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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7hy5QVXSzcBr74Q5FyR6fXL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000600501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170072</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Pediatric Cardiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Healthy School, Happy School: Design and Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial Designed to Prevent Weight Gain in Children</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schuh</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Schneid</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra Ribas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbiero</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Mari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sica</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline D&#8217;Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>David William</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC); Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA); Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucia Campos Pellanda,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Schuh DS, Barbiero SM, Sica C, Pellanda LC; Acquisition of data: Goulart MR, Borges R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Schuh DS, Goulart MR, Moraes DW, Pellanda LC; Statistical analysis: Schuh DS, Goulart MR; Obtaining funding and Writing of the manuscript: Schuh DS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barbiero SM, Sica C, Borges R, Moraes DW, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>501</fpage>
      <lpage>507</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background: </title>
          <p>Schools have become a key figure for the promotion of health and obesity interventions, bringing the development of critical awareness to the construction and promotion of a healthy diet, physical activity, and the monitoring of the nutritional status in childhood and adolescence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives: </title>
          <p>To describe a study protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve knowledge of food choices in the school environment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods: </title>
          <p>This is a cluster-randomized, parallel, two-arm study conducted in public elementary and middle schools in Brazil. Participants will be children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 15 years, from both genders. The interventions will be focusing on changes in lifestyle, physical activities and nutritional education. Intervention activities will occur monthly in the school&#8217;s multimedia room or sports court. The control group arm will receive usual recommendations by the school. The primary outcome variable will be anthropometric measures, such as body mass index percentiles and levels of physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results: </title>
          <p>We expect that after the study children will increase the ingestion of fresh food, reduce excessive consumption of sugary and processed foods, and reduce the hours of sedentary activities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion: </title>
          <p>The purpose of starting the dietary intervention at this stage of life is to develop a knowledge that will enable for healthy choices, providing opportunities for a better future for this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Schools</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Promotion</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Motor Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet, Food and Nutrition</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Weight</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention &amp; Control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The increased prevalence of obesity and its complications reinforces the global need for improved prevention strategies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In Brazil, population-based surveys indicate that overweight was present in 6% of children between 5 and 9 years in 1974-1975, rising steeply to 34.8% in 2008-2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Globally, overweight in children increased 47.1% over the past 20 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In 2010, it was estimated that overweight and obesity were responsible for 3.4 million deaths worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Chronic diseases remain a public health challenge in Brazil. The medical costs associated with diseases related to overweight and obesity are substantial in Brazil, reaching nearly US$ 2.1 billion annually.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Overweight in children and adolescents generates great concern because it is a risk factor for the development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk factors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> which, if not prevented or treated at an early age, tend to persist during adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nutritional intervention studies have shown a positive effect on preferences for healthy foods and a decrease in daily consumption of sugary drinks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Permanent changes in diet quality, energy intake and physical activity demand preventive actions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> On that account, promotion of a healthy diet, physical activity, and monitoring of the nutritional status in childhood and adolescence are essential elements in public health. Being an educational environment that contributes to build personal values, schools become a key figure for health promotion and obesity interventions, bringing the development of critical awareness to the construction and modification of eating habits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A number of international agencies, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM), launched campaigns with guidelines for health promotion in schools aiming to address the epidemic of obesity and its consequences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In Brazil, the School Health Program is designed to promote the comprehensive health care of public school students and is structured in four blocks that seek to: assess health conditions; perform actions of prevention and promotion of health conditions; promote continuing education for professionals and the young; present evaluation and monitoring of health conditions of the students. The responsibility for planning and carrying out these actions is upon the primary care health team, and the objective is to integrate the educational system and the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> However, this government action does not have coverage of all schools in the country yet.</p>
      <p>In order to implement educational interventions in a large scale, it is important to adequately test their effectiveness. It is also important to look for simple and low-cost alternatives that can reach the largest possible number of schools. Improving the knowledge about food choices may be an important basis for children to acquire and maintain a healthy lifestyle from an early age, and possibly to sustain these healthy habits in subsequent stages of life.</p>
      <p>Thus, the purpose of this study protocol is to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve knowledge of food choices in the school environment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This protocol is reported according to the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) statement.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Overview</title>
