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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Lzrrf9vmcrCjt5xYZWVrL8k</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500473</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170058</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 2/2017 - 56-Year-Old Male with Refractory Heart Failure, Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Aortic Valve Stenosis That Led to Heart Transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desid&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>473</fpage>
      <lpage>479</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The patient is a 56-year-old male, born and living in S&#227;o Paulo, hospitalized due to heart failure decompensation and submitted to heart transplantation.</p>
    <p>His symptoms started at the age of 51 years, with dyspnea on moderate exertion, which evolved in 3 months to dyspnea on minimum exertion and orthopnea, and wheeze. The patient required hospitalization for clinical compensation. After discharge, he was referred for treatment at InCor. His discharge prescription included daily furosemide 40 mg, captopril 100 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, and aminophylline 200 mg.</p>
    <p>The patient smoked (40 pack-years) and had systemic arterial hypertension. His parents had died due to stroke.</p>
    <p>On his first medical visit, one month after that hospitalization, his complaints remained similar to those at the time of hospitalization.</p>
    <p>His physical examination (Jul 23, 2008) revealed: weight, 73.6 kg; height, 1.58 m; body mass index, 29.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; pulse rate, 76 bpm; right upper limb and right lower limb blood pressures, 148/96 mm Hg and 150/100 mmHg, respectively. His lung auscultation showed no crepitant rales, and his heart auscultation revealed low cardiac sounds with no murmur. His abdominal exam was normal. There was neither lower limb edema, nor signs of increased jugular venous pressure, and his pulses were palpable and symmetrical.</p>
    <p>The X ray revealed marked cardiomegaly.</p>
    <p>The ECG (Jul 18, 2008) showed: sinus rhythm; heart rate, 67 bpm; PR, 163 ms; QRS duration, 96 ms; QTc, 455 ms; overload of left chambers and secondary changes of ventricular repolarization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: Sinus rhythm, left atrial and left ventricular overload with strain.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>His laboratory tests were as follows: hemoglobin, 14.4 g/dL; hematocrit, 44%; red blood cells, 5,000,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; leukocytes, 11,400/m<sup>3</sup>; uric acid, 9 mg/dL; glucose, 105 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.05 mg/dL; total cholesterol, 266 mg/dL; HDL-C, 35 mg/dL; LDL-C, 153 mg/dL; triglycerides, 412 mg/dL; potassium, 4.6 mEq/L; sodium, 139 mEq/L; and normal urinalysis.</p>
    <p>The following diagnoses were established: hypertensive heart disease, obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia.</p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (Dec 2, 2008) revealed the following diameters: aorta, 37 mm; left atrium, 44 mm; and left ventricle (diastole/systole), 68/57 mm. The ejection fraction (Teicholz) was 33%, and there was marked diffuse hypokinesia. The septal and posterior wall thickness was 10 mm. The aortic valve showed mild fibrocalcification of its leaflets, maximum and mean transvalvular gradients of 27 mmHg and 17 mmHg, respectively, with estimated valvular area of 1.4 cm<sup>2</sup>, mild stenosis being then considered.</p>
    <p>Myocardial MIBI 99mTc scintigraphy with dobutamine (Jan 2009) revealed mild fixed low uptake in the inferior wall, and dilatation and diffuse hypokinesia of the left ventricle with ejection fraction of 27% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Nuclear ventriculography (gated SPECT scan): Diffuse left ventricular hypokinesia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The ECG at peak administration of dobutamine, with heart rate of 166 bpm, revealed ST-segment depression, attributed to previous repolarization changes, consequent to left ventricular hypertrophy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resting ECG: Ventricular repolarization changes (left leads: inverted T waves).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG at peak exertion: Heart rate of 167 bpm, ST-segment depression of 1 mm.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Diuretic dynamic renal scintigraphy with DTPA 99mTc showed no change in renal perfusion, clearance or size.</p>
    <p>Spirometry revealed mild obstructive disorder, which improved with bronchodilator use.</p>
    <p>The patient progressed with dyspnea on moderate exertion and an episode of syncope preceded by chest pain. Coronary cineangiography showed no obstructive lesion. The left circumflex artery was small and the right coronary artery was dominant (Dec 15, 2009). The following drugs were prescribed: daily enalapril, 40 mg; carvedilol, 12.5 mg; furosemide, 40 mg; spironolactone, 25 mg; propatylnitrate, 30 mg; simvastatin, 40 mg; acetylsalicylic acid, 100 mg; and salbutamol, 6 mg.</p>
