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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JV5w9NdjnxKxBHrBPDMBywt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500417</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170041</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005006101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Echocardiography - Adults</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of Coronary Flow Reserve Obtained on Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and its Correlation with Target Heart Rate</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Sucupira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parahyba</surname>
            <given-names>Isabelle Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s de Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Jos&#233; Villar Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diogenes</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Gardenia Liberato Ponte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nogueira</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Clinic&#225;rdio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Clinic&#225;rdio, de Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Prontoc&#225;rdio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Prontoc&#225;rdio, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu,</bold> Rua Dr. Jos&#233; Louren&#231;o, 500/700. Postal Code 60115-280, Meireles, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jsabreu@cardiol.br</email>, <email>jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Abreu JS, Rocha EA; Acquisition of data: Abreu JS, Machado IS, Parahyba IO, Rocha TB, Diogenes TCP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Abreu JS, Rocha EA, Paes FJVN, Diogenes TCP, Abreu MEB, Farias AGLP, Carneiro MM; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Abreu JS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Abreu JS, Rocha EA, Farias AGLP, Carneiro MM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>4</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>417</fpage>
      <lpage>426</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Normal coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) (&#8805; 2) obtained in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) from transthoracic echocardiography is associated with a good prognosis, but there is no study correlating CFVR with submaximal target heart rate (HR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the prognostic value of CFVR obtained in the LAD of patients with preserved (&gt;50%) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) who completed a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), considering target HR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective study of patients with preserved LVEF and CFVR obtained in the LAD who completed DSE. In Group I (GI = 31), normal CFVR was obtained before achieving target HR, and, in Group II (GII = 28), after that. Group III (G III=24) reached target HR, but CFVR was abnormal. Death, acute coronary insufficiency, coronary intervention, coronary angiography without further intervention, and hospitalization were considered events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In 28 &#177; 4 months, there were 18 (21.6%) events: 6% (2/31) in GI, 18% (5/28) in GII, and 46% (11/24) in GIII. There were 4 (4.8%) deaths, 6 (7.2%) coronary interventions and 8 (9.6%) coronary angiographies without further intervention. In event-free survival by regression analysis, GIII had more events than GI (p &lt; 0.001) and GII (p &lt; 0.045), with no difference between GI and GII (p = 0.160). After adjustment, the only difference was between GIII and GI (p = 0.012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In patients with preserved LVEF and who completed their DSE, normal CFVR obtained before achieving target HR was associated with better prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>For decades stress echocardiography has been used to assess coronary artery disease (CAD), and has been established as an important diagnostic and prognostic tool.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The most used pharmacological stressors are those that act as vasodilators (dipyridamole and adenosine) or those that increase myocardial oxygen consumption (dobutamine) by increasing cardiac work.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, the literature shows that, in addition to the consistent positive inotropic effect, the action of dobutamine as a coronary vasodilator might provide important information during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) has been validated, and this noninvasive measurement has been often used in the clinical setting, because it adds diagnostic and prognostic value to pharmacologic stress echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Despite their distinct mechanisms of action, the myocardial flow responses to adenosine and dobutamine in CAD have a linear correlation, dobutamine being comparable to adenosine in the same population with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and both drugs provide concordant CFVR values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several publications have considered a CFVR value &#8805; 2 as normal and suitable to infer good prognosis or absence of significant coronary artery stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> When CFVR values are higher at the early stages of DSE, the exam is expected to be completed with no contractile abnormality compatible with myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, a low CFVR value at the early stages of DSE can anticipate the occurrence of myocardial ischemia manifest as contractile abnormality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Normal CFVR in the LAD can be obtained before (early) or after (late) submaximal target heart rate (HR) is reached.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Although the relevance of CFVR has been established, the meaning of normal CFVR obtained at the early stage of DSE has not been clarified. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the prognostic value of CFVR obtained in the LAD of patients with preserved LVEF (&gt;50%) who completed DSE after reaching submaximal target HR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a prospective observational study performed during two years in a population selected from the previous study by Abreu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> which has assessed CFVR during DSE.</p>
      <p>The decision to refer patients with known or probable CAD for assessment with DSE was exclusively up to their attending physicians. After collecting the clinical history, risk factors for CAD were assessed and transthoracic echocardiography was performed. When not contraindicated, patients underwent DSE. The exclusion criteria were as follows: uncontrolled arterial hypertension; unstable angina; congestive heart failure; recent myocardial infarction (within one month from DSE); important heart valvular disease; prostate disease or glaucoma with contraindication for atropine use; and non-sinus rhythm.</p>
