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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6Qwjfm346ycGThDXdmPKSFp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500458</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170056</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Viability on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Mansur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Mansur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Cristina Resende</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Imagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Imagem Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#180;Or - S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Vivalle</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Radiologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Radiologia Cl&#237;nica - Hospital Vivalle - Rede D&#180;Or - S&#227;o Luiz, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Rede D'Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Marcelo Souto Nacif</bold>, Av. S&#226;o Jo&#227;o 2400 apto 232B. Postal Code 12242-000, Jd das Colinas, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>msnacif@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>msnacif@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining funding: Nacif MS; Acquisition of data: Souto ALM, Nacif MS; Writing of the manuscript: Souto ALM, Souto RM, Nacif MS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Souto ALM, Souto RM, Teixeira ICR, Nacif MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>458</fpage>
      <lpage>469</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The study of myocardial viability is of great importance in the orientation and management of patients requiring myocardial revascularization or angioplasty. The technique of delayed enhancement (DE) is accurate and has transformed the study of viability into an easy test, not only for the detection of fibrosis but also as a binary test detecting what is viable or not. On DE, fibrosis equal to or greater than 50% of the segmental area is considered as non-viable, whereas that below 50% is considered viable. During the same evaluation, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) may also use other techniques for functional and perfusion studies to obtain a global evaluation of ischemic heart disease. This study aims to highlight the current concepts and broadly emphasize the use of CMR as a method that over the last 20 years has become a reference in the detection of infarction and assessment of myocardial viability.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction / metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Tissue Survival</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been established as a method to detect myocardial infarction. Using a quick protocol, we are able to obtain information on anatomy, function, tissue characterization, perfusion, and viability, with excellent spatial resolution and image quality. CMR uses different techniques to assess viability, and the technique of delayed enhancement, <italic>per se,</italic> is currently a reference standard for this purpose.</p>
      <p>The precise determination of myocardial muscle with or without viability is of extreme importance in the management of a patient with cardiac dysfunction. Viable muscle has a potential for contractile recovery and, therefore, a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy and ventricular dysfunction may improve his functional capacity after myocardial revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and, consequently, have improved survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The identification of infarcted muscle, even in silent (occult) infarction, is important because this tissue can be a substrate for ventricular tachyarrhythmia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> becoming one of the most important causes of sudden death.</p>
      <p>CMR presents a state of continuous development, with new tools added at each year to improve this already powerful technology.</p>
      <p>This article aims to highlight the current concepts and, in a general way, emphasize the use of CMR as a method that has become over the past 20 years a reference in the detection of myocardial infarction and assessment of viability.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction by CMR</title>
        <p>CMR's high resolution has transported the concept of transmural extent of infarction from the established theory of experimental studies into the clinical reality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> As illustrated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), the duration of the myocardial ischemia is the greatest determinant of the transmural extent of infarction. In a canine model, a coronary occlusion shorter than 20 minutes promotes change in regional contractility without permanent injury or myocardial infarction. The infarction itself develops later and always takes place from the subendocardium to the epicardium. The subendocardium is the most metabolically vulnerable region and one that requires a higher level of oxygenation. After 3 - 6 hours of coronary occlusion, the infarction reaches its transmural extent if reperfusion does not occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ischemia duration is the major determinant of the infarct size and its transmural extent. Modified from Arai et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Other factors can modulate the transmurality of an infarction and its size. Most of these factors are associated with an increased demand of oxygen to the myocyte. In patients with hypertension, tachycardia, or high levels of circulating catecholamines, we can observe an accelerating effect in the establishment of the infarction, causing lesions larger than those in patients without these conditions. In situations involving the level of oxygenation to the myocyte such as anemia, hypoxia, or carbon monoxide poisoning, we will more often also have the establishment of sudden and larger infarctions. In the presence of collaterals, the opposite will occur as a protective effect: the presence of collaterals may reduce the size of the infarction. The same happens when subsequent and short attacks occur in a situation known as precondition (ischemic preconditioning).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Drug treatments (beta-blockers), thrombolysis, and/or adequate reperfusion by angioplasty can modify the relationship between the duration of the coronary occlusion and the final size of the infarction. The current problem is that many studies have demonstrated this in animal models, but have failed to demonstrate the same in clinical studies.</p>
        <p>We agree with Arai<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> when he questions the final results of these studies since the reduction of the infarction was measured in the animal model as a fraction of the area at risk. The area at risk is a portion of the myocardium that was hypoperfused during coronary occlusion but did not "die" (infarcted). Some studies have attempted to use sestamibi in the emergency room to assess the area at risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> but were unable to do so. We consider this outcome as a methodological problem. CMR should be used in this clinical situation, since it does not interfere with the decay of the radiotracer throughout week and time and may, in addition to using the technique of delayed enhancement to quantify the size of the infarction, resort to the T2 technique (edema) in order to assess the area at risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In addition to evidence of the existence of some level of myocardial regeneration after acute myocardial infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> the final setting after an injury induced by hypoxia in the long term is the replacement of the tissue by fibrosis, defined as replacement fibrosis. In this fibrosis, the area of the infarction is replaced by a scar containing collagen, lacking proteins or structures required for a normal segmental contraction. However, the process of regeneration and the infarct size may influence the possibility of the infarction developing changes in the segmental contractility. In other words, a small myocardial infarction (&lt; 25% of the segment area) probably will not lead to changes in myocardial contractility; on the other hand, a large myocardial infarction (&gt; 75% of the segment area) will promote segmental or regional hypokinesia/akinesia. Thus, the detection of the infarct as present or absent is essential but equally important is the infarct size. Therefore, this replacement and the absence of the tissular actin-myosin mechanism promote loss of contraction and diastolic properties,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> which may or may not be macroscopically undetectable by the contractile capacity of neighboring tissues and by the regeneration induced in the segment.</p>
        <p>The most important thing is that CMR, with the technique of delayed enhancement, is able to detect myocardial infarction (fibrosis) not detected by clinical evaluation or other methods, such as ECG, echocardiography, and scintiscan.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> This knowledge is a differential, because even very small areas with delayed positive enhancement, such as approximately 1% of the left ventricular mass, have large prognostic implications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial viability</title>
        <p>The detection of viable myocardium reflects the presence of living myocytes, and this does not depend on the existence or not of contractile dysfunction or responsiveness of the muscle to external stimuli. Therefore, it is already well established the disconnection between viable myocardium and its pattern of contractility, with several studies demonstrating that the viable muscle could be hypokinetic by chronic cardiomyopathy due to hypoperfusion or acute ischemic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The study of myocardial viability is recommended for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, and the interest is to know whether a possible revascularization procedure will promote improvement in left ventricular systolic function. In this case, the potential for improvement in contractility will depend on two conditions: first, the muscle must be alive (absence of delayed enhancement); second, the muscle must be ischemic, being this the mechanism of dysfunction. Therefore, myocardial viability is said to be present when a hypokinetic or akinetic muscle features areas without necrosis whose coronary supply is known to be reduced. With this, we imagine that a procedure that restores the blood flow is one that removes the infarct from a hibernating state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The terms "stunned" and "hibernating" myocardium are used to describe this phenomenon of a condition that is viable, albeit dysfunctional. The reversible phenomenon of the stunned myocardium is identified when the contractile dysfunction develops during acute and intense ischemia, persisting even after restoration of the coronary flow, typically for a period of days to weeks. The reversible phenomenon of the hibernating myocardium, in turn, is identified when the contractile dysfunction takes place during chronic ischemia that is not strong enough to cause cellular necrosis. In this case, the phenomenon fits into the hypothetical concept of pathophysiologic mechanisms capable of inducing adjustment in perfusion-contraction coupling, at a very low level of both, reducing its contractility due to low oxygenation, and avoiding its death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Also noteworthy was the demonstration, as early as 1998, of the CMR ability to detect and quantify the area of microvascular obstruction (no-reflow) associated with an acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The microvascular obstruction is a marker of severe myocardial injury, which is also associated with worse prognosis after acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Unfortunately, the myocardial viability is still highly associated with the detection of segmental or regional contractile dysfunction and is still widely used in the reasoning of clinical cardiologists when they think about the potential of contractile recovery, most likely because the echocardiography is the method most commonly used in clinical practice. With this, we demonstrate in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> the conditions that can cause myocardial dysfunction and are able, in some way, to mask or make difficult a diagnosis of viable myocardium.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between conditions that may lead to regional myocardial dysfunction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Nontransmural Myocardial Infarction</th>