    <p>The patient sought the emergency unit because of dyspnea worsening for 15 days, being then on minimum exertion and orthopnea, with lower limb edema and episodes of chest pain, some of which lasted longer in the last 3 days. He related that worsening to interruption of the medication.</p>
    <p>The physical examination (Jan 21, 2014) revealed: pulse rate, 84 bpm; blood pressure, 100/70 mm Hg; normal lung and heart auscultations; normal abdominal exam; and lower limb edema, +++/4+.</p>
    <p>The chest X ray (Jan 21, 2014) showed increased pulmonary vascular bed and global cardiomegaly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X ray (PA). Pulmonary fields with signs of congestion: vascular bed inversion and apparent fissure; marked global cardiomegaly.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The laboratory tests revealed: increased levels of myocardial lesion markers (CK MB, 12.43 ng/mL; troponin I, 0.38 ng/mL), which decreased in the following measurements; red blood cells, 5,300,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; hemoglobin, 15 g/dL; hematocrit, 49%; leukocytes, 7,540/mm<sup>3</sup> (61% neutrophils, 1% eosinophils, 1% basophils, 32% lymphocytes, and 5% monocytes); platelets, 183,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 108 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.73 mg mg/dL (glomerular filtration 44 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); TSH, 7 <italic>&#181;</italic>UI/mL; sodium, 134 mEq/L; potassium, 4.0 mEq/L; PT (INR), 1.5; and APTT (rel), 1.07.</p>
    <p>The new echocardiographic assessment (Jan 27, 2014) showed the following diameters: aorta, 35 mm; left atrium, 55 mm; right ventricle, 34 mm; left ventricle (diastole/systole), 76/72 mm. Ejection fraction was 20%, and septal and posterior wall thickness was 9 mm. The left ventricle showed marked diffuse hypokinesia, and the right ventricle, moderate hypokinesia. The aortic valve was moderately fibrocalcific, with reduced mobility of its leaflets, and maximum and mean transvalvular gradients of 28 mm Hg and 18 mm Hg, respectively. The estimated systolic pulmonary pressure was 50 mm Hg.</p>
    <p>One week after admission, the laboratory reassessment revealed worse kidney function with creatinine of 2.24 mg/dL (glomerular filtration of 32 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>) and urea of 119 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>The patient had pneumonia, arterial hypotension and low cardiac output, the last two persisting even after pneumonia treatment. The patient received vasoactive amines and intra-aortic balloon for circulatory support. Heart transplantation was indicated.</p>
    <p>His new laboratory assessment 1.5 month after admission revealed: hemoglobin, 11.6 g/dL; hematocrit, 36%; leukocytes, 9,280/m<sup>3</sup>; platelets, 90,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 77 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.44 mg/dL (glomerular filtration 54 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); AST, 39 U/L; ALT, 26 U/L; alkaline fosfatase, 142 U/L; gamma GT, 332 U/L.</p>
    <p>The patient underwent orthotopic heart transplantation (Mar 18, 2014).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>The 56-year-old male patient, who smoked and had arterial hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia, developed heart failure with dilatation of heart chambers and severe systolic dysfunction. His echocardiography showed low-gradient aortic stenosis.</p>
      <p>According to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology III Guideline on Heart Failure, a patient with signs and symptoms of heart failure should undergo some tests to characterize the heart failure, such as resting electrocardiography, chest X ray, echocardiography and BNP measurement. Then, laboratory and invasive tests, such as coronary cineangiography and cardiac biopsy, should be performed for etiological diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the case here reported, there were neither epidemiological data suggestive of Chagas disease, nor conduction disorders usually found in that disease, such as right bundle-branch block and left anterior block, whose prevalence is three times greater than that in the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another etiology to remember is rheumatic heart disease, because mild aortic stenosis was detected on echocardiography. In rheumatic disease, the mitral valve is most commonly affected, followed by double mitral-aortic impairment and isolated aortic valve impairment. Although there was no report of an acute rheumatic fever episode during childhood, that often passes unnoticed by the patients with that heart valve disease. Against that diagnosis is the age of clinical manifestation, usually around 30 years, although the age may range from 20 years to 50 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Persistent rheumatic carditis can be the cause of heart failure with ventricular dilatation. However, the age group is younger, from 5 years to 20 years, being a cause of diagnostic confusion with infective endocarditis and not with heart failure etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There were risk factors for coronary heart disease, such as arterial hypertension, low HDL-cholesterol levels, hypertriglyceridemia and smoking, predictors of acute ischemic coronary events at a younger age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present patient had a history of neither acute myocardial infarction nor typical angina. The echocardiogram revealed no segment deficiency of contractility, but identified diffuse hypokinesia. Scintigraphy evidenced a mild fixed uptake reduction in the inferior wall, which is not rare in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Even adding the changes in scintigraphy to the electrocardiographic ones, the later attributable to left ventricular overload signs, the chances of ischemic cardiomyopathy would be low. However, one should rule out the diagnosis of any treatable cause of heart failure, such as coronary artery disease. Considering our patient's clinical findings, coronary cineangiography was properly indicated, although it resulted normal.</p>