      <p>The present study included patients with preserved LVEF (&gt;50%) on transthoracic echocardiography and who completed DSE after attaining submaximal target HR. Normal CFVR (&#8805; 2) was classified into early or late, based on being obtained before or only after reaching submaximal HR, respectively. In all cases with abnormal CFVR values, CFVR recording was obtained at the end of DSE. The DSE protocols and CFVR recordings are described below.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Dobutamine stress echocardiography</title>
        <p>At our service, the DSE protocol instructs patients to suspend beta-blockers 72 hours before the exam, and to resume their use after the procedure. The other drugs should be maintained. All patients were informed about the risks and objectives of the exam, which was only initiated after the patient's verbal consent. For the DSE, the Vivid 7 echocardiography device (GE Healthcare) with second harmonic image and the M4S multifrequency transducer with frequency ranging from 2 to 4 MHz were used. The left ventricle was visualized in the apical (4- and 2-chamber) and parasternal (long and short axes) views at rest and during dobutamine use at the doses of 10 (low dose), 20, 30 up to 40 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min and 3-minute intervals. The images were obtained at rest, low-dose, peak and recovery phases, and compared on a quadruple screen. Atropine could be added after the second stage (incremental doses of 0.25 mg up to the maximal cumulative dose of 2 mg). The DSE was completed after submaximal target HR [(220 &#8722; age) x 85%] was attained and/or myocardial ischemia was found.</p>
        <p>Ischemia was considered as the report of typical angina, new contractile abnormality or worsening of a preexisting one (except from akinesia to dyskinesia). The exam would be interrupted in the presence of intolerance to medication, hypertensive peak (blood pressure &gt; 230/120 mm Hg), or cardiac arrhythmia. The left ventricle was divided into 16 segments, and a numerical score was given to each segment depending on contractility as follows: normal = 1; hypokinetic = 2; akinetic = 3; or dyskinetic = 4. The segmental contraction score index was calculated by dividing the points obtained by 16.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Left anterior descending coronary artery assessment</title>
        <p>Pulsed color Doppler of the LAD was recorded in the left lateral decubitus, the same position used for the DSE. The LAD was visualized in its mid-distal region with a pre-established specific preset, based on acquisition from the low parasternal long-axis, 2-chamber or modified 3-chamber view, concomitant with little adjustments of angulation or rotation of the transducer. Using a small box of color Doppler with Nyquist limit of approximately 20 cm/s, LAD appeared as a tubular image, in which the greatest possible stretching and extension were determined, as well as the smallest angulation, with the Doppler cursor, whose sample volume was 2 mm. By use of pulsed Doppler, the flow assessed was characterized by biphasic spectrum with diastolic predominance, and anterograde curves above baseline were recorded. Initially, the Doppler velocity scale was limited to 80 cm/s and could be widened during DSE, allowing the capture of subsequent velocity increases of the Doppler curves.</p>
        <p>By using Doppler assessment of LAD synchronized with electrocardiography, peak diastolic velocities (PDV) were recorded, selecting three spectral curves at rest and during stress, not necessarily continuous, but with good quality and higher velocities. The CFVR was obtained by dividing the PDV (mean of three peaks) occurring during DSE by the baseline PDV (mean of three peaks) recorded at rest. By use of the same transducer, visualization of the two-dimensional left ventricular image and of Doppler of the LAD was alternated. Thus, the quadruple screen of the DSE was filled in the different stages, concomitantly with PDV recordings until the end of the exam. Right after completing the exam, the DSE result was defined, and CFVR, calculated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>During the study, the patients' management was determined exclusively by their attending physicians. Independently of their groups, the patients were followed up to assess the occurrence of events, which were established as follows: cardiovascular death; acute coronary insufficiency; coronary intervention (hemodynamic or surgical); coronary angiography (without further intervention during follow-up); and hospitalization (due to angina pectoris, heart failure, or cardiac arrhythmia). Cardiovascular death was considered as death secondary to any of the events cited or any other condition with acute cardiac impairment. Because of the different intensities and possible gradation of events, in the absence of death, the follow-up of all patients was maintained.</p>
        <p>Information on all patients' clinical outcome was obtained through contact with the patients, their guardians or attending physicians, and through medical record or death certificate review.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, while categorical variables were expressed as absolute number and percentage.</p>
        <p>Data descriptive analysis per group was performed by use of contingency tables and descriptive measures. The homogeneity of the groups in regard to the categorized variables was tested by use of Fisher exact test. The normality of the distribution of quantitative variables per group was assessed by use of Shapiro-Wilk test. The homogeneity of the groups regarding variances was assessed with Levene test. The homogeneity of the groups regarding quantitative variables was analyzed with ANOVA (analysis of variance) for variables with normal distribution, or with nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test of independent samples for variables with non-normal distribution. The variables whose groups differed significantly underwent sub-hypothesis tests by use of the minimum significant difference test. Overall survival for the event in the groups was analyzed by use of Kaplan-Meier regression. The groups were adjusted by use of Cox regression and Wald statistics, and underwent pairwise comparison. The analyses were performed with the SPSS software 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). For all analyses, p &lt; 0.05 was adopted as statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
        <p>Of the 100 patients with LAD flow obtained at rest, 92 could have their LAD flow obtained during stress. However, 5 patients could not complete their DSE. Therefore, this study population consisted of an initial sample of 87 patients.</p>
