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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kczGcjFMcgBss8Bhrd6ZNdt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500452</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170043</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005006103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Hipertension</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness as an Early Marker Of Vascular Damage In Hypertensive Children</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sylvestre</surname>
            <given-names>Lucimary de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Varotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pecoits</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini</bold>, Rua Buenos Aires, 764, ap. 601. CEP 80250-070, Batel, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lizavb@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Pecoits Filho R; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Baroncini CV; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Baroncini LAV, Baroncini CV, Pecoits Filho R; Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Baroncini LAV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>4</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>452</fpage>
      <lpage>457</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) correlates with the presence of atherosclerosis in adults and describes vascular abnormalities in both hypertensive children and adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess CIMT as an early marker of atherosclerosis and vascular damage in hypertensive children and adolescents compared with non-hypertensive controls and to evaluate the influence of gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) on CIMT on each group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Observational cohort study. A total of 133 hypertensive subjects (male, n = 69; mean age, 10.5 &#177; 4 years) underwent carotid ultrasound exam for assessment of CIMT. One hundred and twenty-one non-hypertensive subjects (male, n = 64; mean age, 9.8 &#177; 4.1 years) were selected as controls for gender, age (&#177; 1 year), and BMI (&#177; 10%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There were no significant difference regarding gender (p = 0.954) and age (p = 0.067) between groups. Hypertensive subjects had higher BMI when compared to control group (p = 0.004), although within the established range of 10%. Subjects in the hypertensive group had higher CIMT values when compared to control group (0.46 &#177; 0.05 versus 0.42 &#177; 0.05 mm, respectively, p &lt; 0.001; one-way ANOVA). Carotid IMT values were not significantly influenced by gender, age, and BMI when analyzed in both groups separately (Student's t-test for independent samples). According to the adjusted determination coefficient (R&#178;) only 11.7% of CIMT variations were accounted for by group variations, including age, gender, and BMI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Carotid intima-media thickness was higher in hypertensive children and adolescents when compared to the control group. The presence of hypertension increased CIMT regardless of age, gender, and BMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Inima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disease that begins early, as evidenced by the presence of cardiovascular risk factors developed by children and adolescents,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and documented by previous studies, which indicate that children and adolescents with obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and inadequate glucose metabolism have increased risk of developing atherosclerosis in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Additionally, the increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) correlates with the presence of atherosclerosis in adults and describes vascular abnormalities in both hypertensive children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Lande et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> reported that hypertensive children and adolescents with increased CIMT correlated with more severe hypertension assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, when compared to a control group. Their findings also showed that CIMT is increased in children with primary hypertension, regardless of the effects of obesity. Also, children with end-stage chronic kidney disease (ESCKD) have significantly increased blood pressure levels and CIMT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. However, CIMT also increases as a physiological reaction of the vessel when adapting to the age-dependent rise in blood pressure in children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In fact, CIMT changes could reflect non-atherosclerotic and adaptive responses to aging and mechanical stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> CIMT seems to coincide with the normal development of children and increases with age, as it does in adults. The objective of the present study was to assess CIMT as an early marker of atherosclerosis and vascular damage in hypertensive children and adolescents compared with non-hypertensive subjects, controlling for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) and to evaluate the influence of these variables (gender, age, and BMI) on CIMT in each group.