                <th align="center">Transmural Myocardial Infarction</th>
                <th align="center">Stunned myocardium</th>
                <th align="center">Hibernated myocardium</th>
                <th align="center">Post-infarction remodeling</th>
                <th align="center">Nonischemic cardiomyopathies</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfusion</td>
                <td align="center">Normal or reduced depending on the existence or not of adequate reperfusion or microvascular obstruction</td>
                <td align="center">Normal or reduced depending on the existence or not of adequate reperfusion or microvascular obstruction</td>
                <td align="center">Normal by definition</td>
                <td align="center">Reduced by definition</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Function</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">Reduced</td>
                <td align="center">Reduced but reversible with perfusion restoration (hours or weeks)</td>
                <td align="center">Reduced but reversible with perfusion restoration (may take months to recover)</td>
                <td align="center">Reduced</td>
                <td align="center">Normal or reduced(depending on the percentage of the affected area)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Metabolism</td>
                <td align="center">Normal or reduced (low FDG uptake)</td>
                <td align="center">Reduced (low FDG uptake)</td>
                <td align="center">Not reduced (high FDG uptake)</td>
                <td align="center">Not reduced (high FDG uptake, perfusion-metabolism mismatch)</td>
                <td align="center">Probably normal</td>
                <td align="center">Normal or reduced (low FDG uptake)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Histology</td>
                <td align="center">Replacement fibrosis</td>
                <td align="center">Replacement fibrosis</td>
                <td align="center">Normal myocytes</td>
                <td align="center">May be normal or present a certain degree of differentiation of the myocytes, with loss and disorganization of cellular elements</td>
                <td align="center">Hypertrophy, dilation, and architectural distortion of myocardial fibers</td>
                <td align="center">Replacement fibrosis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delayed Enhancement</td>
                <td align="center">Delayed enhancement in the subendocardium (&lt; 50% of the area of the segment). Usually in a coronary territory, unless it has multiple infarctions or the patient has undergone surgery with graft placement</td>
                <td align="center">Transmural delayed enhancement that may compromise from the subendocardium to the epicardium (&gt; 50% of the area of the segment). Usually in a coronary territory, unless it has multiple infarctions or the patient has undergone surgery with graft placement</td>
                <td align="center">Normal, unless there is a combination of stunned myocardium and myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center">Normal, unless there is a combination of hibernated myocardium and myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center">Negative (myocardial dysfunction remote to a large infarction) and, therefore, viable.</td>
                <td align="center">Variable, best identified as mesocardial, epicardial, diffuse, or even negative</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Table modified from Arai.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The absence of myocardial viability is the most frequent consequence of a coronary occlusion leading to myocardial infarction. Within this context, a series of parameters may be used to detect whether an infarction indeed occurred and how much of the infarcted territory can be saved. In a review, Kaul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> summarized the most accurate markers of infarction, classifying them from less to more precise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). For example, the isolated presence of myocardial contractility alteration does not provide information about the presence or absence of infarction, because the hibernating or stunned muscle may be viable but hypokinetic. At the other extreme, the macroscopic and precise identification that magnetic resonance can offer us, with its abilities of tissue characterization, measurement of size, and transmural extent of infarction (delayed enhancement), allows us a better characterization of myocardial viability.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical and physiological markers for determination of the infarct size. Modified from Kaul.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Technique of magnetic resonance for evaluation of viability</title>
        <p>Several techniques of magnetic resonance imaging can be used for the evaluation of myocardial viability, some still without clinical applicability.</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Spectroscopy can be used to evaluate the cellular metabolites and analyze whether the integrity of the myocytes is present or not.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Sodium imaging by magnetic resonance, in turn, may also be a method to differentiate viable from infarcted muscle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and was recently used in volunteers for evaluation of viable muscle with 3-Tesla magnetic resonance. These two techniques have primary limitations in current days due to low signal-to-noise ratio, low spatial resolution, and exceedingly long time for acquisition.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The use of T1 and T2 images and maps can assist us in the evaluation of myocardial edema and infarction and, in some situations in the areas at risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> However, these techniques also have some limitations, the main one related to the fact that changes in T1 or T2 are not specific to detect viability and possible potential for recovery of contractility.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The use of cine magnetic resonance (cine MRI) can assist in the assessment of segmental and global contractility, or even parietal segmental thickness. These data continue to be of great importance, but there are studies, such as that of Perrone-Filardi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> that have demonstrated that viable muscle may be present in segments with significant parietal thinning. We may also use stressor agents such as dobutamine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> adenosine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> regadenoson,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and dipyridamole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> to assess contractile (cine MRI) or perfusional (first-pass perfusion) alterations, respectively, or even perform combined protocols for multimodal assessment of the myocardium.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Even with all of the sequences described above, the gold standard in magnetic resonance for the assessment of myocardial viability is the delayed myocardial enhancement study, as discussed below.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Delayed myocardial enhancement</title>
        <p>Studies of delayed myocardial enhancement using T1-weighted magnetic resonance techniques have been reported in the literature since the mid-1980s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> This approach is simple and based on the assumption that infarcted tissue or tissue with increased extracellular space accumulates gadolinium and appears with increased signal on magnetic resonance images (hyperintense signal), mainly in the images acquired 10 minutes after infusion of the contrast medium.</p>
        <p>Initially, the shades of gray and white representing the normal and infarcted muscle overlapped due to the inability of the old sequences in detecting lesions with mild to moderate contrast accumulation. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> and Simonetti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> developed a technique able to override gray muscle (normal), highlighting the muscle that accumulates the contrast (infarcted muscle). This technique is currently used on a large scale and is part of all protocols of cardiac examination by magnetic resonance. This has enabled high-resolution images of acute and chronic infarction, demonstrating a high correlation with histopathological studies and virtually equal measurement of myocardial size and viability (myocytes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Image acquisition and use of intravenous contrast</title>
        <p>The acquisition of delayed contrast-enhanced images is relatively simple and does not require pharmacological or physical stress. Using only a peripheral venous line, we can perform infusion of the intravenous contrast medium gadolinium. After obtaining the scout images, we perform a global and segmental functional study of the right and left ventricle with the cine MRI technique (see specific section). We can, at this moment, infuse gadolinium 0.10 or 0.20 mmol/kg and, after approximately 10 minutes, acquire images of viability (delayed enhancement) of the myocardium in the short, long two-chamber, and outflow axes, as the acquisition of the cine MRI images. Each acquisition of delayed enhancement takes approximately 10 seconds and one apnea, with the entire examination taking an average of 30 minutes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Example of acquisition steps from a protocol for viability/infarction by magnetic resonance. Modified from Weinsaft et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Delayed enhancement is a technique that can be acquired in different ways, such as 2D, 3D, gradient-echo or inversion-recovery techniques, in addition to those performed in apnea or free breathing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> The best technique is chosen and adapted depending on the clinical condition of the patient, the manufacturer of the available equipment, and the experience of the local group.</p>
