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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TkcC3XLsN7yWrTCcYGPXHwF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000600491</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170083</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Long-term Results of a Cardiology Postgraduate Program</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Pazzotti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rigaud</surname>
            <given-names>Vagner Oliveira-Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Edimar Alcides Bocchi,</bold> Rua Dr. Melo Alves, 690, 4&#186; andar. Postal Code 01417-010, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>dcledimar@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bocchi EA; Acquisition of data: Borges DP, Oliveira-Carvalho VR; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bocchi EA, Borges DP, Oliveira-Carvalho VR; Statistical analysis: Oliveira-Carvalho VR; Writing of the manuscript: Bocchi EA, Oliveira-Carvalho VR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>491</fpage>
      <lpage>500</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Health Postgraduate Programs</kwd>
        <kwd>Scientific and Technological Activities</kwd>
        <kwd>Program Evaluation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Research and innovation help to drive economic growth and address socioeconomic challenges like poverty and health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Many developed and developing countries have introduced policies and systems to increase research and innovation.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, a system was created on 1951 with the objectives of improving technology and innovation and strengthening scientific research.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Similar to postgraduate doctorate programs in developed countries, postgraduate programs with broader and more in-depth scientific research objectives have been developed in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In fact, a linear relationship has been demonstrated between the number of students graduating from these programs and the number of scientific publications produced by them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Beyond scientific output, publishing a high-impact paper or in a journal with a high-impact factor seems to be an important requirement for innovation and technology growth. Considering that postgraduate students play an important role in scientific production in Brazil, a study including the characteristics of the scientific production of these students is justifiable.</p>
      <p>We retrospectively investigated the scientific and academic production of students after their graduation from a cardiology postgraduate program. Because cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries and in Brazil, a postgraduate program focused on cardiology is a good target for innovation. Also, the knowledge of the characteristics, weaknesses, and strengths of a postgraduate program may help develop new strategies promoting innovation and publication in high-impact journals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The protocol of this study was submitted to our institution&#8217;s Ethics Committee on May 14, 2010, and received the number 3434/10/023. The Committee approved the study on December 15, 2010, with the number 385/10.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>The primary objective of this study was to investigate the number of publications of each graduate of a cardiology postgraduate program in Brazil and the corresponding impact factor of the journals in which the graduates&#8217; research was published.</p>
        <p>The secondary objectives included the evaluation of the students&#8217; characteristics, <italic>h</italic>-index, total citations, citations per article, and academic position.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This was a retrospective study developed at <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo. We defined as a graduate any postgraduate student obtaining a certificate at the end of the program between 1977 and 2010. The postgraduate program during the period of the study followed the rules set by the University of S&#227;o Paulo for this type of program. The program was also evaluated from its beginning according to the criteria established by the <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic> (CAPES, a Brazilian federal agency for the support and evaluation of postgraduate education). The students&#8217; baseline characteristics used in this study were obtained at the time of the students&#8217; registration in the program and included age, sex, and other data reported at baseline. These data were retrieved from the Cardiopulmonary Department program files in 2010.</p>
        <p>A systematic review was carried out through a quantitative, retrospective, and documentary design for each student during the period that followed the completion of their postgraduate degree. The review included scientific papers published from 1977 to October 2015 and included in the Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases, as indicated by each postgraduate student in his or her Lattes curriculum. This curriculum is part of a Brazilian database created in 1999 and is supported by the <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</italic> (CNPq) in which researchers may include information about their academic and scientific production (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://lattes.cnpq.br/">lattes.cnpq.br/</ext-link>). The name of each student was used for the review. The Lattes curriculum may also include data about the students&#8217; affiliated institutions and research teams.</p>
        <p>Scientific papers were excluded from the analysis if comprising abstracts, medical guides, technical and scientific reports, dissertations, ministerial and government information, or any other type of document not complying with the standard IMRDC structure (introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion) applied to scientific papers, except for reviews, editorials, and comments addressing cardiovascular issues published in journals indexed in PubMed. Any article in which the student was the first author or a coauthor was included in the analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data were statistically analyzed with GraphPad Prism 6 for Windows. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to verify the data&#8217;s Gaussian distribution. Descriptive statistical analysis included simple distribution of frequencies, calculation of proportions, and median and respective interquartile ranges (IQRs). Continuous variables are expressed as median and IQR, and categorical variables are expressed as percentage. For group comparisons, Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon tests was used, when appropriated. All tests were performed 2-tailed, and a p level &lt; 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the postgraduate students</title>
        <p>The study included 505 students who had completed the postgraduate cardiology program. Most students were male, white, and had previously obtained a medical degree (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the recent incremental increase in women as postgraduate students in the cohort. The absence of the Afro-Brazilian ethnicity is remarkable in the student population, given the high numbers of Afro-Brazilians in the Brazilian population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Most students had no prior master&#8217;s degree. Female students were younger than male ones, mainly in the last decade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The number of postgraduate students increased over the decades, and a recent increase in graduates without a medical degree was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). We would also like to point out the low number of foreign students.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the postgraduate students</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">N (%) or median (IQR)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total number</td>
                <td align="center">505 (100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">316 (62.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">189 (37.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">White</td>
                <td align="center">260 (51.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Afro-Brazilian</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulatto</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yellow (Asian)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (3.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ethnicity not provided</td>
                <td align="center">223 (44)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Median age (all)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">37 (34-43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">39 (35-44)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Nationality</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brazilian</td>
                <td align="center">500 (99)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-Brazilian</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>University graduation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medicine</td>
                <td align="center">397 (78.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Non-medicine</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Biology</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Biomedicine</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nursing</td>
                <td align="center">12 (2.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Electronic engineering</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pharmacy</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physiotherapy</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">History</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Psychology</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nutrition</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chemistry</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Veterinary</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical education</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unknown</td>
                <td align="center">38 (7.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous master's degree</td>
