidates for statin according to the North American Guideline, as compared to the IV Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> in participants of the ELSA-Brasil Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The North American recommendations have also shown higher statin eligibility as compared to the European guidelines,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> but not to the Canadian guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The only subgroup analyzed in this study that showed a high agreement between the Brazilian and North American criteria was that of men aged 60-75 years, whose proportion of statin eligibility was very elevated, regardless of the criterion used. Other analyses have also detected a high rate of statin eligibility for the elderly, when applying the North American Guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In addition, that finding might be related to the possibility that PCE overestimate the cardiovascular risk in the subgroups of higher risk, such as the elderly, which has been reported in some cohorts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>More individuals on statins would mean a lower mean LDL-c level and greater cardiovascular benefit for the population, because of the unquestionable relationship between those two factors, even in populations at lower cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> That benefit, however, would be provided at the expense of higher costs, higher incidence of statin-related side effects, and especially a greater number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one cardiovascular event, which foster discussions on medical overtreatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Cost-effectiveness analyses might help to better define the advantages of following one or the other guideline.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study was based on theoretical considerations that might not reflect precisely the real world. For example, this study considered non-eligible for statin those stratified as at low cardiovascular risk, according to the V Brazilian Guideline, but part of those individuals could receive a drug prescription in clinical practice. Conversely the present study did not include the North American Guideline recommendation to consider statin use for individuals with a low calculated cardiovascular risk, but with some conditions known to increase the risk, such as LDL-c &#8805; 160 mg/dL, family history of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hs-CRP elevation, and significant coronary calcification on computed tomography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>For healthy individuals in primary prevention, management of blood cholesterol based on the V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias or the 2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline can vary substantially. Among those classified as at intermediate or high risk according to the V Brazilian Guideline, there is a high proportion of individuals eligible for statin according to the Brazilian Guideline criteria, but not according to the North American Guideline criteria. This finding is associated with the fact that most individuals at intermediate or high risk according to the Brazilian Guideline have a low risk calculated by the PCE, in addition to the fact that most individuals classified as at high risk owe that to the presence of an aggravating factor.</p>
      <p>Our results can allow a critical reflection on the current guidelines and continuous improvement of the recommendations. In addition, they can help attending physicians with clinical judgement and therapeutic decision making.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The authors thank the valuable contribution of Nea Miwa Kashiwagi, Clariana Vitoria Ramos, the Cardiovascular Research Support Nucleus (NAPEC), the clinical team and the multiprofessional team from the Check Up Service of the Albert Einstein Israeli Hospital.</p>
    </ack>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena,</bold> Avenida Brasil, 953. CEP 01431-000, Jardim Am&#233;rica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@einstein.br</email>, <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cesena FHY; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cesena FHY, Bittencourt MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Laurinavicius AG, Valente VA, Concei&#231;&#227;o RD, Bittencourt MS, Santos RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena recebeu honor&#225;rios pela participa&#231;&#227;o em estudo cl&#237;nico patrocinado pela Sanofi. Dr. Antonio Gabriele Laurinavicius &#233; empregado da Sanofi. Dr. Raul D. Santos recebe honor&#225;rios pelas atividades de consultor e palestrante das empresas: Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Biolab, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cerenis, Genzyme, Eli-Lilly, Kowa, Akcea, Pfizer, Praxis, Sanofi Regeneron, Merck e Unilever. Os outros autores declaram n&#227;o apresentar conflito de interesse.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento: </title>
          <p>Existe controv&#233;rsia sobre a melhor forma de selecionar indiv&#237;duos para tratamento hipolipemiante na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos: </title>