      <p>In addition, non-rheumatic aortic valve stenosis could explain all the patient's clinical findings. Although the aortic valve stenosis is considered to have hemodynamic repercussion if the valvular area is equal to or smaller than 1 cm<sup>2</sup> and the mean gradient is greater than 40 mm Hg, the clinical entity called low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis has been recently increasingly studied. Its most common presentation is marked left ventricular dilatation and very low ejection fraction, and some authors have reported its prevalence ranging from 5% to 10% of patients with marked aortic valve stenosis. The prognosis is very poor, with 3-year mortality of 50% for patients on drug treatment, and of 6% to 30% for patients undergoing surgery. Thus, the precise assessment of the grade of stenosis and of myocardial dysfunction is essential to determine those patients' treatment. When the diagnosis is uncertain, some diagnostic methods can be used, such as stress Doppler echocardiography with dobutamine to assess low flow reserve (lack of minimal 20% increase in left ventricular systolic volume). Another diagnostic method is to measure the calcium score of the heart valve on cardiac tomography, usually greater than 1650 Agastston.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Against that diagnosis is the patient's heart valvular area greater than 1.2 cm<sup>2</sup> and his age, because, on average, individuals with that type of stenosis are older than 70 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Because the patient has arterial hypertension, hypertensive heart disease cannot be ruled out as responsible for the patient's clinical findings.</p>
      <p>In the Framingham study, in 91% of the cases with heart failure, arterial hypertension preceded that condition. Hypertension doubled the incidence of heart failure in men and tripled it in women. In Brazil, arterial hypertension associated with coronary artery disease is the most frequent cause of heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The incidence of heart failure is proportional to blood pressure levels, to age and to hypertension duration. Blood pressure control can decrease the incidence of heart failure by 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Untreated arterial hypertension causes changes in the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems, which lead to hypertrophy, followed by myocyte apoptosis and autophagy, proliferation of fibroblasts, interstitial collagen accumulation, and, eventually, adverse remodeling and pump failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy is limited in the present case, because of the presence of known causes of heart failure, such as arterial hypertension and aortic valve disease.</p>
      <p>Regarding the final cardiac decompensation, it is worth noting its major causes: drug non-adherence, cardiac arrhythmias, and disease progression and complications, such as pulmonary infection or thromboembolism. In the present case, there was infection, and neither thromboembolism nor disease progression can be ruled out. (Desid&#233;rio Favarato, MD)</p>
      <p>Diagnostic hypothesis: heart failure due to cardiopathy with ventricular dilatation. Etiology: hypertensive heart disease or aortic valve disease, non-rheumatic aortic stenosis. (Desid&#233;rio Favarato, MD)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Anatomopathological examination</title>
      <p>The formalin-fixed explanted heart missed part of the left atrium and weighed 580 g. It showed dilatation of the ventricular cavities, and focal areas of fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6A</xref>). The microscopic study evidenced hypertrophy of myocardial fibers and interstitial fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6B</xref>). On gross examination, the aortic valve was thickened and calcified, without commissural fusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7A</xref>). The other valves, pericardium and coronary arteries showed no significant changes. After decalcification, the microscopic study of the aortic valve evidenced fibrous thickening, dense calcification and no inflammatory signs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7B</xref>). <bold>(Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez, MD)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>On gross examination, cross-section of the heart (distorted by fixation) (A) at ventricular level, showing dilatation of the cavities, with normal to mildly increased wall thickness. Note the presence of small white areas in the left ventricular wall, corresponding to fibrosis, also identified on the microscopic exam (B) as lighter areas amidst the darkly stained myocardium. (Hematoxylin-Eosin; x5). RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Opened aortic valve showing calcification nodules in its three leaflets (purple arrows). There is no commissural fusion (green arrow). B) Microscopic section of the aortic valve with areas of dense calcification (asterisk). Note the absence of inflammatory cells. (Hematoxylin-Eosin; x5).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <title>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</title>
