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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kSVbXX4QFbxWKGgYxM9nLNM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500480</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Deformation by Echocardiogram after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stangenhaus</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Bacelar</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carolina Stangenhaus</bold>, Rua Calif&#243;rnia, 1234, cj 94, Brooklin. Postal Code 04566-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>carol6785@gmail.com</email>, <email>carolina.stangenhaus@einstein.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Vieira MLC, Caixeta AM. Acquisition of data: Stangenhaus C. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Stangenhaus C. Writing of the manuscript: Stangenhaus C. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Stangenhaus C, Vieira MLC, Fischer CH, Nunes Filho ACB, Perin MA, Caixeta AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>480</fpage>
      <lpage>483</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardium/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography. Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Myocardial deformation (strain) analysis may be done through echocardiography from data obtained by tissue doppler technique or two-dimensional images from speckle tracking, allowing the calculation of longitudinal, circumferential and radial deformations of myocardial fibers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Myocardial strain analysis has recently been used in the evaluation of regional myocardial movement and function and in the systolic time-to-peak calculation which studies cardiac synchronicity and myocardial electromechanical coupling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In clinical practice, conventional echocardiographic investigation is helpful in detecting global myocardial dysfunction and alterations in ventricular segmental contractility. In cardiotoxicity from the use of chemotherapeutics, we may find alterations in cardiac mechanics with no modification of the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). Thus, the analysis of myocardial deformation brings relevant information in the analysis of regional ventricular systolic dysfunction in subclinical conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Similarly, previous investigations have shown that the study of myocardial deformation is able to detect sudden and early alterations in systolic function of valve disease patients, even before they present LVEF modifications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This phenomenon is due to a significant decrease in myocardial deformation in three different spatial planes, triggering deformation modifications in the longitudinal, circumferential and radial axes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In patients who present reduced longitudinal myocardial deformation, we can observe radial deformation that is superior to normality parameters, which may result in preserved ventricular function, when estimated by LVEF. Other applications of myocardial deformation include amyloidosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, right ventricular dysfunction, athlete's heart, cardiac dyssynchrony and valve diseases (mitral insufficiency and aortic stenosis).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) appeared as a new option for the treatment of inoperable aortic stenosis or high surgical risk patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The use of myocardial deformation with echocardiography in the immediate evaluation of aortic stenosis patients undergoing TAVE is underexplored.</p>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>Patient, female, 79 years old, with atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension, and decreased functional capacity in the last year. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography showed presence of aortic valve stenosis with maximum transvalvular gradient of 67 mmHg and mean of 39 mmHg, valve area of 0.5 cm<sup>2</sup>, and LVEF (Simpson's method) of 60%. Pre-TAVI strain analysis was -14% and after implantation of aortic prosthesis Sapien XT of 23 mm (Edwards Lifescience, USA) immediate improvement of the myocardial deformation to -20% was observed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>Patient, male, 81 years old, with cirrhosis from hepatitis B and hypothyroidism, symptomatic, functional class II (NYHA) from aortic valve stenosis. Implantation of aortic valve Sapien XT of 26 mm, with immediate improvement of the strain from -15% to -22%. Myocardial dyssynchrony evaluation with analysis through pre TAVI systolic time-to-peak calculation method went from 132 ms to 65 ms after the procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 3</title>
        <p>Patient, male, 77 years old, with aortic stenosis for 10 years, with recent worsening of functional class. Echocardiogram showed maximum transvalvular gradient of 87 mmHg and mean of 49 mmHg, valve area of 0.7 cm<sup>2</sup> and LVEF of 57%. Implantation of aortic valve Sapien XT, 23 mm, with immediate normalization of the pre-procedure myocardial strain from -12% to -20% after the procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Global longitudinal strain before (Figure 1A: -12%, VN &lt; -20%) and after (Figure 1B: -20%) percutaneous implantation of aortic prosthesis. Case 3 patient.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0480-70013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 4</title>
        <p>Patient, female, 74 years old, with aortic stenosis for 20 years, functional class II (NYHA). Echocardiogram showed maximum transvalvular gradient of 65 mmHg and mean of 38 mmHg, valve area of 0.6 cm<sup>2</sup> and LVEF of 28%. Implantation of aortic valve Sapiens XT, 23 mm, with immediate improvement of the myocardial strain from -10% to -13% and LVEF improvement to 34% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Myocardial strain analysis before (Figure 2A : -10%) and after (Figure 2B: -13%) percutaneous implantation of aortic prosthesis. Figure 2C: demonstration with two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography of implanted aortic prosthesis, left figure (longitudinal plane), right figure (transverse plane). Figure 2D: demonstration with three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiograph of the implanted aortic prosthesis, en face. Case 4 patient.