                <td align="center">64 (12.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ph.D. without previous master's degree</td>
                <td align="center">441 (87.3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IQR: Interquartile range.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gender distribution of the postgraduate students.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean age of the postgraduate students.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Postgraduate students with previous medical training versus no medical training.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Publications and corresponding impact of the publications&#8217; journals</title>
        <p>From 1977 to October 2015, a total of 14,398 manuscripts were published in which the cardiology postgraduate students were first authors or coauthors. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows the number of publications per year by all postgraduate students and the impact factor of the journals in which the articles were published. A progressive increase in the number of publications may be observed until 2007, followed by a decrease from 2008 to 2015. The journals&#8217; impact factors increased until 2011. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref> shows the number of publications from 1977 to 2015 adjusted for the number of postgraduate students with a theoretical ability to publish. A decline in the number of publications may be observed from 1995 to 2000, after which it remained stable until 2013. A tendency towards a reduction in the number of publications may also be observed between 2014-2015.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Number of publications per year by all postgraduate students and corresponding journal impact factors from 1977 to 2015.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Number of publications from 1977 to 2015 adjusted for the number of postgraduate students with a theoretical capacity to publish.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows scientific indices and academic indicators related to the postgraduate students over the decades. The data show a small total number of articles published by year. The total number of citations was low, and the number of citations per article was not expressive. Likewise, the <italic>h</italic>-index was not high, according to the ISI and Scopus databases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). Analysis of the <italic>h</italic>-index distribution revealed that 12.8%, 54.06%, 20.99%, 7.33%, 2.97%, and 2.57% of the students had <italic>h</italic>-index values of 0, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, and &gt;20, respectively. University training in biology and biomedicine was associated with a lower <italic>h</italic>-index value and fewer published articles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). The median number of published articles and the <italic>h</italic>-index were higher among students with prior training in medicine (p &lt; 0.0001 and p = 0.0042, respectively).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scientific indexes and academic indicators of the postgraduate students over decades after completion of the program</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Scientific index</th>
                <th align="center">Scopus</th>
                <th align="center">ISI</th>
                <th align="center">Lattes</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">H-index</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2-7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1-6)</td>
                <td align="center">___</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Published articles</td>
                <td align="center">10 (3-25)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2-16.5)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (4-35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total number of citations</td>
                <td align="center">54 (11-244)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (5-167)</td>
                <td align="center">___</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Citations per article</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2-12)</td>
                <td align="center">5.6 (2-12)</td>
                <td align="center">___</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Published articles per year</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.3-2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 (0.2-1.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 (0.5-3.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Impact factor</td>
                <td align="center">___</td>
                <td align="center">___</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 (0.8-2.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Academic indicators</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Research</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">University teaching</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">15.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Research and teaching</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">26.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">42.2%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>H-index values of the postgraduate students according to the ISI and Scopus databases.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scientific indexes and academic indicators of the postgraduate students according to the graduation program</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Graduation</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid"><italic>H</italic>-index</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Impact factor</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Articles</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ISI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Scopus</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medicine</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1-6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2-6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 (0.8-2.5)</td>
                <td align="center">16.5 (5-40.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-medicine</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1-4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1-5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 (0.5-3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2-11.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Biology</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0-3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0-5)</td>
                <td align="center">2.9 (1-3.1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2-9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Biomedicine</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 (0.3-2.8)</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 (0.5-3.8)</td>
                <td align="center">2.8 (1.2-3.3)</td>
                <td align="center">3.5 (2.3-9.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical education</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 (1-8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 (0-9)</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 (1.1-2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">15.5 (1.8-36.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nursing</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2-5.8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1.3-5)</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 (0.7-3.7)</td>
                <td align="center">9.5 (5.8-14.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pharmacy</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1-6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1-6.5)</td>
                <td align="center">3.5 (0.6-5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5-13.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physiotherapy</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 (0.8-8.5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.8-8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 (0.4-2.5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1.5-52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 (0.8-3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0-3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 (0.2-3.1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1-5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Following the end of the postgraduate cardiology program, only 42.3% of the students continued their research activities. Remarkably, 42.2% of the students did not follow research or teaching activities (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the scientific output of graduates from a cardiology postgraduate program in Brazil. Our findings are relevant because cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death in some developing and developed countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The graduates of the largest cardiology program in Brazil had a progressive incremental in the total number of publications until 2007, mainly as a consequence of the expansion of the community of researchers. Also, the articles were published in journals with progressively higher impact factors until 2011, but these impact factors may be considered low. Moreover, the number of publications adjusted by the number of students reduced until 2000 and remained stable afterward. We observed that the scientific output per student was not homogeneous. The <italic>h</italic>-index, number of citations, and the number of publications of each graduate were poor. Only 42% of the graduates embraced research activities after the program, and the research they performed had a low impact. The population of postgraduate students also had special characteristics, including a low number of Afro-Brazilian students and foreigners, a progressive incremental rise in the number of students with a higher percentage of younger woman and students without prior medical training credentials.</p>