        <p>In practice, an assessment of delayed enhancement (viability) with a short and objective protocol can also be carried out. With this, we are able to abolish the use of cine MRI images and infuse gadolinium alone, acquiring the delayed contrast-enhanced images, which can take only 15 - 20 minutes to be carried out.</p>
        <p>Another important factor is the knowledge about the different contrasts used. We currently have approximately 10 different types of gadolinium on the market, and many of them have not been tested for cardiac use, even though they are routinely used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> The most frequently used ones are gadopentetate dimeglumine, gadodiamide, gadoversetamide, and gadoterate meglumine. There is an increasing need for the administration of lower doses of these contrasts to avoid possible adverse effects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> In this case, we must always carry out the CMR with the principle of the lowest possible dose in order to establish a diagnosis.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gadolinium-based contrasts currently used</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Agent</th>
                <th align="center">Name</th>
                <th align="center">Manufacturer</th>
                <th align="center">Recommended dose</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadopentetate Dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA2)</td>
                <td align="center">Magnevist&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">Bayer Healthcare</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 mmol/kg (0.2 mL/Kg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadodiamide (Gd-DTPA-BMA)</td>
                <td align="center">Omniscan&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">GE Healthcare</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 mmol/kg (0.2 mL/Kg)0.05 mmol/kg (0.1 mL/Kg)&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadoversetamide (Gd-DTPA-BMEA)</td>
                <td align="center">OptiMark&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">Mallinckrodt</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 mmol/kg (0.2 mL/Kg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadoteridol</td>
                <td align="center">ProHance&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">Bracco Diagnostics</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 mmol/kg (0.2 mL/Kg)Additional dose of 0.2 mmol/kg (0.4 mL/Kg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadobenate Dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA)</td>
                <td align="center">MultiHance&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">Bracco Diagnostics</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 mmol/kg (0.2 mL/Kg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadobutrol (Gd-DO3A-butrol)</td>
                <td align="center">Gadavist&#174;Gadovist&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">Bayer Healthcare</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 mmol/kg (0.1 mL/Kg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadofosveset trisodium</td>
                <td align="center">Ablavar&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">Lantheus Medcl</td>
                <td align="center">0.03 mmol/kg (0.12 mL/Kg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadoxetate disodium</td>
                <td align="center">Eovist&#174;Primovist&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">Bayer Healthcare</td>
                <td align="center">0.025 mmol/kg (0.1 mL/Kg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadobenate Dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA- Dimeglumine)</td>
                <td align="center">Viewgam&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">M.R. Pharma S.A. / Alko do Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 mmol/kg (0.2 mL/Kg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gadoterate Meglumine (Gd-HP-DOTA)</td>
                <td align="center">Dotarem&#174;Artirem&#174;</td>
                <td align="center">Guerbet</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 mmol/kg (0.2 mL/Kg)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Other agents have been previously tested but are currently not available in the market: Mangafodipir Trisodium (Teslascan&#174;; GE Healthcare) and Ferumoxides (Feridex&#174;; Amag Pharms). Modified from Nacif et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantification of myocardial infarction and prediction of improvement in contractility (viability)</title>
        <p>Clinical and animals studies have shown that areas with high signal intensity in the technique of delayed enhancement are highly reproducible when compared with the pathology, especially if the inversion time is properly used. In an animal model, Amado et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> demonstrated a close correlation between the histopathology and the technique of delayed enhancement (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.94, p &lt; 0.001). These findings have also been identified with high reproducibility in the clinical setting in acute<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> and chronic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> infarction.</p>
        <p>The assessment of viability by magnetic resonance may be performed by a dichotomous approach, strengthened by the Brazilian guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In accordance with the clinical definition, viability is deemed as present when below 50% of the area of the affected segment, and absent when greater than 50%. We know that this is a categorization of an almost linear phenomenon and that the smaller the necrosis, the greater the probability of improvement in contractility of the segment after revascularization. The reverse is also true, since the greater the necrosis, the smaller the probability of contractile recovery after revascularization.</p>
        <p>In addition to assessment and quantification of fibrosis/global viability, CMR routinely evaluates the potential of contractile recovery in a segmental manner, attempting to characterize the 17 segments of the left ventricle. We divide the groups of quantification of delayed enhancement into five, according to the probability of contractile recovery of the studied segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>):<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Examples of five different groups of quantification of delayed enhancement, noting that for magnetic resonance, the quantification occurs in a continuum and the potential of viability should be discussed and not just treated as a present or absent dichotomous variable.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The first is the myocardium without any delayed enhancement, <italic>i.e.</italic>, zero fibrosis/infarction, with a high probability (around 80%) of contractile improvement.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The second comprises a group with 1 - 25% of the area of the segment with delayed enhancement. In this group, the probability of improvement decreases to 60%.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The third group includes between 26 - 50% of delayed enhancement, compromising the cardiac muscle, with a probability of improvement in contractility after revascularization of around 40%.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The fourth group has 51 - 75% of compromised muscle and may present an improvement in contractility in up to 10% of the cases. In this group, we believe that the decision between revascularization and clinical treatment should be widely discussed. The risks of angioplasty or surgery may outweigh the benefits of revascularization, and this depends greatly on the experience and structure of each institution.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The fifth group comprises those having more than 75% of the area of the myocardial segment compromised, with the potential of contractile recovery of less than 1%.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>In addition to this segmental evaluation, we must consider a probabilistic issue related to a certain degree of biological uncertainty, but which we can apply to the 17 segments of the left ventricle. This should be done because the importance will lie in the degree of global systolic functional improvement of the left ventricular ejection fraction. In this way, the improvement in the global function after revascularization may be predicted with great accuracy when considering the threshold of at least 10 viable or normal segments among the 17 segments of the left ventricle according to the classification of the American Heart Association (AHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medical report of magnetic resonance</title>
        <p>The report of a study of myocardial viability must necessarily include the measurement of the left ventricular mass, quantify the area of fibrosis and the transmural extent of infarction, and identify the 17 segments of the left ventricle, according to the studies of Cerqueira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> in order to facilitate the correlation with other imaging methods.</p>
        <p>There are several ways to quantify myocardial fibrosis, all of which with scientific value, with some applications being more accurate than others. We encourage the description in the report of the method used to quantify the fibrosis, which may be visual (qualitative)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> or by means of a manual software (planimetry),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> semiautomatic (with manual correction)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> or automatic (without any manual correction).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As already well studied and characterized by the MESA (<italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic>) study in the work by Rizzi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref> several techniques are mostly used to quantify the infarction. We have the visual technique, planimetry (manual), the techniques of standard deviation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> full-width half maximum (FWHM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> and the possible correction of the image noise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref> We must remember that all scientific studies exclude images with low technical quality and with artifacts from breathing or acquisition of images, not being possible the analysis by these techniques. Of course, the semiautomatic analysis with manual correction and discard of artifacts becomes the method of choice for quantifying fibrosis and infarction in the day-to-day clinical setting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Based on the information described above, we believe that a good way of visualizing such data in the medical reports is the use of polar maps - Bull's Eyes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>) - to facilitate the explanation of the findings identified by a medical specialist and the understanding of the attending physician.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Example of a polar map that can be used in medical reports.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ischemic acute myocardial disease</title>