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0480-70013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Aortic valve stenosis evolution results in pressure overload in the myocardial wall, leading to increased cardiac thickness. Ventricular hypertrophy progresses as aortic stenosis becomes more significant, an adaptation mechanism for ventricular function maintenance. However, this compensatory mechanism is finite, triggers an increase in left ventricular volume (positive remodeling) and a decrease in ejection fraction over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Lancellotti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> in studies using echocardiography, observed the following alterations in patients with aortic stenosis:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>asymptomatic patient with significant aortic stenosis presents expressive increase in global left ventricular afterload;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ventricular afterload increase negatively affects myocardial function, especially in the axial deformation, despite the normal ejection fraction;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Elevated afterload in low-flow aortic stenosis patients, when systemic arterial compliance is reduced;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The state of low-flow is related to a compromised diastolic function and reduction of myocardial deformation. Longitudinal, radial and circumferential myocardial deformations are significantly compromised in patients with elevated afterload. In an initial stage of aortic valve stenosis, however, there is only a reduction in the longitudinal myocardial deformation, mainly related to alterations in subendocardial cardiac fibers. Radial and circumferential deformations may be, paradoxically, vicarious in this period. Subsequently, with the progression of aortic stenosis severity, we now have a reduction of the radial and circumferential deformation due to modifications of the fibers of the mid-myocardial layer which present circumferential spatial alignment.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Current guidelines recommend aortic valve replacement in symptomatic or asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis patients with reduction of the ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> When compared to patients with preserved systolic function, those with reduced ejection fraction present less favorable clinical evolution after valve repair.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In patients with preserved ventricular function, myocardial deformation analysis allows early detection of subclinical alterations of myocardial mechanics, which could, after the procedure, positively result in longer survival and better quality of life. </p>
      <p>In a study by Delgado et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> aortic valve replacement surgery improved the analysed parameters through speckle tracking, even though the ejection fraction remained unaltered. Additionally, these authors report an improvement in myocardial deformation after valve replacement. That solidifies the ability of myocardial deformation analysis to detect sudden alterations in systolic function in patients with severe aortic stenosis. </p>
      <p>In another study, Bauer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> who assessed 8 patients submitted to TAVI, showed improvement in global and regional systolic function of the left ventricle, even in patients with reduced ejection fraction.</p>
      <p>Similarly, Sebastian et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> observed an improvement of myocardial mechanics in patients submitted to TAVI 12 months after the procedure. Becker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> showed a positive response in myocardial deformation 7 days and 6 months after TAVI. Specifically, there was an improvement in the ejection fraction of 51&#177;6% pre-TAVI to 54&#177;4% and 57&#177;3%, 7 days and 6 months after the procedure. For circumferential myocardial deformation analysis, there was an improvement of -14.9&#177;1 pre-TAVI to -16.1&#177;1.2 and -17.3&#177;1.5 in 7 days and 6 months after TAVI, respectively. </p>
      <p>In a similar way, in the present 4-case report, we observed significant improvement of myocardial deformation analysis immediately after TAVI. Three patients presented preserved LVEF, and one (Case 4), presented significant ventricular dysfunction, with improvements observed in LVEF and longitudinal myocardial deformation, immediately after the procedure. These data confirm that left ventricular function in valvulopathies directly depends on the afterload, and immediate relief of this variable may positively influence clinical outcomes. The causal relation between immediate recovery of myocardial deformation after TAVI - even in patients with preserved left ventricular function - and the benefits in symptoms and morbidity and mortality should be explored in future studies.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <lpage>689</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Deforma&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica pelo Ecocardiograma ap&#243;s Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica por Cateter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stangenhaus</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Bacelar</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carolina Stangenhaus</bold>, Rua Calif&#243;rnia, 1234, cj 94, Brooklin. CEP 04566-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>carol6785@gmail.com</email>, <email>carolina.stangenhaus@einstein.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Vieira MLC, Caixeta AM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Stangenhaus C. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Stangenhaus C.</p>