          <p>Em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o risco cardiovascular segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e o risco calculado pelas <italic>pooled cohort equations</italic> (PCE);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>comparar a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis para estatinas, de acordo com diferentes crit&#233;rios.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Em indiv&#237;duos de 40 a 75 anos submetidos consecutivamente a avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira de sa&#250;de em um &#250;nico centro, quatro crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para estatina foram definidos: BR-1, BR-2 (LDL-c acima ou pelo menos 30 mg/dL acima da meta preconizada pela diretriz brasileira, respectivamente), EUA-1 e EUA-2 (risco estimado pelas PCE em 10 anos &#8805; 5,0% ou &#8805; 7,5%, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados: </title>
          <p>Foram estudados 13.947 indiv&#237;duos (48 &#177; 6 anos, 71% homens). A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto pela V Diretriz apresentou risco calculado pelas PCE baixo e mais de 70% daqueles considerados de alto risco o foram devido &#224; presen&#231;a de fator agravante. Foram eleg&#237;veis para estatina 24%, 17%, 4% e 2% das mulheres pelos crit&#233;rios BR-1, BR-2, EUA-1 e EUA-2, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,01). Os respectivos valores para os homens foram 75%, 58%, 31% e 17% (p &lt; 0,01). Oitenta e cinco por cento das mulheres e 60% dos homens eleg&#237;veis para estatina pelo crit&#233;rio BR-1 n&#227;o seriam candidatos pelo crit&#233;rio EUA-1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es: </title>
          <p>Comparada &#224; diretriz norte-americana, a V Diretriz Brasileira considera uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancialmente maior da popula&#231;&#227;o como eleg&#237;vel para estatina em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Isso se relaciona com discrep&#226;ncias entre o risco estratificado pela diretriz brasileira e o calculado pelas PCE, particularmente devido &#224; reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de risco baseada em fatores agravantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticolesterolemiantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>Guias de Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica como Assunto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar de ser incontest&#225;vel a rela&#231;&#227;o entre redu&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de colesterol presente na lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) e redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> a melhor forma de selecionar indiv&#237;duos para o tratamento com hipolipemiantes na popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; motivo de controv&#233;rsia e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es variam entre diferentes diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose (V Diretriz Brasileira), publicada em 2013, baseia-se no preceito cl&#225;ssico, utilizado h&#225; muitos anos, de estabelecer metas de LDL-c mais agressivas para os indiv&#237;duos de maior risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a diretriz do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC)/<italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA, aqui reportada como diretriz norte-americana), tamb&#233;m publicada em 2013, n&#227;o preconiza o alcance de metas de LDL-c, mas elege grupos de indiv&#237;duos que se beneficiam de estatina, com base em seus antecedentes cl&#237;nicos ou no risco absoluto de eventos cardiovasculares maiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Essa diretriz tamb&#233;m prop&#245;e novas equa&#231;&#245;es para o c&#225;lculo do risco cardiovascular, as chamadas <italic>pooled cohort equations</italic> (PCE), derivadas de coortes representativas da popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tanto a forma de estratificar o risco cardiovascular como os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para estatina podem variar substancialmente, de acordo com a diretriz utilizada, podendo ter impacto na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica individual e repercuss&#227;o expressiva para o sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram, em indiv&#237;duos majoritariamente saud&#225;veis em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas indicativas de alto risco cardiovascular:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o risco cardiovascular categorizado conforme recomendado pela V Diretriz Brasileira e o risco calculado pelas PCE;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>comparar a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis para estatinas, de acordo com crit&#233;rios baseados na V Diretriz Brasileira ou na diretriz norte-americana vigente desde 2013.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>O presente estudo incluiu indiv&#237;duos atendidos consecutivamente no servi&#231;o de <italic>Check up</italic> do Centro de Medicina Preventiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (S&#227;o Paulo-SP) de 01/2009 a 12/2015. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente. O protocolo de atendimento inclui, entre outros procedimentos, anamnese e exame f&#237;sico realizados por m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico, teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira e realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de sangue (dosagem de l&#237;pides, glicemia de jejum, prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade [PCRas] e outros), conforme detalhado previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos com idade &lt; 40 anos ou &gt; 75 anos, antecedentes relatados ou constata&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular cl&#237;nica ou subcl&#237;nica significativa, aneurisma de aorta abdominal ou diabetes mellitus, os com LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL e os que relataram uso corrente de hipolipemiante. Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com par&#226;metros fora dos limites recomendados para uso das equa&#231;&#245;es de risco cardiovascular (colesterol total &lt; 130 mg/dL ou &gt;320 mg/dL, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade [HDL-c] &lt; 20 mg/dL ou &gt; 100 mg/dL, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 90 mmHg ou &gt; 200 mmHg), bem como aqueles nos quais dados faltantes impediram o c&#225;lculo do risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco cardiovascular segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira</title>
          <p>De acordo com o preconizado pela V Diretriz Brasileira, calculou-se o escore de risco global de Framingham utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o apropriada com vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (idade, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, colesterol total, HDL-c) e categ&#243;ricas (g&#234;nero, tratamento ou n&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial, presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de diabetes mellitus e tabagismo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Esse escore calcula o risco de morte por doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, infarto card&#237;aco, angina, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Avaliou-se tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de fatores agravantes de risco, capazes de re-estratificar o risco cardiovascular, com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da V Diretriz Brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Assim, foram considerados fatores agravantes: PCRas &gt; 2 mg/L e &lt; 10 mg/L na aus&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias (n&#227;o relacionadas a aterosclerose), hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura (parente de primeiro grau masculino &lt; 55 anos ou feminino &lt; 65 anos), s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (segundo os crit&#233;rios da <italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) e aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica (detectada em ultrassom de art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas ou tomografia computadorizada de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A pesquisa de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica n&#227;o faz parte do protocolo rotineiro do servi&#231;o, sendo sua solicita&#231;&#227;o deixada a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico respons&#225;vel pelo atendimento no servi&#231;o de <italic>Check up</italic> ou do m&#233;dico assistente do paciente.</p>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com escore de risco global de Framingham &lt; 5% foram considerados de risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio, de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a de hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura, respectivamente. Mulheres com escore de risco global entre 5% e 10%, bem como homens com escore entre 5% e 20%, foram classificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto, de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a de fator agravante, respectivamente. Mulheres com escore de risco global &gt; 10% e homens com escore &gt; 20% foram estratificados como de risco alto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco cardiovascular segundo as PCE</title>
          <p>O risco cardiovascular foi tamb&#233;m calculado pelas PCE, conforme recomendado pela diretriz norte-americana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As PCE utilizam uma modelagem estat&#237;stica mais moderna que permite maior flexibilidade na acomoda&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas utilizadas para predi&#231;&#227;o do risco, que s&#227;o as mesmas descritas acima para o escore de risco global de Framingham, al&#233;m de etnia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Diferentemente do escore de risco global, as PCE calculam o risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, ou seja, morte por doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, infarto card&#237;aco n&#227;o-fatal ou acidente vascular cerebral fatal ou n&#227;o-fatal, em 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para estatina</title>