        <p>In the setting of acute illness, rapid myocardial reperfusion prevents the death of viable muscle and improves the ejection fraction and the long-term prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> Even after a successful reperfusion, myocardial dysfunction may persist. It is important to distinguish whether this is related to the necrosis or to myocardium stunning. The differentiation between these two clinical situations is of great importance because a stunned muscle must have a significant functional and clinical improvement after coronary reperfusion, either by angioplasty or surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>CMR has the ability to differentiate these two clinical situations using the technique of delayed enhancement. This concept was very well studied in the work of Choi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> in which all patients underwent delayed enhancement up to 7 days after the infarction and a second examination between 8 to 12 weeks. In this study, the absence or presence of small foci of delayed enhancement on the analysis of the transmural extent of infarction was able to significantly predict segmental and global functional improvement (p &lt; 0.001). Other studies had very similar results, and we believe that the use of CMR in post-infarction must be routinely encouraged.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In addition to the ability to characterize the infarction, the technique of delayed enhancement is able to modify in practice some diagnosis in our day-to-day clinical setting. As an example, it is relatively common for patients with suspected infarction and normal catheterization to have a definitive etiologic diagnosis demonstrated by CMR, such as myocarditis, vasospasm with reperfusion or, in other cases, small myocardial infarctions caused by occlusion of small vessels undetected in the first analysis on catheterization (in various situations, the report of the catheterization had to be changed after CMR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>, we suggest an algorithm for the use of delayed enhancement in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algorithm for magnetic resonance use in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. Based on the presence or absence of signs on cardiac catheterization defining the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and its location and the presence of alterations in markers of myocardial necrosis, the findings from the CMR may lead to a definitive diagnosis of myocardial injury. MI: myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; CATH: catheterization; DE: delayed enhancement; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle. Modified from Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Chronic ischemic myocardial disease</title>
        <p>For over 14 years, magnetic resonance with the technique of delayed enhancement has been used in patients with chronic ischemic disease. The work of Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> demonstrated the importance of this technique in predicting segmental and global functional improvement after revascularization by surgery or angioplasty.</p>
        <p>The transmural extent of infarction is currently of high efficacy to identify those patients who will or will not respond to revascularization. CMR must be used routinely in centers that have this technology.</p>
        <p>In a study published by Schvartzman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> the inverse relationship between the transmural extent and functional recovery after revascularization was significant (p &lt; 0.002).</p>
        <p>Based on these data, we consider as not being important the use of cutoff values, as currently used, dichotomizing the viability over 50% of the transmural extent as non-viable muscle and results inferior to that as viable muscle. We believe that this is not physiological and may harm some patients who could respond to revascularization even when more than 50% of the transmural extent is affected, since each segment may have an interdependent microcirculation with a certain degree of functional improvement.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Chronic cardiac failure</title>
        <p>When we think of treatment for ischemic disease, we must also include chronic cases of patients with established cardiac failure who depend on the optimization of the clinical treatment.</p>
        <p>The use of delayed enhancement and measurement of the transmural extent of infarction has been demonstrated to be a great predictor of response to clinical treatment. In the work by Bello et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> magnetic resonance was used in patients with chronic cardiac failure and an ejection fraction of 26 &#177; 11% before and after 6 months of therapy with beta-blockers. These authors demonstrated improvement in myocardial remodeling and global and segmental function of viable segments.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Viability and the STICH study</title>
        <p>One of the major criticisms in academia regarding the design of the STICH (<italic>Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure</italic>) study was the lack of use of magnetic resonance imaging in the identification of myocardial viability since this is a method currently proved to have great reproducibility and increased accuracy. The study randomized patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who randomly underwent myocardial revascularization or clinical treatment. This scientific design prevents the confusion between medical decision and clinical condition of the patients, and has a great statistical ability to identify the real benefit of choosing between one or other therapy. Unfortunately, even using methods known in the literature such as stress echocardiography and myocardial scintigraphy, the study of viability by these two methods had no ability to identify patients who would benefit from the therapy. Therefore, the STICH study was a negative study for the concept of analysis of viability, which left open the possibility of this hypothesis being tested by magnetic resonance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The viability by CMR has been tested, and the results were very different from the STICH study. One of the main studies published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> showed that the viability, as detected by CMR, was of great importance in differentiating the group with ischemic cardiomyopathy and severe dysfunction of the left ventricle who would benefit from myocardial revascularization. Currently, CMR should be performed in all patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dysfunction for characterization of myocardial viability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Magnetic resonance is able to assess the myocardial viability through a series of different techniques and methods. These techniques can assess metabolic, functional, and morphological alterations and tissue characteristics, in addition to evaluating cellular viability.</p>
      <p>The technique most widely used and with the greatest potential for clinical use is delayed myocardial enhancement. This technique is able to identify in a simple and objective way areas of hyperintense signal in the myocardium after administration of the contrast agent, with excellent histologic correlation to characterize areas with infarction/fibrosis.</p>
      <p>The technique of delayed enhancement can evaluate myocardial viability not only by a dichotomization between absent and present but also by an almost linear continuum based on the ability of each tissue to recover the contractile capacity.</p>
      <p>In addition to the viability, the delayed myocardial enhancement has the ability to detect occult infarcts, characterize lesions that increase markers of myocardial necrosis, and establish an etiological diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, and it may predict an arrhythmogenic potential and risk of death in patients with ischemic or nonischemic myocardiopathy.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Scientific Research submitted by Ana Luiza Mansur Souto, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Radiologia Cl&#237;nica - Hospital Vivalle - Rede D&#180;Or - S&#227;o Luiz, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Souto Nacif</bold>, Av. S&#226;o Jo&#227;o 2400 apto 232B. CEP 12242-000, Jd das Colinas, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>msnacif@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>msnacif@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Nacif MS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Souto ALM, Nacif MS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Souto ALM, Souto RM, Nacif MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Souto ALM, Souto RM, Teixeira ICR, Nacif MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O estudo de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia para a orienta&#231;&#227;o e manejo de pacientes que necessitam de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou angioplastia. A t&#233;cnica de realce tardio (RT) &#233; precisa e transformou o estudo de viabilidade em um teste f&#225;cil, n&#227;o s&#243; para a detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose, mas tamb&#233;m como um modelo bin&#225;rio para a detec&#231;&#227;o do que &#233; ou n&#227;o &#233; vi&#225;vel. Uma fibrose identificada pelo RT &#233; considerada como n&#227;o vi&#225;vel quando igual ou maior do que 50% da &#225;rea segmentar e como vi&#225;vel quando menor que 50%. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) tamb&#233;m pode lan&#231;ar m&#227;o de outras t&#233;cnicas para estudo funcional e de perfus&#227;o para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o global da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o no mesmo exame. Este estudo tem como objetivo destacar os conceitos atuais e enfatizar amplamente o uso da RMC como um m&#233;todo que nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos se tornou refer&#234;ncia na detec&#231;&#227;o de infarto e avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio / metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobreviv&#234;ncia de Tecidos</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) se estabeleceu como um m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Em um protocolo r&#225;pido, podemos acessar anatomia, fun&#231;&#227;o, caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual, perfus&#227;o e viabilidade, com excelente resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e qualidade de imagens. A RMC utiliza diferentes t&#233;cnicas para avaliar a viabilidade, e a t&#233;cnica do realce tardio, <italic>per se,</italic> &#233; atualmente um padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para esta finalidade.</p>
        <p>A precisa determina&#231;&#227;o entre m&#250;sculo mioc&#225;rdico com ou sem viabilidade &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia na condu&#231;&#227;o de um paciente com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O m&#250;sculo vi&#225;vel possui potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e, por isso, um paciente com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode melhorar sua capacidade funcional ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e consequentemente, ter uma melhor sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um m&#250;sculo infartado, mesmo no infarto silencioso (oculto), pois este tecido pode ser substrato para taquiarritmia ventricular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> tornando-se uma das mais importantes causas de morte s&#250;bita.</p>