          <list-item>
            <p>Calcified aortic valve disease</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hypertensive cardiomyopathy</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dilatation of the cardiac chambers with hypertrophy of myocardial fibers and areas of interstitial fibrosis <bold>(Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez, MD)</bold></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comment</title>
      <p>The major question in this case is the cause of heart failure, in particular the causative role aortic valve disease might have played.</p>
      <p>The anatomopathological exam is not ideal to assess heart valve dysfunction, because the heart is analyzed without movement and stiffened by fixation. However, the significant calcification suggests that heart valve disease might have contributed significantly to heart failure. On the other hand, the patient is hypertensive, and, thus, hypertensive cardiomyopathy should not be ruled out.</p>
      <p>Thus, both processes - systemic arterial hypertension and calcified aortic valve disease - should be considered to play a role in the installation of cardiac dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Regarding the cause of valve heart disease, the lack of a clinical history, of mitral valve impairment, of aortic valve commissural fusion and of inflammatory cells on the microscopic study indicates this is not consequent to rheumatic disease. The diagnosis to be considered is "degenerative" valve disease, and it is worth noting, however, that the patient's age is under the age group in which that lesion usually causes symptoms sufficiently severe to require surgery: in a series,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> less than 6% of the men with tricuspid aortic valve (as our patient) underwent surgery before the age of 60 years, and none before the age of 50, when our patient already had, on echocardiography, moderate stenosis. A European multicenter study has reported a mean age of 69 years for patients with aortic stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><bold>(Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez, MD)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
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        <article-title>Caso 2/2017 - Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Refrat&#225;ria em Homem de 56 Anos com Antecedente de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica e Estenose Valvar A&#243;rtica que Levaram ao Transplante Card&#237;aco</article-title>
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        <aff id="aff2">
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          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
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        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Homem de 56 anos, natural e procedente de S&#227;o Paulo, foi hospitalizado por descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e submetido a transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>Os sintomas iniciaram-se aos 51 anos, com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os moderados, que evoluiu, em cerca de tr&#234;s meses, para aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os e ortopneia, bem como sibilos. O paciente necessitou de interna&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Ap&#243;s a alta, foi encaminhado para tratamento no InCor. A prescri&#231;&#227;o de alta incluiu furosemida 40 mg, captopril 100 mg, espironolactona 25 mg e aminofilina 200 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>O paciente era fumante (40 anos-ma&#231;o) e portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Os pais haviam falecido por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</p>
      <p>As queixas na primeira consulta, um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a referida interna&#231;&#227;o, permaneceram semelhantes &#224;quelas da interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (23 jul 2008) revelou: peso, 73,6 kg; altura, 1,58 m; &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, 29,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; frequ&#234;ncia de pulso, 76 bpm; press&#227;o arterial no membro superior direito, 148/96 mmHg e no membro inferior direito, 150/100 mmHg. Na ausculta pulmonar n&#227;o havia estertores crepitantes e a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas sem sopros. O exame do abdome foi normal e n&#227;o havia edema de membros inferiores. N&#227;o havia sinais de aumento de press&#227;o venosa jugular, sendo os pulsos palp&#225;veis e sim&#233;tricos.</p>