      <p>Despite the success of the increase in the journals&#8217; impact factors until 2011 and the total number of publications until 2007 (which declined as the number of graduate students increased), the scientific productivity by cardiology postgraduate students and its impact are concerning. The heterogeneity of the scientific production was also worrisome because it seems to have followed the Pareto principle, in which a minority is responsible for the greater part of the production. Brazilian scientific publications have increased significantly in number, but the citation indices have remained at approximately 60% of the world&#8217;s mean citations (Thomson Reuters). Despite this fact, the performance of Brazilian researchers is high among some developing and emerging countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In a comparison with other countries, a recent bibliometric analysis demonstrated that the number of cardiovascular publications from Latin America increased from 1999 to 2008.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Brazil was the country with the greatest increase in the number of publications. However, the citation index by year of publication in Brazil was 9 in 1999 and 9.1 in 2008, while in Argentina, this index increased from 9.2 to 25.6. The causes of poor scientific and academic output by cardiology postgraduate students are complex and largely unknown. Unfortunately, we lack published data from other postgraduate courses for the purpose of comparison. Many factors could be hypothesized to explain our findings. Although they might be interconnected, two periods can be considered to explain the causes of our findings: the training period for research during the postgraduate program, and the time after the program. During the training period in the postgraduate program, the initial module is provided to a potentially future researcher, whereas after the conclusion of the program, the student faces a real-world research scenario.</p>
      <p>The cardiology postgraduate program was developed according to guidelines developed by CAPES, which may have influenced the training period of the program. CAPES has established criteria for the development of programs, measuring the scientific output of graduates from postgraduate programs and imposing goals for these individuals. The current CAPES criteria for evaluation of postgraduate programs in Brazil were initially established in 1998.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The evaluation of each program is currently complex and includes an appraisal of the program&#8217;s proposal, faculty, students, intellectual output, and social inclusion. For the evaluation of the program, the impact of the scientific journals in which the articles are published is measured by a specific national index called <italic>peri&#243;dicos Qualis</italic>. The Qualis system is an imperfect solution that considers the importance of the article according to the journal in which it is published, regardless of the number of citations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This evaluation criterion has never been validated prospectively and raises many concerns. Instead of focusing on strengthening scientific bases, technology, and innovation, CAPES has developed other objectives, such as the postgraduate training of teachers of all education levels and training of qualified human resources personnel for the non-academic market. Therefore, the rules established by CAPES may stimulate the training of more but low-impact cardiology researchers.</p>
      <p>In addition to the rules established by CAPES, the postgraduate program is also influenced by the university&#8217;s environment. The university&#8217;s postgraduate board supports high-impact research, but this is actually not a top priority of the cardiology postgraduate program in the real world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> One important factor seems to be the form of the final assessment of the scientific production of each postgraduate student. Rather than assessing the work done during the postgraduate program through the impact of its publications or the impact of the peer-reviewed journal in which the article was published, the evaluation is performed through a panel of local professors. As a confirmation of this fact, the rate of disapprobation of the theses presented as part of the program is almost nonexistent. In some situations, the publications are accepted for approval but are hindered by bureaucratic complexities. For example, the university&#8217;s postgraduate committee points out innovation as one of the objectives of the program but prioritizes other objectives instead, such as the teaching of training, leadership skills, and knowledge of the study field to postgraduate students. In addition, Brazilian universities have low classifications in international rankings, and this low ranking does not provide an enabling environment for high-impact research.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Some other characteristics of the postgraduate program may contribute to that, such as a scenario of low-risk taking, lack of proper environment for boldly innovative ideas, no priority for innovation in the real world, submission of a research protocol before research training courses, attempt to prepare students for high-impact research using low-impact training, absence of environment or time for revolutionary or innovative ideas or high-impact research, lack of training by international researchers, replication of science rather than development of original science, and necessity of publication as early as possible regardless of the impact that such publication will obtain. In fact, after an analysis of the criteria and objectives established by CAPES and the universities, one might assume that high-impact publications and innovation are not the highest priorities of these institutions in the real world, and the methods used by them are not enough to secure publication in high-impact journals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Additional factors to explain the finding that high-impact research in the real world is not a priority for Brazilian universities are some lingering distortions from the French school model with its historical professional origin, institutions not integrating teaching and research, elitist attitude,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and threat to creativity perceived by the privileged model because of the generation of new values as a consequence of innovations and technology. The persistence of remnants of the cathedral structure without consideration of merits for career growth also hinders high-impact scientific accomplishments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the time after the program completion, the national scenario of research institutions is not attractive for cardiology students in terms of the development of a research-oriented career and does not contribute to retaining research talent. Many factors may contribute to that, such as a historical culture lacking research encouragement, low income, accomplishments not properly recognized, the necessity of multiple jobs to obtain adequate income, and promotion of scientific and academic career and choice of leaders not based on merit.</p>
      <p>The limited research resources offered by the government and private initiatives,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> the type of distribution of these resources, characteristics of the funding agencies, definitions of priority without enough social scientific transparency, and controversial criteria for the selection of the research to be supported may all influence cardiology graduates during the training period and after the completion of the postgraduate program. Unfortunately, high-impact research, with rare exceptions, is expensive. The popularity of providing research funds with low monetary value is contrary to high-impact research that results in innovation. Also, the low investment in research by private companies in Brazil is remarkable.</p>
      <p>To worsen this scenario, foreign companies and institutions have developed in Brazil competitive and financially supported clinical research originating from other countries (without a &#8220;local technological value&#8221;) generating unfair competition with local, unfunded original research. Unfortunately, this type of research is generally designed in foreign countries without a true Brazilian authorship, and the Brazilian researchers participating are therefore subordinated. At the most, Brazilian researchers may secure the position of coauthors without becoming main authors. This may contribute to local laboratory discoveries remaining in what has been termed as the "valley of death&#8221; - a gap between bench research and clinical application.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Additionally, there is not a critical mass of high-impact researchers acting in funding agencies as peer reviewers who can choose high-impact projects.</p>
      <p>In general, the priorities and application of funds from funding agencies are not socially and scientific transparent. The lack of upgrading in funding agencies hinders them from rapidly adapting to new required strategies, considering that these agencies do not make bids for boldly innovative ideas. A cultural change is necessary for agencies considering innovation as a risky activity frequently not resulting in success. However, low investment in research and funding may not be enough to explain the low impact of the publications. In fact, the budget of the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MCTI) doubled from 2005 to 2010, but this fact was not associated with proportional relevant increments in publication impact.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The current decrease in research investment following the 2014 economy stalling in Brazil is worrisome. One might suggest that Brazil is a &#8220;young&#8221; country with regards to research, which could explain the country&#8217;s limitations. However, other similarly young countries in terms of research, such as South Korea and China, have found success in innovation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The expectations of the cardiology postgraduate student also are important for low-impact publication, because the purpose of the program may sometimes be to complete and refine a previous learning deficiency mainly in research development and interpretation. Also, independently of a research career, graduates with a diploma from a postgraduate program will have better professional opportunities.</p>