        <p>A RMC apresenta um estado de desenvolvimento cont&#237;nuo e novas ferramentas se somam a cada ano para melhorar esta j&#225; potente tecnologia.</p>
        <p>Este artigo tem por objetivo destacar os conceitos atuais e, de forma ampla, ressaltar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da RMC como um m&#233;todo que se tornou ao longo dos &#250;ltimos 20 anos uma refer&#234;ncia na detec&#231;&#227;o de infarto e avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>A fisiopatologia do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pela RMC</title>
          <p>A alta resolu&#231;&#227;o da RMC transportou o conceito da transmuralidade do infarto da teoria estabelecida em estudos experimentais para a realidade cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Como ilustrado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>), o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; o maior determinante da transmuralidade do infarto. Em um modelo canino, uma oclus&#227;o coronariana inferior a 20 minutos promove altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade regional, sem les&#227;o permanente ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. O infarto propriamente dito se desenvolve posteriormente e ocorre sempre do subendoc&#225;rdio para o epic&#225;rdio. O subendoc&#225;rdio &#233; a regi&#227;o mais vulner&#225;vel metabolicamente e que requer maior n&#237;vel de oxigena&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 3 - 6 horas de oclus&#227;o coronariana, o infarto atinge sua transmuralidade caso n&#227;o haja reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A dura&#231;&#227;o da isquemia &#233; o maior determinante do tamanho do infarto e de sua transmuralidade. Modificado de Arai et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Outros fatores podem modular a transmuralidade de um infarto e o seu tamanho. A maioria desses fatores est&#225; associada ao aumento da demanda de oxig&#234;nio ao mi&#243;cito. Nos pacientes hipertensos, taquic&#225;rdicos, ou com altos n&#237;veis de catecolaminas circulantes, podemos observar um efeito acelerador no estabelecimento do infarto, causando les&#245;es maiores do que em pacientes sem estas condi&#231;&#245;es. Quando existe comprometimento do n&#237;vel de oxigena&#231;&#227;o do mi&#243;cito em situa&#231;&#245;es como anemia, hip&#243;xia ou intoxica&#231;&#227;o por mon&#243;xido de carbono, tamb&#233;m teremos com maior frequ&#234;ncia um estabelecimento de infartos s&#250;bitos e maiores. Na presen&#231;a de colaterais, o contr&#225;rio ir&#225; acontecer, como um efeito protetor: a presen&#231;a de colaterais poder&#225; reduzir o tamanho do infarto. O mesmo acontece quando existem ataques subsequentes e curtos em uma situa&#231;&#227;o denominada de pr&#233;-condi&#231;&#227;o (<italic>ischemic preconditioning</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Tratamentos medicamentosos (betabloqueadores), tromb&#243;lise e/ou reperfus&#227;o adequada por angioplastia podem modificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de oclus&#227;o da coron&#225;ria e o tamanho final do infarto. O problema atual &#233; que muitos trabalhos demonstraram isto no modelo animal, mas falharam nesta demonstra&#231;&#227;o em estudos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
          <p>Concordamos com Arai<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> quando ele questiona os resultados finais destes estudos, pois no modelo animal, a redu&#231;&#227;o do infarto foi medida como uma fra&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de risco. A &#225;rea de risco &#233; a por&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio que foi hipoperfundida durante a oclus&#227;o coronariana e que n&#227;o "morreu" (infartou). Alguns estudos tentaram utilizar o sestamibi na sala de emerg&#234;ncia para avaliar a &#225;rea de risco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> mas n&#227;o conseguiram. Consideramos este desfecho um problema metodol&#243;gico. A RMC deve ser utilizada nesta situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, pois n&#227;o possui interfer&#234;ncia de decaimento do radiotra&#231;ador ao longo da semana e do tempo e pode, al&#233;m de utilizar a t&#233;cnica do realce tardio para quantificar o tamanho do infarto, lan&#231;ar m&#227;o da t&#233;cnica do T2 (edema) para avaliar a &#225;rea de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m de evid&#234;ncias da exist&#234;ncia de algum n&#237;vel de regenera&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> o cen&#225;rio final ap&#243;s uma les&#227;o induzida por hip&#243;xia a longo prazo &#233; a substitui&#231;&#227;o do tecido por fibrose, definida como fibrose de substitui&#231;&#227;o. Nesta fibrose, a &#225;rea do infarto &#233; substituida por uma cicatriz contendo col&#225;geno, e nesta &#225;rea n&#227;o existem prote&#237;nas ou estruturas necess&#225;rias para uma contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar normal. No entanto, o processo de regenera&#231;&#227;o e o tamanho do infarto podem influenciar a possibilidade do infarto desenvolver altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar. Isto &#233;, um pequeno infarto (&lt; 25% da &#225;rea do segmento) provavelmente n&#227;o levar&#225; a altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica; por outro lado, um grande infarto (&gt; 75% da &#225;rea do segmento) ir&#225; promover uma hipocinesia/acinesia segmentar ou regional. Sendo assim, n&#227;o s&#243; a detec&#231;&#227;o do infarto como presente ou ausente &#233; essencial, mas t&#227;o importante quanto isto &#233; o tamanho do infarto. Sendo assim, esta substitui&#231;&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia do mecanismo actina-miosina tecidual promovem perda da contra&#231;&#227;o e das propriedades diast&#243;licas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> que podem ou n&#227;o ser macroscopicamente indetect&#225;veis pela capacidade contr&#225;til dos tecidos vizinhos e pela regenera&#231;&#227;o induzida no segmento.</p>
          <p>O mais importante &#233; que a RMC, com a t&#233;cnica do realce tardio, pode detectar infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (fibrose) n&#227;o detectado por avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou por outros m&#233;todos como o ECG, ecocardiografia e cintilografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Este conhecimento &#233; um diferencial, pois mesmo &#225;reas muito pequenas de realce tardio positivo, como aproximadamente 1% da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, possuem grandes implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel significa a presen&#231;a de mi&#243;citos vivos e isto &#233; independente da exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ou da responsividade do m&#250;sculo a est&#237;mulos externos. Por isso, j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecida a desconex&#227;o entre mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel e seu padr&#227;o de contratilidade, com v&#225;rios estudos demonstrando que o m&#250;sculo vi&#225;vel poderia estar hipocin&#233;tico por miocardiopatia cr&#244;nica devido a hipoperfus&#227;o ou miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A pesquisa da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica &#233; indicada em pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, e o interesse nesta situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; saber se um eventual procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o promover&#225; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Neste caso, o potencial de melhora contr&#225;til depender&#225; de duas condi&#231;&#245;es: primeiro, o m&#250;sculo deve estar vivo (aus&#234;ncia de realce tardio); segundo, o m&#250;sculo deve estar isqu&#234;mico, sendo este o mecanismo da disfun&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, fala-se em viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica se um m&#250;sculo hipocin&#233;tico ou acin&#233;tico apresenta &#225;reas sem necrose cujo suprimento coronariano &#233; conhecidamente reduzido. Com isto, devemos imaginar que um procedimento que restaure o fluxo sangu&#237;neo seja um procedimento que retire o mioc&#225;rdio de um estado de hiberna&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os termos mioc&#225;rdio "atordoado" e "hibernante" s&#227;o utilizados para descrever este fen&#244;meno de uma condi&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel, por&#233;m com disfun&#231;&#227;o. O fen&#244;meno revers&#237;vel do mioc&#225;rdio atordoado &#233; identificado quando a disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til se instala durante isquemia aguda e intensa, persistindo mesmo ap&#243;s restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano, caracteristicamente por um per&#237;odo de dias a semanas. J&#225; o fen&#244;meno revers&#237;vel do mioc&#225;rdio hibernante &#233; identificado quando a disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til se instala durante isquemia cr&#244;nica n&#227;o suficientemente intensa para causar necrose celular. Neste caso o fen&#244;meno enquadra-se na concep&#231;&#227;o hipot&#233;tica de mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos capazes de induzir ajuste de acoplamento perfus&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o, em n&#237;vel muito baixo de ambos, reduzindo sua contratilidade devido &#224; baixa oxigena&#231;&#227;o e evitando sua morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Digno de nota tamb&#233;m foi a demonstra&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; em 1998, da capacidade da RMC de detectar e quantificar a &#225;rea de obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular (<italic>no-reflow</italic>) associada ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular &#233; um marcador de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica grave que tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado a um pior progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Infelizmente, a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica ainda est&#225; muito associada &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til segmentar ou regional e ainda &#233; muito utilizada no racioc&#237;nio dos cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos quando pensam em potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, muito provavelmente porque a ecocardiografia &#233; o m&#233;todo mais utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Com isto, demonstramos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> as condi&#231;&#245;es que podem causar disfun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas regionais e podem, de certa forma, mascarar ou dificultar um diagn&#243;stico de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as condi&#231;&#245;es que podem causar disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica regional</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdioN&#227;o transmural</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdioTransmural</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mioc&#225;rdio atordoado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mioc&#225;rdio