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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YNcFfsZzZGLS59Wdg6JCNcn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500436</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170060</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Exercise</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of a Single Bout of Resistance Exercise in Different Volumes on Endothelium Adaptations in Healthy Animals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Th&#225;ssio Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quintans</surname>
            <given-names>Lucindo Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Joviniano de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lauton-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Est&#225;cio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade Est&#225;cio de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Curso de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Curso de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Faculdade Est&#225;cio de Sergipe (Est&#225;cio/FASE), Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana dos Santos PhD</bold>, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Av Marechal Rondon s/n, Roza Elze. Postal Code 49100-000, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>marcio@infonet.com.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Santos MRV; Acquisition of data: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Macedo FN, Mesquita TRR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Macedo FN, Mesquita TRR; Statistical analysis: Macedo FN, Mesquita TRR; Obtaining funding: Quintans J&#250;nior LJ, Santana-Filho VJ, Lauton-Santos S, Santos MRV; Writing of the manuscript: Macedo FN, Mesquita TRR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Macedo FN, Mesquita TRR, Quintans J&#250;nior LJ, Santana-Filho VJ, Lauton-Santos S, Santos MRV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>436</fpage>
      <lpage>442</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Resistance exercise (RE) has been recommended for patients with cardiovascular diseases. Recently, a few studies have demonstrated that the intensity of a single bout of RE has an effect on endothelial adaptations to exercise. However, there is no data about the effects of different volumes of RE on endothelium function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of different volumes of RE in a single bout on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the mesenteric artery of healthy animals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control (Ct); low-volume RE (LV, 5 sets x 10 repetitions) and high-volume RE (HV, 15 sets x 10 repetitions). The established intensity was 70% of the maximal repetition test. After the exercise protocol, rings of mesenteric artery were used for assessment of vascular reactivity, and other mesenteric arteries were prepared for detection of measure NO production by DAF-FM fluorescence. Insulin responsiveness on NO synthesis was evaluated by stimulating the vascular rings with insulin (10 nM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The maximal relaxation response to insulin increased in the HV group only as compared with the Ct group. Moreover, the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis (L-NAME) completely abolished the insulin-induced vasorelaxation in exercised rats. NO production showed a volume-dependent increase in the endothelial and smooth muscle layer. In endothelial layer, only Ct and LV groups showed a significant increase in NO synthesis when compared to their respective group under basal condition. On the other hand, in smooth muscle layer, NO fluorescence increased in all groups when compared to their respective group under basal condition.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our results suggest that a single bout of RE promotes vascular endothelium changes in a volume-dependent manner. The 15 sets x 10 repetitions exercise plan induced the greatest levels of NO synthesis. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Conditioning, Animal</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscle, Smooth, Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilatation</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Physical activity induces physiological adaptations of the endothelium, contributing to the local control of vascular tone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Besides, the beneficial effects of regular exercise on sympathetic and parasympathetic tone,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> blood coagulation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> myocardial contractility<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and release of endothelium-derived relaxing factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> are likely to improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of diseases.</p>
      <p>Exercise training is nowadays one of the main non-pharmacological tool in the maintenance of a healthy life. Its effects involve recurrent exposure to changes in cardiovascular hemodynamics promoted by bouts of physical activity. In response to acute exercise, numerous intra- and extracellular pathways are activated to increase blood flow to active muscles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> At the onset of exercise, the mechanical action of skeletal muscle creates a 'muscle-pump', which causes an immediate increase in blood flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> This abrupt change in blood flow towards the exercised tissues, promotes a reduction in blood supply in visceral region, phenomena known as exercise hyperemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Many evidences suggest that striation in the vascular wall, associated with pulsatile flow, intermittent hypoxia and release of catecholamines are essential factors for nitric oxide (NO) production during a single bout of exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Recently, our group have showed that acute resistance exercise induce an intensity-dependent effect on NO synthesis and vascular relaxation in mesenteric arteries of healthy rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The mesenteric artery regulates 20% of the blood flow and effectively participates in the total peripheral resistance, and thus, is directly involved in vascular changes promoted by exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, our group has recently demonstrated a strong, positive relationship between the magnitude of vascular adaptations to exercise and exercise intensity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nevertheless, exercise prescription depends on two different aspects - intensity and volume of exercise. The volume of exercise directly affects the demand of oxygen and other nutrients in attempt to recover from the stress promoted by consecutive muscle contractions. Thus, it is expected that changes in training volume promote different vascular adaptations, i.e., the higher the volume of exercises the higher the metabolic demand.</p>