          <p>Com base na V Diretriz Brasileira, foram considerados arbitrariamente dois crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para uso de estatina: LDL-c acima da meta preconizada pela V Diretriz Brasileira (crit&#233;rio BR-1) ou LDL-c pelo menos 30 mg/dL acima da meta preconizada (crit&#233;rio BR-2).</p>
          <p>As seguintes metas de LDL-c s&#227;o recomendadas pela V Diretriz Brasileira: &lt; 100 mg/dL para os indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio e &lt; 70 mg/dL para os de risco alto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Indiv&#237;duos de risco cardiovascular baixo, de acordo com a V Diretriz Brasileira, para os quais a diretriz recomenda uma meta de LDL-c individualizada, n&#227;o foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para estatina segundo os crit&#233;rios BR-1 e BR-2.</p>
          <p>De acordo com a diretriz norte-americana, estatina deve ser considerada nos indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 40 e 75 anos, sem diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica cl&#237;nica ou diabetes mellitus, com LDL-c entre 70 mg/dL e 189 mg/dL e risco cardiovascular pelas PCE &#8805; 7,5% em 10 anos. Aqueles com risco entre 5,0% e &lt; 7,5% tamb&#233;m podem ser considerados para estatina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Dessa forma, este estudo considerou dois crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para uso de estatina com base na diretriz norte-americana: risco cardiovascular pelas PCE &#8805; 5,0% (crit&#233;rio EUA-1) ou &#8805;7,5% (crit&#233;rio EUA-2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Considerando o conhecimento pr&#233;vio de que o banco de dados utilizado para o estudo &#233; composto principalmente por indiv&#237;duos do g&#234;nero masculino e n&#227;o &#233; representativo da popula&#231;&#227;o geral brasileira, planejou-se avaliar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular separadamente em mulheres e homens. Da mesma forma, programou-se analisar a elegibilidade para estatina em subgrupos definidos por g&#234;nero, faixas et&#225;rias e categorias de risco cardiovascular.</p>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagens e o teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado nas compara&#231;&#245;es. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#245;es; o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado foi utilizado na compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas basais entre homens e mulheres, enquanto que a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) foi utilizada na compara&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular pelas PCE entre as categorias de risco baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto. Devido ao grande tamanho amostral, como consequ&#234;ncia do teorema do limite central, a distribui&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da amostra sempre se aproximar&#225; da normalidade, e por isso assumimos que todas as vari&#225;veis t&#234;m distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e podem ser analisadas atrav&#233;s de testes param&#233;tricos.</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises foram efetuadas por ferramentas do <italic>Microsoft Office Excel</italic> e pelo pacote estat&#237;stico <italic>Stata</italic> vers&#227;o 13.0. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (CAAE 54537916.2.0000.0071). Por se tratar de estudo retrospectivo utilizando material de banco de dados, envolvendo um n&#250;mero muito grande de indiv&#237;duos, muitos atendidos v&#225;rios anos antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido seria invi&#225;vel e o comit&#234; de &#233;tica aprovou a sua isen&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e suas caracter&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 1</xref> detalha os sujeitos inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos no estudo. Dos 32.532 indiv&#237;duos inicialmente identificados no banco de dados, foram exclu&#237;dos 18.585 (57%), sendo que a maior parte das exclus&#245;es (76%) deveu-se &#224; idade &lt; 40 anos.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma detalhando indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos no estudo. CT: colesterol total; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Da amostra final de 13.947 indiv&#237;duos, 9.901 (71%) eram do sexo masculino. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A maioria das mulheres apresentava baixo risco cardiovascular. A despeito da m&#233;dia de idade compar&#225;vel, a popula&#231;&#227;o masculina caracterizou-se por perfil lip&#237;dico mais desfavor&#225;vel, maior presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e risco cardiovascular mais elevado, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Total (n = 13.947)</th>
                  <th align="center">Mulheres (n = 4.046)</th>
                  <th align="center">Homens (n = 9.901)</th>
                  <th align="center">p (mulheres vs homens)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">25,3 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">203 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">198 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">205 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">127 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">119 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">137 &#177; 85</td>