      <p>Finally, access to publishing in high-impact journals may have undisclosed obstacles, as such journals may prefer to publish manuscripts originating from developed countries. Research developed by Brazilian authors also has a low rate of true international collaboration. Some Brazilian researchers have attempted to overcome this limitation with the inclusion of foreign researchers without a well-defined international cooperation; fortunately, this is not a widespread procedure. Of note, articles with at least one foreign author may attract more citations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It has been recently reported that the country from where an article originates affects the perception of the article&#8217;s quality and relevance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Thus, Brazilian researchers may be compelled to publish in Brazilian journals without a high international prestige, therefore without attracting many citations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The median impact factor of most Brazilian journals is below those of thematic fields under international indexes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A vicious circle or Matthew effect could be influencing this scenario.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Since this retrospective study was conducted in the cardiology field, the internal validity of its results could be considered applicable only for a population of graduates of a cardiology postgraduate program. However, the finding that Brazilian publications have a low impact factor and the important role of the Brazilian postgraduate system in increasing the number of Brazilian publications are evidence of an external validity of our findings, at least in the medical area of cardiology. In other medical areas, the same low impact may be verified.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> On the other hand, it is possible that select postgraduate programs may have different characteristics and, consequently, diverse results.</p>
        <p>Much of the Lattes curricula data were included by the graduates themselves; therefore, they could not be entirely verified. Excellent articles, mainly on the areas of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, are not accepted in foreign journals, especially articles considered of "regional interest." Then, extremely important information is oftentimes not properly propagated because the information is not considered as a "universal science."</p>
        <p>In contrast, some researchers probably have their research impact increased by participating as coauthors in international trials without resulting in Brazilian innovation or contribution to national technological development (absence of creation of Brazilian value). In fact, an unacceptable disproportion between first authorship and coauthorship can be verified. Moreover, some researchers are not necessarily considered among those with ideas or innovative initiatives, and they often play a supporting role, albeit not a major one, in the research.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Culturally, it may happen in Brazil, although uncommon, the inclusion of coauthors based on honor (in which the coauthors had no active participation in the research), either because of their hierarchical position at the institution where the research was performed, or for their referral of patients to the study, which is not compliant with the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The evaluation of the increased impact of the journals in which all scientific research was published may have limitations due to the historical increase in the number of journals in which cardiology articles are generally published.</p>
        <p>We did not investigate the number of downloads of each article, which is being increasingly used to assess a publication&#8217;s impact. However, download statistics may have limitations. The number of downloads is not offered by most journals and may also include counts derived from search engine crawlers and downloads by non-scientific individuals. Therefore, the number of citations by other articles currently remains the gold standard for evaluation of the impact of an individual scientific article. Also, controversial results have been published concerning the correlation between the number of downloads and citations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Finally, we did not evaluate the publications&#8217; economic output, including patents, device approvals, and value created. However, considering the low-impact of these publications, positive findings in this area are unlikely. Other variables, such as the <italic>h</italic>-index of the study advisor, appear to be also important predictors of publication success.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implications</title>
        <p>In addition to policies designed to increase scientific production, strategies to increase high-impact publications targeting innovation warrant changes to cardiology postgraduate programs and the period following completion of the program. Similar to the philosophical dilemma of the chicken or the egg coming first, the components are integrated and interdependent, but urgent modifications involving many factors should be planned, including related to CAPES, university rules, funding agencies, and the country&#8217;s scenario. In fact, the postgraduate system should be reconsidered. Also, a better balance between scientific output and high impact should be obtained.</p>
        <p>Other important decisions depend on whether the current cardiology model is cost-effective to the country in training students in research with the knowledge that less than half of the graduates will actually pursue research careers, even low-impact ones. The development of separate programs for high-impact research and teaching should be tested as an alternative. Advanced Medical Education Research and Innovation (MERI) units are an example.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> At the postgraduate level, content should be more innovative, as in the UK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The assessment of academic and scientific output by graduates should be mandatory and extended to all postgraduate programs. In the evaluation criteria, scientific output by graduates should be required.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The Scientific output of graduates should be considered in the evaluation criteria of postgraduate programs. Policies for access to socially vulnerable students and international students should be encouraged. Despite the success in increasing the total number of publications, the current proposed mechanisms to increasing publication in high-impact journal through this current postgraduate system seem to be ineffective. Our findings showing a low scientific output from graduates of a cardiology postgraduate program in regards to the low number of publications, impact factor, and <italic>h</italic>-index values warrant modifications in postgraduate programs&#8217; plans, funding agencies, and the country&#8217;s scenario for research.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados a Longo Prazo de um Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</article-title>
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            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
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        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edimar Alcides Bocchi,</bold> Rua Dr. Melo Alves, 690, 4&#186; andar. CEP 01417-010, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>dcledimar@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bocchi EA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Borges DP, Oliveira-Carvalho VR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bocchi EA, Borges DP, Oliveira-Carvalho VR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira-Carvalho VR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bocchi EA, Oliveira-Carvalho VR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Programas de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividades Cient&#237;ficas e Tecnol&#243;gicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Programas e Projetos de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A pesquisa e a inova&#231;&#227;o contribuem para impulsionar o crescimento econ&#244;mico e tratar de desafios socioecon&#244;micos como a pobreza e a sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Muitos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento t&#234;m introduzido pol&#237;ticas e sistemas para aumentar a pesquisa e a inova&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, foi criado em 1951 um sistema com objetivos de melhorar a tecnologia e a inova&#231;&#227;o e fortalecer a pesquisa cient&#237;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Semelhantes a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em doutorado em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, foram desenvolvidos no Brasil programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o com objetivos mais amplos e investiga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica mais aprofundada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> De fato, uma rela&#231;&#227;o linear foi demonstrada entre o n&#250;mero de alunos formados a partir destes programas e o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas produzidas por eles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica, publicar um artigo de alto impacto ou em um peri&#243;dico com um alto fator de impacto parece ser um requisito importante para a inova&#231;&#227;o e o crescimento da tecnologia. Considerando que os alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o desempenham um papel importante na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica no Brasil, um estudo incluindo as caracter&#237;sticas da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica desses estudantes &#233; justific&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s investigamos retrospectivamente a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica e acad&#234;mica de estudantes ap&#243;s a gradua&#231;&#227;o em um curso de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia. Como a doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de morte em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e no Brasil, um programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o focado em cardiologia &#233; um bom alvo para a inova&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o conhecimento das caracter&#237;sticas e pontos fracos e fortes de um programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o pode ajudar a desenvolver novas estrat&#233;gias de promo&#231;&#227;o da inova&#231;&#227;o e de publica&#231;&#227;o em peri&#243;dicos de alto impacto.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O protocolo deste estudo foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o em 14 de maio de 2010 e recebeu o n&#250;mero 3434/10/023. O Comit&#234; aprovou o estudo em 15 de dezembro de 2010 sob o n&#250;mero 385/10.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es de cada graduando de um programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia no Brasil e o fator de impacto correspondente dos peri&#243;dicos nos quais as pesquisas desses graduandos foram publicadas.</p>