      <p>In addition, there are no studies investigating acute vascular adaptations to different volumes of resistance exercise. This information could guide the prescription of long-term training in cardiovascular disease conditions. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the influence of the volume of resistance exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and NO synthesis in mesenteric artery of healthy animals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Twenty-four male Wistar rats (250-350 g, 8-10 weeks old) were used for all experiments. The rats were randomized into three groups: control (Ct, n = 8), low-volume (LV, n = 8) and high-volume resistance exercise (HV, n = 8). All procedures were in agreement with the Brazilian Society of Laboratory Animal Sciences and were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Research XXX (omitted to the review process), Brazil (protocol # 80/2010).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resistance exercise protocol</title>
        <p>Animals were exercised following a model described by Tamaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Electrical stimulation (20 V, 0.3 s duration, at 3 s intervals) was applied on the tail of the rat through a surface electrode. The animals underwent three days of familiarization; firstly, they were placed on the apparatus and left on exercise position for 5 min to reduce the stress caused by the equipment and handling of the animals. After the familiarization period, the animals performed one maximum repetition (1RM) test, which consisted of determining the maximum lifted load in one repetition. After 2 days, the animals underwent the protocol of leg extension exercise - 5 (LV) or 15 (HV) sets with 10 repetitions and a 180s resting period between each set. The animals exercised in intensity of 70% of 1RM. Animals of the Ct group were maintained under the same conditions of the LV and HV animals but at resting position.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular reactivity studies</title>
        <p>Immediately after exercise, the animals were sacrificed. The superior mesenteric artery was removed, stripped of connective and adipose tissues, and sectioned into rings (1-2 mm). Rings were suspended in organ baths containing 10 mL of Tyrode's solution by fine stainless steel hooks connected to a force transducer (Letica, Model TRI210; Barcelona, Spain) with cotton threads. This solution was continually gassed with carbogen (95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>) and maintained at 37&#176;C and the rings maintained at a resting tension of 0.75 g for 60 min (stabilization period). The functionality of the endothelium was assessed by the ability of acetylcholine (ACh, 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M; Sigma-Aldrich, USA) to induce more than 75% relaxation of precontracted vascular rings with phenylephrine (Phe, 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M; Sigma-Aldrich, USA). After that, changes in vascular reactivity were assessed by obtaining concentration-response curves for insulin (Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) (10<sup>&#8722;13</sup>-10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M). The rings were then washed out and new insulin-induced relaxation was obtained after incubation with a non-specific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, L-N<sup>G</sup>-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>Mol/L; Sigma-Aldrich, USA), for 30 min. This was used to evaluate the role of NO on insulin-induced vascular relaxation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of NO Production</title>
        <p>NO production in mesenteric artery ring was determined by using a fluorescent cell permeable dye for NO, DAF-FM (4,-amino-5 methylamino-2',7'-diaminofluorescein diacetate, Molecular Probes, USA), as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In order to detect NO, freshly isolated mesenteric artery was loaded with 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>M of the probe for 40 min at 37&#176;C. Twenty minutes after the onset of the probing, some rings were stimulated with 10 nM of regular human insulin for 20 min and then washed for 40 min with Tyrode&#180;s solution. Mesenteric segments were frozen and cut into 20<italic>&#181;</italic>m-thick sections. Images were recorded using a fluorescence microscope (IX2-ICB, Olympus<sup>&#174;</sup>, USA) under identical settings. The fluorescence intensity was measured using ImageJ software (NIH, USA). A minimum of ten regions were randomly selected from the endothelial and smooth muscle layers of each mesenteric section. It is worth to note that smooth muscle exhibits an autofluorescence, therefore, in order to avoid misleading fluorescence measurements, analyses of images were carefully performed selecting the region of interest within the smooth muscle fibers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Initially, all data underwent the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to determine whether the probability distributions were parametric or non-parametric. All data had normal distribution. The values were expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Bonferroni`s test were performed using GraphPad Prism Software (San Diego, CA, USA). The NO fluorescence microscopy images were analyzed according to the intensity of the fluorescence per normalized area, represented in arbitrary unit (a.u.). The values were considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Acute effect of different resistance exercise volumes on endothelium-dependent vasodilation</title>
        <p>As shown in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1a</xref>, in all groups, insulin caused a concentration-dependent vasodilation in superior mesenteric arteries. Despite the tendency to increase the insulin-induced vasodilation in LV group, no significant difference was found in comparison to the Ct group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1a</xref>). However, resistance exercise at HV significantly increased the relaxation induced by insulin compared to Ct and LV groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1a</xref>). The effect of NOS on insulin-induced vascular relaxation was evaluated in the presence of L-NAME. As shown in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, insulin-induced vasodilation was significantly reduced in Ct group; however, in both exercised groups the vasodilation was completely abolished showing a significant reversion of the curve when compared to Ct. No statistically significant differences were observed between the LV and HV groups. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1b</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of a single bout of resistance exercise in different levels of volume on endothelium-dependent relaxation. (a) Concentration-response curves for insulin (10<sup>-13</sup> - 10<sup>-6</sup>M) in rings isolated from the superior mesenteric artery with functional endothelium and pre-contracted with phenylephrine (Phe) (1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M). (b) Concentration-response curves for insulin in rings pre-incubated with nitric oxide inhibitor (L-NAME: 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>M). Ct: control, LV: low-volume and HV: high-volume. Statistical differences were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. Results are expressed as mean &#177; SEM. *p &lt; 0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0436-70060-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Values of Rmax obtained from concentration-response curves for insulin in mesenteric arteries before and after incubation with L-NAME</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Groups</th>
                <th align="center">Insulin (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Insulin + L-NAME (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Control</td>
                <td align="center">7.66 &#177; 0.83</td>
                <td align="center">2.01 &#177; 0.24<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Low volume</td>
                <td align="center">10.77 &#177; 0.86</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0.36 &#177; 0.36<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">High volume</td>
                <td align="center">18.01 &#177; 0.97<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;2.08 &#177; 0.19<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>The experiments were performed in the absence of L-NAME (insulin) and in the presence of 100 &#181;M of L-NAME (L-NAME). Statistical differences were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. The data are expressed as mean &#177; SEM.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. control, </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. low volume,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. respective group without L-NAME and</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. control + L-NAME.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acute effect of different resistance exercise volumes on the endothelial NO synthesis</title>
        <p>Interestingly, under basal condition, there was a significant volume-dependent increase in NO production in endothelium and smooth muscle layer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2b</xref>). After insulin stimulation, we found an enhanced endothelial NO production in Ct and LV, but not in HV when compared to their respective group under basal conditions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2a</xref>). On the other hand, in smooth muscle layer, NO fluorescence was significantly increased in all groups when compared to their respective group at baseline (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2b</xref>). However, it is important to highlight that insulin-stimulation in the LV group reached similar DAF fluorescence level as the Ct group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2b</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of a single bout of resistance exercise in different levels of volume on endothelium-derived nitric oxide production. Detection of nitric oxide by DAF (diaminofluorescein) fluorescence at baseline and after stimulation with insulin (10 nM) (top). (a) Quantitative analyses of DAF fluorescence in endothelial layer before and after insulin stimulation; (b) quantitative analyses of DAF fluorescence in smooth muscle layer before and after insulin stimulation. Scale: 20<italic>&#181;</italic>m. Ct: control, LV: low-volume and HV: high-volume. Statistical differences were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. Results are expressed as mean &#177; SEM. *p &lt; 0.05 vs. Ct(-); <sup>&#167;</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs. LV(-); <sup>&#948;</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs. Ct (+); <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs. LV(+); &#936;p &lt; 0.05 vs. HV(-).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0436-70060-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In order to precisely evaluate the global increase in NO synthesis, the endothelial and smooth muscle layer fluorescence data were pooled and normalized to their respective group under basal conditions. The results were expressed as percentage of increase in comparison of baseline. In this experimental approach, we found a reduction in the additional production of NO in a volume-dependent way (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of a single bout of resistance exercise in different levels of volume on additional NO synthesis in mesenteric artery stimulated by insulin (10 nmol/L). The graph shows the ratio of NO fluorescence in insulin-stimulated rings and NO fluorescence at baseline. Ct: control, LV: low-volume and HV: high-volume. Statistical differences were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. Results are expressed as mean &#177; SEM. *p &lt; 0.05 vs. Ct and <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs. LV.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0436-70060-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, we demonstrated that one single bout of different volumes but same intensity of resistance exercise promotes acute endothelial adaptations in healthy animals in a volume-dependent way. The animals subjected to 15 sets / 10 repetitions (HV group) had a more pronounced vasodilatory response. In summary, our results indicate that high volume of resistance exercise promotes an improvement in the arterial relaxation induced by insulin due an enhanced NO production.</p>
      <p>Insulin is well known to exert a crucial role in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis; however, this hormone also plays a key role in the cardiovascular system. In vascular bed-specific endothelial cells, insulin causes a rapid and concentration-dependent increase in the production of NO through the activation of endothelial NO synthase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In our study, low-volume of resistance exercise was not able to promote an increase in the vascular relaxation. On the other hand, high-volume of resistance exercise produced an increased insulin-induced vasodilation in superior mesenteric artery. Similarly, Mota et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> observed that high-intensity resistance exercise enhanced the relaxation induced by insulin in mesenteric artery of healthy animals. Thus, we hypothesize that both, high-volume and -intensity, are linked with enhanced vascular function.</p>