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>We selected 148 consecutive hypertensive children regularly followed at the hypertension outpatient clinic of the Pediatric Nephrology Clinic. All subjects had office systolic and/or diastolic BP &#8805; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile for gender and height on &#8805; 3 occasions (office hypertension). Hypertension was confirmed by 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), defined as average daytime and/or nighttime BP &#8805; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile for gender and height according to the ABPM pediatric norms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Each child had their height and weight measured at the time of their appointments. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Children were considered overweight or obese when they had BMI &#8805; 85<sup>th</sup> and 95<sup>th</sup> percentile, respectively, for age and gender.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Patients' blood and urine samples were collected between 1 week before and one week after the appointment, for assessment of serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGC), and basal insulin. Subjects were classified as having diabetes when treated for insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent diabetes or having elevated fasting glucose levels (&#8805; 126 mg/dL). The use of lipid-lowering drugs or the presence of TC &gt; 200 mg/dL, HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dL, LDL-C &gt; 100 mg/dL or TGC &gt; 150 mg/dL was recorded.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Subjects also underwent echocardiogram and electrocardiogram (EKG) exams. Exclusion criteria included children with no blood and urine samples, unconfirmed arterial hypertension, and children with diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, with ESCKD or any other systemic disease. Children who had both essential and secondary hypertension were included in the study. For the control group, we selected 200 consecutive healthy children and adolescents who underwent echocardiography for assessment of an innocent cardiac murmur referred to the study by a private pediatrician. This population was selected among patients from the private health care system. <italic>Systolic blood pressure</italic> (SBP) <italic>and diastolic blood pressure</italic> (DBP) were measured with appropriate cuff sizes according to arm size in the sitting position twice on both arms after a 5 minute-rest before the echo exam. Control and hypertensive subjects were controlled for gender, age (&#177; 1 year), and BMI (&#177; 10%). Exclusion criteria in the control group were children diagnosed with diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and any systemic disease, according to information provided by their parents or private pediatrician. Each child had their height, weight, and blood pressure measured at the time of their echocardiogram. Children were not sedated before exams. Children who refused to undergo the ultrasound examination and a proper or complete examination, such as very young children, were excluded from the study. The institutional ethical committee approval was obtained for the study. The legal representative of each child provided written informed consent before examination. Children over 10 years of age also signed a consent form.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood sample analysis of hypertensive children</title>
          <p>Venous blood was collected after overnight fasting. Standard techniques were used to determine serum glucose, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TGC, and basal insulin. Information about control children's blood sample analysis was provided solely by their parents and their private pediatrician.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrasound measurements</title>
          <p>Carotid IMT measurements were made using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography (Philips Medical Systems' HD11 platform) with a broadband width linear array transducer (L 3-12 MHz). Sonography and readings were conducted by a trained and certified sonographer. The subjects were examined in the supine position with an extended neck and the probe in the antero-lateral position. On longitudinal 2D ultrasound images of the carotid artery, the near wall and the far wall were displayed as 2 echogenic lines (the adventitia and intima), separated by the hypoechoic media. The distance between the leading edge of the first bright line of the far wall (lumen-intima interface) and the leading edge of the second bright line (media-adventitia interface) was defined as the CIMT. For this study, we measured the CIMT on the distal 10 mm of the far wall of both the right and left common carotid artery. After zooming and freezing the image, we manually measured the CIMT using electronic calipers. Five measurements were recorded on each side and the average of these measurements was used for the final CIMT analyses, according to the Brazilian Cardiovascular Imaging Department Task Force for Carotid Ultrasound<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and Association for European Paediatric Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables were described by mean and standard deviation. Qualitative variables were shown as frequencies and percentages. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the distribution. The Chi-Square test was used to compare qualitative variables between groups. Quantitative variables were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) model and the least significant difference (LSD) for multiple comparisons. For independent samples, two groups were compared using Student's <italic>t</italic>-test. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the linear association between two quantitative variables. A p-value of &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance. The sample size calculation was not performed at the present study, since there are no normative values for CIM in healthy children and adolescents. No systematic random sampling was used. The subjects in both groups were chosen by convenience. Data were analyzed with the SPSS v. 20.0 computer program.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Fifteen hypertensive children and adolescents were excluded from the study for not having undergone lab tests. A total of 133 hypertensive children and adolescents (male, n = 69; mean age, 10.5 &#177; 4 years) underwent carotid ultrasound exam. All these subjects were undergoing antihypertensive therapy. All hypertensive children and adolescents had normal TC (152 &#177; 36 mg/dL), normal HDL-C (46 &#177; 13 mg/dL), normal LDL-C (84 &#177; 25 mg/dL), normal TGC (86 &#177; 44 mg/dL), normal fasting glucose (86 &#177; 10 mg/dL), and normal basal insulin (10 &#177; 4 mlU/L). The authors identified secondary hypertension in 58 children, of which causes included coartaction of the aorta, reflux nephropathy, ectopic kidney, polycystic kidney disease, chronic pyelonephritis, renal artery stenosis, solitary kidney, and renal atrophy. None of these children were undergoing dialysis treatment. There were no significant differences between children with and without identified secondary hypertension (p = 0,55). None of these children had left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiogram or EKG alterations. Sixty-four (48%) subjects were within normal BMI range, 33 (24.8%) were considered obese, 33 (24.8%) were considered overweight, and 3 (2.25%) were considered thin. As for the children and adolescents in the control group, 79 subjects were excluded from the study for presenting a metabolic disorder (such as diabetes or dyslipidemia) or any systemic disease according to reported information or because the BMI showed a difference &gt; 10% for age and gender. One hundred and one children and adolescents (males, n = 64; mean age, 9.8 &#177; 4.1 years) were selected as controls for gender, age, and BMI for the hypertensive group. Sixty-seven (55%) were within normal BMI range, 26 (21%) were obese, 23 (19%) were considered overweight, and 5 (4.1%) were thin. All these subjects had normal echocardiogram results. There were no significant differences regarding gender (p = 0.954) and age (p = 0.067) between groups. Hypertensive subjects had higher BMI when compared to control group (p = 0.004), although within the established range of 10%. Carotid intima-media thickness was higher in hypertensive children when compared to control group (0.46 &#177; 0.05 versus 0.42 &#177; 0.05 mm, respectively, p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Carotid IMT values were not significantly influenced by age, gender, and BMI when analyzed in the 2 groups separately (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). After multiple linear regression analysis, the increase in CIMT remained independently associated to hypertension (p &lt; 0.001). According to the adjusted determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>), only 11.7% of CIMT variations are accounted for by the variations of each group including age, gender, and BMI.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Basal characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">CG</th>
              <th align="center">HG</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender (N/%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">64(52.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (51.9%) </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">57 (47.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (48.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.954</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years; mean &#177; SD) </td>
              <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">0.162</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>; mean &#177; SD) </td>
              <td align="center">19.9 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 6.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CIMT (mm; mean &#177; SD) </td>
              <td align="center">0.42 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.46 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CG: control group; HG: hypertension group; BMI: body mass index; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; SD: standard deviation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) values between hypertensive group (HG) and control group (CG).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0452-70043-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Panels A and B) Correlation between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) with age and body mass index (BMI) in hypertensive group.Panels C and D) Correlation between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) with age and body mass index (BMI) in control group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0452-70043-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Children with primary hypertension are usually overweight and obese, a fact which makes it difficult to separate the effect of blood pressure from the metabolic disturbances.