                  <td align="center">106 &#177; 57</td>
                  <td align="center">150 &#177; 91</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicemia de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">89 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">85 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCRas (mg/L)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2.117 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">419 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.698 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3.557 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">613 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.944 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.268 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">335 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">933 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.399 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">432 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">967 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Risco cardiovascular <break/> (V Diretriz Brasileira)</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">5.049 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.969 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.080 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">4.352 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">577 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.775 (38)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Alto</td>
                  <td align="center">4.546 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">500 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.046 (41)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Risco cardiovascular global de Framingham (% em 10 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 7,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Risco cardiovascular (PCE, ACC/AHA 2013, % em 10 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou n (%). ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PCE: pooled cohort equations; PCRas: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>O valor da PCRas esteve dispon&#237;vel em 96% dos participantes do estudo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Expressiva porcentagem dos indiv&#237;duos foi re-estratificada para categoria de risco maior devido &#224; presen&#231;a de fator agravante. Dentre as 577 mulheres de risco intermedi&#225;rio pela V Diretriz Brasileira, 332 (58%) apresentavam escore de risco global de Framingham &lt;5% e antecedente familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura. Dentre os homens, por outro lado, essa situa&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em apenas 187 (5%) dos 3.775 estratificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio.</p>
          <p>Ainda, dentre as 500 mulheres de risco alto pela V Diretriz Brasileira, 366 (73%) apresentavam escore de risco global de Framingham entre 5% e 10% e foram re-estratificadas devido &#224; presen&#231;a de algum fator agravante. Dentre os 4.046 homens de risco alto, 3.221 (80%) apresentavam escore de risco global entre 5% e 20% e fator agravante. Isoladamente, o principal fator agravante respons&#225;vel pela re-estratifica&#231;&#227;o para risco alto, em ambos os g&#234;neros, foi a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fatores agravantes do risco cardiovascular respons&#225;veis pela re-estratifca&#231;&#227;o de risco intermedi&#225;rio para alto. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; HF: hist&#243;rico familiar; PCRas: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. * Albumin&#250;ria, hipertrofa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tida ou calcifca&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco cardiovascular pela V Diretriz Brasileira versus risco calculado pelas PCE</title>
          <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o de categorias de risco cardiovascular calculado pelas PCE, de acordo com o estrato de risco cardiovascular determinado pela V Diretriz Brasileira, &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>. Em ambos os g&#234;neros, verificou-se uma alta propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com risco pelas PCE &lt; 5% em 10 anos, mesmo nas categorias de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto, segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira. Por outro lado, apenas uma minoria dos indiv&#237;duos estratificados como de risco alto, pela V Diretriz Brasileira, apresentou risco &#8805; 7,5% em 10 anos pelas PCE.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Categorias de risco cardiovascular segundo as PCE (ACC/AHA 2013), de acordo com g&#234;nero e categoria de risco cardiovascular determinada pela V Diretriz Brasileira. CV: cardiovascular; PCE: pooled cohort equations.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Entre as mulheres, a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o do risco cardiovascular pelas PCE foi de 0,8 &#177; 0,6% na categoria de baixo risco, 1,8 &#177; 1,6% na de risco intermedi&#225;rio e 4,3 &#177; 3,4% na de alto risco (p &lt; 0,01). Entre os homens, os respectivos valores foram 1,2 &#177; 0,4%, 4,1 &#177; 2,4% e 6,9 &#177; 5,4% (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Elegibilidade para estatina</title>
