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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VWjdV3jYnNhSC8WnbRzbSRF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500427</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170057</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Degree of Agreement between Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Tools</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Thom&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stamm</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Nunes de Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ariel C&#243;rdova</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marasciulo</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marasciulo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Conill</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Battistella</surname>
            <given-names>Cristian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Remor</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Augusto de Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Dr. Polydoro Ernani S&#227;o Thiago</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Dr. Polydoro Ernani S&#227;o Thiago, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Guilherme Thom&#233; Garcia</bold>, Rua das Ac&#225;cias, 121 Bloco A2 Apt 302. Postal Code 88040-560, Carvoeira, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>gtgccsc@gmail.com</email>, <email>gtg_cc_sc@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC, Marasciulo AC, Marasciulo RC, Battistella C; Acquisition of data: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC, Marasciulo RC, Battistella C; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC, Marasciulo AC, Marasciulo RC; Writing of the manuscript: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC, Marasciulo AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>427</fpage>
      <lpage>435</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil, and primary prevention care may be guided by risk stratification tools. The Framingham (FRS) and QRISK-2 (QRS) risk scores estimate 10-year overall cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic individuals, but the instrument of choice may lead to different therapeutic strategies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the degree of agreement between FRS and QRS in 10-year overall cardiovascular risk stratification in disease-free individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional, observational, descriptive and analytical study in a convenience sample of 74 individuals attending the outpatient care service of a university hospital in Brazil between January 2014 and January 2015. After application of FRS and QRS, patients were classified in low/moderate risk (&lt; 20%) or high risk (&#8805; 20%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The proportion of individuals classified as at high risk was higher in FRS than in QRS (33.7% vs 21.6%). A synergic effect of male gender with systemic arterial hypertension was observed in both tools, and with for geriatric age group in QRS (p &lt; 0.05) in high-risk stratum. The Kappa index was 0.519 (95%CI = 0.386-0.652; p &lt; 0.001) between both instruments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>There was a moderate agreement between FRS and QRS in estimating 10-year overall cardiovascular risk. The risk scores used in this study can identify synergism between variables, and their behavior is influenced by the population in which it was derived. It is important to recognize the need for calibrating risk scores for the Brazilian population. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Period Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in Brazil. It accounts for 20% of deaths in individuals over the age of 30 years, and its high prevalence is associated with inadequate control of risk factors. Identification of asymptomatic subjects at higher risk for CVD is a crucial step in public health policies, since effective control of these factors can reduce the mortality rate by up to 44%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The presence of risk factors allows identifying individuals at higher cardiovascular risk (CVR). Nonetheless, intuitive estimates may either overestimate the low risk or underestimate the high risk, for not considering the interaction between them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A variety of scores have been developed for CVR stratification, such as the Framingham (FRC) and QRISK-2 (QRS) score, which estimate overall CVR in ten years. FRC was improved in 2008 m and has been widely used in Brazil and in the world along with aggravating factors. QRS was created in the UK, and has been used for cardiovascular prevention in primary care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite its practicality and widespread use, FRS may underestimate or overestimate the risk in Hispanic and European populations. This fact motivated the development of QRS. However, studies have pointed out disagreements between both scores in estimating high risk, which may lead to the use of different therapies for the same patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering both the importance of identifying asymptomatic patients at high risk for CVD, and therapeutic implications of each risk stratification score, we evaluated the degree of agreement between FRS and QRS in 10-year CVR in disease-free individuals attending a teaching hospital.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, analytical study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Subjects</title>
          <p>From January 2014 to January 2015, patients who attended scheduled appointments at the Internal Medicine outpatient clinic of a university hospital in the south of Brazil were invited to participate in the study. A total of 120 patients were assessed and, using a convenience sample, our final sample consisted of 74 patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection instruments and procedure</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Standard form</title>
          <p>Data were obtained by interview with participants or from their medical records by medicine students. A standard form (Appendix I) was filled out with these data, including identification, clinical, and laboratory data, as follows.</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Identification</bold> - Age (years), considering geriatric (&#8805; 60 years) and non-geriatric age (&lt; 60 years); sex (female or male); ethnicity (white or non-white); self-defined ethnicity (white or non-white); family income per dependent (self-reported income in minimum wages - MW, BRL724.00<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - divided by the number of family members), which was classified into high income (&gt; 1MW) or low income (&#8804; 1 MW); educational attainment - low educational attainment (primary education or none) and high educational attainment (from 'some high school education' to 'bachelor's degree').</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Clinical examination</bold> - History of CVD (left ventricular hypertrophy, angina and/or acute myocardial infarction; coronary revascularization or stent; congestive heart failure; intermittent claudication; stroke or transient ischemic attack); type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (previous diagnosis or in treatment); treated systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) (previous diagnosis and/or use of anti-hypertensive drugs); history of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) (myocardial infarction or sudden death before the age of 55 of patient's father or other male first degree relative, or before the age of 65 of patient's mother or other female first degree relative);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> rheumatoid arthritis; atrial fibrillation; chronic kidney disease (previous diagnosis) and smoking - non-smokers or smokers (current smokers or who had quit smoking less than 2 years prior to the study).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Weight (kg) and height (m) were measured using an anthropometric scale. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) (mmHg) was measured with patient in the supine position, using an automatic, oscillatory, sphygmomanometer, after five minutes of rest. The highest SAP value between the two upper limbs was considered for analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Body mass index (BMI) was calculated considering overweight and obesity as BMI &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Laboratory tests</bold> - Lipid profile was analyzed by total cholesterol (TC) (mg/dL) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) (mg/dL) levels in the last 12 months. An altered lipid profile was considered as TC &#8805; 240 mg/dl and/or HDL-c &lt; 40.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk stratification scores to estimate the 10-year overall CVR</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Framingham risk score (FRS)</title>
            <p>FRS estimates CVR based on the variables sex, age, SAP, SAH therapy, smoking, DM, HDL-c and TC. These data were used in the calculators available at Framingham Heart Study website.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Individuals with a 10-year overall CVR &#8805; 20% were classified as at high risk. Participants without recent data of lipid profile had their risk estimated by a calculator that used the BMI (in place of lipid data).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>QRISK-2 score (QRS)</title>
            <p>QRS estimates CVR based on the variables gender, age, ethnicity, smoking, DM, family history of premature CAD, atrial fibrillation, SAH therapy, rheumatoid arthritis; chronic kidney disease; TC/HDL ratio and BMI. QRS was calculated using the risk calculator available at ClinRisk database website.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Patients with a risk probability &#8805; 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> were classified as at high risk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t1">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Characteristics of 10-year cardiovascular risk stratification tools</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="14%"/>
                  <col width="14%"/>
                  <col width="14%"/>
                  <col width="14%"/>
                  <col width="14%"/>
                  <col width="14%"/>
                  <col width="14%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">
                      <bold>Score</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Local/Studies on instrument derivation</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Age</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Gender</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Variables</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Outcomes</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Risk</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">FRS, CVD in 10 years; 2 versions, FRS with lipid levels and FRS with BMI</td>
                    <td align="center">8,491 participants, Framingham, Massachusetts, United Sates of America, 12 years of follow-up</td>
                    <td align="center">30-74 years</td>