      <p>A radiografia revelou cardiomegalia acentuada.</p>
      <p>O ECG (18 jul 2008) revelou: ritmo sinusal; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 67 bpm; PR, 163 ms; dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS, 96 ms; QTc, 455 ms. Presen&#231;a de sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas, e altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: Ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga de &#225;trio esquerdo e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda com "strain".</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram: hemoglobina, 14,4 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 44%; hem&#225;cias, 5.000.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; leuc&#243;citos, 11.400/m<sup>3</sup>; &#225;cido &#250;rico, 9 mg/dL; glicose, 105 mg/dL; creatinina, 1,05 mg/dL; colesterol total, 266 mg/dL; HDL-C, 35 mg/dL; LDL-C, 153 mg/dL; triglic&#233;rides, 412 mg/dL; pot&#225;ssio, 4,6 mEq/L; s&#243;dio, 139 mEq/L; e urina I normal.</p>
      <p>Foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de cardiopatia hipertensiva, obesidade, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, hipertrigliceridemia e hiperuricemia.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (2 dez 2008) revelou os seguintes di&#226;metros: aorta, 37 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo, 44 mm; e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole), 68/57 mm. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (Teicholz) era 33% e havia hipocinesia difusa acentuada. As espessuras do septo e da parede posterior mediram 10 mm. A valva a&#243;rtica apresentava fibrocalcifica&#231;&#227;o discreta de suas v&#225;lvulas, gradiente transvalvar m&#225;ximo de 27 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 17 mmHg, com &#225;rea valvar estimada de 1,4 cm<sup>2</sup>, considerando-se ent&#227;o estenose leve.</p>
      <p>A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com MIBI 99mTc com uso de dobutamina (jan 2009) revelou hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa discreta de parede inferior; dilata&#231;&#227;o e hipocinesia difusa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 27% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ventriculografia por radiois&#243;topos (Gated SPECT): hipocinesia difusa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O ECG no pico da administra&#231;&#227;o de dobutamina e com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 166 bpm revelou infradesnivelamento de ST, atribu&#237;do &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vias, consequentes &#224; hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG no repouso: Altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (ondas T invertidas em deriva&#231;&#245;es esquerdas).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG no pico do esfor&#231;o: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 167 bpm, infradesnivelamento de ST de 1 mm.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A cintilografia renal din&#226;mica com diur&#233;tico por DTPA99mTc n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o, de elimina&#231;&#227;o ou de tamanho renais.</p>
      <p>A espirometria revelou dist&#250;rbio obstrutivo leve, com melhora ap&#243;s uso de broncodilatador.</p>
      <p>O paciente evoluiu com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os moderados e um epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope, precedida de dor precordial. Foi solicitada cineangiografia coron&#225;ria, que n&#227;o revelou les&#245;es obstrutivas. O ramo circunflexo da coron&#225;ria esquerda era pequeno e a coron&#225;ria direita, dominante (15 dez 2009). Estavam prescritas as seguintes medica&#231;&#245;es: enalapril 40 mg, carvedilol 12,5 mg, furosemida 40 mg, espironolactona 25 mg, propatilnitrato 30 mg, sinvastatina 40 mg, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg e salbutamol 6 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>O paciente procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de urg&#234;ncia por piora da dispneia havia 15 dias, manifestando-se aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os e ortopneia, com aparecimento de edema de membros inferiores e epis&#243;dios de dor precordial, alguns prolongados nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s dias. Relacionou a piora &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (21 jan 2014) revelou: frequ&#234;ncia de pulso, 84 bpm; press&#227;o arterial, 100/70 mmHg; ausculta pulmonar e card&#237;aca normais; exame abdominal sem altera&#231;&#245;es; edema de membros inferiores, +++/4+.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (21 jan 2014) mostrou aumento da trama vascular pulmonar e cardiomegalia global (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax PA. Campos pulmonares com sinais de congest&#227;o - invers&#227;o da trama vascular e cisura aparente; cardiomegalia global acentuada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram: eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CK MB, 12,43 ng/mL; troponina I, 0,38 ng/mL), que diminu&#237;ram nas medidas posteriores; hem&#225;cias, 5.300.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; hemoglobina, 15 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 49%; leuc&#243;citos, 7.540/mm<sup>3</sup> (61% neutr&#243;filos, 1% eosin&#243;filos, 1% bas&#243;filos, 32% linf&#243;citos e 5% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 183.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 108 mg/dL; creatinina, 1,73 mg mg/dL (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 44 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>); TSH, 7 <italic>&#181;</italic>UI/mL; s&#243;dio, 134 mEq/L; pot&#225;ssio, 4,0 mEq/L; TP (INR), 1,5; e TTPA (rel), 1,07.</p>