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> According to our findings, 49.6% of the hypertensive children and 40% of the children in the control group were obese or overweight, a factor that would tend to overshadow any potential difference in the groups because of hypertension. However, the present study confirmed that hypertensive children had higher values of CIMT when compared to the control ones regardless of age, gender, and BMI. This finding confirms the studies by Lande et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and provides evidence that hypertension can lead to vascular abnormalities in childhood, regardless of obesity. Availability of normative CIMT data for children is limited. In the study by Le et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> child CIMT was compared against the percentile charts available for an ethnicity- and gender-matched 45-year-old adult population to determine the vascular age. They assessed nonobese children with familial dyslipidemia and obese children with multiple atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors such as high triglyceride, high total and LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high insulin levels. Vascular age was similar in both groups. In the present study, we evaluated only children with hypertension and excluded children with other atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors. CIMT is considered a reflection of multiple risk factors; however, primary contributors to intima-media thickening are age and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The presence of hypertension significantly increases CIMT values due to the hypertrophy of the media layer of the vessel wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> concluded that a normal carotid arterial wall is unaffected by age or gender until approximately 18 years, after which age, there is diffuse progressive intimal thickening. Hence, in hypertensive children and adolescents, CIMT reflects a physiological reaction of the vessel to adapt the age-dependent rise in blood pressure, plus the effects of hypertension itself. However, hypertension seems to be on the rise with the increase in childhood overweight and obesity. The prevalence of obesity in children is increasing, and thus, inducing an increase in metabolic syndrome of these children. Obesity is associated to several risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adulthood and to other chronic diseases, such as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, and early atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> In this regard, any study that aims to evaluate a specific measurement in children and adolescents, such as CIMT, should consider BMI and match this population for gender and age, as performed in the present study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study has some important limitations identified as (a) inclusion of both essential and secondary hypertension in the hypertensive group; (b) lack of ABPM in the control group and (c) lack of blood samples in the control group. We included children with essential and secondary hypertension. However, we are not certain if the impact of early hypertension, as in secondary causes, will induce higher CIMT in the future when compared to essential hypertension, which usually begins in older children. Moreover, a possible correction of the secondary cause may influence the CIMT measurements. ABPM was not performed in the control subjects to confirm normotension. Finally, we did not request blood and urine samples from the subjects in the control group. These children were selected from the private health care system at a private cardiology clinic and we only obtained information about their blood sample analysis reported by their parents and their private pediatrician.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Carotid intima-media thickness was higher in hypertensive children and adolescents when compared to the control group. The presence of hypertension increased CIMT regardless of age, gender, and BMI in both hypertensive and non-hypertensive children and adolescents.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Post Doctoral submitted by Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini, from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </subj-group>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Espessura M&#233;dio-Intimal Carot&#237;dea como um Marcador Vascular Precoce em Crian&#231;as Hipertensas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sylvestre</surname>
            <given-names>Lucimary de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Varotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pecoits</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini</bold>, Rua Buenos Aires, 764, ap. 601. CEP 80250-070, Batel, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lizavb@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Pecoits Filho R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Baroncini CV; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Baroncini LAV, Baroncini CV, Pecoits Filho R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Baroncini LAV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O aumento da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal carot&#237;dea (EMIC) correlaciona-se com a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose em adultos e descreve anormalidades vasculares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a EMIC como marcador precoce de aterosclerose e dano vascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos em compara&#231;&#227;o com um grupo controle e avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do sexo, idade e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) sobre a EMIC em cada grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional de coorte. Um total de 133 indiv&#237;duos hipertensos (sexo