          <p>Os objetivos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram a avalia&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos alunos, &#237;ndice <italic>h</italic>, cita&#231;&#245;es totais, cita&#231;&#245;es por artigo e posi&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) em S&#227;o Paulo. Foi definido como graduando qualquer aluno de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o que obteve um certificado ao final do curso entre 1977 e 2010. O curso de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo do estudo seguiu as normas estabelecidas pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo para este tipo de programa. O curso foi tamb&#233;m avaliado desde seu in&#237;cio de acordo com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES, ag&#234;ncia federal brasileira para o apoio e avalia&#231;&#227;o de ensino de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o). As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos alunos utilizadas neste estudo foram obtidas no momento do registro dos mesmos no curso e inclu&#237;ram idade, sexo e outros dados relatados no momento basal. Estes dados foram resgatados a partir dos arquivos do programa do Departamento de Cardiopneumologia em 2010.</p>
          <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi realizada com um desenho quantitativo, retrospectivo e documental para cada aluno durante o per&#237;odo que se seguiu &#224; conclus&#227;o da p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. A revis&#227;o incluiu artigos cient&#237;ficos publicados de janeiro de 1977 a outubro de 2015, inclu&#237;dos nos bancos de dados Scopus e ISI Web of Science, como indicado por cada aluno de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em seu curr&#237;culo Lattes. Este curr&#237;culo &#233; parte de um banco de dados brasileiro criado em 1999 e apoiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), no qual os pesquisadores podem incluir informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sua produ&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica e cient&#237;fica (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://lattes.cnpq.br/">lattes.cnpq.br/</ext-link>). O nome de cada aluno foi utilizado para a revis&#227;o. O curr&#237;culo Lattes pode tamb&#233;m incluir dados sobre as institui&#231;&#245;es &#224;s quais os estudantes s&#227;o filiados e as equipes de pesquisa.</p>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise os artigos cient&#237;ficos compreendendo resumos, guias m&#233;dicos, relat&#243;rios t&#233;cnicos e cient&#237;ficos, disserta&#231;&#245;es, informa&#231;&#245;es ministeriais e governamentais, ou qualquer outro tipo de documento sem conformidade com a estrutura IMRDC (Introdu&#231;&#227;o, M&#233;todos, Resultados, Discuss&#227;o e Conclus&#227;o) aplicada aos artigos cient&#237;ficos, com exce&#231;&#227;o de revis&#245;es, editoriais e coment&#225;rios abordando problemas cardiovasculares, publicados em peri&#243;dicos indexados no PubMed. Qualquer artigo no qual o aluno foi o primeiro autor ou um coautor foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com o GraphPad Prism 6 para Windows. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi aplicado para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana dos dados. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva incluiu distribui&#231;&#227;o simples de frequ&#234;ncias, c&#225;lculo de propor&#231;&#245;es e mediana e respectivos intervalos interquartis (IIQ). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas est&#227;o expressas como mediana e IIQ, e as categ&#243;ricas como porcentagem. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de grupos, os testes de Mann-Whitney ou Wilcoxon foram utilizados, quando apropriados. Todos os testes foram bicaudais e um n&#237;vel de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado indicativo de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu 505 alunos que haviam conclu&#237;do o curso de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia. A maioria dos alunos era do sexo masculino, branco, e havia anteriormente obtido diploma de medicina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref> mostra o aumento incremental recente de mulheres como estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o na coorte. A aus&#234;ncia da etnia afro-brasileira &#233; not&#225;vel nesta popula&#231;&#227;o estudantil, dado o elevado n&#250;mero de afrodescendentes na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>). A maioria dos alunos n&#227;o tinha mestrado pr&#233;vio. As alunas do sexo feminino eram mais jovens do que os alunos do sexo masculino, principalmente na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>). O n&#250;mero de estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o aumentou ao longo das d&#233;cadas e foi observado um aumento recente de graduandos sem diploma de medicina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>). Gostar&#237;amos tamb&#233;m de chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o para o baixo n&#250;mero de estudantes estrangeiros.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">N (%) ou mediana (IIQ)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero total</td>
                  <td align="center">505 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">316 (62,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (37,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etnia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">260 (51,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Afro-brasileira</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Parda</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Amarela (asi&#225;ticos)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etnia n&#227;o fornecida</td>
                  <td align="center">223 (44)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade mediana (todos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (34-43)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (35-44)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Nacionalidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Brasileiros</td>
                  <td align="center">500 (99)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o brasileiros</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Gradua&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medicina</td>
                  <td align="center">397 (78,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>N&#227;o medicina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Biologia</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Biomedicina</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Enfermagem</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Engenharia eletr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Farm&#225;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fisioterapia</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Psicologia</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nutri&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Qu&#237;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Veterin&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desconhecida</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (7,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mestrado anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (12,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doutorado sem mestrado anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">441 (87,3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o por sexo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>M&#233;dia de idade dos alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o com forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pr&#233;via versus sem forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Publica&#231;&#245;es e impacto dos peri&#243;dicos correspondentes das publica&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Entre 1977 e outubro de 2015, um total de 14.398 manuscritos foram publicados nos quais os alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia foram os primeiros autores ou coautores. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref> mostra o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es por ano entre todos os estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e o fator de impacto dos peri&#243;dicos nos quais os artigos foram publicados. Um aumento progressivo no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es pode ser observado at&#233; 2007, seguido de uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 2008 a 2015. O fator de impacto dos peri&#243;dicos aumentou at&#233; 2011. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref> mostra o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es de 1977 a 2015, ajustado pelo n&#250;mero de alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o com capacidade te&#243;rica de publicar. Um decl&#237;nio no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es pode ser observado de 1995 a 2000, ap&#243;s o qual permaneceu est&#225;vel at&#233; 2013. Uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es pode ser tamb&#233;m observada entre 2014 e 2015.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>N&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es por ano por todos os estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e fatores de impacto dos peri&#243;dicos correspondentes entre 1977 e 2015.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>N&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es de 1977 a 2015 ajustado pelo n&#250;mero de estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o com capacidade te&#243;rica para publicar.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os &#237;ndices cient&#237;ficos e indicadores acad&#234;micos relacionados com os estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o ao longo das d&#233;cadas. Os dados mostram um baixo n&#250;mero total de artigos publicados por ano. O n&#250;mero total de cita&#231;&#245;es foi baixo e o n&#250;mero de cita&#231;&#245;es por artigo n&#227;o foi expressivo. Da mesma forma, o &#237;ndice <italic>h</italic> n&#227;o foi alto de acordo com as bases de dados ISI e Scopus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). A an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice <italic>h</italic> revelou que 12,8%, 54,06%, 20,99%, 7,33%, 2,97% e 2,57% dos estudantes tinham valores do &#237;ndice <italic>h</italic> de 0, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20 e &gt; 20, respectivamente. Forma&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria em biologia e biomedicina esteve associada com valores de &#237;ndice <italic>h</italic> mais baixos e um n&#250;mero menor de artigos publicados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). A mediana do n&#250;mero de artigos publicados e o &#237;ndice <italic>h</italic> foram maiores em alunos com treinamento pr&#233;vio em medicina (p &lt; 0,0001 e p = 0,0042, respectivamente).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndices cient&#237;ficos e indicadores acad&#234;micos de estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o ao longo de d&#233;cadas ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do curso</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#205;ndice cient&#237;fico</th>