      <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (27 jan 2014) revelou os seguintes di&#226;metros: aorta, 35 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo, 55 mm; ventr&#237;culo direito, 34 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole), 76/72 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, 20%; espessuras de septo e da parede posterior, 9 mm. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentou hipocinesia difusa acentuada e o ventr&#237;culo direito hipocinesia moderada. A valva a&#243;rtica apresentava fibrocalcifica&#231;&#227;o moderada, com redu&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade de suas v&#225;lvulas, gradiente transvalvar m&#225;ximo de 28 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 18 mmHg. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 50 mmHg.</p>
      <p>A reavalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial uma semana ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o revelou piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal com creatinina de 2,24 mg/dL (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 32 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>) e ureia de 119 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>O paciente apresentou pneumonia, hipotens&#227;o arterial e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, esses &#250;ltimos persistiram mesmo ap&#243;s tratamento da pneumonia, tendo o paciente recebido aminas vasoativas e bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico para suporte circulat&#243;rio. Foi indicado transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial um m&#234;s e meio ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o revelou: hemoglobina, 11,6 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 36%; leuc&#243;citos, 9.280/m<sup>3</sup>; plaquetas, 90.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 77 mg/dL; creatinina, 1,44 mg/dL (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 54 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>); AST, 39 U/L; ALT, 26 U/L; fosfatase alcalina, 142 U/L; gama GT, 332 U/L.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi submetido a transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico (18 mar 2014).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de paciente do sexo masculino com 56 anos, tabagista e portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial e hipertrigliceridemia, que desenvolveu quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e grave disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Seu exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico detectou estenose a&#243;rtica de baixo gradiente.</p>
        <p>Segundo a III Diretriz de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, frente a paciente com sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, devem-se realizar alguns exames para caracteriz&#225;-la, tais como eletrocardiograma de repouso, radiografia de t&#243;rax, ecocardiograma e dosagem do BNP. Em sequ&#234;ncia, pode-se lan&#231;ar m&#227;o de exames laboratoriais e invasivos como cinecoronariografia e bi&#243;psia card&#237;aca para o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No caso estudado, n&#227;o havia dados epidemiol&#243;gicos sugestivos de doen&#231;a de Chagas, nem os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o habitualmente encontrados nessa doen&#231;a, como bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio da divis&#227;o superior do ramo esquerdo, cuja preval&#234;ncia &#233; cerca de tr&#234;s vezes maior do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra etiologia que n&#227;o pode ser esquecida &#233; cardiopatia reum&#225;tica, pois foi detectada estenose a&#243;rtica leve ao ecocardiograma. A valva mais acometida na doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica &#233; a mitral, seguindo-se comprometimento duplo mitro-a&#243;rtico e depois, comprometimento a&#243;rtico isolado. Apesar de n&#227;o haver relato de surto agudo de febre reum&#225;tica na inf&#226;ncia, esse frequentemente n&#227;o &#233; relatado pelos pacientes com valvopatia dessa origem. Contra esse poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico est&#225; a idade da manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, que ocorre geralmente ao redor dos 30 anos de idade, ainda que a faixa varie dos 20 anos aos 50 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardite reum&#225;tica persistente pode ser causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Contudo, a faixa et&#225;ria &#233; mais baixa, dos 5 anos aos 20 anos, sendo causa de confus&#227;o diagn&#243;stica com endocardite infecciosa nesses pacientes e n&#227;o da