          <p>A elegibilidade para estatina mostrou-se significativamente maior segundo os crit&#233;rios BR-1 e BR-2, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios EUA-1 e EUA-2, tanto em mulheres, como em homens. Seriam candidatas &#224; estatina 975 (24%), 705 (17%), 156 (4%) e 63 (2%) mulheres pelos crit&#233;rios BR-1, BR-2, EUA-1 e EUA-2, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,01). Os respectivos n&#250;meros para os homens foram 7.381 (75%), 5.704 (58%), 3.050 (31%) e 1.696 (17%, p &lt; 0,01).</p>
          <p>A maior propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres eleg&#237;veis para estatinas segundo os crit&#233;rios baseados na diretriz brasileira, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; norte-americana, foi observada em todas as faixas et&#225;rias analisadas e tanto naquelas consideradas de risco intermedi&#225;rio como nas de risco alto, segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">5</xref>). A propor&#231;&#227;o de candidatas &#224; estatina foi 10 vezes maior segundo o crit&#233;rio BR-1, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EUA-1, nas mulheres com idade entre 50 e &lt; 60 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>), 19 vezes maior naquelas classificadas como de risco intermedi&#225;rio pela V Diretriz Brasileira e 4 vezes maior nas de risco alto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis para estatina segundo diferentes crit&#233;rios, de acordo com g&#234;nero e faixa et&#225;ria.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis para estatina segundo diferentes crit&#233;rios, de acordo com g&#234;nero e risco cardiovascular segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Nos homens, a maior taxa de elegibilidade para estatina segundo os crit&#233;rios brasileiros tamb&#233;m se fez presente tanto nos indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio como nos de risco alto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>), ocorrendo naqueles com idade &lt; 60 anos, por&#233;m n&#227;o sendo observada no subgrupo com idade entre 60 e 75 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao crit&#233;rio EUA-1, a elegibilidade para estatina segundo o crit&#233;rio BR-1 aumenta em 7 vezes nos homens com idade entre 40 e &lt; 50 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>), triplica nos indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio e dobra nos de risco alto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Concord&#226;ncia e discord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para estatina</title>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios BR-1 e EUA-1 foram utilizados para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia e a discord&#226;ncia de elegibilidade para estatina com base nas diretrizes brasileira e norte-americana.</p>
          <p>Entre as mulheres, houve concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios em n&#227;o indicar estatina em 76% da popula&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que ambos os crit&#233;rios considerariam estatina em apenas 4% dos casos.</p>
          <p>Entre os homens, observou-se concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios em 54% dos casos, sendo que em 24% estatina n&#227;o seria considerada por nenhum dos crit&#233;rios, enquanto que 30% dos indiv&#237;duos seriam candidatos &#224; estatina por ambos os crit&#233;rios.</p>
          <p>Oitenta e cinco por cento das mulheres e 60% dos homens eleg&#237;veis para estatina pelo crit&#233;rio BR-1 n&#227;o seriam candidatos &#224; estatina pelo crit&#233;rio EUA-1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6</xref>). Por outro lado, quase a totalidade dos indiv&#237;duos considerados para uso de estatina pelo crit&#233;rio norte-americano tamb&#233;m seria eleg&#237;vel pelo crit&#233;rio brasileiro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6</xref>). Os raros casos eleg&#237;veis para estatina segundo o crit&#233;rio EUA-1, por&#233;m n&#227;o pelo crit&#233;rio BR-1, ocorreram principalmente nos indiv&#237;duos idosos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f13">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Diagrama de Venn mostrando o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis (&#8220;sim&#8221;) ou n&#227;o-eleg&#237;veis (&#8220;n&#227;o&#8221;) para estatina com base nos crit&#233;rios BR-1 e EUA-1, de acordo com g&#234;nero.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f14">