masculino, n = 69; idade m&#233;dia 10.5 &#177; 4 anos) foi submetido &#224; ultrassonografia das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas para avalia&#231;&#227;o da EMIC. Cento e vinte e um indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (sexo masculino, n = 64; idade m&#233;dia, 9.8 &#177; 4.1 anos) foram selecionados como controles para as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: sexo, idade (&#177; 1ano) e IMC (&#177;10%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo (p = 0,954) e idade (p = 0,067). Os indiv&#237;duos hipertensos apresentaram maior IMC (p = 0,004), por&#233;m dentro da faixa estabelecida de at&#233; 10%. Os indiv&#237;duos hipertensos apresentaram maiores valores de EMIC quando comparados ao grupo-controle (0,46 &#177; 0,05 versus 0,42 &#177; 0,05 mm, respectivamente, p &lt; 0.001; ANOVA com um par&#226;metro). Os valores da EMIC n&#227;o foram influenciados por sexo, idade e IMC quando analisados em ambos os grupos separadamente (Teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes). De acordo com o coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o (R&#178;) ajustado, apenas 11.7% das varia&#231;&#245;es da EMIC s&#227;o devidas &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es em cada grupo, incluindo idade, sexo e IMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A espessura m&#233;dio-intimal das car&#243;tidas apresentou-se aumentada em crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos quando comparados ao grupo controle. A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o aumentou a EMIC independentemente de idade, sexo e IMC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura &#205;ntima-M&#233;dia Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial complexa que come&#231;a precocemente, como demonstrado pela presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares desenvolvidos por crian&#231;as e adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e documentado por estudos pr&#233;vios, que indicam que crian&#231;as e adolescentes com obesidade, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial e metabolismo inadequado da glicose apresentam risco aumentado de desenvolver aterosclerose na idade adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal carot&#237;dea (EMIC) correlaciona-se com a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose em adultos e descreve anormalidades vasculares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Lande et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> relataram que crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos com EMIC aumentada, correlacionavam-se com hipertens&#227;o mais grave avaliada por monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Suas descobertas tamb&#233;m mostraram a EMIC aumentada em crian&#231;as com hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria, independente dos efeitos da obesidade. Al&#233;m disso, crian&#231;as no est&#225;gio de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica terminal (IRCT) t&#234;m um aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial e EMIC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, a EMIC tamb&#233;m aumenta como rea&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do vaso para adaptar-se ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial, dependente da idade, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> De fato, as altera&#231;&#245;es da EMIC poderiam refletir respostas n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticas e adaptativas ao envelhecimento e estresse mec&#226;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A EMIC parece coincidir com o desenvolvimento normal das crian&#231;as e aumenta com a idade, como ocorre em adultos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a EMIC como marcador precoce de aterosclerose e dano vascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos em compara&#231;&#227;o com sujeitos n&#227;o hipertensos, ap&#243;s controle para idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), e avaliar a influ&#234;ncia dessas vari&#225;veis (sexo, idade e IMC) na EMIC em cada grupo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Selecionamos 148 crian&#231;as hipertensas consecutivas regularmente atendidas no ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o da Cl&#237;nica de Nefrologia Pedi&#225;trica. Todos os indiv&#237;duos apresentavam PA sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica no consult&#243;rio &#8805; percentil 95 para o sexo e altura em &#8805; 3 ocasi&#245;es (hipertens&#227;o arterial). A hipertens&#227;o foi confirmada pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas, definida como PA m&#233;dia diurna e/ou noturna &#8805; percentil 95 para sexo e altura segundo as normas pedi&#225;tricas para MAPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Cada crian&#231;a teve a sua altura e peso medidos no momento da consulta. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado utilizando a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> As crian&#231;as foram consideradas com sobrepeso ou obesas quando apresentavam IMC &#8805; percentil 85 e percentil 95, respectivamente para idade e sexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> As amostras de sangue e urina dos pacientes foram colhidas 1 semana antes e uma semana ap&#243;s a consulta, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da glicose s&#233;rica, colesterol total (CT), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL- C), triglic&#233;rides (TGC) e insulina basal. Os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados diab&#233;ticos quando tratados para diabetes insulino-dependente ou diabetes n&#227;o insulino-dependente, ou com n&#237;veis elevados de glicose em jejum (&#8805; 126 mg/dL). A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos hipolipemiantes ou a presen&#231;a de CT &gt; 200 mg/dL, HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dL, LDL-C &gt; 100 mg/dL ou TGC &gt; 150 mg/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> foram registrados. Os indiv&#237;duos tamb&#233;m foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia e eletrocardiograma (ECG). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram crian&#231;as sem amostras de sangue e urina, hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o confirmada e crian&#231;as com diabetes, dislipidemia, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, com IRCT ou qualquer outra doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica. As crian&#231;as que apresentaram hipertens&#227;o essencial e secund&#225;ria foram inclu&#237;das no estudo. Para o grupo controle, selecionamos 200 crian&#231;as e adolescentes consecutivos, saud&#225;veis, submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia para avalia&#231;&#227;o de um sopro card&#237;aco inocente e encaminhados para o estudo por um pediatra particular. Essa popula&#231;&#227;o foi selecionada entre pacientes do sistema privado de sa&#250;de. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram medidas com o medidor de press&#227;o adequado ao tamanho do bra&#231;o e em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, duas vezes em ambos os bra&#231;os, ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso antes do exame de ecocardiografia. Os indiv&#237;duos dos grupos controle e hipertensos foram controlados para sexo, idade (&#177; 1 ano) e IMC (&#177; 10%). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o no grupo controle foram crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico de diabetes, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e qualquer doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, de acordo com informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas por seus pais ou pediatra particular. Cada crian&#231;a teve a sua altura, peso e press&#227;o arterial medidos no momento do seu ecocardiograma. As crian&#231;as n&#227;o foram sedadas antes dos exames. As crian&#231;as que recusaram a se submeter ao exame de ultrassom e um exame adequado ou completo, como as crian&#231;as muito novas, foram exclu&#237;das do estudo. A aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; &#233;tico institucional foi obtida para o estudo. O representante legal de cada crian&#231;a forneceu o consentimento informado por escrito antes do exame. As crian&#231;as com mais de 10 anos de idade tamb&#233;m assinaram um formul&#225;rio de consentimento.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise de amostras de sangue de crian&#231;as hipertensas</title>
            <p>O sangue venoso foi obtido ap&#243;s jejum de uma noite. T&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o foram utilizadas para determinar a glicose s&#233;rica, CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TGC e insulina basal. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a an&#225;lise das amostras de sangue das crian&#231;as controle foram fornecidas unicamente pelos pais e pelo pediatra particular.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Medidas de ultrassom</title>
            <p>As medidas da EMIC foram feitas usando ultrassonografia no modo B de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (Philips Medical Systems plataforma HD11) com transdutor matricial linear e largura de banda de L 3-12 MHz. A ultrassonografia e as leituras foram conduzidas por um ultrasonografista treinado e certificado. Os sujeitos foram examinados na posi&#231;&#227;o supina com o pesco&#231;o estendido e a sonda na posi&#231;&#227;o &#226;ntero-lateral. Nas imagens longitudinais 2D do ultrassom da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, a parede proximal e a parede distal foram exibidas como 2 linhas ecog&#234;nicas (a advent&#237;cia e a &#237;ntima), pela m&#233;dia hipoecoica. A dist&#226;ncia entre a borda dianteira da primeira linha brilhante da parede distal (interface l&#250;men-&#237;ntima) e a borda dianteira da segunda linha brilhante (interface m&#233;dia- advent&#237;cia) foi definida como a EMIC. Para esse estudo, medimos a EMIC nos 10 mm distais da parede distal das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns direita e esquerda. Ap&#243;s o <italic>zoom</italic> e o congelamento da imagem, medimos manualmente a EMIC usando cal&#237;peros eletr&#244;nicos. Cinco medidas foram registradas em cada lado e a m&#233;dia dessas medidas foi utilizada para as an&#225;lises finais da EMIC, segundo o Grupo de Trabalho do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para Ultrassom Carot&#237;deo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e a <italic>Association for European Paediatric Cardiology.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas pela m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. O teste de Qui-Quadrado foi utilizado para comparar as vari&#225;veis qualitativas entre os grupos. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram comparadas utilizando o modelo de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com um par&#226;metro (ANOVA) e a diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa) (LSD) para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. Para amostras independentes, compararam-se dois grupos utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre duas vari&#225;veis quantitativas. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 indicou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra n&#227;o foi realizado no presente estudo, uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; valores normativos para a EMIC em crian&#231;as e adolescentes saud&#225;veis. N&#227;o foi utilizada amostragem aleat&#243;ria sistem&#225;tica. Os sujeitos em ambos os grupos foram escolhidos por conveni&#234;ncia. Os dados foram analisados com o programa de computador SPSS v. 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Quinze crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo por n&#227;o terem realizado testes laboratoriais. Um total de 133 crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos (sexo masculino, n = 69, m&#233;dia de idade, 10,5 &#177; 4 anos) foram submetidos a exame de ultrassonografia carot&#237;dea. Todos estes indiv&#237;duos estavam recebendo terapia anti-hipertensiva. Todas as crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos apresentaram CT normal (152 &#177; 36 mg/dL), HDL-C normal (46 &#177; 13 mg/dL), LDL-C normal (84 &#177; 25 mg/dL), TGC normal (86 &#177; 44 mg/DL), glicemia de jejum normal (86 &#177; 10 mg/dL) e insulina basal normal (10 &#177; 4 mlU/L). Os autores identificaram causas de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria em 58 crian&#231;as, cujas causas inclu&#237;am coarta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, nefropatia de refluxo, rim ect&#243;pico, doen&#231;a renal polic&#237;stica, pielonefrite cr&#244;nica, estenose da art&#233;ria renal, rim solit&#225;rio e atrofia renal. Nenhuma dessas crian&#231;as estava sendo submetida &#224; di&#225;lise. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre crian&#231;as com e sem hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria identificada (p = 0,55). Nenhuma dessas crian&#231;as apresentou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda no ecocardiograma ou altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG. Sessenta e quatro (48%) indiv&#237;duos estavam dentro do intervalo normal do IMC, 33 (24,8%) foram considerados obesos, 33 (24,8%) considerados com sobrepeso e 3 (2,25%) considerados magros. Quanto &#224;s crian&#231;as e adolescentes do grupo controle, 79 sujeitos foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo por apresentarem dist&#250;rbio metab&#243;lico (como diabetes ou dislipidemia) ou qualquer doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica de acordo com as informa&#231;&#245;es relatadas ou porque tinham IMC com diferen&#231;a superior a 10% para a Idade e sexo. Foram selecionadas cem crian&#231;as e adolescentes (sexo masculino, n = 64, m&#233;dia de idade, 9,8 &#177; 4,1 anos), com controle por sexo, idade e IMC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo hipertenso. Sessenta e sete (55%) indiv&#237;duos estavam dentro do intervalo normal de IMC, 26 (21%) foram considerados obesos, 23 (19%) com excesso de peso e 5 (4,1%) eram magros. Todos esses indiv&#237;duos apresentaram ecocardiograma normal. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sexo (p = 0,954) e idade (p = 0,067) entre os grupos. Os indiv&#237;duos hipertensos apresentaram maior IMC quando comparados ao grupo controle (p = 0,004), embora dentro da faixa estabelecida de 10%. A espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida foi maior em crian&#231;as hipertensas quando comparadas ao grupo controle (0,46 &#177; 0,05 versus 0,42 &#177; 0,05 mm, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Os valores de EMIC n&#227;o foram significativamente influenciados pela idade, sexo e IMC quando analisados nos dois grupos separadamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, o aumento da EMIC permaneceu independentemente associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001). De acordo com o coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup>) ajustado, apenas 11,7% das varia&#231;&#245;es da EMIC s&#227;o explicadas pelas varia&#231;&#245;es em cada grupo, incluindo idade, sexo e IMC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">GC</th>
                <th align="center">GH</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo (N/%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">64(52,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (51,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">57 (47,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (48,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,954</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos; m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>; m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">19,9 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMIC (mm; m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,46 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>GC: grupo controle; GH: grupo hipertens&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; EMIC: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal carot&#237;dea; DP: desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal carot&#237;dea (EMIC) entre o grupo hipertenso (GH) e o grupo controle (GC).