          <p>This is a cluster-randomized parallel two-arm study conducted in Brazil. The units of observation are individual children, and the units of randomization are schools. Randomization will be performed at the school level to avoid contamination. After the baseline assessment, enrolled schools are randomized to one of two study arms: the intervention arm focusing on changes in lifestyle, and the control group arm, that receives usual recommendations by the health care team. A summary of the study design, interventions and timelines is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Flowchart of the study phases (enrolment, intervention allocation, and fnal assessments).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0501-70072-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The primary outcome for the participants is change in body mass index (BMI = kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and the secondary outcomes are behaviors related to healthy eating, increased preferences for fruits and vegetables, increased physical activity and reduced screen time. The Institutional Research Ethics Committee approved the protocol for the study, which is registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, Register Number RBR-97bztb, and named &#8220;Intervention program for health promotion in schools of public elementary school in the state of Rio Grande do Sul: randomized clinical study&#8221;. The Universal Trial Number of this study is U1111-1155-7731.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Children between the ages of 5 and 15 years, from both genders, enrolled in the public schools participating in this study, attending from the 1st to the 9th grades of the elementary and middle school will be eligible for the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The child and parent(s) or legal guardian(s) are required to sign the assent term and the informed consent.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Inclusion criteria and assessment methods.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="80%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Inclusion criteria</th>
                  <th align="center">Assessment method</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Age 5-15 years</td>
                  <td align="center">In person screening</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Enrolled in one of the participant schools, attending a course from the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 9<sup>th</sup> grade of the elementary and middle school.</td>
                  <td align="center">Electronic school review</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Agreeing to participate in all the meetings of the study</td>
                  <td align="center">In person screening</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Children are excluded if they have conditions or other circumstances that could interfere with participation in the measurements or the interventions or if the parent does not give or is unable to give consent or the child does not assent. Participants are also excluded if they do not complete baseline assessments in 3 weeks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Screening and recruitment</title>
          <p>The screening and recruitment activities will be developed during the course of 4 weeks. During the first week, the school electronic files of student enrollment will be consulted to identify potential participants (the eligibility criteria can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). During the following two weeks, recruitment letters will be sent to the student's guardians, with explanation of the study and attached Informed Consent Form. During the fourth week, individuals who agree to participate in the study will undergo anthropometric assessment, provided that there is no impediment for physical evaluation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Randomization</title>
          <p>Cluster randomization will be performed with distribution of two schools for the control group and two schools for the intervention group. A biostatistician who does not have direct contact with study participants will generate the random allocation sequences using a computerized random number generator. After the inclusion of each cluster, the allocation of that particular cluster will be provided to the study coordinator. Due to the characteristics of the intervention, it is not possible to mask participants or interventionists to group assignment. There will be no crossover between study arms, but the intervention will be offered to the control group at the end of the study, if proved to be effective.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessments</title>
          <p>Measures are conducted at baseline (month one) and post-treatment (month 9).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric measures</title>
          <p>Weighing electronic scales with a maximum capacity of 150 kg and precision of 100 g, properly checked for tare weight, will be used for weight measures. The individual will be weighted barefoot and wearing light clothes. A metallic measuring tape with a capacity of 2 m/0.1 cm, set in an existing flat wall in the room, will be used to measure height, with the individual in the upright position, during maximum inspiration, barefoot and with empty pockets. These data will be used for the following calculation of BMI, obtained by weight, measured in kilograms, divided by the square of the height, measured in meters (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). That will be calculated and nutritional status will be classified, both using the <italic>Anthro Plus</italic> software, according to the reference of the World Health Organization (WHO) 2006/2007.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dietary intake</title>
          <p>The collection of dietary data, referring to the eating habits of the participants, will be assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> previously validated for the study population, designed to collect information on the frequency of food consumption and/or food groups for further association with other study variables, such as lifestyle and anthropometric measurements.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical activity</title>
          <p>International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> will be used for all ages to classify the level of physical activity, in spite of the fact this instrument has being validated only for adults and adolescents, since there is not yet a validated questionnaire that can suit the needs of this study and adequately classify physical activity levels in Brazilian children.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Screen Time</title>
          <p>Screen time refers to the amount of time individuals spend in front of television, video games and computer, and is considered to be a sedentary activity. It will be measured by hours per day and number of days in the week of screen time.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Knowledge of healthy habits</title>
          <p>The acquisition of knowledge about healthy habits will be evaluated through a questionnaire validated for age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> consisted of knowledge about food and healthy activities in daily life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographics measures</title>
          <p>During baseline assessment, parents will be asked about a series of demographic data included in the Brazilian Economic Classification Criterion by the Brazilian Association of Research Companies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> which includes: age; educational attainment of the family head; questions about household appliances and other family properties; street paving and treated water in the house.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size</title>