              <label>Figura 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis (&#8220;sim&#8221;) ou n&#227;o-eleg&#237;veis (&#8220;n&#227;o&#8221;) para estatina com base nos crit&#233;rios BR-1 e EUA-1, de acordo com g&#234;nero, faixa et&#225;ria e risco cardiovascular segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira. * Indiv&#237;duos classifcados como de risco baixo pela V Diretriz Brasileira foram considerados n&#227;o-eleg&#237;veis para estatina segundo o crit&#233;rio BR-1 (vide M&#233;todos)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0508-70088-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Analisando subgrupos definidos por faixa et&#225;ria, observou-que que a taxa de discord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios BR-1 e EUA-1 aumenta com a idade nas mulheres, por&#233;m diminui nos homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>). Enquanto que na grande maioria (88%) das mulheres entre 40 e &lt; 50 anos houve concord&#226;ncia quanto a n&#227;o indicar estatina, nos homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria observou-se discord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios em mais de 50% dos casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>). Por outro lado, enquanto que nos homens de 60 a 75 anos os crit&#233;rios concordaram em considerar estatina em 94% dos casos, nas mulheres da mesma faixa et&#225;ria a discord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios alcan&#231;ou 40% dos casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
          <p>Entre indiv&#237;duos classificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio pela V Diretriz Brasileira e, em menor grau, de risco alto, a taxa de discord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios BR-1 e EUA-1 foi alta, notando-se expressiva propor&#231;&#227;o de casos de elegibilidade para estatina pelo crit&#233;rio BR-1, por&#233;m n&#227;o pelo crit&#233;rio EUA-1, principalmente entre as mulheres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, observamos uma grande discrep&#226;ncia entre a elegibilidade para estatina com base na V Diretriz Brasileira ou na diretriz norte-americana da ACC/AHA vigente desde 2013, sendo expressivamente maior o n&#250;mero de candidatos &#224; estatina seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es brasileiras.</p>
        <p>Nos indiv&#237;duos estratificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto, de acordo com a V Diretriz Brasileira, &#233; alta a propor&#231;&#227;o de casos eleg&#237;veis para estatina com base na diretriz brasileira, por&#233;m n&#227;o pelo crit&#233;rio norte-americano, principalmente entre as mulheres. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o fato de a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos considerados de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto pela V Diretriz Brasileira apresentar risco calculado pelas PCE baixo. Naqueles classificados de risco alto pela diretriz brasileira, por exemplo, o risco m&#233;dio em 10 anos pelas PCE foi &lt; 5% nas mulheres e &lt; 7% nos homens, enquanto que documentos norte-americanos consideram indiv&#237;duos de alto risco aqueles com risco &#8805; 15% ou &#8805; 20% em 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Esse desalinhamento entre as estratifica&#231;&#245;es de risco preconizadas pela V Diretriz Brasileira e pelas entidades norte-americanas, por sua vez, associa-se ao achado de que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos classificados como de risco alto pela V Diretriz Brasileira apresenta escore de risco global de Framingham em n&#237;veis intermedi&#225;rios e &#233; re-estratificada devido &#224; presen&#231;a de fator agravante, principalmente s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCRas.</p>
        <p>&#201; prov&#225;vel que a magnitude da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de risco observada neste estudo esteja superestimada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao que ocorre na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A dosagem de PCRas foi realizada como parte do protocolo de atendimento e esteve dispon&#237;vel em 96% dos participantes do estudo, propor&#231;&#227;o certamente maior do que no mundo real. Al&#233;m disso, a PCRas foi dosada apenas uma vez. &#201; poss&#237;vel que, dentre indiv&#237;duos reclassificados devido &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de PCRas, haja casos nos quais tal eleva&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se repetiria, caso uma segunda dosagem fosse realizada, e casos nos quais o aumento de PCRas devia-se a condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias incipientes ou subcl&#237;nicas, n&#227;o diagnosticadas ou n&#227;o relatadas pelo m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
        <p>A maior taxa de elegibilidade para estatina segundo crit&#233;rios baseados na diretriz brasileira, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; diretriz norte-americana, tamb&#233;m deve se relacionar a modifica&#231;&#245;es institu&#237;das na V Diretriz Brasileira,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; precedente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> que a tornaram particularmente &#8220;agressiva&#8221;: redu&#231;&#227;o das metas de LDL-c, redu&#231;&#227;o dos limiares para a categoriza&#231;&#227;o de riscos intermedi&#225;rio e alto (principalmente em mulheres) e a ado&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco global de Framingham no lugar do escore de risco para desfechos coron&#225;rios &#8220;duros&#8221;. A diretriz canadense, por exemplo, que tamb&#233;m preconiza uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco baseada no mesmo escore de risco global, embora modificado (dobra-se o risco na presen&#231;a de hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular prematura), utiliza