      <p>To understand the participation of NO synthase in the insulin-induced relaxation, we performed concentration-response curves for insulin in pre-incubated vascular rings with L-NAME. Our data showed that insulin-induced relaxation was fully abolished by L-NAME in all groups, reinforcing the great contribution of NO in the arterial relaxation promoted by insulin.</p>
      <p>In addition, our group has previously reported insulin-induced vasoconstriction in exercised animals via activation of MAPK/endothelin-1 pathway. This corroborates our finding on the contraction response in NO synthase inhibition in animals submitted to a single section of resistance exercise. Thus, as previously reported by our group, the functional interaction between these intracellular signaling pathways plays an essential role in the regulation of the myogenic tone in the vasculature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our <italic>in situ</italic> results of NO production in superior mesenteric artery of exercised animals at different volumes demonstrated a volume-dependent increase of NO production in the endothelium and smooth muscle layers. Interestingly, in mesenteric artery rings stimulated with insulin, the additional synthesis of NO was lower in exercised animals than in the Ct group. Furthermore, our data showed that the exercised groups already had increased baseline levels of NO, and hence it is reasonable to suggest that resistance exercise might increase NO synthase activity to a sub-maximal level, preventing a substantial increase of NO synthesis in insulin-stimulated mesenteric rings.</p>
      <p>Indeed, to exert its biological effects, endothelium-derived NO must reach the underlying smooth muscle cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Although the time-dependent diffusion rate of NO across the cell membrane is poorly understood, new molecular players have been described to be involved on the NO transport mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Studies have consistently suggested that NO activates and permeates hemichannels formed by connexins (Cxs 37, 40 or 43) which are required to transfer NO from endothelial to smooth muscle cells. Therefore, differently from the HV group, in which a significant increase in vasodilation was observed, the existence of a positive trend but not significant in the LV group may be explained, at least in part, by the achievement of only suboptimal levels of NO in the smooth muscle cells. In addition, despite this mechanism was not investigated in the present study, further studies should evaluate whether resistance exercise improves gap junction channel function, and subsequently, promotes vasodilation. </p>
      <p>Several studies using a single bout of aerobic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> or resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> exercise observed an enhanced vascular relaxation, suggesting an increased NO bioavailability after a session of exercise. Furthermore, the role of resistance exercise has been evaluated in the prevention and treatment of several cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> However, although the majority of the studies focus on the vascular effects of aerobic exercise, our data are the first that demonstrate the volume-dependent effect on vascular adaptations after a single bout of resistance exercise. Finally, the current findings may contribute to the establishment of safe limits of exercise for patients with endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In summary, we demonstrated that a single bout of resistance exercise is able to improve insulin-induced vasodilation and increase NO production in a volume-dependent manner in healthy animals. Therefore, our results suggest that vascular response to resistance exercise is directly related its volume and, hence, high-volume exercise plans should be further investigated in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and/or maintenance of a healthy life.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPITEC/SE and partially funded by CNPq and CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marcelo Mendon&#231;a Mota and Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Exerc&#237;cio</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos de uma Sess&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cio Resistido em Diferentes Volumes sobre Adapta&#231;&#245;es Endoteliais em Animais Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Th&#225;ssio Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quintans</surname>
            <given-names>Lucindo Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Joviniano de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lauton-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Curso de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Faculdade Est&#225;cio de Sergipe (Est&#225;cio/FASE) - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana dos Santos PhD</bold>, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Av Marechal Rondon s/n, Roza Elze. CEP 49100-000, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcio@infonet.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Santos MRV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Mesquita TRR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Macedo FN, Mesquita TRR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mesquita TRR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Quintans J&#250;nior LJ, Santana-Filho VJ, Lauton-Santos S, Santos MRV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Macedo FN, Mesquita TRR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Macedo FN, Mesquita TRR, Quintans J&#250;nior LJ, Santana-Filho VJ, Lauton-Santos S, Santos MRV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio resistido (ER) tem sido recomendado para pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Recentemente, alguns estudos demonstraram que a intensidade de uma sess&#227;o de ER exerce um efeito sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; dados sobre os efeitos de diferentes volumes de ER sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes volumes de ER, realizados em uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o, sobre a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio e s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) em art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica de animais saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: Controle (Ct); baixo volume (BV, 5 s&#233;ries x 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es) e alto volume de ER (AV, 15 s&#233;ries x 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es). Foi estabelecida a intensidade de 70% do teste de repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima. Ap&#243;s o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio, an&#233;is de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica foram utilizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o da reatividade vascular, e outras art&#233;rias mesent&#233;ricas foram preparadas para a detec&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO por fluoresc&#234;ncia com para do DAF-FM. A resposta &#224; insulina pela s&#237;ntese de NO foi avaliada estimulando-se os an&#233;is vasculares com insulina (10nM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A resposta m&#225;xima do relaxamento induzido por insulina foi aumentada somente no grupo AV em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Ct. Al&#233;m disso, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese do NO (L-NAME), aboliu completamente o relaxamento vascular induzido por insulina em ratos exercitados. A produ&#231;&#227;o de NO mostrou um aumento dependente do volume no endot&#233;lio e no m&#250;sculo liso. No endot&#233;lio, apenas os grupos Ct e BV mostraram aumento significativo na s&#237;ntese de NO quando comparado aos seus respectivos grupos sob condi&#231;&#227;o basal. No entanto, no m&#250;sculo liso, a fluoresc&#234;ncia foi aumentada em todos os grupos quando comparados aos seus respectivos grupos sob a condi&#231;&#227;o basal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de ER foi capaz de promover adapta&#231;&#245;es no endot&#233;lio vascular. Al&#233;m disso, n&#243;s observamos que este efeito &#233; volume-dependente e o volume de 15 s&#233;ries x10 repeti&#231;&#245;es induziu o maior aumento na s&#237;ntese de NO. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>Condicionamento F&#237;sico Animal</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculo Liso Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A atividade f&#237;sica induz, sistematicamente, as adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas do endot&#233;lio, contribuindo para o controle local do t&#244;nus vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular sobre o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> coagula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> contratilidade do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores relaxantes derivados do endot&#233;lio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> podem melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular e reduzir o risco de doen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; uma das principais ferramentas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas na manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma vida saud&#225;vel. Seus efeitos envolvem a exposi&#231;&#227;o recorrente as mudan&#231;as na hemodin&#226;mica cardiovascular promovidas pelas sess&#245;es de atividade f&#237;sica. Em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio agudo, v&#225;rias vias intra- e extracelulares s&#227;o ativadas para aumentar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo nos m&#250;sculos ativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio, a a&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico cria uma "bomba" muscular, que provoca um aumento imediato no fluxo sangu&#237;neo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Essa mudan&#231;a abrupta no fluxo sangu&#237;neo em dire&#231;&#227;o aos tecidos mobilizados no exerc&#237;cio promove uma redu&#231;&#227;o no fluxo &#224; regi&#227;o visceral, fen&#244;meno conhecido como hiperemia induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversas evid&#234;ncias apontam que a distens&#227;o na parede vascular, juntamente com o fluxo puls&#225;til, hip&#243;xia intermitente e libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas s&#227;o fatores essenciais para a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) durante uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Recentemente, nosso grupo demonstrou que uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido induz um efeito dependente da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio sobre a s&#237;ntese de NO e o relaxamento vascular em art&#233;rias mesent&#233;ricas de ratos saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica regula 20% do fluxo sangu&#237;neo e participa ativamente na resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total e, portanto, est&#225; diretamente envolvida nas mudan&#231;as vasculares promovidas pelo exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, nosso grupo tamb&#233;m demonstrou recentemente uma forte e positiva rela&#231;&#227;o entre a magnitude das altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio e a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No entanto, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio depende de dois aspectos - intensidade e volume de exerc&#237;cio. O volume de exerc&#237;cio afeta diretamente a demanda de oxig&#234;nio e de outros nutrientes na tentativa de se recuperar do estresse promovido pelas consecutivas contra&#231;&#245;es musculares. Portanto, &#233; de se esperar que mudan&#231;as no volume de treinamento promovam diferentes adapta&#231;&#245;es vasculares, i.e., quanto maior o volume de exerc&#237;cios, maior a demanda metab&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>Em adi&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o existem estudos que investiguem as adapta&#231;&#245;es vasculares agudas de diferentes volumes do exerc&#237;cio resistido. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o poderia orientar a prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento de longa dura&#231;&#227;o nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Assim, nosso estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do volume do exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio e, a s&#237;ntese de NO na art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica de animais saud&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar machos (250-350 g, 8-10 semanas) foram usados em todos os experimentos. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em tr&#234;s grupos: controle (Ct, n = 8), baixo volume (BV, n = 8) e alto volume de exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia (AV, n = 8). Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com a Sociedade Brasileira de Ci&#234;ncia em Animais de Laborat&#243;rio, e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Animais, Brasil (n&#250;mero de protocolo 80/2010).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio resistido</title>