                    <td align="center">Male and female</td>
                    <td align="center">Age, gender, SAP, SAH treatment, TC, HDL-c, DM, smoking, BMI</td>
                    <td align="center">10-year risk for AMI, coronary insufficiency, angina, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, PAOD, heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">0-6% low; 6-20% moderate; &#8805; 20% high</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">QRS, CVD in 10 years</td>
                    <td align="center">2.3 million participants, QRESEARCH database (extracted from primary health care in the United Kingdom), 5.7 years of follow-up</td>
                    <td align="center">25-84 years</td>
                    <td align="center">Male and female</td>
                    <td align="center">Age, gender, ethnics, zip code, smoking, DM, angina, family history of premature CAD in first-degree relative, CKD, AF, SAH treatment, RA, TC / HDL-c ratio, SAP, BMI</td>
                    <td align="center">10-year risk for AMI, angina, CAD, stroke and TIS</td>
                    <td align="center">0-10% low; 10&#8209;20% moderate; &#8805; 20% high risk</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1">
                  <p>FRS: Framingham risk score; QRS: QRISK-2 score; BMI: body mass index; SAP: systemic arterial pressure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: HDL-cholesterol; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; TIS: transient ischemic stroke; PAOD: peripheral artery obstructive disease.</p>
                </fn>
                <attrib>SOURCE: Framingham Heart Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and ClinRisk<sup>&#174;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Participants without recent lipid profile data had their risk determined by multiple imputation technique for missing data.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Criteria definition</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients of both sex aged between 30 and 74 years (which was the widest age range common for both scores) with no evidence of CVD were included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients with CVD, out of the age range established by the online CVR calculators, or with missing or unreadable information in the medical records were not included in the study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution (determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) were expressed as mean and standard deviation, whereas categorical variables as absolute frequency and proportion. Associations between variables were assessed by the chi-squared test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>), and statistically significant variables were adjusted by linear regression model, which considered the relationship between two risk strata (low/moderate <italic>vs</italic> high risk) as dependent variables. Models were adjusted by backward stepwise analysis and calculation of odds ratio (OR).</p>
        <p>Kappa statistics was used to quantitatively assess the agreement between the scores. Kappa coefficients range from -1 to 1 and are classified, according to Landis &amp; Rock (1977):<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> &lt; 0, no agreement; 0-19, poor agreement; 0.20-0.39, fair agreement; 0.40-0.59, moderate agreement; 0.60-0.79, substantial agreement; 0.80-0.99, almost perfect agreement; 1, perfect agreement. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05, and analyses were performed using the SPSS&#174; (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), version 22.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The research was approved by the Ethics Committee (project number 1973.8713.8.0000.0121), and informed consent was obtained from all participants before entering the study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 120 patients were assessed, and the final sample consisted of 74 patients (33 were excluded for CVD and 13 were out of the pre-established age range). Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Fourteen (19%) patients did not have recent data of lipid profile.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory profile of the study population by continuous and categorical variables, University Hospital, Florianopolis, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="70%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Continuous variables (n = 74)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center"><bold>Mean (</bold>&#177; <bold>DP)</bold></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">53.2 (&#177; 11.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">141.52 (&#177; 24.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28.4 (&#177; 5.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Continuous variables (n = 60)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Mean (&#177; DP)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CT (mg/dl) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">195.46 (&#177; 47.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">52.0 (&#177; 14.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Continuous variables (n = 64)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Mean (&#177; DP)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family income <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2073.1 (&#177; 1267.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Categorical variables (n = 74)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Total (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elderly age range</td>
              <td align="center">21/74 (28.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">48/74 (64.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White race</td>
              <td align="center">68/74 (91.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low educational attainment</td>
              <td align="center">57/74 (77.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">10/74 (13.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elevated SAP</td>
              <td align="center">38/74 (51.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elevated BMI</td>
              <td align="center">57/74 (77.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Treated SAH</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">35/74 (47.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">23/48 (47.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">12/26 (46.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Geriatric</td>
              <td align="center">13/21 (61.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-geriatric</td>
              <td align="center">22/53 (41.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">18/74 (24.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">8/48 (16.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">10/26 (38.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Geriatric</td>
              <td align="center">8/21 (38.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-geriatric</td>
              <td align="center">10/53 (18.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Categorical variables (n = 64)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Total (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High family income <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">37/64 (57.8)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>14 patients did not have recent lipid profile data;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>10 patients did not declare their family income. SD: standard deviation; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: HDL &#8211; cholesterol; SAP: systemic arterial pressure; BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After risk stratification, low/moderate risk was predominant in both scores. The proportion of individuals classified as 'high risk' was higher in FRS (33.7% vs 21.6%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ten-year overall cardiovascular risk stratification. University Hospital, Florianopolis, Brazil, 2015.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0427-70057-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In both instruments, percentages of male, white individuals, non-smokers, and individuals with high SAP and BMI were higher in the high-risk stratum and similar between both scores. DM patients and older hypertensive patients were predominant in QRS and FRS, respectively, in the same stratum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution (relative and absolute frequencies) of independent variables in the high-risk stratum for cardiovascular disease, University Hospital, Florianopolis, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">High risk</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Framingham (n = 25), %[n]</th>
              <th align="center">QRISK-2 (n = 16), % [n]</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-geriatric</td>
              <td align="center">48.0 [12]</td>
              <td align="center">31.3 [5]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Geriatric</td>
              <td align="center">52.0 [13]</td>
              <td align="center">68.6 [11]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">64.0 [16]</td>
              <td align="center">62.5 [10]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">36.0 [9]</td>
              <td align="center">37.5 [6]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Race</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">100 [25]</td>
              <td align="center">100.0 [16]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white</td>
              <td align="center">0.0 [0]</td>
              <td align="center">0.0 [0]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Treated SAH</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">24.0 [6]</td>
              <td align="center">12.5 [2]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">76.0 [19]</td>
              <td align="center">97.5 [14]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Family history of PCAD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">72.0 [18]</td>
              <td align="center">62.5 [10]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">28.0 [7]</td>
              <td align="center">37.5 [6]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">88.0 [22]</td>
              <td align="center">87.5 [14]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">12.0 [3]</td>
              <td align="center">12.5 [2]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">52.0 [13]</td>
              <td align="center">68.8 [11]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">48.0 [12]</td>
              <td align="center">31.3 [5]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SAP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">24.0 [6]</td>
              <td align="center">25.0 [4]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">76.0 [19]</td>
              <td align="center">75.0 [12]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BMI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">16.0 [4]</td>
              <td align="center">18.8 [3]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">84.0 [21]</td>