pontos de corte maiores que a V Diretriz Brasileira para a separa&#231;&#227;o entre as categorias de risco: indiv&#237;duos de risco baixo s&#227;o aqueles com escore &lt; 10%, intermedi&#225;rio os com risco &#8805; 10% e &lt; 20%, e alto os com risco &#8805; 20% em 10 anos, sem distin&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os nossos resultados contrastam com recente publica&#231;&#227;o que descreve um maior n&#250;mero de candidatos para estatina segundo a diretriz norte-americana, comparada &#224; IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> nos participantes do estudo ELSA-Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> As recomenda&#231;&#245;es norte-americanas tamb&#233;m mostraram elevar a elegibilidade para estatina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes europeias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> por&#233;m n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; diretriz canadense.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O &#250;nico subgrupo analisado neste estudo no qual foi alta a concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios brasileiros e norte-americanos foi o dos homens com idade entre 60 e 75 anos, onde a propor&#231;&#227;o de eleg&#237;veis para estatina foi bastante elevada, independentemente do crit&#233;rio utilizado. Outras an&#225;lises tamb&#233;m detectaram elevada taxa de considera&#231;&#227;o para estatina nos indiv&#237;duos idosos, ao aplicar a diretriz norte-americana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o achado tenha rela&#231;&#227;o com a possibilidade das PCE superestimarem o risco cardiovascular nos subgrupos de maior risco, como nos idosos, o que foi descrito em algumas coortes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o em uso de estatina significaria menor n&#237;vel de LDL-c m&#233;dio e maior benef&#237;cio cardiovascular para a popula&#231;&#227;o, dada a rela&#231;&#227;o inconteste entre esses dois fatores, mesmo em popula&#231;&#245;es de menor risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Esse benef&#237;cio, no entanto, seria proporcionado &#224;s custas de um custo maior, maior incid&#234;ncia de efeitos colaterais associados a estatina e, sobretudo, um maior n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT) para a preven&#231;&#227;o de um evento cardiovascular, o que alimenta discuss&#245;es sobre o excesso de tratamento medicamentoso na popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> An&#225;lises de custo-efetividade podem ajudar a melhor definir as vantagens de se seguir uma ou outra diretriz.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo baseou-se em considera&#231;&#245;es te&#243;ricas que podem n&#227;o refletir com exatid&#227;o o que ocorre no mundo real. Por exemplo, o estudo considerou n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para estatina aqueles estratificados como de risco cardiovascular baixo, segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira, sendo que uma parcela desses indiv&#237;duos poderia receber prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamento na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Por outro lado, o presente estudo n&#227;o incluiu a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da diretriz norte-americana de considerar o uso de estatina em indiv&#237;duos com risco cardiovascular calculado baixo, por&#233;m com algumas condi&#231;&#245;es que sabidamente elevam o risco (exemplos: LDL-c &#8805; 160 mg/dL, hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular prematura, eleva&#231;&#227;o de PCRas e calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria significativa &#224; tomografia computadorizada).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, o manejo do colesterol plasm&#225;tico com base na V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias ou na diretriz norte-americana do ACC/AHA de 2013 pode variar substancialmente. Naqueles classificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto pela V Diretriz Brasileira, &#233; alta a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis para estatina segundo crit&#233;rios baseados na diretriz brasileira, mas n&#227;o de acordo com crit&#233;rios baseados no documento norte-americano. Esse achado associa-se ao fato de a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto pela diretriz brasileira apresentar risco calculado pelas PCE baixo, bem como ao fato de a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos classificados como de risco alto o ser devido &#224; presen&#231;a de fator agravante.</p>
        <p>Os resultados podem colaborar para uma reflex&#227;o cr&#237;tica das atuais diretrizes e para um cont&#237;nuo aperfei&#231;oamento das recomenda&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, para o m&#233;dico assistencialista, os achados podem auxiliar no julgamento cl&#237;nico e na tomada de decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem a contribui&#231;&#227;o inestim&#225;vel de Nea Miwa Kashiwagi, Clariana Vitoria Ramos, do N&#250;cleo de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa Cardiovascular (NAPEC), do corpo cl&#237;nico e da equipe multiprofissional do Servi&#231;o de Check Up do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