etiologia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Havia fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, a saber, hipertens&#227;o arterial, baixos n&#237;veis do HDL-colesterol, hipertrigliceridemia e tabagismo, sendo esses &#250;ltimos preditores de eventos coron&#225;rios isqu&#234;micos agudos em idade mais precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No caso atual n&#227;o havia hist&#243;ria pregressa de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nem angina t&#237;pica. O ecocardiograma n&#227;o revelou d&#233;ficit segmentar de motilidade, mas identificou hipocinesia difusa. Embora houvesse na cintilografia discreta hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa em parede inferior, esse achado n&#227;o &#233; infrequente em pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Mesmo somando-se &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es da cintilografia aquelas do eletrocardiograma, atribu&#237;veis essas &#250;ltimas aos sinais de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, as chances de se tratar de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica seriam baixas. Entretanto, n&#227;o se deve deixar de afastar o diagn&#243;stico de qualquer causa trat&#225;vel de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como a doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. No contexto do quadro cl&#237;nico do paciente, foi apropriada a indica&#231;&#227;o da cineangiocoronariografia, que se revelou normal.</p>
        <p>A estenose valvar a&#243;rtica de origem n&#227;o reum&#225;tica tamb&#233;m pode ser a causa de todo o quadro cl&#237;nico. Embora a estenose de valva a&#243;rtica seja considerada de repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica com &#225;rea valvar de 1 cm<sup>2</sup> ou menos e gradiente m&#233;dio superior a 40 mmHg, uma entidade cl&#237;nica denominada estenose a&#243;rtica acentuada com baixos fluxo e gradiente est&#225; sendo recentemente mais estudada. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum &#233; com dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e muito baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Alguns autores encontraram preval&#234;ncia dessa situa&#231;&#227;o em 5% a 10% dos pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica acentuada. O progn&#243;stico &#233; muito ruim com mortalidade de 50% em 3 anos, quando mantidos em tratamento medicamentoso, e de 6% a t&#227;o alto quanto 30% em pacientes operados. Por isso a avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa do grau da estenose e da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; de primordial import&#226;ncia na determina&#231;&#227;o do tratamento desses pacientes. Na d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica, podem ser lan&#231;ados alguns m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, tais como o ecodopplercardiograma com estresse pelo uso de dobutamina para avaliar baixa reserva de fluxo, isso &#233;, n&#227;o aumento de pelo menos 20% do volume sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Outro m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico &#233; a mensura&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio da valva pela tomografia card&#237;aca, habitualmente acima de 1650 Agastston.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Contra esse diagn&#243;stico falam a &#225;rea valvar acima de 1,2 cm<sup>2</sup> e a idade do paciente, pois em m&#233;dia os portadores desse tipo de estenose est&#227;o acima de 70 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por ser portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o se pode afastar a cardiopatia hipertensiva como respons&#225;vel pelo quadro cl&#237;nico do paciente.</p>
        <p>No estudo de Framingham, 91% dos casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram precedidos pela hipertens&#227;o arterial. A hipertens&#227;o duplicou a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em homens e triplicou-a em mulheres. Tamb&#233;m no Brasil, a hipertens&#227;o arterial associada &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria &#233; a causa mais frequente da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; proporcional aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, &#224; idade e ao tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o. O controle da press&#227;o arterial pode diminuir a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o tratada causa altera&#231;&#245;es dos sistemas simp&#225;tico e da renina-angiotensina-aldosterona que levam &#224; hipertrofia, seguida de apoptose e autofagia dos mi&#243;citos, prolifera&#231;&#227;o dos fibroblastos, ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno intersticial e, finalmente, ao remodelamento adverso e fal&#234;ncia de bomba.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia dilatada fica limitado no caso atual por estarem presentes causas conhecidas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial e valvopatia a&#243;rtica.</p>