          <p>The sample size was calculated to detect a difference in 0.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup> on BMI, with a standard deviation of 0.05, statistical power of 90% and alpha error of 0.05. An estimate of mean 19 kg/m<sup>2</sup> is used as obtained from our pilot study. A number of 99 participants per group was estimated using these parameters. To compensate for losses, the sample size will be increased by 10%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Planned data analyses</title>
          <p>Collected data will be entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 17.0. Quantitative variables will be expressed as mean and standard deviation in the presence of normal distribution or median and interquartile range in the presence of asymmetric distribution. Qualitative variables are expressed as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
          <p>Adjusted analysis for primary and secondary outcomes will be performed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). The comparison between secondary outcomes will be performed using the nonparametric Wilcoxon test.</p>
          <p>The level of significance for all tests will be 95% (&#945; = 0.05) and will follow the intention to treat principle. P-values will be reported up to three decimal places with p-values &lt; 0.005 reported as p &lt; 0.005. The outcomes will be evaluated by a blind adjudicator.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interventionists</title>
          <p>The interventions in this study will be delivered by the nutritionists of the Children and Adolescents Cardiovascular Prevention Group (PREVINA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> nutrition graduate students and health professional contributors employed by the City Hall (psychologists, physical education teachers, nurses). All interventionists will undergo extensive training on: intervention protocol; overall intervention objectives, content and format; and specific instructions for each intervention session.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention description</title>
          <p>Intervention activities will occur monthly in the school multimedia room or sports court (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). All activities will be offered in different school shifts and schedules so that all students in all classes can participate.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Description of intervention activities</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="70%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Intervention</th>
                  <th align="center">Type</th>
                  <th align="center">Description</th>
                  <th align="center">Moment</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Presentation of the program to students, parents and teachers.</td>
                  <td align="center">Seminar</td>
                  <td align="center">A seminar approaching the following topics will be conducted: epidemiological data on obesity and noncommunicable disease risk factors; dyslipidemia tracking; importance of school intervention; presentation of the activities that will be developed during the school year; reading and clarification of the Informed Consent Form.</td>
                  <td align="center">1st Month</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Knowing what we eat.</td>
                  <td align="center">Seminar</td>
                  <td align="center">The seminar will succinctly address the composition of food, approaching macronutrients, fibers and food groups. As a task for the week, each class should study the vitamins and prepare a poster on that topic during class time. As a homework assignment, all students should create, with the help of parents, a list of five fruits and six vegetables they like to eat. Three of them should be cooked vegetables and three of them raw vegetables.</td>
                  <td align="center">2nd Month</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">The importance of water.</td>
                  <td align="center">Seminar</td>
                  <td align="center">The seminar will address the importance of water in our health and the consequences of high consumption of sugary drinks. Soft drink consumption has increased in recent decades in Latin America, and that is being referred as a contributor to the population weight gain. Many schools sell soft drinks in the cafeteria and some children end up consuming them daily without parents' knowledge.The &#8220;Week without soda&#8221; challenge will be launched, in which children, parents and teachers will commit to spend a week without drinking soft drinks, which will require the family interaction and commitment for the accomplishment of the goal.</td>
                  <td align="center">3rd Month</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Revolution in the kitchen: first you taste, and then you like it.</td>
                  <td align="center">Workshop</td>
                  <td align="center">The workshop aims to propose an interaction among students, teachers, kitchen staff and the food. Various whole foods (fruits, vegetables, breads, cakes, cookies) will be placed on a table. Participants will be blindfolded and will have to randomly taste a food, describe their sensory characteristics and perceptions (whether it is soft or hard, if it has good or bad smell, if they like it or not) and try to guess what it is. After that, participants will be invited to prepare their own snack with some of the vegetables they planted earlier in the year, according to their preferences. As homework assignment, students will be asked to help parents to make the salad for the family for a day, starting with the choice of food in the supermarket. During class time, teachers, helped by a nutritionist, will work on the dynamics of the traffic light food, where the food is classified according to the colors of the traffic light. Green represents foods we should eat daily; yellow foods that can be eaten more than once a week, but in moderation; and red are the forbidden foods to eat daily, but which can be eaten on special occasions, like parties or the weekend. There will also be a seminar for parents in order to provide information and ideas for preparation of healthy snacks for school lunches best suited for the needs of children.</td>
                  <td align="center">4th Month</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Let's Move! Physical Activity in all moments!</td>
                  <td align="center">Seminar</td>
                  <td align="center">The seminar will address the importance of physical activity in our health, and it will present the physical activity programs that are available in the city. Activity ideas to do either outdoors or at home, alone or in groups, will be suggested. A challenge will be launched: &#8220;one disconnected day&#8221;, in which students, parents and teachers will be invited to reduce television and internet time to only two hours for a day. Reducing sedentary behaviors, such as spending too much time watching television and using the computer, appears to contribute to the reduction of daily calorie intake. Activity suggestions will be given for that day.</td>
                  <td align="center">5th Month</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Where does my food come from?</td>
                  <td align="center">Workshop</td>
                  <td align="center">The workshop will have the participation of a city vegetable producer who will teach students how to plant and take care of a small vegetable garden at school. In addition, each student will receive seeds of green seasoning (parsley) to plant in a little vase previously decorated during arts education class.</td>