              <td align="center">81.3 [13]</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>CVD: cardiovascular disease; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; PCAD: premature coronary artery disease in first-degree relative; SAP: systemic arterial pressure; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Kappa analysis revealed moderate agreement between FRS and QRS (K = 0.519; 95%CI 0.386-0.652; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>In both instrument, significant relationships were observed between high-risk stratum and older age (FRS and QRS [p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.001]), male sex (FRS and QRS [p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.001]), treated SAH (FRS and QRS [p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001]), DM (FRS and QRS [p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001]), and elevated SAP (FRS and QRS [p = 0.002 and p &lt; 0.003]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). OR was higher in the presence of these variables in both FRS and QRS, with statistically significant relationship (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). In both scores, DM was associated with high risk, and in QRS, high risk was strongly related with treated SAH and older age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bivariate analysis of independent variables in the high-risk stratum, University Hospital, Florianopolis, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">Sample (%)[n = 74]</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">High risk</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Framingham</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">QRISK-2</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup></th>
              <th align="center">P<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup></th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-geriatric</td>
              <td align="center">71.6 [53]</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">10.36</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">16.37</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Geriatric</td>
              <td align="center">28.4 [21]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">35.1 [26]</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">13.80</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">6.70</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">64.9 [48]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Race</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">91.9 [68]</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.80</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white</td>
              <td align="center">8.1 [6]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Treated SAH</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">52.7 [39]</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">12.47</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">13.23</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">47.3 [35]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Family history of PCAD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">20.3 [15]</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">3.75</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">79.7 [59]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">86.5 [64]</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.74</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.78</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.18</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">13.5 [10]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">75.7 [56]</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">15.71</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">21.88</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">24.3 [18]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SAP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">48.6 [36]</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">9.18</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.002</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">4.57</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">51.4 [38]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BMI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">23.0 [17]</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.03</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.30</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.20</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">77.0 [57]</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>* Bracketed values indicate the absolute number of participants.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>chi-squared test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
            <p>variables not predicted by Framingham risk score; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; PCAD: premature coronary artery disease in first&#8209;degree relative; SAP: systemic arterial pressure; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Independent variables and high-risk chance, University Hospital, Florianopolis, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Score</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Framingham</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q-RISK 2</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Low/Moderate <italic>vs</italic>. high risk</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">6.93</td>
              <td align="center">2.37-20.25</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">4.37</td>
              <td align="center">1.365-14.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Geriatric age range</td>
              <td align="center">5.55</td>
              <td align="center">1.86-16.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">10.56</td>
              <td align="center">3.002-37.14</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Treated SAH</td>
              <td align="center">6.53</td>
              <td align="center">2.18-19.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">12.33</td>
              <td align="center">2.552-59.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased SAP</td>
              <td align="center">5.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.69-14.76</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">3.69</td>
              <td align="center">1.064-12.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">9.53</td>
              <td align="center">2.83-32.06</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">16.03</td>
              <td align="center">4.283-59.98</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Logistic regression analysis; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; SAP: systolic arterial pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Multivariate logistic regression revealed that male sex had a synergistic effect with SAH treatment in the high-risk stratus in both scores, and with older age in QRS. The variable SAP was excluded from the final model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis between risk strata and independent variables, University Hospital, Florianopolis, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Score</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Framingham</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Q-RISK 2</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Low/Moderate <italic>vs</italic>. High risk</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">14.25</td>
              <td align="center">2.65-76.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">9.56</td>
              <td align="center">1.27-71.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Geriatric age range</td>
              <td align="center">4.74</td>
              <td align="center">1.19-18.89</td>
              <td align="center">0.028</td>
              <td align="center">19.58</td>
              <td align="center">2.69-142.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Treated SAH</td>
              <td align="center">10.79</td>
              <td align="center">1.88-61.88</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">19.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.76-210.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Increased SAP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">3.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.81-15.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.092</td>
              <td align="center">9.98</td>
              <td align="center">1.58-62.98</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Logistic regression analysis;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>increased SAP was removed from the model; OR: odds ratio; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; SAP: systemic arterial pressure; CI: confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>CVR stratification scores are constructed from population-based cohort studies, via logistic regression analysis. Risk estimates may be influenced by many factors, including calendar year, geographic region, number of visits to physician assistant office, time of patients' follow-up, quality of data collection, and prevalence of CVD risk factors. Therefore, agreement between scores, and consequently the number of individuals allocated in each risk stratum may vary substantially according to the score adopted,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> which was observed in this study. We found a moderate agreement (p &lt; 0.001) between FRS and QRS in the estimate of overall 10-year CVR, which is consistent with other similar studies in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, a comparative study of North American and European risk scores, used in Latin American population, showed a weak agreement between scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Thus, application of a score that had not been calibrated for the Brazilian population may lead to different therapeutic decisions.</p>