                  <th align="center">Scopus</th>
                  <th align="center">ISI</th>
                  <th align="center">Lattes</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice h</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2-7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">____</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Artigos publicados</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (3-25)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2-16,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (4-35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero total de cita&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (11-244)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (5-167)</td>
                  <td align="center">____</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cita&#231;&#245;es por artigo</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 (2-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">____</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Artigos publicados por ano</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,3-2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 (0,2-1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (0,5-3,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fator de impacto</td>
                  <td align="center">____</td>
                  <td align="center">____</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (0,8-2,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Indicadores acad&#234;micos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pesquisa</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">16%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ensino universit&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pesquisa e ensino</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">26,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">42,2%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Valores do &#237;ndice h de alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os bancos de dados ISI e Scopus.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-06-0491-70083-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndices cient&#237;ficos e indicadores acad&#234;micos de alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o programa de gradua&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Gradua&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#205;ndice <italic>h</italic></th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Fator de impacto</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Artigos</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>ISI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Scopus</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medicina</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 (0,8-2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,5 (5-40,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o medicina</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1-4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (0,5-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2-11,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Biologia</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 (1-3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Biomedicina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (0,3-2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 (0,5-3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8 (1,2-3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (2,3-9,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 (1-8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 (0-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (1,1-2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5 (1,8-36,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Enfermagem</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,3-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 (0,7-3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 (5,8-14,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Farm&#225;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1-6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 (0,6-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5-13,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fisioterapia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (0,8-8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,8-8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 (0,4-2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,5-52)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (0,8-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 (0,2-3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1-5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o final do programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia, apenas 42,3% dos alunos mantiveram atividades de pesquisa. Notavelmente, 42,2% dos alunos n&#227;o seguiram atividades de doc&#234;ncia ou de pesquisa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Que seja de nosso conhecimento este &#233; o primeiro estudo a relatar a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de graduandos de um curso de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia no Brasil. Nossos achados s&#227;o relevantes pois a doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a causa mais frequente de morte em alguns pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento e desenvolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Os graduandos do maior programa de cardiologia do Brasil apresentaram um incremento progressivo no n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es at&#233; 2007, principalmente em consequ&#234;ncia da expans&#227;o da comunidade de investigadores. Al&#233;m disso, os artigos foram publicados em peri&#243;dicos com fatores de impacto progressivamente mais altos at&#233; 2011, mas esses fatores de impacto podem ser considerados baixo. Al&#233;m disso, ocorreu uma redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es ajustadas pelo n&#250;mero de alunos at&#233; 2000 e que, posteriormente, permaneceu est&#225;vel. Observamos que a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica por aluno n&#227;o foi homog&#234;nea. O &#237;ndice <italic>h</italic>, n&#250;mero de cita&#231;&#245;es e o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es de cada graduando foram baixos. Apenas 42% dos graduandos mantiveram atividades de pesquisa ap&#243;s o curso e a pesquisa realizada foi de baixo impacto. A popula&#231;&#227;o de estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m apresentava caracter&#237;sticas especiais, incluindo um baixo n&#250;mero de estudantes afro-brasileiros e estrangeiros, um incremento progressivo no n&#250;mero de alunos com uma maior percentagem de mulheres jovens e estudantes sem credenciais pr&#233;vias de forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
        <p>Apesar do sucesso do aumento do fator de impacto dos peri&#243;dicos at&#233; 2011 e o n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es at&#233; 2007 (que diminuiu com o aumento no n&#250;mero de alunos graduados), a produtividade cient&#237;fica dos alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia e o seu impacto s&#227;o preocupantes. A heterogeneidade da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica foi igualmente preocupante porque parece ter seguido o princ&#237;pio de Pareto, no qual uma minoria &#233; respons&#225;vel pela maior parte da produ&#231;&#227;o. Publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas brasileiras aumentaram significativamente em n&#250;mero, mas os &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#245;es permaneceram aproximadamente 60% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia das cita&#231;&#245;es mundiais (Thomson Reuters). Apesar deste fato, o desempenho dos pesquisadores brasileiros &#233; alto entre alguns pa&#237;ses emergentes e em desenvolvimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros pa&#237;ses, uma an&#225;lise bibliom&#233;trica recente mostrou que o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina aumentou entre 1999 e 2008.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O Brasil foi o pa&#237;s com o maior aumento no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, o &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#245;es por ano das publica&#231;&#245;es brasileiras foi de 9 em 1999 e 9,1 em 2008, enquanto na Argentina, este &#237;ndice aumentou de 9,2 para 25,6. As causas da baixa produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica e acad&#234;mica por alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia s&#227;o complexas e amplamente desconhecidas. Infelizmente, h&#225; car&#234;ncia de dados publicados a partir de outros cursos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o para efeitos de compara&#231;&#227;o. Muitos fatores poderiam ser especulados para explicar nossos achados. Embora provavelmente interligados, dois per&#237;odos podem ser considerados para explicar as causas de nossos achados: o per&#237;odo de treinamento para pesquisa desenvolvida durante o curso de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e o per&#237;odo ap&#243;s o curso. Durante o per&#237;odo de treinamento no curso de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, o m&#243;dulo inicial &#233; oferecido a um futuro pesquisador em potencial, enquanto ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do curso, o aluno enfrenta um cen&#225;rio de pesquisa no mundo real.</p>