                  <td align="center">6th Month</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Milk every day!</td>
                  <td align="center">Seminar</td>
                  <td align="center">The seminar will address the importance of milk and dairy products in our diet and the recommended amounts of ingestion. It will also address certain disorders related to milk digestion, such as lactose intolerance and allergy to cow's milk protein.</td>
                  <td align="center">7th Month</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bullying: we have to talk about it!</td>
                  <td align="center">Seminar</td>
                  <td align="center">A psychologist will conduct the seminar and address the meaning of the theme, bullying types, and what to do if you fall victim. There will be a special meeting with teachers to answer questions.</td>
                  <td align="center">8th Month</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">German dances course</td>
                  <td align="center">Workshop</td>
                  <td align="center">It will be offered fortnightly lessons of German dances in school during one school year. This course also aims to rescue the traditions and culture of the city, which was settled mostly by Germans.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ongoing activity during the year</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Usual care comparator</title>
          <p>Participants randomized to the control group will not receive any guidance during the study. Children will receive the usual care and recommendations through the school and health authorities.</p>
          <p>Should the intervention prove to be effective, at the end of the study, the institutions allocated to the control group will receive all intervention activities if they wish.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This randomized clinical trial is intended to help filling a gap in the literature regarding simple, low-cost and effective interventions to deal with the epidemic of obesity and overweight in developing countries. Numerous studies show that overweight and obesity rates in the young in Latin America bring important economic and health consequences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In spite of the need for individual approaches for children who are already overweight or obese, the international consensus is that prevention is the most realistic approach and the best value for money.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> It is therefore necessary to develop preventive interventions that can reach a larger number of children.</p>
      <p>Facilitators and barriers for the development of healthy habits should be considered when designing a childhood overweight program. Adaptation to local culture and reality should also be a concern. One of the most important challenges of this study will be changing the approach to nutrition and physical activity. On that account, we designed interventions that include parents, teachers and students aimed at creating a positive impact on the health of children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>The young need appropriate information to make healthy choices and change their sedentary behavior, but their parents and teachers are not always prepared to give that information. Therefore, involvement of trained health professionals specialized in the field is necessary in order to adequately provide that information. Given that children are exposed to the environment we create for them and that in Brazil they usually spend about 25 hours a week in school, it is important to design actions that seek to improve the school environment and create a healthy growth strategy.</p>
      <p>The study also has some limitations, that must be addressed in future work. First, there is a possibility of cross-contamination of participants in the two intervention arms, since both interventions are delivered in a small city. Second, the trial does not evaluate the pubertal maturation, whose changes may impact on the body composition in childhood and early adolescence, such as weight gain in girls and a decline of body fat in pubertal boys.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, we have described the basic rationale and design of the ongoing Healthy School, Happy School cluster-randomized trial. The study intervention aims to increase the ingestion of fresh food, reduce excessive consumption of sugary and processed foods, and reduce the hours of sedentary activities. The purpose of starting the dietary intervention at this stage of life is to develop a knowledge that will enable for healthy choices, providing opportunities for a better future for this population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Daniela Schneid Schuh, from Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escola Saud&#225;vel &#233; mais Feliz: Design e Protocolo de um Ensaio Clinico Randomizado Desenvolvido para Prevenir o Ganho de Peso em Crian&#231;as</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schuh</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Schneid</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra Ribas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbiero</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Mari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sica</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline D&#8217;Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>David William</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC); Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA); Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucia Campos Pellanda,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Schuh DS, Barbiero SM, Sica C, Pellanda LC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Goulart MR, Borges R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Schuh DS, Goulart MR, Moraes DW, Pellanda LC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Schuh DS, Goulart MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Schuh DS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barbiero SM, Sica C, Borges R, Moraes DW, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento: </title>
          <p>As escolas tornaram-se essenciais para a promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e de interven&#231;&#245;es para obesidade, propiciando o desenvolvimento de consci&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica para a constru&#231;&#227;o e promo&#231;&#227;o de dieta saud&#225;vel, atividade f&#237;sica e monitoramento do status nutricional na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos: </title>
          <p>Descrever um protocolo de estudo para avaliar a efici&#234;ncia de uma interven&#231;&#227;o projetada para aprimorar o conhecimento sobre escolhas alimentares no ambiente escolar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado em <italic>cluster</italic>, paralelo, de dois bra&#231;os, conduzido em escolas p&#250;blicas de ensino fundamental e m&#233;dio no Brasil. Os participantes ser&#227;o crian&#231;as e adolescentes entre 5 e 15 anos de idade, dos dois sexos. As interven&#231;&#245;es se concentrar&#227;o em mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, atividade f&#237;sica e educa&#231;&#227;o nutricional. As atividades de interven&#231;&#227;o ocorrer&#227;o mensalmente na sala de multim&#237;dia ou quadra de esportes das escolas. O grupo controle receber&#225; as recomenda&#231;&#245;es usuais atrav&#233;s da escola. O desfecho prim&#225;rio ser&#225; a mudan&#231;a nas medidas antropom&#233;tricas, como &#237;ndice de massa corporal e os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica conforme o Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados: </title>