      <p>CVR is estimated by the sum of the weights assigned to each risk factor, and multiplicative effect of these factors. Due to interaction complexity, intuitive risk estimates usually lead to underestimation or overestimation of data, and identification of these associations is made by risk scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In the present study, FRS showed a fourteen-time higher risk for male individuals being classified as at high risk when the variable was associated with old age (OR 14.25; 95%CI 2.65-76.74; p = 0.002). QRS also showed increased probability of high risk for men (OR 9.56; 95%CI 1.27-71.78; p = 0.028) and hypertensive subjects (OR 19.22; 95%CI 1.76-210.41; p = 0.015), when associated with old age, suggesting a synergistic effect between these risk factors. The moderate agreement between the two scores used in this study may be partly due to these results, which is in agreement with the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There was an agreement between FRS and QRS algorithms in grouping men with high SAP and BMI into high risk, indicated by the higher proportion of these categories in the stratum. Relatively more importance was given to older and hypertensive individuals by the QRS, since greater proportions of these subjects (68.6% and 97.5%, respectively) were found in the high-risk stratum. As compared with the FRS, the QRS adopts a wider age range (24-84 years) for risk calculation, and assigns more weight to age, which explains the greater proportion of elderly subjects considered as at high risk by the score. Similar trend was observed for SAH, due to its direct, linear relationship with age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The highest individual contribution to high risk was given by DM (FRS and QRS [OR 9.53 and 16.03, respectively]; p &lt; 0.001), indicating the need to identify and control this condition. However, the proportion of diabetics was higher in low/moderate risk strata, in contrast to the Adult Treatment Panel III and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology recommendations, which consider DM as a coronary disease, with high CVR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> These recommendations are questioned by some authors of prospective studies conducted in the United Kingdom (UK), who suggest that DM should be assessed according to the age of onset and disease duration for proper risk stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A systematic review indicates that CVR stratification scores currently available in the literature are able to stratify the risk in these patients, differently from other instruments specific for DM, and can be used in the making decision process. However, if the physician intends to calculate the risk, as part of preventive strategy to motivate the patients to change habits and adhere to treatment, an individualized, clinical assessment of patients, without the use of instruments dominated by fixed variables may be more adequate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Bivariate analysis showed that elderly age range and male sex are associated with high risk in both scores. Aging independently contributes to the increase of CVR in every decade of life, and is related to other conditions, including obesity, treated SAH, diabetes and dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Male gender is an independent risk variable for coronary disease, a frequent, early manifestation of CVD, commonly reported in population studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The association of treated SAH, increased SAP and DM with high risk is in agreement with a multi-country, case-control study that identified these factors as major contributors to attributable risk for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> These findings suggest that preventive and therapeutic strategies may be used in different populations, aiming at preventing new cases of early IAM. Also, they may serve as a base for the use of FRS and QRS, even if they had not been calibrated for the Brazilian population, as an auxiliary tool for decision making in primary health care.</p>
      <p>The relatively higher number of patients classified as at high risk by the FRS compared with QRS (33.7% versus 21.6%) is consistent with a study conducted in the United Kingdom, which suggests that the FRS may overestimate the risk by 5% in that population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A study analyzing the use of North American instruments in the UK population revealed that the scores overestimated the results by 25-115%. This variation may be justified by the fact that these tools derived from a cohort of predominantly white men decades ago, when the prevalence of CVD in the United States was higher than today.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The QRISK-2 derives from a more recent and heterogeneous cohort in the UK, in a period when the prevalence of CVD has decreased. This may explain the lower proportion of patients in the high-risk stratum identified by this score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Other factors include the use of preventive therapies (aspirin, lipid-lowering and antihypertensive drugs), which reduce the incidence of CVD and modify the quantitative relationship between risk factors and cardiovascular events in an unpredictable manner, contributing to lower agreement between the instruments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The high proportion of individuals at high risk in both scores may be attributed to characteristics of the sample, which constituted patients attending a teaching hospital that treats highly complex cases, referred from the primary health care level.</p>
      <p>In the present study, predominance of older (71.6%), female (64.86%) patients is similar to that observed in other patient groups in this outpatient care center<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and in another Brazilian hospital.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The predominance of white individuals (91.9%) is compatible with the 2010 census, conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, that reported a similar proportion in the city (94.47%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Low socioeconomic status (low income, low educational attainment and/or poor regions) is considered a psychosocial factor for CVD that negatively affects the adherence to a healthy life style, medical advice and treatment. The present study showed a predominance of patients with low educational attainment, and is consistent with another study performed in our center, showing an association between this variable and higher risk for hypertension. The higher proportion of high-income individuals may be associated with data bias due to the private nature of this question.</p>
      <p>An Australian study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> related the high risk for cardiovascular disease with low socioeconomic status, suggesting the use of such association in the early detection and correct management of individuals at high risk. This strategy was successfully used in the UK, by using the QRISK-2 associated with Townsend index (which identifies each region by its zip code), and could be adapted to Brazil, in which primary healthcare centers are also strategically distributed, as in Australia and in the UK.</p>
      <p>The elevated proportion of individuals with high SAH, SAP, overweight / obesity, and DM found in this institution reflects its position as a referral center, and corroborates the relevance of these modifiable risk factors in the study population. This may also justify the adoption of public health strategies focused on these factors.</p>
      <p>There is as a considerable proportion of subjects without recent lipid levels (19%), which makes difficult the use of scores based on this laboratory parameter. Gaziano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> found that the estimation of CVR by using easily obtained risk factors, such as arterial pressure, hypertension treatment, socioeconomic status, smoking, BMI and history family of DM, is able to estimate CVR as efficiently as laboratory tests, which is valuable for poorer areas. The authors also suggest the sedentary lifestyle, an important risk factor for CVD, may be included as a risk score, since it is influenced by behavior and due to the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity worldwide. This was evidenced by a high proportion [77.0% (57/74)] of overweight/obesity detected in our study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations, contributions and future perspectives</title>
        <p>This study used a convenience sample, which may not reflect the behavior of the general population. Also, analysis of the effect of the combination of DM and elevated SAP with the other variables in the multivariate analysis is limited by the small sample size. The study investigated characteristics of two instruments normally used in CVR stratification in patients attending the internal medicine outpatient care of a university hospital. These data may be used as a base for the development of instruments for cardiovascular prevention, specific for local reality.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In our study population, there was a moderate correlation between FRS and QRS in estimating 10-year overall CVR. The scores assign different weights to the variables, which may have a synergistic effect and be affected by local population. This finding should be recognized for clinical purposes, as well as the need for calibrating risk scores for the Brazilian population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiologia</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Grau de Concord&#226;ncia entre Instrumentos de Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Thom&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stamm</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Nunes de Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ariel C&#243;rdova</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marasciulo</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marasciulo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Conill</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Battistella</surname>
            <given-names>Cristian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Remor</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Augusto de Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Dr. Polydoro Ernani S&#227;o Thiago, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Guilherme Thom&#233; Garcia</bold>, Rua das Ac&#225;cias, 121 Bloco A2 Apt 302. CEP 88040-560, Carvoeira, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>gtgccsc@gmail.com</email>, <email>gtg_cc_sc@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC, Marasciulo AC, Marasciulo RC, Battistella C, Remor AAC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC, Marasciulo RC, Battistella C, Remor AAC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC, Marasciulo AC, Marasciulo RC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Garcia GT, Stamm AMNF, Rosa AC, Marasciulo AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade no Brasil, e a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria pode ser direcionada com ferramentas que estratificam o risco. Os escores de Framingham (ERF) e QRISK-2 (ERQ) estimam o risco cardiovascular (RCV) global em 10 anos em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, mas a escolha do instrumento pode implicar em terap&#234;uticas distintas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Observar o grau de concord&#226;ncia entre o ERF e o ERQ, na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular global em 10 anos, nos indiv&#237;duos livres da doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, observacional, descritivo e anal&#237;tico, com uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 74 indiv&#237;duos, atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de ensino de um hospital universit&#225;rio brasileiro, no sul do pa&#237;s, de janeiro de 2014 a janeiro de 2015. O ERF e o ERQ foram aplicados nos pacientes, que foram classificados em baixo/moderado (&lt; 20%) ou alto risco (&#8805; 20%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos classificados no estrato de alto risco foi superior no ERF que no ERQ (33,7% vs 21,6%), sendo identificado efeito sin&#233;rgico do g&#234;nero masculino com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica nas duas ferramentas, e com faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica no ERQ (p &lt; 0,05) nesse estrato de risco. O &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia Kappa entre os dois escores foi igual a 0,519 (IC95% = 0,386-0,652; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Houve concord&#226;ncia moderada entre o ERF e o ERQ, na estimativa de RCV global em 10 anos. Os escores utilizados podem identificar sinergismo entre as vari&#225;veis, e t&#234;m comportamento influenciado pela popula&#231;&#227;o na qual foram originados. &#201; importante reconhecer a necessidade de escores calibrados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Determina&#231;&#227;o do Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise Transversal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade no Brasil. Ela representa 20% de todas as mortes em indiv&#237;duos acima de 30 anos, e sua preval&#234;ncia elevada est&#225; associada ao controle inadequado de fatores de risco. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com maior chance de desenvolver a doen&#231;a &#233; uma etapa crucial nas pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, pois o controle desses fatores pode reduzir a taxa de mortalidade em at&#233; 44%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de fatores de risco permite identificar indiv&#237;duos de maior risco cardiovascular (RCV). Entretanto, a estimativa intuitiva pode superestimar o baixo risco ou subestimar o alto, por n&#227;o considerar a intera&#231;&#227;o entre eles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, foram criados escores como o de Framingham (ERF) e o QRISK-2 (ERQ), os quais estimam o risco de DCV global em 10 anos. O primeiro foi aperfei&#231;oado em 2008 e &#233; utilizado na maior parte do mundo e no Brasil, em conjunto com fatores agravantes, e o ERQ foi concebido no Reino Unido, sendo tamb&#233;m usado para preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de pr&#225;tico e bem difundido, o ERF pode subestimar ou superestimar o risco em popula&#231;&#245;es de origem hisp&#226;nica e europeia, argumento que fomentou a cria&#231;&#227;o do ERQ. No entanto, estudos apontam que os dois escores apresentam diverg&#234;ncia na estimativa do alto risco, o que pode implicar na ado&#231;&#227;o de distintas terap&#234;uticas para um mesmo indiv&#237;duo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando a import&#226;ncia de identificar indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com alto risco de desenvolver DCV, e frente &#224;s implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas decorrentes do escore adotado, propomos avaliar o grau de concord&#226;ncia entre o ERF e o ERQ na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de RCV em 10 anos, em indiv&#237;duos livres da doen&#231;a, atendidos em um hospital de ensino.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, observacional, descritivo e anal&#237;tico.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra</title>
            <p>De janeiro de 2014 a janeiro de 2015, pacientes que compareceram &#224; consulta previamente agendada no ambulat&#243;rio de ensino em Medicina Interna de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio (HU) no Sul do Brasil foram convidados a participar do estudo. A partir de uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, dos 120 pacientes avaliados, 74 constitu&#237;ram a amostra final.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumentos e procedimentos de coleta de dados</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Formul&#225;rio Padr&#227;o</title>
            <p>Os dados foram obtidos por estudantes de medicina, por entrevista com o participante e a partir do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico, e inseridos em um formul&#225;rio-padr&#227;o (Ap&#234;ndice I). Foram considerados identifica&#231;&#227;o, exame cl&#237;nico e laboratorial, como discriminados na sequ&#234;ncia.</p>
            <p>
              <list list-type="order">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>Identifica&#231;&#227;o</bold> - Idade [em anos e considerada faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica (&#8805; 60 anos) e n&#227;o geri&#225;trica (&lt; 60 anos)]; g&#234;nero (feminino ou masculino); etnia (branco, negro ou pardo); cor auto referida (branco ou n&#227;o branco); renda familiar por dependente [renda autodeclarada em sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (SM) - R$724,00<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - dividida pelo n&#250;mero de moradores do mesmo domic&#237;lio, classificando em categorias alta (&gt; 1 SM) e baixa renda (&#8804; 1 SM)]; escolaridade [baixa escolaridade (desde 'n&#227;o estudou' at&#233; ensino fundamental completo) e alta escolaridade (de ensino m&#233;dio incompleto a ensino superior completo)].</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>Exame Cl&#237;nico</bold> - DCV pr&#233;via (hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, angina e/ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana ou coloca&#231;&#227;o de Stent; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente; acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio), diabetes mellitus (DM) 1 e 2 (diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio e/ou tratamento), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) em tratamento (diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio e/ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva), hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) prematura (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou morte s&#250;bita antes dos 55 anos, em pai ou outro parente de primeiro grau do sexo masculino, ou antes de 65 anos de idade em m&#227;e ou outro parente de primeiro grau do sexo feminino);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> artrite reumatoide; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio) e tabagismo [n&#227;o tabagista e tabagista (foram considerados tabagistas os fumantes ou os que deixaram de fumar h&#225; menos de 2 anos)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Peso (kg) e altura (metros) foram aferidos em balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica. Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) (em mmHg) foi medida nos membros superiores (ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, em dec&#250;bito dorsal, com esfigmoman&#244;metro oscilom&#233;trico autom&#225;tico, sendo considerada a medida mais alta entre os dois membros).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Foi calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), considerando sobrepeso e obesidade como IMC &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold> - No perfil lip&#237;dico, foram registrados dados sobre colesterol total (CT) (mg/dL) e colesterol HDL (HDL-c) (mg/dl) dos &#250;ltimos 12 meses. O perfil lip&#237;dico foi considerado "alterado" se CT &#8805; 240 mg/dL e/ou HDL-c &lt; 40.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
									</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o dos escores de risco de DCV global em 10 anos</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Escore de Risco Framingham (ERF)</title>
              <p>O ERF atribui o risco de acordo com as vari&#225;veis: g&#234;nero, idade, PAS, tratamento para HAS, tabagismo, DM, HDL-c e CT. Os dados obtidos no formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o foram inseridos nas calculadoras eletr&#244;nicas, dispon&#237;veis na p&#225;gina do Framingham Heart Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
              <p>Indiv&#237;duos com risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular global em 10 anos &#8805; 20% foram classificados como alto risco. Participantes sem perfil lip&#237;dico recente tiveram o risco estimado utilizando-se a calculadora que o substitu&#237;a pelo IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Escore de Risco QRISK-2 (ERQ)</title>
              <p>Esse escore atribui o risco de acordo com as vari&#225;veis: g&#234;nero, idade, etnia, tabagismo, DM, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tratamento para HAS, artrite reumatoide, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL e IMC. Foi utilizada a calculadora de risco dispon&#237;vel na p&#225;gina da base de dados ClinRisk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> sendo classificado no alto risco os pacientes com probabilidade &#8805; 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
              <table-wrap id="t7">
                <label>Tabela 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das ferramentas para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular em 10 anos</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col width="14%"/>
                    <col width="14%"/>
                    <col width="14%"/>
                    <col width="14%"/>
                    <col width="14%"/>
                    <col width="14%"/>
                    <col width="14%"/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Escore</th>
                      <th align="center">
                        <bold>Localiza&#231;&#227;o/Estudos para deriva&#231;&#227;o da ferramenta</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center">
                        <bold>Idade</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center">
                        <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center">
                        <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center">
                        <bold>Desfechos</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center">
                        <bold>Risco</bold>
                      </th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">ERF, DCV total em 10 anos: 2 vers&#245;es usadas; ERF com lip&#237;deos e ERF pelo IMC (n&#227;o laboratorial)</td>
                      <td align="center">8491 participantes, Cidade de Framingham, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica do Norte, 12 anos de seguimento</td>
                      <td align="center">30-74 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">Masculino e feminino</td>
                      <td align="center">Idade, g&#234;nero, PAS, tratamento para HAS, CT, HDL-c, DM, tabagismo, IMC</td>
                      <td align="center">Risco em 10 anos para IAM, insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, angina, AVEi, AVEh, DAOP, fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                      <td align="center">0-6% baixo; 6-20% moderado; &#8805; 20% alto risco</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">ERQ, DCV total em 10 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">2,3 milh&#245;es participantes, Base de dados QRESEARCH (extra&#237;dos da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do Reino Unido), 5,7 anos de seguimento</td>
                      <td align="center">25-84 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">Masculino e feminino</td>
                      <td align="center">Idade, g&#234;nero, etnia, c&#243;digo postal, tabagismo, DM, angina, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura em parente de primeiro grau, DRC, FA, tratamento para HAS, AR, Raz&#227;o CT / HDL-c, PAS, IMC</td>
                      <td align="center">Risco em 10 anos para IAM, angina, DAC, AVE e AIT</td>
                      <td align="center">0-10% baixo; 10&#8209;20% moderado; &#8805; 20% alto risco</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN11">