        <p>O programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia foi desenvolvido de acordo com diretrizes estabelecidas pela CAPES, que podem ter influenciado o per&#237;odo de forma&#231;&#227;o do curso. A CAPES estabeleceu os crit&#233;rios para o desenvolvimento de cursos, medindo a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de graduandos de programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e impondo metas para esses indiv&#237;duos. Os crit&#233;rios atuais da CAPES para avalia&#231;&#227;o de cursos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o no Brasil foram inicialmente estabelecidos em 1998.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o de cada programa &#233; atualmente complexa e inclui a aprecia&#231;&#227;o da proposta e de docentes, estudantes, produ&#231;&#227;o intelectual e inclus&#227;o social do curso. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do curso, o impacto dos peri&#243;dicos cient&#237;ficos nos quais os artigos s&#227;o publicados &#233; medido por um &#237;ndice nacional espec&#237;fico chamado peri&#243;dicos Qualis. O sistema Qualis &#233; uma solu&#231;&#227;o imperfeita que considera a import&#226;ncia do artigo de acordo com o peri&#243;dico no qual este artigo &#233; publicado, independe do n&#250;mero de cita&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esse crit&#233;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o nunca foi validado prospectivamente e d&#225; margem a muitas preocupa&#231;&#245;es. Ao inv&#233;s de se concentrar em fortalecer as bases cient&#237;ficas, tecnol&#243;gicas e inovadoras, a CAPES desenvolveu outros objetivos, tais como forma&#231;&#227;o na p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o de professores de todos os n&#237;veis de ensino e de forma&#231;&#227;o de pessoal qualificado para o mercado n&#227;o acad&#234;mico. Como consequ&#234;ncia, as regras estabelecidas pela CAPES podem estimular a forma&#231;&#227;o de pesquisadores de cardiologia em maior n&#250;mero, por&#233;m com baixo impacto.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m das regras estabelecidas pela CAPES, o programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; influenciado pelo ambiente da universidade. As Comiss&#245;es de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o da universidade apoiam a pesquisa de alto impacto, mas isso na verdade n&#227;o &#233; uma grande prioridade dos programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o no mundo real.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Um fator importante parece ser a forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o final da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de cada aluno de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Ao inv&#233;s de avaliar o trabalho realizado durante o programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do impacto das suas publica&#231;&#245;es ou o impacto do peri&#243;dico no qual o artigo &#233; publicado, a avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada atrav&#233;s de um painel de professores. Como confirma&#231;&#227;o deste fato, a taxa de desaprova&#231;&#227;o de teses apresentadas como parte do programa &#233; quase inexistente. Em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, as publica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o aceitas para aprova&#231;&#227;o mas s&#227;o dificultadas por complexidades burocr&#225;ticas. Por exemplo, o comit&#234; de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o da universidade destaca a inova&#231;&#227;o como um dos objetivos do programa mas, ao inv&#233;s disto, prioriza outros objetivos tais como o ensino de forma&#231;&#227;o, habilidades de lideran&#231;a e conhecimento do campo de estudo para estudantes de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, as universidades brasileiras t&#234;m baixa classifica&#231;&#245;es em <italic>rankings</italic> internacionais, e esse baixo <italic>ranking</italic> n&#227;o disponibiliza um ambiente prop&#237;cio para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de alto impacto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Algumas outras caracter&#237;sticas do programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o podem contribuir para isto, como um cen&#225;rio de tomada de baixo risco, falta de ambiente adequado para ideias ousadas e inovadoras, aus&#234;ncia de prioridade para a inova&#231;&#227;o no mundo real, submiss&#227;o de um protocolo de pesquisa antes de cursos de treinamento em pesquisa, tentativa de preparar os alunos para a pesquisa de alto impacto utilizando treinamento de baixo impacto, falta de treinamento por pesquisadores internacionais, replica&#231;&#227;o de ci&#234;ncia ao inv&#233;s de desenvolvimento de ci&#234;ncia original e necessidade de publica&#231;&#227;o o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel independente do impacto que essa publica&#231;&#227;o ir&#225; obter. De fato, ap&#243;s uma an&#225;lise dos crit&#233;rios e objetivos estabelecidos pela CAPES e universidades, pode-se supor que as publica&#231;&#245;es de alto impacto e inova&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o as maiores prioridades destas institui&#231;&#245;es no mundo real, e que os m&#233;todos utilizados pelos mesmos n&#227;o sejam suficientes para garantir publica&#231;&#227;o em peri&#243;dicos de alto impacto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Fatores adicionais para explicar o achado de que a pesquisa de alto impacto no mundo real n&#227;o &#233; uma prioridade das universidades brasileiras s&#227;o algumas distor&#231;&#245;es persistentes do modelo da escola francesa com sua origem profissional hist&#243;rica, institui&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o integram ensino e pesquisa, atitude elitista<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e amea&#231;a &#224; criatividade percebida pelo modelo privilegiado devido &#224; gera&#231;&#227;o de novos valores como consequ&#234;ncia de inova&#231;&#245;es e tecnologia. A persist&#234;ncia de remanescentes da estrutura catedr&#225;tica sem considera&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;rito para crescimento profissional tamb&#233;m dificulta realiza&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas de alto impacto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto ao tempo ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do programa, o cen&#225;rio nacional de institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa n&#227;o &#233; atraente para alunos de cardiologia em termos de desenvolvimento de uma carreira orientada para a pesquisa, al&#233;m de n&#227;o contribuir para reter talentos na &#225;rea de pesquisa. Muitos fatores podem colaborar para isto, como uma cultura hist&#243;rica que carece de motiva&#231;&#227;o &#224; pesquisa, baixa renda, realiza&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o reconhecidas apropriadamente, necessidade de m&#250;ltiplos empregos para obten&#231;&#227;o de um rendimento adequado, promo&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica e cient&#237;fica e escolha de l&#237;deres n&#227;o baseadas em m&#233;rito.</p>
        <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o de recursos &#224; pesquisa oferecidos pelo governo e iniciativa privada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> o tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o de tais recursos, caracter&#237;sticas das ag&#234;ncias de financiamento, defini&#231;&#245;es de prioridade sem transpar&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica-social suficiente e crit&#233;rios controversos para a sele&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa a ser apoiada podem influenciar os graduandos de cardiologia durante o per&#237;odo de forma&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Infelizmente, a pesquisa de alto impacto, com raras exce&#231;&#245;es, &#233; cara. A popularidade de fornecer fundos de pesquisa com baixo valor monet&#225;rio &#233; contr&#225;ria &#224; pesquisa de alto impacto que resulta em inova&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o baixo investimento em pesquisa por empresas privadas no Brasil &#233; not&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Para piorar este cen&#225;rio, empresas estrangeiras e institui&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m desenvolvido no Brasil pesquisa cl&#237;nica competitiva e apoiada financeiramente por&#233;m origin&#225;ria de outros pa&#237;ses (sem um &#8220;valor tecnol&#243;gico local"), gerando uma concorr&#234;ncia desleal com pesquisas locais originais e sem apoio financeiro. Infelizmente, este tipo de pesquisa &#233; geralmente concebido em pa&#237;ses estrangeiros sem uma autoria verdadeiramente brasileira, e os pesquisadores brasileiros participantes tornam-se, ent&#227;o, subordinados. No m&#225;ximo, os pesquisadores brasileiros podem obter a posi&#231;&#227;o de coautores sem se tornarem autores. Isso pode contribuir para que descobertas em laborat&#243;rio locais permane&#231;am no que tem sido chamado de "vale da morte" - uma lacuna entre a pesquisa de bancada e a aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; um volume cr&#237;tico de investigadores de alto impacto atuando como revisores em ag&#234;ncias de financiamento para escolha de projetos de alto impacto.</p>