          <p>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Stangenhaus C. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Stangenhaus C, Vieira MLC, Fischer CH, Nunes Filho ACB, Perin MA, Caixeta AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) pode ser realizada com o emprego da ecocardiografia a partir de dados obtidos com a t&#233;cnica doppler tecidual ou imagens bidimensionais a partir do rastreamento de conjunto de pontos de cinza (<italic>speckle tracking</italic>), possibilitando o c&#225;lculo da deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, circunferencial e radial das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> An&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tem sido recentemente utilizada na avalia&#231;&#227;o do movimento e da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica regional e no c&#225;lculo do <italic>time-to-peak</italic> sist&#243;lico que estuda a sincronia card&#237;aca e o acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico mioc&#225;rdico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica convencional &#233; &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global, assim como das altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade segmentar ventricular. Na cardiotoxicidade por uso de quimioter&#225;picos podem ocorrer altera&#231;&#245;es da mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca sem modificar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Assim, a an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica traz informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes na an&#225;lise da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular regional em condi&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De forma semelhante, investiga&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias demonstraram que o estudo da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; capaz de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es s&#250;bitas e precoces na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de pacientes com doen&#231;as valvares, antes mesmo de apresentarem modifica&#231;&#245;es na FEVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Esse fen&#244;meno se deve a uma significativa diminui&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em tr&#234;s diferentes planos espaciais, ocasionando modifica&#231;&#245;es da deforma&#231;&#227;o nos eixos longitudinal, circunferencial e radial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em pacientes que apresentam deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica longitudinal reduzida, observa-se deforma&#231;&#227;o radial superior aos par&#226;metros da normalidade, o que poderia resultar em fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, quando estimada pela FEVE. Aplica&#231;&#245;es outras ao emprego da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica incluem a amiloidose, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, sarcoidose, no cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta, na dissincronia card&#237;aca e nas doen&#231;as valvares (insufici&#234;ncia mitral e estenose a&#243;rtica).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (do ingl&#234;s <italic>transcatheter aortic valve implantation</italic>, TAVI) surgiu como nova op&#231;&#227;o no tratamento de pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica inoper&#225;vel ou de alto risco cir&#250;rgico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O uso da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com o emprego da ecocardiografia na avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata em pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica submetidos a TAVI &#233; muito pouco explorado. </p>
        <p>A presente s&#233;rie de casos tem como objetivo demonstrar o comportamento da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica submetidos &#224; TAVI. </p>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Caso 1</title>
          <p>Paciente, feminino, 79 anos, portadora de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional no &#250;ltimo ano. Evidenciado ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tridimensional a presen&#231;a de estenose valvar a&#243;rtica com gradiente transvalvar m&#225;ximo de 67 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 39 mmHg, &#225;rea valvar de 0,5 cm<sup>2</sup> e FEVE (m&#233;todo de Simpson) de 60%. A an&#225;lise <italic>strain</italic> pr&#233;-TAVI foi de -14% e ap&#243;s o implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica Sapien XT de 23 mm (Edwards Lifescience, USA) observou-se melhora imediata da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para -20%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Caso 2</title>
          <p>Paciente, masculino, 81 anos, com cirrose por hepatite B e hipotireoidismo, sintom&#225;tico em classe funcional II (NYHA) por estenose valvar a&#243;rtica. Foi realizado o implante de valva a&#243;rtica Sapien XT de 26 mm, observando-se melhora imediata do <italic>strain</italic> de -15% para -22%. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da dissincronia mioc&#225;rdica com a an&#225;lise pelo m&#233;todo do c&#225;lculo do <italic>time-to-peak sist&#243;lico</italic> pr&#233; TAVI foi de 132 ms para 65 ms ap&#243;s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Caso 3</title>
          <p>Paciente, masculino, 77 anos, portador de estenose a&#243;rtica h&#225; 10 anos, com piora recente da classe funcional. Evidenciado ao ecocardiograma gradiente transvalvar m&#225;ximo de 87 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 49 mmHg, &#225;rea valvar de 0,7 cm<sup>2</sup> e FEVE de 57%. Realizado implante de valva a&#243;rtica Sapien XT, 23 mm, observando-se normaliza&#231;&#227;o imediata do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico pr&#233;-procedimento de - 12% para - 20% ap&#243;s procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Strain longitudinal global pr&#233; (Figura 1A: -12% , VN &lt; -20%) e ap&#243;s (Figura 1B: -20%) implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica por via percut&#226;nea. Paciente do caso 3.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0480-70013-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Caso 4</title>
          <p>Paciente, feminino, 74 anos, portadora de estenose a&#243;rtica h&#225; 20 anos, classe funcional III (NYHA). Ao ecocardiograma notava-se gradiente transvalvar m&#225;ximo de 65 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 38 mmHg, &#225;rea valvar de 0,6 cm<sup>2</sup> e FEVE de 28%. Realizado implante de valva a&#243;rtica Sapien XT, 23 mm, havendo melhora imediata do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico - 10% para -13% com melhora da FEVE para 34% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise do strain mioc&#225;rdico pr&#233; (Figura 2A : -10%) e ap&#243;s (Figura 2B: -13%) implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica por via percut&#226;nea. Figura 2C: demonstra&#231;&#227;o com o emprego da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica bidimensional da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica normo implantada, figura da esquerda (plano longitudinal), figura da direita (plano transversal). Figura 2D: demonstra&#231;&#227;o com o emprego da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica tridimensional da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica normo implantada, vis&#227;o "en face". Paciente do caso 4.