hibernardo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Remodelamento p&#243;s-infarto</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Miocardiopatias n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Perfus&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal ou reduzida dependendo da exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o adequada ou de obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal ou reduzida dependendo da exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o adequada ou de obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal por defini&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido por defini&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzida</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzida por&#233;m revers&#237;vel com a restaura&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o (horas ou semanas)</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzida por&#233;m revers&#237;vel com a restaura&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o (pode levar meses para recuperar)</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzida</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal ou reduzida(dependendo do percentual da &#225;rea acometida)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Metabolismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal ou reduzido (baixa capta&#231;&#227;o do FDG)</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido (baixa capta&#231;&#227;o do FDG)</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o reduzido (alta capta&#231;&#227;o do FDG)</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o reduzido (alta capta&#231;&#227;o do FDG, mismatch perfus&#227;o-metabolismo)</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal ou reduzido (baixa capta&#231;&#227;o do FDG)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Histologia</td>
                  <td align="center">Fibrose de substitui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Fibrose de substitui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Mi&#243;citos normais</td>
                  <td align="center">Pode ser normal ou apresentar um certo grau de diferencia&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos, com perda e desarranjo de elementos celulares</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertrofia, dilata&#231;&#227;o e distor&#231;&#227;o arquitetural de fibras mioc&#225;rdicas</td>
                  <td align="center">Fibrose de substitui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Realce Tardio</td>
                  <td align="center">Realce tardio no subendoc&#225;rdio (&lt; 50% da &#225;rea do segmento). Geralmente em um territ&#243;rio coronariano a menos que haja m&#250;ltiplos infartos ou o paciente tenha se submetido a cirurgia com coloca&#231;&#227;o de enxerto</td>
                  <td align="center">Realce tardio transmural que pode comprometer do subendoc&#225;rdio ao epic&#225;rdio (&gt; 50% da &#225;rea do segmento). Geralmente em um territ&#243;rio coronariano a menos que haja m&#250;ltiplos infartos ou o paciente tenha se submetido a cirurgia com coloca&#231;&#227;o de enxerto</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal a n&#227;o ser que exista uma combina&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio atordoado e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal a n&#227;o ser que exista uma combina&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio hibernardo e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">Negativo (disfun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio remoto a um grande infarto), por isso vi&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">Vari&#225;vel, melhor identificado como mesoc&#225;rdico, epic&#225;rdico, difuso ou at&#233; negativo</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Tabela modificada de Arai.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica &#233; a consequ&#234;ncia mais frequente de uma oclus&#227;o coronariana levando a um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Neste contexto, uma s&#233;rie de par&#226;metros podem ser utilizados para detectar se realmente existiu um infarto e quanto do territ&#243;rio infartado pode ser salvo. Em uma revis&#227;o, Kaul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> resumiu os marcadores de infarto mais precisos, classificando-os de menos a mais precisos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>). Por exemplo, a presen&#231;a isolada de altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o prov&#234; informa&#231;&#227;o sobre presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de infarto, pois o m&#250;sculo hibernante ou atordoado pode ser vi&#225;vel, por&#233;m hipocin&#233;tico. No outro extremo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica e precisa que a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica pode nos oferecer com a sua capacidade de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual, mensura&#231;&#227;o do tamanho e transmuralidade do infarto (realce tardio) nos possibilita uma melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Marcadores cl&#237;nicos e fisiol&#243;gicos para determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto. Modificado de Kaul.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica para avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade</title>
          <p>S&#227;o v&#225;rias as t&#233;cnicas de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica que podemos utilizar para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, algumas ainda sem aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
          <p>A espectroscopia pode ser utilizada para avaliar os metab&#243;litos celulares e analisar se existe ou n&#227;o integridade dos mi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> J&#225; a imagem de s&#243;dio pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica tamb&#233;m pode ser um m&#233;todo capaz de diferenciar o m&#250;sculo vi&#225;vel do infartado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e foi recentemente utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;sculo vi&#225;vel de volunt&#225;rios em aparelho de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de 3 Tesla. Estas duas t&#233;cnicas possuem limita&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;rias nos dias atuais devido ao baixo sinal-ru&#237;do, &#224; baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e ao tempo muito longo para aquisi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o das imagens e dos mapas de T1 e T2 podem nos auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o do edema mioc&#225;rdico e do infarto e em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es nas &#225;reas de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> No entanto, estas t&#233;cnicas tamb&#233;m possuem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es e a principal est&#225; relacionada ao fato de que mudan&#231;as no T1 ou T2 n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas para detectar viabilidade e poss&#237;vel potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade.</p>
          <p>O uso da cine-resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (cine-RM) pode auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar e global, ou at&#233; da espessura parietal segmentar. Estes dados continuam sendo de grande import&#226;ncia, mas existem estudos como o de Perrone-Filardi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> que demonstrou que m&#250;sculo vi&#225;vel pode estar presente em segmentos com importante afilamento parietal. Tamb&#233;m podemos utilizar os agentes estressores como dobutamina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> adenosina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> regadenoson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e dipiridamol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> para avaliar altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til (cine-RM) ou perfusional (perfus&#227;o de primeira passagem), respectivamente, ou at&#233; realizar protocolos combinados para avalia&#231;&#227;o multimodal do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          <p>Mesmo com todas as sequ&#234;ncias acima descritas, o padr&#227;o-ouro da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica na avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica &#233; o estudo do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico, como veremos a seguir.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico</title>
          <p>Os estudos do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico utilizando t&#233;cnicas de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica ponderadas em T1 t&#234;m sido relatados na literatura desde a metade dos anos 80.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Esta abordagem &#233; simples e se fundamenta na hip&#243;tese de que tecidos infartados ou com aumento do espa&#231;o extracelular acumulam gadol&#237;nio e aparecem com sinal elevado nas imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (hipersinal), principalmente nas imagens adquiridas ap&#243;s 10 minutos da infus&#227;o do meio de contraste.</p>
          <p>Inicialmente, os tons de cinza com branco representando o m&#250;sculo normal e o infartado se sobrepunham devido &#224; incapacidade das antigas sequ&#234;ncias de detectar les&#245;es com leve a moderado ac&#250;mulo de contraste. No final da d&#233;cada de 90 e in&#237;cio dos anos 2000, Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> e Simonetti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> desenvolveram uma t&#233;cnica capaz de anular o m&#250;sculo cinza (normal), real&#231;ando o m&#250;sculo que havia acumulado contraste (m&#250;sculo infartado). Esta t&#233;cnica &#233; atualmente utilizada em ampla escala e faz parte de todos os protocolos de exames card&#237;acos por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Isto possibilitou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de imagens com alta resolu&#231;&#227;o de infartos agudos e cr&#244;nicos, demonstrando alta correla&#231;&#227;o com estudos histopatol&#243;gicos e virtualmente igual mensura&#231;&#227;o do tamanho e da viabilidade do mioc&#225;rdio (mi&#243;citos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens e uso do contraste endovenoso</title>
          <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens de realce tardio &#233; relativamente simples e n&#227;o necessita estresse farmacol&#243;gico ou f&#237;sico. Utilizando apenas uma pun&#231;&#227;o venosa perif&#233;rica, podemos fazer a infus&#227;o do meio de contraste endovenoso gadol&#237;nio. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o das imagens localizadoras, realizamos o estudo funcional global e segmentar do ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo pela t&#233;cnica de cine-RM (ver trecho espec&#237;fico). Podemos, neste momento, fazer a infus&#227;o do gadol&#237;nio 0,10 ou 0,20 mmol/kg e, ap&#243;s aproximadamente 10 minutos, adquirir imagens da viabilidade (realce tardio) do mioc&#225;rdio nos eixos curto, longo duas c&#226;maras e via de sa&#237;da, conforme a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens de cine-RM. Cada aquisi&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio requer aproximadamente 10 segundos e uma apneia, e o exame total demora em m&#233;dia 30 minutos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Exemplifica&#231;&#227;o das etapas para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o em protocolo de viabilidade/infarto pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Modificado de Weinsaft et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O realce tardio &#233; uma t&#233;cnica que pode ser adquirida de diversas formas, como por exemplo, 2D, 3D e t&#233;cnicas gradiente-eco ou por invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m das realizadas em apneia ou em respira&#231;&#227;o livre.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> A melhor t&#233;cnica &#233; escolhida e adaptada na depend&#234;ncia do estado cl&#237;nico do paciente, do fabricante do aparelho dispon&#237;vel e da experi&#234;ncia do grupo local.</p>