          <p>Esperamos que, ap&#243;s o estudo, as crian&#231;as aumentem o consumo de alimentos frescos, reduzam o consumo excessivo de alimentos a&#231;ucarados e processados, e reduzam as horas gastas em atividades sedent&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o: </title>
          <p>O prop&#243;sito de iniciar a interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica nessa fase da vida &#233; desenvolver o conhecimento que permitir&#225; escolhas saud&#225;veis, propiciando oportunidades para um melhor futuro para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Escolas</kwd>
        <kwd>Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamentos Saud&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade Motora</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Alimentos e Nutri&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Peso Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o &amp;Controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A crescente preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e suas complica&#231;&#245;es refor&#231;a a necessidade global de melhores estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No Brasil, pesquisas de base populacional indicam que, em 1974-1975, sobrepeso estava presente em 6% das crian&#231;as entre 5 e 9 anos, tendo subido drasticamente para 34,8% em 2008-2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> No mundo, o sobrepeso em crian&#231;as aumentou 47,1% nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em 2010, estimou-se que sobrepeso e obesidade eram respons&#225;veis por 3,4 milh&#245;es de mortes no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas permanecem um desafio de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil. Os custos m&#233;dicos associados com as doen&#231;as relacionadas a sobrepeso e obesidade s&#227;o substanciais no Brasil, chegando a quase 2,1 bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sobrepeso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes gera grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o por ser um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipidemia e outros fatores de risco cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que, se n&#227;o evitados ou tratados precocemente, tendem a persistir na idade adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional mostraram um efeito positivo na prefer&#234;ncia por alimentos saud&#225;veis e na redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo di&#225;rio de bebidas a&#231;ucaradas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Mudan&#231;as permanentes em qualidade da dieta, ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica e atividade f&#237;sica demandam a&#231;&#245;es preventivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Portanto, a promo&#231;&#227;o de uma dieta saud&#225;vel, a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e o monitoramento do status nutricional na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia s&#227;o essenciais em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Por ser um ambiente educacional que contribui para a constru&#231;&#227;o de valores pessoais, a escola &#233; elemento-chave para a promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e interven&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a obesidade, propiciando o desenvolvimento de consci&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica para a constru&#231;&#227;o e modifica&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rias ag&#234;ncias internacionais, como o Centro de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as nos Estados Unidos (CDC) e o Instituto de Medicina dos Estados Unidos (IOM), lan&#231;aram campanhas com diretrizes para a promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de em escolas visando abordar a epidemia de obesidade e suas consequ&#234;ncias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> No Brasil, o Programa Sa&#250;de na Escola destina-se a promover o cuidado em sa&#250;de de forma abrangente para alunos da escola p&#250;blica, sendo estruturado em quatro blocos que procuram: avaliar as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de; realizar a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o e promo&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de; promover educa&#231;&#227;o continuada para profissionais e jovens; avaliar e monitorar as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de dos alunos. A equipe de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de &#233; respons&#225;vel por planejar e realizar essas a&#231;&#245;es, tendo por objetivo integrar o sistema educacional e o Sistema Unificado de Sa&#250;de Brasileiro (SUS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Contudo, tal a&#231;&#227;o governamental n&#227;o cobre todas as escolas do pa&#237;s ainda.</p>
        <p>Para implementar interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais em larga escala, &#233; importante testar sua efici&#234;ncia adequadamente. Al&#233;m disso, devem-se buscar alternativas simples e de baixo custo que possam alcan&#231;ar o maior n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de escolas. Aprimorar o conhecimento sobre a escolha de alimentos pode ser uma importante base para as crian&#231;as adquirirem e manterem um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel desde a mais tenra idade, e possivelmente sustentarem tais h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis em etapas subsequentes da vida.</p>
        <p>O prop&#243;sito do protocolo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a efici&#234;ncia de uma interven&#231;&#227;o destinada a aprimorar o conhecimento sobre a escolha de alimentos no ambiente escolar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este protocolo est&#225; de acordo com a Iniciativa SPIRIT (<italic>Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials</italic>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Panorama</title>
            <p>Trata-se de estudo com randomiza&#231;&#227;o em <italic>cluster</italic>, paralelo, de dois bra&#231;os, conduzido no Brasil. As unidades de observa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o as crian&#231;as, e as unidades de randomiza&#231;&#227;o, as escolas. A randomiza&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; realizada ao n&#237;vel da escola para evitar contamina&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o basal, as escolas arroladas ser&#227;o randomizadas para um dos dois bra&#231;os do estudo: o bra&#231;o interven&#231;&#227;o, com foco nas mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, e o bra&#231;o do grupo controle, que recebe as recomenda&#231;&#245;es usuais atrav&#233;s da equipe de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> traz um fluxograma do estudo com <italic>design</italic>, interven&#231;&#245;es e cronograma.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f2">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Fluxograma das fases do estudo (arrolamento, aloca&#231;&#227;o para interven&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#245;es fnais).</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0501-70072-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio para os participantes &#233; a mudan&#231;a no &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC = kg/m<sup>2</sup>), sendo os desfechos secund&#225;rios os comportamentos relacionados a alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, maior prefer&#234;ncia por frutas, legumes e verduras, aumento de atividade f&#237;sica e redu&#231;&#227;o no &#8216;tempo de tela&#8217;. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou o protocolo para o estudo, que est&#225; registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos (RBR-97bztb) e denominado &#8220;Programa de interven&#231;&#227;o para promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de em escolas p&#250;blicas fundamentais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul: estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado&#8221;. O n&#250;mero de ensaio universal deste estudo &#233; U1111-1155-7731.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