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0480-70013-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o da estenose valvar a&#243;rtica acarreta uma sobrecarga de press&#227;o na parede mioc&#225;rdica, levando ao aumento da espessura card&#237;aca. A hipertrofia ventricular progride conforme a estenose a&#243;rtica torna-se mais importante, um mecanismo de adapta&#231;&#227;o para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Por&#233;m, esse mecanismo compensat&#243;rio &#233; finito, desencadea aumento do volume ventricular esquerdo (remodelamento positivo) e queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Lancellotti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> em estudos com o emprego da ecocardiografia, observaram as seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es em pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>paciente assintom&#225;tico com estenose a&#243;rtica importante apresenta aumento significativo da p&#243;s-carga global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>o aumento da p&#243;s-carga ventricular afeta negativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, principalmente na deforma&#231;&#227;o axial, apesar da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>p&#243;s-carga elevada &#233; prevalente nos pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica de baixo fluxo, quando a complac&#234;ncia arterial sist&#234;mica est&#225; reduzida; e</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>o estado de baixo fluxo relaciona-se a uma fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica prejudicada e redu&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. As deforma&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas longitudinal, radial e circunferencial est&#227;o significativamente prejudicadas nos pacientes com p&#243;s-carga elevada. Em uma fase inicial da estenose valvar a&#243;rtica, todavia, ocorre redu&#231;&#227;o apenas da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica longitudinal, relacionada principalmente &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es nas fibras card&#237;acas subendoc&#225;rdicas. As deforma&#231;&#245;es radial e circunferencial podem estar, paradoxalmente, vicariantes neste per&#237;odo. Subsequentemente, com a progress&#227;o da severidade da estenose a&#243;rtica, ocorre, agora, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o radial e circunferencial em raz&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#245;es das fibras da camada m&#233;dia mioc&#225;rdica que apresentam alinhamento espacial de forma circunferencial.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>As diretrizes atuais preconizam a troca da valva a&#243;rtica em pacientes com estenose valvar a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;ticos ou assintom&#225;ticos com redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Quando comparados a pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada, aqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida apresentam evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais desfavor&#225;vel ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, a an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica permite detectar precocemente altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas da mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica, o que poderia, ap&#243;s o procedimento, resultar positivamente em maior sobrevida e qualidade de vida dos pacientes. </p>
        <p>Em estudo de Delgado et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> a cirurgia da troca valvar a&#243;rtica melhorou os par&#226;metros analisados pelo <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, apesar de a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ter permanecido inalterada. Adicionalmente, esses autores reportaram a melhora da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s a troca valvar. Isso solidifica a capacidade da an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em detectar altera&#231;&#245;es s&#250;bitas na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica nos pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica severa.</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo, Bauer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> avaliando 8 pacientes submetidos a TAVI, demostraram que houve melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global e regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mesmo nos pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. </p>
        <p>De forma semelhante, Sebastian et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> constataram, 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, a melhora da mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes submetidos a TAVI. Becker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> evidenciaram resposta positiva da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com 7 dias e 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento de TAVI. Especificamente, ocorreu melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 51&#177;6% pr&#233;-TAVI para 54&#177;4% e 57&#177;3%, 7 dias e 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento; para a an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica circunferencial, observou-se melhora de -14,9&#177;1 pr&#233;-TAVI para -16,1&#177;1,2 e -17,3&#177;1,5 em 7 dias e 6 meses ap&#243;s TAVI, respectivamente. </p>
        <p>Da mesma maneira, no presente relato de 4 casos, observamos significativa melhora da an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica imediatamente ap&#243;s a TAVI. Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentavam FEVE preservada e um (Caso 4), apresentava disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular importante, tendo sido observada melhora tanto na FEVE quanto na deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica longitudinal, imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento. Esses dados confirmam que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda nas valvopatias depende diretamente da p&#243;s-carga, e o al&#237;vio imediato dessa vari&#225;vel pode interferir positivamente nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos. A rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre a recupera&#231;&#227;o imediata da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s TAVI - mesmo em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada - e os benef&#237;cios nos sintomas e na morbimortalidade devem ser explorados em estudos futuros.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