                    <p>ERF: escore de risco de Framingham; ERQ: escore de risco QRISK-2; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; CT: colesterol total; HDL-c: colesterol HDL; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AR: artrite reumatoide; AVEi: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico; AVEh: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico; AIT: acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
                  </fn>
                  <attrib>FONTE: Framingham Heart Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e ClinRisk<sup>&#174;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
									</attrib>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
              <p>Participantes sem perfil lip&#237;dico recente tiveram o risco determinado pela t&#233;cnica estat&#237;stica de imputa&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de dados</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
            <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos de ambos os g&#234;neros, com idade entre 30 e 74 anos (maior intervalo de idade aceit&#225;vel, comum aos dois escores), sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
            <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com DCV, pacientes fora do intervalo de idade estabelecido pelas calculadoras de RCV online, e/ou os indiv&#237;duos com informa&#231;&#245;es insuficientes ou ileg&#237;veis nos prontu&#225;rios.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (determinada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov) foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as categ&#243;ricas como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e propor&#231;&#227;o. As hip&#243;teses de associa&#231;&#227;o foram verificadas pelo teste de Qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>). As vari&#225;veis que mantiveram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pelo teste de &#967;<sup>2</sup> foram ajustadas por modelo de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, que considerou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os 2 estratos de risco (baixo/moderado <italic>vs</italic> alto risco) como vari&#225;veis dependentes. Os ajustes dos modelos foram obtidos pelo m&#233;todo <italic>backward stepwise</italic>, com estimativa da raz&#227;o de chances (OR).</p>
          <p>A estat&#237;stica Kappa foi utilizada para estabelecer uma medida quantitativa da magnitude da concord&#226;ncia entre os escores estudados. Fornece valores entre -1 e 1, e apresenta a seguinte classifica&#231;&#227;o, segundo Landis e Kock:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> &lt; 0, sem concord&#226;ncia; 0-0,19, concord&#226;ncia pobre; 0,20-0,39, concord&#226;ncia razo&#225;vel; 0,40-0,59, concord&#226;ncia moderada; 0,60-0,79, concord&#226;ncia alta; 0,80-0,99, concord&#226;ncia quase perfeita; 1, concord&#226;ncia perfeita. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, e o c&#225;lculo foi realizado no software IBM SPSS&#174; (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), vers&#227;o 22.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos - projeto de n&#250;mero 1973.8713.8.0000.0121 - e realizada ap&#243;s consentimento dos participantes e assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) (Resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS 196/96/MS).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Durante o estudo, 120 pacientes foram avaliados e, desses, 74 constitu&#237;ram a amostra final (33 pacientes apresentavam DCV e 13 encontravam-se fora do intervalo de idade estabelecido). O perfil sociodemogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico-laboratorial dessa amostra est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>. Quatorze pacientes (19%) n&#227;o possu&#237;am dados recentes de perfil lip&#237;dico.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfil sociodemogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico-laboratorial da amostra estudada, distribu&#237;do pelas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas, Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Florian&#243;polis, Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis Cont&#237;nuas (n = 74)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center"><bold>M&#233;dia (</bold>&#177; <bold>DP)</bold></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">53,2 (&#177; 11,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">141,52 (&#177; 24,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m2)</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 (&#177; 5,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis Cont&#237;nuas (n = 60)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia (&#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">195,46 (&#177; 47,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">52,0 (&#177; 14,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis Cont&#237;nuas (n = 64)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia (&#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renda Familiar <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2073,1 (&#177; 1267,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis Categ&#243;ricas (n = 74)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica</td>
                <td align="center">21/74 (28,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">48/74 (64,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor Branca</td>
                <td align="center">68/74 (91,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa Escolaridade</td>
                <td align="center">57/74 (77,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">10/74 (13,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS elevada</td>
                <td align="center">38/74 (51,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC Elevado</td>
                <td align="center">57/74 (77,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HAS em Tratamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">35/74 (47,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">23/48 (47,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">12/26 (46,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Geri&#225;trico</td>
                <td align="center">13/21 (61,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o geri&#225;trico</td>
                <td align="center">22/53 (41,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">18/74 (24,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">8/48 (16,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">10/26 (38,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Geri&#225;trico</td>
                <td align="center">8/21 (38,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o geri&#225;trico</td>
                <td align="center">10/53 (18,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis Categ&#243;ricas (n = 64)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alta Renda Familiar <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">37/64 (57,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>14 pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam perfil lip&#237;dico recente;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>10 pacientes n&#227;o divulgaram sua renda familiar; HU: Hospital Universit&#225;rio; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; CT: colesterol total; HDL-c: fra&#231;&#227;o HDL do colesterol; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, houve predom&#237;nio do risco baixo/moderado em ambos os escores, sendo que a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos classificados no estrato alto risco foi superior no ERF (33,7% vs 21,6%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular global em 10 anos. Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Florian&#243;polis, SC, Brasil, 2015.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0427-70057-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nos dois instrumentos utilizados, as porcentagens de indiv&#237;duos do g&#234;nero masculino, de cor branca, n&#227;o tabagista, e com PAS e IMC elevados foram maiores no estrato de alto risco e semelhante entre os dois escores. Pacientes com DM prevaleceram no ERF, enquanto os idosos e hipertensos predominaram no ERQ, no mesmo estrato (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o (frequ&#234;ncias relativa e absoluta) das vari&#225;veis independentes no estrato alto risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Florian&#243;polis, Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Alto Risco</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Framingham (n = 25), %[n]</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>QRISK-2 (n = 16) %[n]</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o geri&#225;trico</td>
                <td align="center">48,0 [12]</td>
                <td align="center">31,3 [5]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Geri&#225;trico</td>
                <td align="center">52,0 [13]</td>
                <td align="center">68,6 [11]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">64,0 [16]</td>
                <td align="center">62,5 [10]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">36,0 [9]</td>
                <td align="center">37,5 [6]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Cor</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branco</td>
                <td align="center">100 [25]</td>
                <td align="center">100,0 [16]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o Branco</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 [0]</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 [0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>HAS em tratamento</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">24,0 [6]</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 [2]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">76,0 [19]</td>
                <td align="center">97,5 [14]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HF DCP</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">72,0 [18]</td>
                <td align="center">62,5 [10]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 [7]</td>
                <td align="center">37,5 [6]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">88,0 [22]</td>
                <td align="center">87,5 [14]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 [3]</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 [2]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">52,0 [13]</td>
                <td align="center">68,8 [11]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">48,0 [12]</td>
                <td align="center">31,3 [5]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>PAS</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">24,0 [6]</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 [4]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevada</td>
                <td align="center">76,0 [19]</td>
                <td align="center">75,0 [12]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">16,0 [4]</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 [3]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevado</td>
                <td align="center">84,0 [21]</td>