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0452-70043-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pain&#233;is A e B) Correla&#231;&#227;o entre espessura m&#233;dio-intimal carot&#237;dea (EMIC) com idade e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) no grupo hipertenso. Pain&#233;is C e D) Correla&#231;&#227;o entre espessura m&#233;dio-intimal carot&#237;dea (EMIC) com idade e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) no grupo controle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0452-70043-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Crian&#231;as com hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria geralmente apresentam sobrepeso e obesidade, um fato que torna dif&#237;cil separar o efeito da press&#227;o arterial dos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> De acordo com nossos achados, 49,6% das crian&#231;as hipertensas e 40% das crian&#231;as do grupo controle eram obesas ou com sobrepeso, um fator que tende a ofuscar qualquer diferen&#231;a potencial nos grupos por causa da hipertens&#227;o. No entanto, o presente estudo confirmou que crian&#231;as hipertensas apresentavam valores mais elevados de EMIC quando comparadas &#224;quelas do grupo controle, independentemente da idade, sexo e IMC. Esse achado confirma os estudos de Lande et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e fornece evid&#234;ncias de que a hipertens&#227;o pode levar &#224; anormalidades vasculares na inf&#226;ncia, independentemente da obesidade. A disponibilidade de dados normativos da EMIC para crian&#231;as &#233; limitada. No estudo de Le et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> a EMIC infantil foi comparada com os gr&#225;ficos de percentis dispon&#237;veis para uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de 45 anos de idade, pareada por ra&#231;a e sexo, para determinar a idade vascular. Eles avaliaram crian&#231;as n&#227;o obesas com dislipidemia familiar e crian&#231;as obesas com m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco para aterosclerose, tais como triglic&#233;rides elevados, colesterol total e LDL altos, colesterol HDL baixo, press&#227;o arterial elevada e n&#237;veis elevados de insulina. A idade vascular foi semelhante nos dois grupos. No presente estudo, avaliamos apenas crian&#231;as com hipertens&#227;o e exclu&#237;mos crian&#231;as com outros fatores de risco para a aterosclerose. A EMIC &#233; considerada um reflexo de m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco; entretanto, os principais fatores que contribuem para o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal s&#227;o idade e a hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o aumenta significativamente os valores de EMIC devido &#224; hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia da parede do vaso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> conclu&#237;ram que a parede arterial carot&#237;dea normal n&#227;o &#233; afetada pela idade ou sexo at&#233; aproximadamente 18 anos de idade, e ap&#243;s essa idade h&#225; um espessamento progressivo e difuso da &#237;ntima. Assim, em crian&#231;as hipertensas e adolescentes, a EMIC est&#225; refletindo uma rea&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do vaso para adaptar-se ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial devido &#224; idade, mais os efeitos da pr&#243;pria hipertens&#227;o. No entanto, a hipertens&#227;o parece estar aumentando com o aumento do sobrepeso e da obesidade na inf&#226;ncia. A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade em crian&#231;as est&#225; aumentando, e induzindo, al&#233;m disso, um aumento da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica dessas crian&#231;as. A obesidade est&#225; associada &#224; v&#225;rios fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na idade adulta e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas como dislipidemia, hiperinsulinemia, hipertens&#227;o e aterosclerose precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Nesse sentido, qualquer estudo que vise avaliar uma medida espec&#237;fica em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, como a EMIC, deve considerar o IMC e parear essa popula&#231;&#227;o por sexo e idade, como realizado no presente estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes, identificadas como (a) inclus&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o tanto essencial quanto secund&#225;ria no grupo hipertenso; (B) aus&#234;ncia de MAPA no grupo controle e (c) aus&#234;ncia de amostras de sangue no grupo controle. Foram inclu&#237;das crian&#231;as com hipertens&#227;o essencial e secund&#225;ria. No entanto, n&#227;o temos certeza se o impacto da hipertens&#227;o precoce, como em causas secund&#225;rias, induzir&#225; maior EMIC no futuro quando comparado &#224; hipertens&#227;o essencial, a qual geralmente inicia-se em crian&#231;as mais velhas. Al&#233;m disso, uma poss&#237;vel corre&#231;&#227;o da causa secund&#225;ria pode influenciar as medidas de EMIC. A MAPA n&#227;o foi realizada nos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle para confirmar a normotens&#227;o. Finalmente, n&#227;o solicitamos amostras de sangue e urina dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle. Essas crian&#231;as foram selecionadas do sistema de sa&#250;de privado em uma cl&#237;nica cardiol&#243;gica privada, e apenas obtivemos informa&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224; an&#225;lise das amostras de sangue relatadas por seus pais e seu pediatra particular.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A espessura m&#233;dio-intimal carot&#237;dea foi maior em crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos quando comparados ao grupo controle. A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial aumentou a EMIC independentemente da idade, sexo e IMC em crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos e n&#227;o hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-Doutorado de Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