            <p>Crian&#231;as entre 5 e 15 anos de idade, dos dois sexos, matriculadas nas escolas p&#250;blicas participantes deste estudo, da primeira &#224; nona s&#233;rie do ensino fundamental ser&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para este estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). A crian&#231;a e seus pais ou respons&#225;veis t&#234;m que assinar o termo de concord&#226;ncia da institui&#231;&#227;o e o termo de consentimento livre e informado.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t3">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="80%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">M&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Idade 5-15 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">Triagem realizada pessoalmente</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Matr&#237;cula em uma das escolas participantes, da 1<sup>a</sup> &#224; 9<sup>a</sup> s&#233;rie do ensino fundamental e m&#233;dio.</td>
                    <td align="center">Revis&#227;o de arquivos eletr&#244;nicos escolares</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Concord&#226;ncia em participar de todas as reuni&#245;es do estudo</td>
                    <td align="center">Triagem realizada pessoalmente</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
            <p>Excluem-se as crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es ou outras circunst&#226;ncias que possam interferir em sua participa&#231;&#227;o nas tomadas de medidas ou interven&#231;&#245;es, ou caso seus pais/respons&#225;veis n&#227;o forne&#231;am ou n&#227;o possam fornecer o termo de consentimento ou a crian&#231;a n&#227;o concorde. Caso n&#227;o completem as avalia&#231;&#245;es basais em tr&#234;s semanas, os participantes tamb&#233;m s&#227;o exclu&#237;dos.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Triagem e recrutamento</title>
            <p>As atividades de triagem e recrutamento ser&#227;o desenvolvidas ao longo de quatro semanas. Durante a primeira semana, os arquivos escolares eletr&#244;nicos das matr&#237;culas dos alunos ser&#227;o consultados para identificar potenciais participantes (crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Nas duas semanas seguintes, cartas de recrutamento ser&#227;o enviadas para os respons&#225;veis dos alunos com explica&#231;&#227;o sobre o estudo e o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido em anexo. Na quarta semana, aqueles que concordem em participar do estudo ser&#227;o submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, desde que n&#227;o haja nenhum impedimento para a avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>A randomiza&#231;&#227;o em <italic>cluster</italic> ser&#225; realizada com distribui&#231;&#227;o de duas escolas para o grupo controle e duas escolas para o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o. Um profissional de bioestat&#237;stica sem contato direto com os participantes do estudo gerar&#225; as sequ&#234;ncias de aloca&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria atrav&#233;s de um programa computadorizado. Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o de cada <italic>cluster</italic>, a aloca&#231;&#227;o desse <italic>cluster</italic> em particular ser&#225; fornecida ao coordenador do estudo. Devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da interven&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel mascarar participantes ou intervencionistas para o grupo designado. N&#227;o haver&#225; <italic>crossover</italic> entre os bra&#231;os do estudo, mas a interven&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; oferecida ao grupo controle ao final do estudo, se ficar comprovada a sua efic&#225;cia.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <p>As medidas ser&#227;o tomadas na linha de base (m&#234;s 1) e ap&#243;s o tratamento (m&#234;s 9).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</title>
            <p>Balan&#231;as eletr&#244;nicas com capacidade m&#225;xima de 150 kg, precis&#227;o de 100 g e adequadamente calibradas ser&#227;o usadas para as medidas de peso. O indiv&#237;duo dever&#225; ser pesado descal&#231;o e vestindo roupas leves. Uma fita m&#233;trica met&#225;lica com capacidade de 2 m/0,1 cm, afixada a uma parede, ser&#225; usada para medir a altura, com o indiv&#237;duo em p&#233;, durante inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, descal&#231;o e com os bolsos vazios. Esses dados ser&#227;o usados para calcular o IMC, obtido dividindo-se o peso em quilos pelo quadrado da altura em metro (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A partir do IMC, determina-se o status nutricional, usando-se o programa <italic>Anthro Plus</italic>, de acordo com refer&#234;ncia da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) 2006/2007.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ingest&#227;o alimentar</title>
            <p>Os dados diet&#233;ticos, relacionados aos h&#225;bitos alimentares dos participantes, ser&#227;o coletados e avaliados usando-se o Question&#225;rio de Frequ&#234;ncia Alimentar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> previamente validado para a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, destinado a coletar informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a frequ&#234;ncia do consumo alimentar e/ou grupos alimentares para posterior associa&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis estudadas, como estilo de vida e medidas antropom&#233;tricas.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Atividade f&#237;sica</title>
            <p>O Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> ser&#225; usado para todas as idades para classificar o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, ainda que tal instrumento tenha sido validado apenas para adultos e adolescentes, pois n&#227;o h&#225; um question&#225;rio validado que possa atender &#224;s necessidades deste estudo e adequadamente classificar os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica em crian&#231;as brasileiras.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>&#8216;Tempo de Tela&#8217;</title>
            <p>O &#8216;tempo de tela&#8217; refere-se &#224; quantidade de tempo que os indiv&#237;duos passam em frente &#224; tela de televis&#227;o, v&#237;deo game e computador, sendo considerada uma atividade sedent&#225;ria. Ser&#225; medido em horas por dia e n&#250;mero de dias por semana.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Conhecimento sobre h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis</title>
            <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento sobre h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis ser&#225; avaliada atrav&#233;s de um question&#225;rio validado para idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> consistindo de conhecimento sobre alimentos e atividades saud&#225;veis da vida cotidiana.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Medidas demogr&#225;ficas</title>