                <td align="center">81,3 [13]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>* Valores entre colchetes indicam o n&#250;mero absoluto de participantes. HU: Hospital Universit&#225;rio; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HF DCP: hist&#243;ria Familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana prematura em parente de 1&#186; grau; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise pelo Kappa (K) resultou em concord&#226;ncia moderada entre os dois escores de risco (K = 0,519; IC95% 0,386-0,652; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>Nos dois instrumentos, houve rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre o estrato de alto risco e as vari&#225;veis faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica [ERF e ERQ (p = 0,001 e p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente], g&#234;nero masculino [ERF e ERQ (p &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,01)], hipertensos em tratamento [ERF e ERQ (p &lt; 0,001 e p &lt; 0,001)], diab&#233;ticos [ERF e ERQ (p &lt; 0,001 e p &lt; 0,001)], e naqueles com PAS elevada [ERF e ERQ (p = 0,002 e p = 0,03)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>). A OR foi elevada na presen&#231;a dessas vari&#225;veis mencionadas, em ambos (ERF e ERQ), sendo esta rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>). Nos dois escores, houve maior associa&#231;&#227;o de DM com o alto risco e, no ERQ, observou-se tamb&#233;m uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o da HAS em tratamento e faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica com estrato alto risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise bivariada (frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absoluta) das vari&#225;veis independentes no estrato de alto risco, Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Florian&#243;polis, Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">Amostra (%)<break/> [n=74]</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Alto Risco</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Framingham</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">QRISK-2</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#967;2</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">&#967;2</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o geri&#225;trico</td>
                <td align="center">71,6 [53]</td>
                <td align="center">10,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">16,37</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Geri&#225;trico</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 [21]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">35,1 [26]</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">64,9 [48]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branco</td>
                <td align="center">91,9 [68]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o Branco</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 [6]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS em tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">52,7 [39]</td>
                <td align="center">12,47</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">13,23</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">47,3 [35]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF DCP</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">20,3 [15]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">79,7 [59]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">86,5 [64]</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 [10]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">75,7 [56]</td>
                <td align="center">15,71</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">21,88</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">24,3 [18]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">48,6 [36]</td>
                <td align="center">9,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">4,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevada</td>
                <td align="center">51,4 [38]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">23,0 [17]</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevado</td>
                <td align="center">77,0 [57]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>* Valores entre colchetes indicam o n&#250;mero absoluto de participantes.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>teste de qui-quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis n&#227;o previstas na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pelo Framingham. HU: Hospital Universit&#225;rio; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HF DCP: hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana prematura em parente de 1&#186; Grau; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis independentes e chance de alto risco, Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Florian&#243;polis, Brasil, 2015.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Escore</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Framingham</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Q-RISK 2</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">
                  <bold>Baixo/Moderado <italic>vs</italic> Alto risco</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                <td align="center">6,93</td>
                <td align="center">2,37-20,25</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">4,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,365-14,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica</td>
                <td align="center">5,55</td>
                <td align="center">1,86-16,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">10,56</td>
                <td align="center">3,002-37,14</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS em tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">6,53</td>
                <td align="center">2,18-19,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">12,33</td>
                <td align="center">2,552-59,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS elevada</td>
                <td align="center">5,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,69-14,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">3,69</td>
                <td align="center">1,064-12,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">9,53</td>
                <td align="center">2,83-32,06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">16,03</td>
                <td align="center">4,283-59,98</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>An&#225;lise por Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica. OR: raz&#227;o de chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica mostrou que g&#234;nero masculino teve um efeito sin&#233;rgico com HAS em tratamento no alto risco, obtido nos dois escores, e com faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica somente no ERQ. A vari&#225;vel PAS foi exclu&#237;da automaticamente do modelo final (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada entre os estratos de risco e as vari&#225;veis independentes. Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Florian&#243;polis, Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Escore</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Framingham</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Q-RISK 2</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">
                  <bold>Baixo/Moderado x Alto risco</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                <td align="center">14,25</td>
                <td align="center">2,65-76,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">9,56</td>
                <td align="center">1,27-71,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica</td>
                <td align="center">4,74</td>
                <td align="center">1,19-18,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
                <td align="center">19,58</td>
                <td align="center">2,69-142,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS em tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">10,79</td>
                <td align="center">1,88-61,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">19,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,76-210,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS elevada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">3,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,81-15,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
                <td align="center">9,98</td>
                <td align="center">1,58-62,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>An&#225;lise de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>A vari&#225;vel PAS elevada foi removida automaticamente do modelo. HU: Hospital Universit&#225;rio; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os escores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de RCV s&#227;o elaborados a partir de estudos de coorte de bases populacionais, via modelo de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. A estimativa de risco pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, como o ano calend&#225;rio, regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, n&#250;mero de visitas ao m&#233;dico assistente, tempo de seguimento dos pacientes, qualidade do preenchimento dos dados, e preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco de DCV. Dessa forma, a concord&#226;ncia entre os escores e, consequentemente, a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos entre os estratos de risco, pode variar substancialmente conforme o escore utilizado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> o que foi evidenciado no presente estudo. Observamos concord&#226;ncia moderada (p &lt; 0,001) entre os ERF e ERQ na estimativa de RCV global em 10 anos, resultado consistente com outros trabalhos semelhantes na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No entanto, um estudo comparativo entre escores de risco norte-americanos e europeus, aplicado em popula&#231;&#227;o latino-americana, evidenciou concord&#226;ncia fraca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Deste modo, a escolha de um escore n&#227;o calibrado para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira pode implicar em decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas distintas.</p>