        <p>Em geral, as prioridades e a aplica&#231;&#227;o de fundos de ag&#234;ncias de financiamento n&#227;o s&#227;o socialmente e cientificamente suficientemente transparentes. A falta de atualiza&#231;&#227;o das ag&#234;ncias de financiamento dificulta uma r&#225;pida adapta&#231;&#227;o das mesmas a novas estrat&#233;gias necess&#225;rias, considerando que estas ag&#234;ncias n&#227;o fazem propostas para ideias inovadoras e audazes. &#201; necess&#225;ria uma mudan&#231;a cultural nas ag&#234;ncias considerando a inova&#231;&#227;o como uma atividade de risco que frequentemente n&#227;o resulta em sucesso. No entanto, o baixo investimento na pesquisa e no financiamento pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para explicar o baixo impacto das publica&#231;&#245;es. De fato, o or&#231;amento do Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (MCTI) do Brasil dobrou de 2005 a 2010, mas esse fato n&#227;o se associou com incrementos proporcionais relevantes no impacto das publica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o atual no investimento de pesquisa ap&#243;s a estagna&#231;&#227;o da economia em 2014 no Brasil &#233; preocupante. Pode-se sugerir que o Brasil &#233; um pa&#237;s "jovem" no que diz respeito &#224; pesquisa, o que poderia explicar as limita&#231;&#245;es do pa&#237;s. No entanto, outros pa&#237;ses igualmente jovens em termos de pesquisa, tais como a Coreia do Sul e a China t&#234;m encontrado sucesso na inova&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As expectativas dos alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia s&#227;o tamb&#233;m importantes para publica&#231;&#227;o de baixo impacto, pois a finalidade do curso pode ser, por vezes, a de completar e aperfei&#231;oar uma defici&#234;ncia de aprendizagem anterior principalmente no desenvolvimento e interpreta&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa. Al&#233;m disso, independentemente de uma carreira de pesquisa, graduandos com um diploma de um programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o ter&#227;o melhores oportunidades profissionais. </p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, o acesso &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o em peri&#243;dicos de alto impacto pode ter obst&#225;culos velados, pois tais peri&#243;dicos podem preferir publicar manuscritos origin&#225;rios de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Pesquisa desenvolvidas por autores brasileiros tamb&#233;m tem uma taxa baixa de verdadeira colabora&#231;&#227;o internacional. Alguns pesquisadores brasileiros t&#234;m tentado superar esta limita&#231;&#227;o com a inclus&#227;o de pesquisadores estrangeiros sem uma coopera&#231;&#227;o internacional bem definida; felizmente, este n&#227;o &#233; um procedimento generalizado. Vale observar que artigos com pelo menos um autor estrangeiro podem atrair mais cita&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Foi relatado recentemente que o pa&#237;s de onde prov&#233;m um artigo afeta a percep&#231;&#227;o da qualidade e relev&#226;ncia de tal artigo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Assim, pesquisadores brasileiros podem se sentir compelidos a publicarem em peri&#243;dicos brasileiros sem elevado prest&#237;gio internacional, portanto sem atrair muitas cita&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O fator de impacto da maioria dos peri&#243;dicos brasileiros est&#225; abaixo da mediana dos fatores de impacto de campos tem&#225;ticos sob os &#237;ndices internacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Um c&#237;rculo vicioso ou efeito de Mateus poderia estar influenciando esse cen&#225;rio.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Uma vez que este estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido no campo da cardiologia, a validade interna dos seus resultados poderia ser considerada como aplic&#225;vel apenas para uma popula&#231;&#227;o de graduandos de um programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia. No entanto, os achados de que publica&#231;&#245;es brasileiras t&#234;m um baixo fator de impacto e o papel importante do sistema brasileiro de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em aumentar o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es brasileiras s&#227;o evid&#234;ncias de uma validade externa dos nossos achados, pelo menos na &#225;rea m&#233;dica da cardiologia. Em outras &#225;reas da medicina, o mesmo baixo impacto pode ser verificado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Por outro lado, &#233; poss&#237;vel que programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o selecionados possam ter caracter&#237;sticas diferentes e, portanto, resultados diversos.</p>
          <p>Muitos dos dados dos curr&#237;culos Lattes foram inclu&#237;dos pelos pr&#243;prios graduandos; portanto, n&#227;o puderam ser inteiramente verificados. Excelentes artigos, principalmente nas &#225;reas de Medicina Tropical e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, n&#227;o s&#227;o aceitos em peri&#243;dicos estrangeiros, especialmente artigos considerados de "interesse regional". Sendo assim, informa&#231;&#245;es extremamente importantes muitas vezes n&#227;o s&#227;o propagadas devidamente porque a informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; considerada uma "ci&#234;ncia universal".</p>
          <p>Por outro lado, alguns pesquisadores provavelmente t&#234;m o impacto de sua pesquisa aumentado ao participarem como coautores em estudos internacionais sem resultar em inova&#231;&#227;o brasileira ou contribui&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico nacional (aus&#234;ncia de cria&#231;&#227;o de um valor brasileiro). Na verdade, uma despropor&#231;&#227;o inaceit&#225;vel entre primeira autoria e coautoria pode ser verificada. Al&#233;m disso, alguns pesquisadores n&#227;o s&#227;o necessariamente considerados entre aqueles com ideias ou iniciativas inovadoras e frequentemente desempenham na pesquisa um papel de apoio que n&#227;o &#233; importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Culturalmente, pode ocorrer no Brasil, apesar de infrequente, a inclus&#227;o de coautores com base em honraria (na qual os coautores n&#227;o participam ativamente na pesquisa), quer pela sua posi&#231;&#227;o hier&#225;rquica na institui&#231;&#227;o onde foi realizada a pesquisa, ou pelo encaminhamento de pacientes para o estudo, o que n&#227;o est&#225; em conformidade com as orienta&#231;&#245;es do Comit&#234; Internacional de Editores de Peri&#243;dicos M&#233;dicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o do aumento do impacto dos peri&#243;dicos nos quais a pesquisa cient&#237;fica &#233; publicada pode ter limita&#231;&#245;es devido ao hist&#243;rico aumento no n&#250;mero de peri&#243;dicos nos quais artigos de cardiologia s&#227;o em geral publicados.</p>
          <p>N&#243;s n&#227;o investigamos o n&#250;mero de <italic>downloads</italic> de cada artigo, o que vem sendo cada vez mais utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto das publica&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, estat&#237;sticas de <italic>download</italic> podem ter limita&#231;&#245;es. O n&#250;mero de <italic>downloads</italic> n&#227;o &#233; oferecido pela maioria dos peri&#243;dicos e pode incluir tamb&#233;m contagens derivadas de indexadores de mecanismos de busca e <italic>downloads</italic> por indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o cient&#237;ficos. Por conseguinte, o n&#250;mero de cita&#231;&#245;es por outros artigos permanece atualmente como o padr&#227;o-ouro para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto de artigos cient&#237;ficos individuais. Al&#233;m disso, resultados controversos t&#234;m sido publicados sobre a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de <italic>downloads</italic> e cita&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Por &#250;ltimo, n&#227;o avaliamos a produ&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica das publica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo patentes, aprova&#231;&#245;es de dispositivos e valores criados. No entanto, considerando o baixo impacto dessas publica&#231;&#245;es, resultados positivos nesta &#225;rea s&#227;o pouco prov&#225;veis. Outras vari&#225;veis, tais como o &#237;ndice <italic>h</italic> do orientador do estudo, parecem ser tamb&#233;m importantes preditores de sucesso das publica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Al&#233;m de pol&#237;ticas destinadas a aumentar a consequencia cient&#237;fica, estrat&#233;gias para aumentar as publica&#231;&#245;es de alto impacto visando inova&#231;&#227;o justificam mudan&#231;as nos programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia e no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do programa. Semelhante ao dilema filos&#243;fico de quem vem antes, se a galinha ou o ovo, os componentes s&#227;o integrados e interdependentes, mas modifica&#231;&#245;es urgentes envolvendo muitos fatores devem ser planejadas, incluindo as relacionadas &#224; CAPES, regras da universidade, ag&#234;ncias de financiamento e o cen&#225;rio do pa&#237;s. De fato, o sistema de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o deve ser reconsiderado. Al&#233;m disso, um melhor equil&#237;brio entre a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica e o alto impacto deve ser obtido.</p>
          <p>Outras decis&#245;es importantes dependem do custo-benef&#237;cio do atual modelo de cardiologia para o pa&#237;s na forma&#231;&#227;o de estudantes em pesquisa com o conhecimento de que menos da metade dos graduandos prosseguir&#227;o efetivamente com carreiras de pesquisa, mesmo as de baixo impacto. O desenvolvimento de programas separados de pesquisa de alto impacto e ensino deveria ser testado como alternativa. Unidades avan&#231;adas de pesquisa e inova&#231;&#227;o em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica (MERIS) s&#227;o um exemplo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Ao n&#237;vel da p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, o conte&#250;do deveria ser mais inovador, como no Reino Unido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica e cient&#237;fica pelos graduandos deveria ser obrigat&#243;ria e estendida a todos os programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Nos crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o, a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica por graduandos deveria ser exigida.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de graduandos deve ser considerada nos crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o de programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Pol&#237;ticas de acesso a estudantes socialmente vulner&#225;veis e alunos internacionais devem ser encorajadas. Apesar do sucesso em aumentar o n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es, os mecanismos propostos atualmente para aumentar a publica&#231;&#227;o em peri&#243;dicos de alto impacto atrav&#233;s do sistema de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o atual parecem ser ineficazes. Nossos achados mostrando baixa produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica entre graduandos de um programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia no que diz respeito ao reduzido n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es, fator de impacto e valores de &#237;ndice <italic>h</italic> justificam modifica&#231;&#245;es nos planos dos programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, ag&#234;ncias de financiamento e no cen&#225;rio de pesquisa do pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