            <p>Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o basal, os pais responder&#227;o perguntas sobre dados demogr&#225;ficos inclu&#237;dos no Crit&#233;rio de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Econ&#244;mica da Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> tais como: idade; n&#237;vel educacional do chefe da fam&#237;lia; eletrodom&#233;sticos e outros bens familiares; pavimenta&#231;&#227;o da rua e presen&#231;a de &#225;gua tratada no domic&#237;lio. </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Tamanho da amostra</title>
            <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado para detector uma diferen&#231;a de 0,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup> no IMC, com um desvio-padr&#227;o de 0,05, poder estat&#237;stico de 90% e erro alfa de 0,05. Usou-se a m&#233;dia estimada de 19 kg/m<sup>2</sup> obtida do nosso estudo-piloto. Estimou-se um total de 99 participantes por grupo utilizando-se esses par&#226;metros. Para compensar as perdas, o tamanho da amostra deve ser aumentado em 10%. </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Plano para An&#225;lise de Dados</title>
            <p>Os dados coletados ser&#227;o inseridos e analisados usando-se o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>, vers&#227;o 17.0. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas ser&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o na presen&#231;a de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou mediana e intervalo interquartil na presen&#231;a de distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas ser&#227;o expressas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
            <p>An&#225;lise ajustada para desfechos prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio ser&#225; realizada usando equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa generalizada. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios ser&#227;o comparados atrav&#233;s do teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon.</p>
            <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para todos os testes ser&#225; 95% (&#945; = 0,05) e seguir&#225; o princ&#237;pio de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar. Os valores de p ser&#227;o expressos at&#233; a terceira casa decimal com valores de p &lt; 0,005 expressos como p &lt; 0,005. Os desfechos ser&#227;o avaliados por um examinador cego.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Intervencionistas</title>
            <p>As interven&#231;&#245;es neste estudo ser&#227;o realizadas por nutricionistas do Grupo de Pesquisa em Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular na Inf&#226;ncia e Adolesc&#234;ncia (PREVINA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> estudantes de nutri&#231;&#227;o e profissionais do programa de sa&#250;de da fam&#237;lia do munic&#237;pio (psic&#243;logos, professores de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e enfermeiros). Todos os intervencionistas ser&#227;o submetidos a treinamento contendo: protocolo da interven&#231;&#227;o; objetivos, conte&#250;do e forma da interven&#231;&#227;o; e instru&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para cada sess&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>As atividades de interven&#231;&#227;o ocorrer&#227;o mensalmente na sala de multim&#237;dia ou quadra de esportes das escolas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Todas as atividades ser&#227;o oferecidas em diferentes turnos e hor&#225;rios escolares para que todos os alunos de todas as turmas possam participar.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o das atividades da interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="10%"/>
                  <col width="10%"/>
                  <col width="70%"/>
                  <col width="10%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Tipo</th>
                    <th align="center">Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Momento</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do programa para alunos, pais e professores.</td>
                    <td align="center">Semin&#225;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">Um semin&#225;rio abordando os seguintes t&#243;picos ser&#225; realizado: dados epidemiol&#243;gicos sobre fatores de risco de obesidade e de doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis; rastreamento de dislipidemia; import&#226;ncia da interven&#231;&#227;o escolar; apresenta&#231;&#227;o das atividades que ser&#227;o desenvolvidas durante o ano escolar; leitura e esclarecimento sobre o termo de consentimento informado.</td>
                    <td align="center">1<sup>o</sup> M&#234;s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Conhecendo o que comemos.</td>
                    <td align="center">Semin&#225;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">O semin&#225;rio abordar&#225; sucintamente a composi&#231;&#227;o dos alimentos, macronutrientes, fibras e grupos de alimentos. Como tarefa da semana, cada turma deve estudar as vitaminas e preparar um cartaz sobre o t&#243;pico durante uma aula. Como tarefa de casa, todos os alunos devem criar, com a ajuda dos pais, uma lista de cinco frutas e seis verduras/legumes que gostam de comer. Tr&#234;s devem ser verduras/legumes cozidos e tr&#234;s, verduras/legumes crus.</td>
                    <td align="center">2<sup>o</sup> M&#234;s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">A import&#226;ncia da &#225;gua.</td>
                    <td align="center">Semin&#225;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">O semin&#225;rio abordar&#225; a import&#226;ncia da &#225;gua para a nossa sa&#250;de e as consequ&#234;ncias do alto consumo de bebidas a&#231;ucaradas. O consumo de refrigerante cresceu nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas na Am&#233;rica Latina, podendo ter contribu&#237;do para o aumento de peso da popula&#231;&#227;o. Muitas escolas vendem refrigerantes em suas cantinas e algumas crian&#231;as acabam por consumi-los diariamente sem o conhecimento dos pais.O desafio &#8220;Semana sem refrigerante&#8221; ser&#225; lan&#231;ado, no qual crian&#231;as, pais e professores se comprometem a ficar uma semana sem refrigerante, o que requer a intera&#231;&#227;o e o compromisso da fam&#237;lia para bater a meta.</td>
                    <td align="center">3<sup>o</sup> M&#234;s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Revolu&#231;&#227;o na cozinha: primeiro voc&#234; prova, depois voc&#234; gosta.</td>
                    <td align="center">Workshop</td>
                    <td align="center">O objetivo do <italic>workshop</italic> &#233; propor uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre alunos, professores, funcion&#225;rios da cozinha e o alimento. V&#225;rios alimentos integrais (frutas, legumes e verduras, p&#227;es, bolos e biscoitos) ser&#227;o colocados em uma mesa. Participantes com vendas nos olhos provar&#227;o aleatoriamente um alimento, descrever&#227;o suas caracter&#237;sticas sensoriais e percep&#231;&#245;es (mole/duro, cheiro bom/ruim, gostam/n&#227;o gostam) e tentar&#227;o adivinhar o que &#233;. Depois, os participantes ser&#227;o convidados a preparar seus lanches com alguns dos legumes/verduras que plantaram anteriormente, de acordo com suas prefer&#234;ncias. Como tarefa de casa, os alunos dever&#227;o auxiliar seus pais no preparo de saladas para a fam&#237;lia, come&#231;ando com a escolha do alimento no supermercado. Durante a aula, os professores auxiliados por um nutricionista trabalhar&#227;o a din&#226;mica &#8216;sem&#225;foro dos alimentos', em que o alimento &#233; classificado de acordo com as cores dos sinais de tr&#226;nsito. Verde representa alimentos que devem ser comidos diariamente; amarelo, alimentos que podem ser comidos mais de uma vez por semana, mas com modera&#231;&#227;o; e vermelho, alimentos proibidos para o consumo di&#225;rio, mas que podem ser consumidos em ocasi&#245;es especiais, como festas e finais de semana. Haver&#225; ainda um semin&#225;rio para os pais para informar e dar ideias sobre a prepara&#231;&#227;o de lanches saud&#225;veis para a escola, que atendam melhor &#224;s necessidades das crian&#231;as.</td>