        <p>A estimativa de RCV resulta do somat&#243;rio do peso atribu&#237;do a cada fator de risco, e do efeito multiplicativo entre esses fatores. Dada &#224; complexidade destas intera&#231;&#245;es, a estimativa intuitiva do risco geralmente resulta em subestima&#231;&#227;o ou superestima&#231;&#227;o dos dados, cabendo aos escores de risco o papel de identificar estas associa&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No presente estudo, o ERF mostrou chance de alto risco catorze vezes maior para os indiv&#237;duos do g&#234;nero masculino, quando associado &#224; faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica (OR 14,25; IC 95% 2,65-76,74; p = 0,002). O aumento na chance de alto risco tamb&#233;m foi observado ao aplicar o ERQ, tanto para os homens (OR 9,56; IC 95% 1,27-71,78; p = 0,028) como para os hipertensos (OR 19,22; IC 95% 1,76-210,41; p = 0,015), quando associadas &#224; faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica, o que demonstrou a exist&#234;ncia de efeito sin&#233;rgico entre esses fatores de risco. A concord&#226;ncia moderada entre os 2 escores utilizados nesse estudo pode ser atribu&#237;da, em parte, a esses resultados, e s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com a literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Houve concord&#226;ncia entre os algoritmos dos escores estudados ao agruparem indiv&#237;duos do g&#234;nero masculino, com PAS e IMC elevados no alto risco, como p&#244;de ser observado pela maior propor&#231;&#227;o dessas categorias no estrato. O ERQ valorizou mais os idosos e hipertensos, pois observamos maior propor&#231;&#227;o desses no alto risco nesse escore (68,6% e 97,5%, respectivamente). Como o ERQ aceita uma faixa et&#225;ria de maior amplitude para o c&#225;lculo de risco (25-84 anos) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ERF, &#233; atribu&#237;do maior peso &#224; idade, o que explica a maior propor&#231;&#227;o observada de idosos no alto risco, quando comparado ao ERF. A HAS seguiu a mesma tend&#234;ncia, por ter uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta e linear com a idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O fator de risco que mais contribuiu, individualmente, para a maior chance de alto risco foi DM [ERF e ERQ (OR 9,53 e 16,03, respectivamente); p &lt; 0,001], sinalizando a necessidade da identifica&#231;&#227;o e controle desta doen&#231;a. Contudo, a propor&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos foi maior nos estratos de baixo/moderado risco, indo de encontro &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o do Adult Treatment Panel III e da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, que consideram o DM como equivalente &#224; doen&#231;a coronariana e, portanto, de alto RCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Estudos prospectivos no Reino Unido questionam essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o, e sugerem que o DM seja avaliado de acordo com a idade de in&#237;cio e dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e tratamento apropriado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica aponta que os escores de RCV dispon&#237;veis na atualidade s&#227;o capazes de estratificar o risco nestes pacientes, quando comparados a instrumentos espec&#237;ficos para o DM, e podem ser usados na tomada de decis&#227;o. Por&#233;m, se o objetivo do m&#233;dico &#233; calcular o risco, como parte de uma estrat&#233;gia preventiva para motivar os pacientes a mudarem seu comportamento e aderirem ao tratamento, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica individual sem o uso de instrumentos dominados por vari&#225;veis n&#227;o modific&#225;veis e exames laboratoriais, pode ser a mais adequada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise bivariada mostrou que a faixa et&#225;ria geri&#225;trica e o g&#234;nero masculino associaram-se ao alto risco em ambas as ferramentas. A progress&#227;o da idade contribui de maneira independente para o aumento do RCV a cada d&#233;cada de vida, e est&#225; relacionada a outras condi&#231;&#245;es, tais como obesidade, HAS em tratamento, diabetes e dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> O g&#234;nero masculino &#233; uma vari&#225;vel independente no risco de doen&#231;a coronariana, uma frequente manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial de DCV, fen&#244;meno observado em diversos estudos populacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A associa&#231;&#227;o observada, nos dois instrumentos, de HAS em tratamento, PAS elevada e DM com o alto risco, &#233; consonante com um estudo de casos-controle realizado em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses que identificou esses fatores como respons&#225;veis por grande parcela do risco atribu&#237;do ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Isso mostra que a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas e terap&#234;uticas b&#225;sicas podem ser generalizadas para diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, com a finalidade de prevenir novos casos de IAM prematuro. Ainda, esses achados podem justificar o uso de ambos os escores de risco estudados, mesmo n&#227;o sendo calibrados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, como elemento auxiliar para tomada de decis&#227;o na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>O maior n&#250;mero de pacientes classificados no alto risco pelo ERF em compara&#231;&#227;o com RQ (33,7% versus 21,6%) &#233; consistente com um estudo no Reino Unido, o qual sugere que esse escore pode superestimar o risco em 5% daquela popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Ao comparar o uso de ferramentas norte-americanas na popula&#231;&#227;o do Reino Unido, um trabalho mostrou que o resultado foi superestimado em 25 a 115%, dependendo do escore utilizado. A raz&#227;o para essa diferen&#231;a pode ser variada, pois essas ferramentas foram derivadas h&#225; d&#233;cadas, de uma coorte predominantemente formada por homens brancos, quando a preval&#234;ncia de DCV nos Estados Unidos era superior a atual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ferramenta QRISK-2 &#233; derivada de uma coorte atual e heterog&#234;nea do Reino Unido, em um per&#237;odo de decl&#237;nio na preval&#234;ncia de DCV, o que pode explicar a menor propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes no estrato de alto risco encontrado na aplica&#231;&#227;o desse escore.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Outros fatores incluem a influ&#234;ncia de terapias preventivas vigentes (aspirina, drogas hipolipemiantes e medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva), as quais reduzem a incid&#234;ncia de DCV e modificam a rela&#231;&#227;o quantitativa entre os fatores de risco e os eventos cardiovasculares, de forma imprevis&#237;vel, contribuindo para a menor concord&#226;ncia entre as ferramentas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos no alto risco nos dois escores utilizados pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da amostra, constitu&#237;da de pacientes atendidos em um hospital universit&#225;rio, que recebe pacientes de maior complexidade referenciados da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, o predom&#237;nio da faixa et&#225;ria n&#227;o geri&#225;trica (71,6%) e do g&#234;nero feminino (64,86%) &#233; semelhante ao observado em outras casu&#237;sticas nesse ambulat&#243;rio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e em outro hospital universit&#225;rio brasileiro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> O predom&#237;nio de indiv&#237;duos brancos (91,9%) &#233; compat&#237;vel com o censo de 2010 realizado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE), que observou propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante no munic&#237;pio (94,47%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A baixa condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica (baixa renda, pouca escolaridade e/ou resid&#234;ncia em regi&#227;o pobre) &#233; considerada um fator de risco psicossocial para a DCV, que dificulta a ades&#227;o a estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, bem como a orienta&#231;&#245;es e tratamento. O presente estudo observou predom&#237;nio de pacientes com baixa escolaridade, o que &#233; consistente com outro trabalho realizado nesse ambulat&#243;rio, o qual mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre essa com a maior chance de desenvolver HAS. A maior propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com alta renda pode estar associada a vi&#233;s de informa&#231;&#227;o, devido ao car&#225;ter pessoal e constrangimento associado a esse questionamento.</p>
        <p>Um estudo australiano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> relacionou o alto RCV com &#225;reas de baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, sugerindo que essa associa&#231;&#227;o pode ser usada na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e manejo adequado de indiv&#237;duos em alto risco. Esta proposta teve bons resultados no Reino Unido, com a ado&#231;&#227;o do QRISK-2 associado ao &#237;ndice Townsend (que identifica a regi&#227;o pelo c&#243;digo postal), o qual poderia ser adaptado ao Brasil, onde as unidades de sa&#250;de da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tamb&#233;m s&#227;o distribu&#237;das por &#225;reas estrat&#233;gicas.</p>
        <p>A elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com HAS, PAS elevada, sobrepeso/obesidade e DM observada nessa institui&#231;&#227;o, reflete sua posi&#231;&#227;o como centro de refer&#234;ncia, e corrobora a import&#226;ncia desses fatores de risco modific&#225;veis na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, sugerindo o incentivo de medidas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica com enfoque nesses fatores.</p>
        <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos sem perfil lip&#237;dico recente foi consider&#225;vel (19%), o que dificulta a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de escores que necessitam desse par&#226;metro laboratorial. Gaziano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> verificaram que o c&#225;lculo do RCV com fatores de risco de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o - press&#227;o arterial, tratamento de hipertens&#227;o, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, tabagismo, IMC e antecedentes familiares de DM - &#233; capaz de estimar o RCV de forma t&#227;o eficaz quanto os testes laboratoriais, o que &#233; relevante para regi&#245;es com recursos escassos. Os autores tamb&#233;m sugerem que o sedentarismo, um importante fator de risco de DCV, pode ser inclu&#237;do nos escores de risco, por ser influenciado pelo comportamento, sendo pass&#237;vel de interven&#231;&#227;o, e dada a crescente preval&#234;ncia mundial de sobrepeso/obesidade. Tal fato torna-se evidente ao observarmos elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de sobrepeso/obesidade [77,0% (57/74)] no presente estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es, contribui&#231;&#245;es e perspectivas futuras</title>
          <p>A amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia deste estudo pode n&#227;o representar o comportamento observado na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. A casu&#237;stica limitada dificultou a avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento do DM e PAS elevada quando associado &#224;s demais vari&#225;veis na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
          <p>Este trabalho explorou as caracter&#237;sticas de dois instrumentos usados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV em pacientes atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de Medicina Interna de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio. No futuro, estas informa&#231;&#245;es poder&#227;o ser &#250;teis para o desenvolvimento de instrumentos de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, voltados &#224; realidade local.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, houve concord&#226;ncia moderada entre ERF e ERQ na estimativa de RCV global em 10 anos.</p>
        <p>Os escores de risco estudados atribuem diferentes pesos a distintas vari&#225;veis, as quais podem ter efeito sin&#233;rgico e comportamento influenciado pela popula&#231;&#227;o na qual foram originados. &#201; importante reconhecer esse fato na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, bem como a necessidade de escores calibrados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