          <p>Os animais foram submetidos &#224; exerc&#237;cios segundo modelo descrito por Tamaki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico (20 V, 0,3 segundo de dura&#231;&#227;o com intervalos de 3 segundos) foi aplicado na cauda dos animais por meio de um eletrodo de superf&#237;cie. Os animais foram submetidos &#224; tr&#234;s dias de familiariza&#231;&#227;o; primeiro, os ratos foram colocados sobre o aparelho e deixados na posi&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio por 5 minutos para reduzir o estresse causado pelo equipamento e pela manipula&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de familiariza&#231;&#227;o, os animais realizaram o teste de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (1RM), que consistiu na determina&#231;&#227;o da m&#225;xima carga suspensa pelos animais em uma &#250;nica repeti&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 2 dias, os animais foram submetidos aos protocolos de exerc&#237;cios de extens&#227;o de pernas - 5 (BV) ou 15 (AV) s&#233;ries com 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es e um per&#237;odo de descanso de 180 segundos entre cada s&#233;rie. Os animais se exercitaram em intensidade de 70% da 1RM. Os animais do grupo Ct foram mantidos nas mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es que os animais dos grupos BV e AV, por&#233;m em posi&#231;&#227;o de repouso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reatividade vascular</title>
          <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, a art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica foi removida e limpa de tecido conectivo e adiposo, e ent&#227;o seccionada em an&#233;is vasculares (1-2mm). Os an&#233;is foram suspensos em banho de &#243;rg&#227;os contendo 10 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode atrav&#233;s de ganchos finos de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel ligados &#224; um transdutor de for&#231;a (Letica, Modelo TRI210; Barcelona, Espanha) com fios de algod&#227;o. A solu&#231;&#227;o foi continuamente gaseificada com uma mistura de 95% O<sub>2</sub> e 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, e os an&#233;is mantidos &#224; 37&#176;C sob uma tens&#227;o de 0,75 g por 60 min (per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o). A funcionalidade do endot&#233;lio foi avaliada pela capacidade da acetilcolina (ACh, 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M; Sigma-Aldrich, USA) induzir mais de 75% de relaxamento dos an&#233;is vasculares pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina (Phe, 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M; Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Em seguida, mudan&#231;as na reatividade vascular foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s de curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para insulina (Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) (10<sup>&#8722;13</sup>-10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M). Posteriormente, os an&#233;is foram lavados e um novo relaxamento induzido por insulina foi obtido ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com NG-Nitroarginina metil &#233;ster (L-NAME, 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>Mol/L; Sigma-Aldrich, USA), um inibidor n&#227;o espec&#237;fico da enzima NO sintase, por 30 minutos. Essa t&#233;cnica foi usada para se avaliar o papel do NO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO</title>
          <p>A produ&#231;&#227;o de NO no anel de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica foi determinada utilizando-se um marcador para NO perme&#225;vel &#224; c&#233;lula, o DAF-FM (4,-amino-5 metilamino-2',7'-diacetato de diaminofluoresce&#237;na, Molecular Probes, EUA), conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Para a detec&#231;&#227;o de NO, 10<italic>&#181;</italic>M do marcador foi adicionado &#224; art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica rec&#233;m isolada, e mantido por 40 minutos &#224; 37&#176;C. Vinte minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da marca&#231;&#227;o, alguns an&#233;is foram estimulados com 10 nM de insulina regular humana por 20 minutos e em seguida lavados com solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode por 40 minutos. Os segmentos mesent&#233;ricos foram congelados e seccionados &#224; uma espessura de 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>m. As imagens foram registradas utilizando-se um microsc&#243;pio de fluoresc&#234;ncia (IX2-ICB, Olympus<sup>&#174;</sup>, EUA) sob condi&#231;&#245;es id&#234;nticas. A intensidade da fluoresc&#234;ncia foi medida utilizando-se o programa ImageJ (NIH,EUA). Um m&#237;nimo de dez regi&#245;es foram aleatoriamente selecionadas no endot&#233;lio e no m&#250;sculo liso de cada sec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica. &#201; importante ressaltar que o m&#250;sculo liso exibe uma autofluoresc&#234;ncia e, por isso, para se evitar medidas err&#244;neas, as an&#225;lises das imagens foram cuidadosamente realizadas em regi&#245;es de interesse determinadas entre as fibras de m&#250;sculo liso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, todos os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para determinar se as distribui&#231;&#245;es de probabilidade eram param&#233;tricas ou n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Todos os dados tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) univariada, seguida do teste de Bonferroni, foi realizado pelo programa GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA, EUA). Imagens de microscopia fluorescente do NO foram analisadas de acordo com a intensidade de fluoresc&#234;ncia normalizada pela &#225;rea, representada em unidade arbitr&#225;ria (u.a.). Os valores foram considerados estatisticamente significativos para p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito agudo de diferentes volumes de exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio</title>
          <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1a</xref>, em todos os grupos, a insulina causou uma vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente de concentra&#231;&#227;o em art&#233;rias mesent&#233;ricas superiores. Apesar da tend&#234;ncia do aumento da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida por insulina no grupo BV, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Ct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1a</xref>). No entanto, o exerc&#237;cio resistido aumentou significativamente o relaxamento induzido por insulina no grupo AV em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos Ct e BV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1a</xref>). A participa&#231;&#227;o do NO sobre o relaxamento vascular induzido por insulina foi avaliado na presen&#231;a de L-NAME. Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida por insulina foi reduzida significativamente no grupo Ct. No entanto, em ambos os grupos submetidos a exerc&#237;cio, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o foi completamente abolida, mostrando uma revers&#227;o significativa da curva quando comparados ao grupo Ct. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos BV e AV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1b</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos de diferentes volumes de exerc&#237;cio resistido realizado em uma sess&#227;o sobre o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio. (a) Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; insulina (10-13 - 10-6M) em an&#233;is isolados da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior com endot&#233;lio intacto e pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina (Phe) (1 <italic>&#181;</italic>M). (b) Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; insulina em an&#233;is pr&#233;-incubados com inibidor de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (L-NAME: 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>M). Ct: controle, BV: baixo volume e AV: alto volume. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) univariada seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni. Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. *p &lt; 0,05.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0436-70060-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores de Rmax obtidos de curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; insulina nas art&#233;rias mesent&#233;ricas antes e ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com L-NAME</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="60%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupos</th>
                  <th align="center">Insulina (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Insulina + L-NAME (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">7,66 &#177; 0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01 &#177; 0,24<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Baixo volume</td>
                  <td align="center">10,77 &#177; 0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211; 0,36 &#177; 0,36<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alto volume</td>
                  <td align="center">18,01 &#177; 0,97<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211; 2,08 &#177; 0,19<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Os experimentos foram realizados na aus&#234;ncia de L-NAME (insulina) e na presen&#231;a de 100 &#181;M de L-NAME (L-NAME). As diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) univariada seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni&#8217;s. Os resultados est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. controle,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. baixo volume,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p> p &lt; 0,05 vs. respectivo grupo sem L-NAME e</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. controle + L-NAME.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito agudo de diferentes volumes de exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre a s&#237;ntese de NO endotelial</title>
          <p>Um resultado interessante foi que, em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, houve um aumento significativo, volume-dependente, na produ&#231;&#227;o de NO na camada endotelial e de m&#250;sculo liso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2b</xref>). Ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo com insulina, observamos uma produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de NO aumentada nos grupos Ct e BV, mas n&#227;o no grupo AV quando comparados aos seus respectivos grupos em condi&#231;&#227;o basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2a</xref>). Por outro lado, no m&#250;sculo liso, a fluoresc&#234;ncia do NO foi significativamente aumentada em todos os grupos quando comparados &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2b</xref>). No entanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que o est&#237;mulo da insulina no grupo BV atingiu um n&#237;vel de fluoresc&#234;ncia do DAF similar ao grupo Ct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2b</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos de diferentes volumes de exerc&#237;cio resistido realizado em uma sess&#227;o sobre a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico derivado do endot&#233;lio. Detec&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico por fluoresc&#234;ncia (DAF, diacetato de diaminofluoresce&#237;na) nas condi&#231;&#245;es basais e ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo com insulina (10 nM). (a) An&#225;lises quantitativas da fluoresc&#234;ncia no endot&#233;lio antes e ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo com insulina; (b), An&#225;lises quantitativas da fluoresc&#234;ncia no m&#250;sculo liso antes e ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo com insulina. Escala: 20<italic>&#181;</italic>m. Ct: controle, BV: baixo volume e AV: alto volume. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) univariada seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni. Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.. *p &lt; 0,05 vs. Ct(-); <sup>&#167;</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. BV(-); <sup>&#948;</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Ct (+); <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. BV(+); &#936;p &lt; 0.05 vs. AV(-).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0436-70060-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A fim de se avaliar o aumento na s&#237;ntese global de NO, os dados de fluoresc&#234;ncia no endot&#233;lio e no m&#250;sculo liso foram agrupados e normalizados aos respectivos grupos sob condi&#231;&#227;o basal. Os resultados foram expressos em porcentagem do aumento em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal. Nesse experimento, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o suplementar de NO de forma volume-dependente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos de uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido realizado em diferentes volumes sobre a produ&#231;&#227;o adicional de NO em art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica estimulada com insulina (10 nmol/L). O gr&#225;fico mostra a raz&#227;o entre a fluoresc&#234;ncia do NO nos an&#233;is estimulados por insulina e a fluoresc&#234;ncia do NO em condi&#231;&#245;es basais. Ct: controle, BV: baixo volume e AV: alto volume. As diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) univariada seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni's. Os resultados est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. *p &lt; 0,05 vs. Ct e <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. BV.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0436-70060-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, n&#243;s demonstramos que uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido em diferentes volumes, mas mesma intensidade promove adapta&#231;&#245;es agudas no endot&#233;lio em animais sadios de maneira volume-dependente. Assim, o grupo submetido &#224; 15 s&#233;ries x10 repeti&#231;&#245;es (grupo AV) apresentou uma resposta vasodilatadora mais acentuada. Em resumo, nossos resultados indicam que um alto volume de exerc&#237;cio resistido promove uma melhora no relaxamento arterial induzido por insulina devido a uma produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de NO.</p>