        <p>The assessment lasted 28 &#177; 4 months, and follow-up was performed in 83 patients of the 87 (95.4%), because 1 patient with early CFVR and 3 with abnormal CFVR were lost to follow-up. Of the 59 patients with normal CFVR, 31 had early CFVR (Group I) and 28 had late CFVR (Group II). Group III consisted of 24 patients with abnormal CFVR. The clinical data of the 83 patients studied were as follows: mean age, 63 &#177; 11 years; men, 48 (57.8%); hypertensive, 58 (70%); dyslipidemic, 53 (64%); diabetic, 12 (14.5%); and known CAD, 24 (29%) patients. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows that those clinical data did not differ between the groups, and neither did the body mass index. Regarding medications, the analysis of homogeneity between the groups did not differ concerning the use of the following drugs: antiplatelet agents (p = 0.059); anti-hypertensive agents (p = 0.924); lipid-lowering drugs (p = 0.257); hypoglycemic agents (p = 0.792); and nitrates (p = 1.000). The time elapsed between DSE and an event occurrence did not differ between the groups. The event occurrence, however, differed.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical aspects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Group I</th>
                <th align="center">Group II</th>
                <th align="center">Group III</th>
                <th align="center">p </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Patients</td>
                <td align="center">31 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (100) </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0.092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Women </td>
                <td align="center">13 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">0.273</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) </td>
                <td align="center">27.5 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">0.991</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension </td>
                <td align="center">18 (58)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">0.216</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia </td>
                <td align="center">19 (61)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">15(62.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.881</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes </td>
                <td align="center">5 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Known CAD </td>
                <td align="center">6 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0.183</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Time between DSE and the event (months) </td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">23 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0.382</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Events </td>
                <td align="center">2 (6.5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; DSE: dobutamine stress echocardiography. Measures expressed as number (percentage) or mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic and hemodynamic assessment</title>
        <p>Of the echocardiographic variables assessed only at baseline, LVEF was preserved, while left ventricular mass index evidenced ventricular hypertrophy and did not differ between the groups. Regarding the echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables recorded at rest and during stress, the segmental contraction score index did not differ between the groups, and the frequency of DSE compatible with myocardial ischemia was low. Heart rate and double product did not differ; however, the groups differed in the number of patients attaining maximal HR predicted for age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables by group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Patients</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Group I 31</th>
                <th align="center">Group II 28</th>
                <th align="center">Group III 24</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ejection fraction (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Rest)</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0.019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Rest)</td>
                <td align="center">126 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 45</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 37</td>
                <td align="center">0.670</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SCSI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Rest)</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.086 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Stress)</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 &#177; 0.24</td>
                <td align="center">0.949</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stress without ischemia </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">30 (96,8)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (92.9)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (87.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.430</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HR (bpm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Rest)</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.096 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Stress)</td>
                <td align="center">149 &#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">147 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">147 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.677</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximal HR achieved </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Double product (mmHg.bpm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Rest)</td>
                <td align="center">8548 &#177; 2010</td>
                <td align="center">8749 &#177; 2159</td>
                <td align="center">9681 &#177; 2020</td>
                <td align="center">0.107 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Stress)</td>
                <td align="center">22108 &#177; 2896</td>
                <td align="center">22700 &#177; 3449</td>
                <td align="center">22215 &#177; 2833</td>
                <td align="center">0.742</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PDV (cm/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Rest)</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Stress)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0.143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HR at PDV</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(Stress)</td>