        <p>Quanto ao quadro final de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sempre temos de relembrar as causas principais que levam a esse est&#225;gio: n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia medicamentosa, arritmias card&#237;acas, progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e complica&#231;&#245;es, como infec&#231;&#227;o ou tromboembolismo pulmonar. No caso atual, temos a infec&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o podemos afastar tromboembolismo e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. (Dr. Desid&#233;rio Favarato)</p>
        <p>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Etiologia: cardiopatia hipertensiva ou valvopatia a&#243;rtica, estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica. (Dr. Desid&#233;rio Favarato)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exame anatomopatol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Foi recebido, embebido em formol, cora&#231;&#227;o explantado, que veio sem parte do &#225;trio esquerdo, pesando 580 g. Tem dilata&#231;&#227;o das cavidades ventriculares, com &#225;reas focais de fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6A</xref>). &#192; microscopia havia hipertrofia de fibras mioc&#225;rdicas com fibrose intersticial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6B</xref>). &#192; macroscopia, a valva a&#243;rtica encontra-se espessada e calcificada, sem fus&#227;o comissural (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7A</xref>). Demais valvas, peric&#225;rdio e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Ap&#243;s descalcifica&#231;&#227;o, o exame microsc&#243;pico da valva a&#243;rtica mostrou espessamento por fibrose e densa calcifica&#231;&#227;o, sem sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7B</xref>). <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aspecto macrosc&#243;pico de corte transversal do cora&#231;&#227;o (de forma distorcida pela fixa&#231;&#227;o) (A), &#224; altura dos ventr&#237;culos, mostrando dilata&#231;&#227;o das cavidades, com paredes de espessuras normais ou ligeiramente aumentadas. Note-se a presen&#231;a de pequenas &#225;reas esbranqui&#231;adas na parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que correspondem a fibrose, tamb&#233;m vista, ao exame microsc&#243;pico (B), como &#225;reas mais claras em meio ao mioc&#225;rdio, mais fortemente corado. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina; aumento da objetiva: 5x. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Valva a&#243;rtica aberta, mostrando n&#243;dulos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o em seus tr&#234;s folhetos (setas roxas). N&#227;o h&#225; fus&#227;o de comissuras (seta verde). B) Corte histol&#243;gico da valva a&#243;rtica, com &#225;reas de densa calcifica&#231;&#227;o (asterisco). Note-se a aus&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina; aumento da objetiva: 5x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0473-70058-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <title>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</title>
            <list-item>
              <p>Valvopatia a&#243;rtica calcificada</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Miocardiopatia hipertensiva</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras card&#237;acas com hipertrofia de fibras mioc&#225;rdicas e &#225;reas de fibrose intersticial <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
        <p>A quest&#227;o fundamental neste caso &#233; a causa da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em particular o papel causal que a valvopatia a&#243;rtica pode ter exercido.</p>
        <p>O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico n&#227;o &#233; o ideal para avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, pois o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; analisado sem movimento e enrijecido pela fixa&#231;&#227;o. Todavia, o grau significativo de calcifica&#231;&#227;o faz pensar que a valvopatia tenha contribu&#237;do significativamente para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Por outro lado, o paciente &#233; hipertenso, e n&#227;o se pode descartar miocardiopatia hipertensiva.</p>
        <p>Assim, parece adequado considerar que ambos os processos - hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e valvopatia a&#243;rtica calcificada - participaram da instala&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; causa da valvopatia, as aus&#234;ncias de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, de comprometimento da valva mitral, de fus&#227;o de comissuras na valva a&#243;rtica e de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias ao exame microsc&#243;pico indicam que n&#227;o se trata de sequela de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica. O diagn&#243;stico a ser considerado &#233; o de valvopatia "degenerativa", devendo-se ressaltar, por&#233;m, que o paciente se encontra em faixa et&#225;ria bem abaixo daquela em que tal les&#227;o costuma causar sintomas suficientemente graves para levar &#224; necessidade de cirurgia: em uma s&#233;rie,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> reportou-se que pouco menos de 6% dos homens com valva trivalvular (como este paciente) eram operados antes dos 60 anos, e nenhum antes dos 50, idade na qual este paciente j&#225; tinha, ao ecocardiograma, estenose moderada. Trabalho europeu multic&#234;ntrico encontrou idade m&#233;dia de 69 anos nos pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
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