                    <td align="center">4<sup>o</sup> M&#234;s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Vamos nos mexer! Atividade f&#237;sica a qualquer momento!</td>
                    <td align="center">Semin&#225;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">O semin&#225;rio abordar&#225; a import&#226;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica para a nossa sa&#250;de e apresentar&#225; programas de atividade f&#237;sica dispon&#237;veis na cidade. Ser&#227;o sugeridas atividades para serem praticadas fora de casa ou em casa, individualmente ou em grupo. Ser&#225; lan&#231;ado o desafio &#8220;um dia desconectado&#8221;, em que alunos, pais e professores ser&#227;o convidados a reduzir o tempo de televis&#227;o e internet para apenas duas horas ao dia. A diminui&#231;&#227;o do comportamento sedent&#225;rio, como o excesso de tempo gasto &#224; frente da televis&#227;o e do computador, parece contribuir para reduzir a ingesta cal&#243;rica di&#225;ria. Ser&#227;o sugeridas atividades para esse dia.</td>
                    <td align="center">5<sup>o</sup> M&#234;s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">De onde vem meu alimento?</td>
                    <td align="center">Workshop</td>
                    <td align="center">O <italic>workshop</italic> contar&#225; com a participa&#231;&#227;o de um produtor de legume/verdura da cidade, que ensinar&#225; aos alunos como plantar uma pequena horta na escola e dela cuidar. Al&#233;m disso, cada aluno receber&#225; sementes de tempero verde (salsinha) para plantar em um pequeno vaso previamente decorado durante a aula de educa&#231;&#227;o art&#237;stica.</td>
                    <td align="center">6<sup>o</sup> M&#234;s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Leite todos os dias!</td>
                    <td align="center">Semin&#225;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">O semin&#225;rio abordar&#225; a import&#226;ncia do leite e dos produtos l&#225;cteos na nossa dieta, com recomenda&#231;&#227;o de quantidades a serem ingeridas. Tamb&#233;m abordar&#225; certos dist&#250;rbios relacionados &#224; digest&#227;o do leite, como intoler&#226;ncia &#224; lactose e alergia &#224; prote&#237;na do leite de vaca.</td>
                    <td align="center">7<sup>o</sup> M&#234;s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left"><italic>Bullying</italic>: precisamos falar sobre isso!</td>
                    <td align="center">Semin&#225;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">Um psic&#243;logo conduzir&#225; o semin&#225;rio, abordando o significado do tema, tipos de ass&#233;dio e o que fazer caso seja v&#237;tima. Haver&#225; uma reuni&#227;o especial com os professores para responder perguntas.</td>
                    <td align="center">8<sup>o</sup> M&#234;s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Curso de dan&#231;a alem&#227;</td>
                    <td align="center">Workshop</td>
                    <td align="center">Ser&#227;o oferecidas aulas quinzenais de dan&#231;a alem&#227; na escola durante um ano letivo. Esse curso tamb&#233;m visa a resgatar as tradi&#231;&#245;es e cultura da cidade, estabelecida principalmente por alem&#227;es.</td>
                    <td align="center">Atividade desenvolvida durante um ano letivo</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Comparador do cuidado usual</title>
            <p>Participantes randomizados para o grupo controle n&#227;o receber&#227;o as orienta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas da interven&#231;&#227;o durante o estudo, mas apenas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es usuais do curr&#237;culo escolar e dos atendimentos na unidade de sa&#250;de.</p>
            <p>Caso se comprove a efici&#234;ncia da interven&#231;&#227;o, ao final do estudo, as institui&#231;&#245;es alocadas no grupo controle, se desejarem, receber&#227;o todas as atividades de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado tem por objetivo auxiliar a preencher uma lacuna na literatura referente a interven&#231;&#245;es eficientes, simples e de baixo custo para lidar com a epidemia de obesidade e sobrepeso nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Numerosos estudos mostraram que as taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade entre os jovens na Am&#233;rica Latina t&#234;m importantes consequ&#234;ncias econ&#244;micas e para a sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A despeito da necessidade de abordagens individuais para crian&#231;as j&#225; portadoras de sobrepeso ou obesidade, h&#225; consenso internacional de que a preven&#231;&#227;o &#233; a estrat&#233;gia mais realista e de melhor custo-benef&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Logo, interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas que alcancem um maior n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as precisam ser desenvolvidas.</p>
        <p>Facilitadores e barreiras para o desenvolvimento de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis devem ser considerados ao se projetar um programa para excesso de peso na inf&#226;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, deve-se considerar a adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; cultura e &#224; realidade locais. Um dos principais desafios deste estudo ser&#225; mudar os h&#225;bitos nutricionais e de atividade f&#237;sica. Para tal, projetamos interven&#231;&#245;es que incluam pais, professores e alunos visando a criar um impacto positivo na sa&#250;de de crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
        <p>O jovem precisa de informa&#231;&#227;o adequada para fazer escolhas saud&#225;veis e mudar seu comportamento sedent&#225;rio, mas seus pais e professores nem sempre est&#227;o preparados para fornec&#234;-la. Logo, o envolvimento de profissionais de sa&#250;de treinados e especializados na &#225;rea &#233; necess&#225;rio para prover a informa&#231;&#227;o adequada. As crian&#231;as est&#227;o expostas ao ambiente que criamos para elas e, como no Brasil, costumam passar cerca de 25 horas por semana na escola, &#233; importante elaborar a&#231;&#245;es que visem a aprimorar o ambiente escolar e criar uma estrat&#233;gia de crescimento saud&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es que precisam ser consideradas em trabalho futuro. Em primeiro lugar, existe a possibilidade de contamina&#231;&#227;o cruzada dos participantes nos dois bra&#231;os da interven&#231;&#227;o, pois essa ocorre em uma cidade pequena. Em segundo lugar, o estudo n&#227;o avalia as mudan&#231;as da puberdade que podem interferir na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal da inf&#226;ncia e in&#237;cio da adolesc&#234;ncia, como ganho de peso em meninas e redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal em meninos.</p>
        <p>Concluindo, descrevemos o fundamento e <italic>design</italic> b&#225;sico do estudo cl&#237;nico em andamento, randomizado em <italic>cluster</italic>, &#8216;Escola Saud&#225;vel &#233; Mais Feliz&#8217;. A interven&#231;&#227;o do estudo visa a aumentar a ingest&#227;o de alimentos frescos, reduzir o consumo excessivo de alimentos doces e processados, e reduzir as horas gastas em atividades sedent&#225;rias. O prop&#243;sito de iniciar a interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica nessa fase da vida &#233; desenvolver o conhecimento que permitir&#225; escolhas saud&#225;veis, propiciando oportunidades para um melhor futuro para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Daniela Schneid Schuh pelo Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