                <td align="center">105 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CFVR </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,53 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">2.50 &#177; 0.57</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.24</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>LVMI: left ventricular mass index; SCSI: segmental contraction score index; HR: heart rate; double product: systolic blood pressure x heart rate; PDV: peak diastolic velocity; CFVR: coronary flow velocity reserve. Measures expressed as number (percentage) or mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>On Doppler assessment of LAD, the groups differed regarding the HR during PDV recording at rest, as well as the PDV values at rest. However, during stress, PDV did not differ, resulting in different CFVR values in the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). When comparing those different echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables, in Group III, PDV at rest was higher and CFVR was lower than in the other two groups; however, those variables did not differ when comparing Groups I and II. The HR during stress on PDV recording in Group I was lower than in Groups II and III, compatible with this study protocol. The LVEF differed between Groups II and III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the different variables by group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Group I</th>
                <th align="center">Group II</th>
                <th align="center">Group III</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">p*</xref>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">p**</xref>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">p***</xref>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PDV (Rest)</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CFVR </td>
                <td align="center">2.53 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.50 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.69 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR at PDV </td>
                <td align="center">105 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction </td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0.072</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
                <td align="center">1.000 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>PDV: peak diastolic velocity; CFVR: coronary flow velocity reserve; HR: heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>p*</label>
              <p>(Group III vs I);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>p**</label>
              <p>(Group III vs II);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>p***</label>
              <p>(Group II vs I).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>It is worth noting that, on several occasions, normal early CFVR could be obtained with the infusion of dobutamine at the dose of 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>g.kg-&#185;.min-&#185;, when HR was far below the submaximal HR calculated for the case (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Male patient with target heart rate (HR) of 142 bpm. Figure 1A shows Doppler assessment in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) at baseline. Figure 1B, during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), dose = 20 &#181;g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and HR = 68 bpm, shows normal (=2.78) and early (obtained before achieving target HR) coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR). Normal left ventricular contractility during the entire exam.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0417-70041-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Male patient with target heart rate (HR) of 140 bpm. Figure 2A shows Doppler assessment in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) at baseline. Figure 2B, during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), dose = 20 &#181;g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and HR = 99 bpm, shows normal (2.15) and early coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR), which increases progressively, even after reaching target HR (Figure 2D). Normal left ventricular contractility during the entire exam.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0417-70041-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Presence or absence of ischemia during DSE and occurrence of events</title>
        <p>Of all DSE performed, 6 (7.2%) were positive for myocardial ischemia, 1 in Group I, 2 in Group II and 3 in Group III, and events were observed in 4 of those 6 patients, with 1 coronary angiography without further intervention and 1 stent implantation in Group II and Group III. Considering all 83 patients studied, the mean time for occurrence of events was 17 &#177; 8 months. During the follow-up of 28 &#177; 4 months, events were observed in 18 (21.6%) patients as follows: 4 deaths (4.8%); 6 coronary interventions (7.2%); and 8 coronary angiographies without further intervention (9.6%). Considering all events, 6% (2/31) occurred in Group I, 18% (5/28) in Group II, and 46% (11/24) in Group III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the cases regarding the presence or absence of ischemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) and the occurrence of events in the groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Groups</th>
                <th align="center">Ischemia during DSE</th>
                <th align="center">Myocardial segment affected</th>
                <th align="center">Events</th>
                <th align="center">Mean time between DSE and event (months) </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Group I (CFVR &#8805; 2)</td>
                <td align="center">No </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Death</td>
                <td align="center">26.5 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">13.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Group II (CFVR &#8805; 2)</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Septal</td>
                <td align="center">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Septal</td>
                <td align="center">Stent</td>
                <td align="center">15.3 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Stent</td>
                <td align="center">15.4 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">12.5 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Death</td>
                <td align="center">3.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Group III (CFVR &lt; 2)</td>
                <td align="center">No </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Stent</td>
                <td align="center">28 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">8.3 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Stent</td>
                <td align="center">21 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Stent</td>
                <td align="center">14.8 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Death</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">14.7 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Lateral</td>
                <td align="center">Stent</td>
                <td align="center">17 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Inferior</td>
                <td align="center">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">24.3 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Death</td>