          <p>Na pr&#225;tica, tamb&#233;m pode ser realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio (viabilidade) com um protocolo curto e objetivo. Com isto, podemos abolir o uso das imagens em cine-RM e fazer apenas a infus&#227;o do gadol&#237;nio e adquirir as imagens de realce tardio, o que pode levar apenas 15 - 20 minutos para ser realizado.</p>
          <p>Outro fator importante &#233; o conhecimento sobre os diferentes contrastes utilizados. Atualmente, temos aproximadamente 10 diferentes tipos de gadol&#237;nio no mercado e muitos deles n&#227;o foram testados para uso card&#237;aco, apesar de serem rotineiramente utilizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Os mais frequentemente utilizados s&#227;o o gadopentetato de dimeglumina, gadodiamida, gadoversetamida e o gadoterato de meglumina. Existe uma necessidade cada vez maior de administrarmos menores doses destes contrastes para evitarmos poss&#237;veis efeitos adversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Neste caso, devemos realizar a RMC sempre com o princ&#237;pio da menor dose poss&#237;vel para se fazer o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contrastes a base de gadol&#237;nio atualmente utilizados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Agente</th>
                  <th align="center">Nome</th>
                  <th align="center">Fabricante</th>
                  <th align="center">Dose recomendada</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadopentetato de Dimeglumina (Gd-DTPA2)</td>
                  <td align="center">Magnevist&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">Bayer Healthcare</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 mmol/kg (0,2 mL/kg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadodiamida (Gd-DTPA-BMA)</td>
                  <td align="center">Omniscan&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">GE Healthcare</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 mmol/kg (0,2 mL/kg)0,05 mmol/kg (0,1 mL/kg)&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadoversetamida (Gd-DTPA-BMEA)</td>
                  <td align="center">OptiMark&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">Mallinckrodt</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 mmol/kg (0,2 mL/kg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadoteridol</td>
                  <td align="center">ProHance&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">Bracco Diagnostics</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 mmol/kg (0,2 mL/kg)Dose adicional de 0,2 mmol/kg (0,4 mL/kg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadobenato de Dimeglumina (Gd-BOPTA)</td>
                  <td align="center">MultiHance&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">Bracco Diagnostics</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 mmol/kg (0,2 mL/kg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadobutrol (Gd-DO3A-butrol)</td>
                  <td align="center">Gadavist&#174;Gadovist&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">Bayer Healthcare</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 mmol/kg (0,1 mL/kg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadofosveset triss&#243;dico</td>
                  <td align="center">Ablavar&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">Lantheus Medcl</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 mmol/kg (0,12 mL/kg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadoxetato diss&#243;dico</td>
                  <td align="center">Eovist&#174;Primovist&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">Bayer Healthcare</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025 mmol/kg (0,1 mL/kg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadopentetato de dimeglumina (Gd-DTPA-Dimeglumina)</td>
                  <td align="center">Viewgam&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">M.R. Pharma S.A. / Alko do Brasil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 mmol/kg (0,2 mL/kg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gadoteratao de Meglumina (Gd-HP-DOTA)</td>
                  <td align="center">Dotarem&#174;Artirem&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">Guerbet</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 mmol/kg (0,2 mL/kg)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Existem outros agentes previamente testados mas que atualmente n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no mercado Mangafodipir Triss&#243;dico (Teslascan&#174;; GE Healthcare) e Ferumoxides (Feridex&#174;; Amag Pharms). Modificado de Nacif et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e predi&#231;&#227;o de melhora contr&#225;til (viabilidade)</title>
          <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos e em animais t&#234;m demonstrado que &#225;reas de alto sinal na t&#233;cnica do realce tardio s&#227;o altamente reprodut&#237;veis quando comparadas com a patologia, principalmente se o tempo de invers&#227;o for corretamente utilizado. Em um modelo animal, Amado et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> demonstraram uma &#237;ntima correla&#231;&#227;o entre a histopatologia e a t&#233;cnica do realce tardio (r<sup>2</sup> = 0,94, p &lt; 0,001). Estes achados tamb&#233;m foram identificados no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico em infarto agudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> e cr&#244;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> com alta reprodutibilidade.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade pela resson&#226;ncia pode ser realizada por uma vertente dicot&#244;mica, uma abordagem fortalecida pelas diretrizes brasileiras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> De acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a viabilidade &#233; vista como presente quando menor do que 50% da &#225;rea do segmento acometido e ausente quando maior do que 50%. Sabemos que isto &#233; uma categoriza&#231;&#227;o de um fen&#244;meno quase linear, e que quanto menor a necrose, maior a probabilidade de melhora contr&#225;til do segmento ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; o inverso &#233; tamb&#233;m verdadeiro, pois quanto maior a necrose, menor ser&#225; a probabilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de fibrose/viabilidade global, a RMC avalia rotineiramente o potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de uma forma segmentar, tentando caracterizar os 17 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Dividimos os grupos da quantifica&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio em cinco, de acordo com a probabilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do segmento em estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>):<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Exemplifica&#231;&#227;o dos cinco diferentes grupos de quantifica&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio, lembrando que para a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; um continuum devendo ser discutido o potencial de viabilidade, que n&#227;o deve ser tratada como um bin&#244;mio (presente ou ausente).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>O primeiro &#233; o mioc&#225;rdio, que n&#227;o possui realce tardio algum, isto &#233;, zero de fibrose/infarto com probabilidade alta (em torno de 80%) de melhora contr&#225;til.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O segundo compreende um grupo que ter&#225; de 1 - 25% da &#225;rea do segmento com realce tardio. Nesse grupo, a probabilidade de melhora reduz para 60%.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O terceiro grupo compreende os que se encontram entre 26 - 50% de realce tardio, comprometendo o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, com probabilidade de melhora da contratilidade ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em torno de 40%.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O quarto grupo possui de 51 -75% de m&#250;sculo comprometido e pode ter uma melhora da contratilidade em at&#233; 10% dos casos. Neste grupo, achamos que a decis&#227;o entre revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e tratamento cl&#237;nico deve ser amplamente discutida. Os riscos da angioplastia ou da cirurgia podem superar os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e isto depende muito da experi&#234;ncia e estrutura de cada institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O quinto grupo compreende os que possuem mais do que 75% da &#225;rea do segmento mioc&#225;rdico comprometido, com potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til inferior a 1%.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Al&#233;m desta avalia&#231;&#227;o segmentar, devemos considerar uma quest&#227;o probabil&#237;stica relacionada a um certo grau de incerteza biol&#243;gica, mas que podemos aplicar aos 17 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Isto deve ser feito pois o importante ser&#225; o grau de melhora funcional sist&#243;lica global com melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Desta forma, a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o global ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pode ser predita com grande acur&#225;cia ao se considerar o limiar de no m&#237;nimo 10 segmentos vi&#225;veis ou normais, entre os 17 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relat&#243;rio m&#233;dico (laudo) de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</title>
          <p>O relat&#243;rio de um estudo de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica precisa obrigatoriamente incluir a medida da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, quantificar a &#225;rea de fibrose, quantificar a transmuralidade do infarto e identificar os 17 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo, conforme os estudos de Cerqueira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> para facilitar a correla&#231;&#227;o com os demais m&#233;todos de imagem.</p>