        <p>A insulina &#233; conhecida por exercer um papel importante na manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase metab&#243;lica. No entanto, esse horm&#244;nio tamb&#233;m exerce um papel chave no sistema cardiovascular. Em c&#233;lulas endoteliais do leito vascular, a insulina provoca um r&#225;pido aumento dependente de concentra&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de NO pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de NO sintase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em nosso estudo, um baixo volume de exerc&#237;cio resistido n&#227;o foi capaz de promover um aumento no relaxamento vascular. Por outro lado, um alto volume de exerc&#237;cio levou a um aumento na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida por insulina na art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior. De maneira semelhante, Mota et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> observaram que o exerc&#237;cio resistido de alta intensidade aumentou o relaxamento induzido por insulina em art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica de animais sadios. Assim, nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; de que, tanto um alto volume de exerc&#237;cio, como uma alta intensidade, estejam relacionados com melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular.</p>
        <p>Para entender a participa&#231;&#227;o do NO sobre o relaxamento induzido pela insulina, n&#243;s constru&#237;mos curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para insulina em an&#233;is vasculares pr&#233;-incubados com L-NAME. Nossos dados mostraram que o relaxamento induzido pela insulina foi completamente abolido pelo L-NAME em todos os grupos, o que refor&#231;a a grande contribui&#231;&#227;o do NO no relaxamento arterial promovido pela insulina.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, nosso grupo relatou previamente vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o induzida por insulina em animais submetidos &#224; exerc&#237;cio via ativa&#231;&#227;o da via MAPK/endotelina-1. Esse fato corrobora nosso resultado da presen&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o na inibi&#231;&#227;o da NO sintase em animais submetidos &#224; uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido. Portanto, como descrito por nosso grupo em outro estudo, a intera&#231;&#227;o funcional entre vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular tem um papel essencial na regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus miog&#234;nico na vasculatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados <italic>in situ</italic> da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO em art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior de animais submetidos &#224; diferentes volumes de exerc&#237;cio demonstraram um aumento volume-dependente da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO no endot&#233;lio e na musculatura lisa. Em an&#233;is da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica estimulados com insulina, o aumento na s&#237;ntese de NO foi menor nos animais que se exercitaram que no grupo Ct. Nossos resultados demonstram ainda que os grupos de animais submetidos &#224; exerc&#237;cio j&#225; apresentavam n&#237;veis basais aumentados de NO. Assim, pode-se sugerir que o exerc&#237;cio resistido aumenta a atividade da NO sintase para n&#237;veis subm&#225;ximos, prevenindo um aumento substancial da s&#237;ntese de NO nos an&#233;is da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica estimulados com insulina.</p>
        <p>De fato, o NO derivado do endot&#233;lio necessita atingir as c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso subjacente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Apesar de pouco se conhecer sobre a taxa de difus&#227;o tempo-dependente do NO atrav&#233;s da membrana plasm&#225;tica, novos agentes moleculares foram descritos por estarem envolvidos nos mecanismos de transporte do NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Estudos t&#234;m sugerido que o NO ativa e permeia hemicanais formados por conexinas (Cxs 37, 40 ou 43) envolvidos na transfer&#234;ncia de NO das c&#233;lulas endoteliais para as c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso. Portanto, apesar de que, diferentemente do grupo AV, em que foi observado um aumento significativo na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, a exist&#234;ncia de uma tend&#234;ncia positiva, mas n&#227;o significativa no grupo BV pode ser explicada, ao menos em parte, pelo alcance de valores relativamente baixos de NO nas c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso. Al&#233;m disso, apesar deste mecanismo n&#227;o ter sido investigado em nosso estudo, outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar se o exerc&#237;cio resistido melhora o funcionamento de jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes e, consequentemente, promove vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos utilizando uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> ou de resistido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> observaram um aumento no relaxamento vascular, sugerindo uma maior biodisponibilidade de NO ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio. Al&#233;m disso, o papel do exerc&#237;cio resistido foi avaliado na preven&#231;&#227;o e no tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Contudo, apesar de a maioria dos estudos focarem nos efeitos vasculares do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, nossos dados s&#227;o os primeiros &#224; demonstrarem o efeito volume-dependente sobre altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio resistido. Finalmente, os achados deste estudo podem contribuir para o estabelecimento de limites seguros de exerc&#237;cio para pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em resumo, n&#243;s demonstramos que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido &#233; capaz de melhorar a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida por insulina e aumentar a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO de maneira volume-dependente em animais sadios. Assim, nossos resultados sugerem que a resposta vascular ao exerc&#237;cio resistido est&#225; diretamente relacionada ao volume de exerc&#237;cio e, por isso, programas com alto volume de exerc&#237;cios devem ser investigados no tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e/ou manuten&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPITEC/SE e parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Marcelo Mendon&#231;a Mota e Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga da Silva pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