          <p>S&#227;o diversas as formas de quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e todas elas possuem valor cient&#237;fico com algumas aplica&#231;&#245;es mais precisas do que as outras. Incentivamos a descri&#231;&#227;o no laudo do m&#233;todo utilizado para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose, que pode ser visual (qualitativo)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> ou por meio de <italic>software</italic> manual (planimetria),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> semiautom&#225;tico (com corre&#231;&#227;o manual)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> ou autom&#225;tico (sem nenhuma corre&#231;&#227;o manual).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Como j&#225; bem estudado e caracterizado pelo estudo MESA (<italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic>) no trabalho de Rizzi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref> as t&#233;cnicas mais utilizadas para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do infarto s&#227;o diversas. Temos a t&#233;cnica visual, planimetria (manual), as t&#233;cnicas de desvio padr&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref><italic>full-width half maximum</italic> (FWHM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> e a poss&#237;vel corre&#231;&#227;o do ru&#237;do da imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref> Devemos lembrar que todos os trabalhos cient&#237;ficos excluem as imagens com baixa qualidade t&#233;cnica e com artefatos de respira&#231;&#227;o ou de aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel a an&#225;lise por estas t&#233;cnicas. Naturalmente, a an&#225;lise semiautom&#225;tica com corre&#231;&#227;o manual e descarte dos artefatos se torna o m&#233;todo de escolha para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose e infarto no dia-a-dia cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Baseado nas informa&#231;&#245;es acima descritas, achamos que uma boa forma de visualiza&#231;&#227;o destes dados nos relat&#243;rios m&#233;dicos &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos mapas polares - Bull's Eyes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>) - para facilitar a explica&#231;&#227;o dos achados identificados por um m&#233;dico especialista e o entendimento do m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Exemplifica&#231;&#227;o de um mapa polar que pode ser utilizado nos relat&#243;rios m&#233;dicos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica aguda do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>No cen&#225;rio da doen&#231;a aguda, a r&#225;pida reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica evita morte do m&#250;sculo vi&#225;vel e melhora a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o progn&#243;stico a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> Mesmo ap&#243;s uma reperfus&#227;o bem-sucedida, a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pode persistir. &#201; importante diferenciar se isto est&#225; relacionado &#224; necrose ou ao atordoamento mioc&#225;rdico. A diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre estas duas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia, pois um m&#250;sculo atordoado dever&#225; ter uma melhora funcional e cl&#237;nica significativa ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o coronariana, seja por angioplastia ou cirurgia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A RMC possui a capacidade de diferenciar estas duas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas utilizando a t&#233;cnica do realce tardio. Este conceito foi muito bem estudado no trabalho de Choi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> onde todos os pacientes realizaram o realce tardio at&#233; 7 dias ap&#243;s o infarto e um segundo exame entre 8 a 12 semanas. Neste trabalho, a aus&#234;ncia ou a presen&#231;a de pequenos focos de realce tardio ao se analisar a transmuralidade do infarto (<italic>transmural extent of infarction</italic>
						<italic>-</italic> TEI) foi capaz de predizer a melhora funcional segmentar e global de forma significativa (p &lt; 0,001). Outros estudos tiveram resultados muito semelhantes e acreditamos que o uso da RMC no p&#243;s-infarto deve ser incentivado de forma rotineira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m da capacidade de caracterizar o infarto, a t&#233;cnica do realce tardio pode modificar na pr&#225;tica alguns diagn&#243;sticos no nosso dia-a-dia cl&#237;nico. Como exemplo disso, &#233; relativamente frequente que pacientes com suspeita de infarto e cateterismos normais tenham diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico definitivo demonstrado pela RMC, como miocardite, vasoespasmo com reperfus&#227;o ou, em alguns casos, infartos do mioc&#225;rdio pequenos causados por oclus&#227;o de pequenos vasos n&#227;o detectados &#224; primeira an&#225;lise no cateterismo (em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es, o laudo do cateterismo precisou ser mudado ap&#243;s a RMC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>, sugerimos um algoritmo para utiliza&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio no cen&#225;rio da fase aguda do infarto.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Algoritmo para o uso da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica em pacientes com suspeita de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Baseado na presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de sinais no cateterismo que definam o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e sua localiza&#231;&#227;o e da presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es nos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, os achados da RMC podem levar ao diagn&#243;stica definitivo da agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; CATE: cateterismo; RT: realce tardio; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito. Modificado de Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0458-70056-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>H&#225; mais de 14 anos, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com a t&#233;cnica do realce tardio &#233; utilizada para os pacientes com doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica. O trabalho de Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> demonstrou a import&#226;ncia desta t&#233;cnica ao predizer melhora funcional segmentar e global ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou por angioplastia.</p>
          <p>A transmuralidade do infarto &#233; atualmente de alta efic&#225;cia para identificar os pacientes que ir&#227;o ou n&#227;o responder &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A RMC deve ser utilizada de forma rotineira nos centros que possuem esta tecnologia.</p>
          <p>Em trabalho publicado por Schvartzman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a transmuralidade e a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi significativa (p &lt; 0,002).</p>
          <p>Por estes dados, n&#227;o achamos importante o uso de valores de corte, como atualmente utilizado, que dicotomizam a viabilidade em acima de 50% da transmuralidade para m&#250;sculo n&#227;o vi&#225;vel e, em resultados inferiores a este para m&#250;sculo vi&#225;vel. Acreditamos que isto n&#227;o &#233; fisiol&#243;gico e pode prejudicar alguns pacientes que poderiam responder &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, mesmo com mais de 50% da transmuralidade afetada, j&#225; que cada segmento pode ter uma microcircula&#231;&#227;o interdependente com um certo grau de melhora funcional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</title>
          <p>Quando pensamos em tratamento para doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica, tamb&#233;m precisamos incluir os casos cr&#244;nicos de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca estabelecida e que dependem da otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
          <p>O uso do realce tardio e a mensura&#231;&#227;o da transmuralidade do infarto j&#225; foi demonstrado ser um grande preditor da resposta ao tratamento cl&#237;nico. No trabalho de Bello et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica foi utilizada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 26 &#177; 11%, antes e ap&#243;s 6 meses de terapia com betabloqueador. Estes autores demonstraram melhora do remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico e da fun&#231;&#227;o global e segmentar dos segmentos vi&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Viabilidade e o estudo STICH</title>
          <p>Uma das grandes cr&#237;ticas do meio acad&#234;mico ao desenho do estudo STICH (<italic>Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure</italic>) foi a falta de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica na identifica&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, j&#225; que este &#233; um m&#233;todo atualmente comprovado de grande reprodutibilidade e maior precis&#227;o. O estudo randomizou pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica que se submeteram aleatoriamente &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou tratamento cl&#237;nico. Este desenho cient&#237;fico evita a confus&#227;o entre a decis&#227;o m&#233;dica e a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes e possui grande capacidade estat&#237;stica para identificar o real benef&#237;cio de se optar entre uma ou outra conduta. Infelizmente, mesmo utilizando m&#233;todos consagrados na literatura como a ecocardiografia de estresse e a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, a pesquisa de viabilidade por estes dois m&#233;todos n&#227;o teve capacidade de identificar os pacientes que se beneficiariam da terapia. Portanto, o estudo STICH foi um estudo negativo para o conceito de pesquisa de viabilidade, que deixou aberta a possibilidade desta hip&#243;tese ser testada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A viabilidade pela RMC foi ent&#227;o testada e os resultados foram bem diferentes do estudo STICH. Um dos principais estudos com publica&#231;&#227;o no <italic>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> demonstrou que a viabilidade detectada pela RMC foi de grande import&#226;ncia em diferenciar o grupo com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com disfun&#231;&#227;o severa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo que se beneficiaria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Atualmente, a RMC deve ser realizada em todos os pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica &#233; capaz de avaliar a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s de uma s&#233;rie de diferentes t&#233;cnicas e m&#233;todos. Estas t&#233;cnicas podem avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, funcionais, morfol&#243;gicas e caracter&#237;sticas teciduais, al&#233;m de avaliar a viabilidade celular.</p>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica mais utilizada e com maior potencial de uso cl&#237;nico &#233; o realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico. Este consegue identificar de forma simples e objetiva &#225;reas de hipersinal no mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do meio de contraste e com excelente correla&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica para caracterizar &#225;rea de infarto/fibrose.</p>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica do realce tardio pode avaliar a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o s&#243; pela dicotomiza&#231;&#227;o entre ausente e presente, mas tamb&#233;m por um <italic>continuum</italic> quase linear baseado na capacidade de cada tecido em recuperar a capacidade contr&#225;til.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da viabilidade, o realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico tem a capacidade de detectar infartos ocultos, caracterizar les&#245;es que elevam os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e estabelecer diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico de miocardiopatias, al&#233;m de poder predizer potencial arritmog&#234;nico e risco de morte em pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Inicia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de Ana Luiza Mansur Souto pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