                <td align="center">19.8 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">22.4 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Normal coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR &#8805; 2) was obtained before (Group I) and after (Group II) reaching submaximal heart rate. Coronary angiography - hemodynamic study without further coronary intervention (angioplasty, stent or surgery).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Of the 8 coronary angiographies without further intervention, only 3 were performed within 1 year of follow-up (1 in Group II and 2 in Group III), while all interventions (stent implantation) were performed after 1 year of follow-up. Of the 4 deaths, 1 occurred in Group I (26.5 months after DSE) and was attributed to complications after myocardial revascularization surgery. The death in Group II (3 months after DSE) occurred during heart surgery to treat exacerbated mitral insufficiency (secondary to valve prolapse) and CAD. The other 2 deaths were observed in Group III: 1 simultaneous with pulmonary embolism; and 1 occurred 20 months after DSE during heart surgery for heart valve replacement in a patient with calcified coronary arteries. During the follow-up, we obtained no information allowing us to infer the diagnosis of the acute coronary insufficiency or of the hospitalization due to a cause other than those already cited (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Regarding the Kaplan-Meier regression analysis of event-free survival, Groups I and II did not differ, and had a better outcome than Group III. However, after adjusting for age and LVEF, Group II did not differ from Group III, and the best event-free survival was maintained only in Group I when compared to Group III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Kaplan-Meier regression analysis of event-free survival by group. Normal (= 2) coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) was obtained before (Group I) and after (Group II) reaching submaximal target heart rate. In Group III, CFVR was abnormal. Group III differed from Group I and Group II, but there was no difference between Group I and Group II. B) Survival for the event adjusted for age and ejection fraction, by use of Cox regression and Wald statistics. Group III and Group I remained different, and the better event-free survival was maintained only in Group I.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0417-70041-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>A negative pharmacologic stress echocardiography for ischemia associates with good prognosis and less need for myocardial revascularization. However, in both micro- and macrocirculation contexts, CFVR obtained in the LAD adds value to the information provided by stress echocardiography. Patients with exams showing normal myocardial contractility and normal CFVR in the LAD have mortality lower than 1% per year, while those with impaired contractility and abnormal CFVR have mortality greater than 10% per year. Even for octogenarians, RFVC is a strong and independent predictor of death and of myocardial infarction, mainly when contractility is preserved. Those results support the measurement of CFVR during pharmacologic stress echocardiography, favoring its incorporation into routine practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In several studies assessing myocardial ischemia or risk stratification by use of transthoracic echocardiography, CFVR and contractile abnormality are evaluated by use of adenosine or dipyridamole, or patients are submitted to an additional stress with dobutamine to assess the induction of contractile abnormality. However, the vasodilator effect of dobutamine in the presence of preserved LVEF is comparable to that of adenosine, which is similar to that of dipyridamole. Because dobutamine is one of the most used drugs in stress echocardiography, it is worth noting the possibility of, in the same exam, having a consistent positive inotropic effect on the cardiac muscle and a proper coronary vasodilating effect to calculate CFVR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The CFVR obtained during DSE can anticipate the probable result of the exam regarding cardiac muscle contractility, so that a better reserve associates with better contractile response, regardless of whether CFVR is obtained early or late.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> However, the prognostic value of early CFVR has not been established in the literature, and this has motivated the present study.</p>
      <p>The groups assessed in this study did not differ regarding age, sex, presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and known CAD, use of medications, and not even left ventricular mass index and baseline double product and HR, factors that could influence the measurement of baseline PDV, and, consequently, CFVR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> However, to which extent pathological conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, affect each individual cannot be established. Thus, Group III had higher baseline PDV, which could express predominance of an abnormal microvascular component over a possible epicardial coronary artery stenosis. However, regardless of which component (micro- or macrovascular) is more important, both can be related to worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The recording of a slightly altered segmental contraction score index at rest and during stress might have resulted from the preserved LVEF and lack of ischemic response in a greater number of exams. During the study, 4 of the 6 patients with positive DSE for ischemia had events, which might have been expected by their attending physicians or might partially represent a bias. However, although 77 of the 83 patients (92.8%) could be considered of low risk because of their negative DSE, determining the expectation of good prognosis, the CFVR measure provided better risk stratification. Regarding the patients with negative DSE for ischemia and later submitted to intervention, progression of preexisting CAD might have occurred or there might have been a false-negative DSE for ischemia. An explanation for that could be the fact that maximal HR was not achieved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The hemodynamic studies were requested by the attending cardiologists, as were the further interventions, which were indicated based on the importance of the coronary artery stenosis. Most hemodynamic studies (11/14 - 79%) were performed after 1 year of follow-up. However, it is worth noting that, considering only patients with negative DSE for ischemia, in 80% (8/10) of those with hemodynamic study, that study was performed more than 1 year after the DSE, possibly expressing rather a clinical decision than a bias of the CFVR result previously informed. Those observations can suggest that the disclosure and recognition of the importance of the CFVR obtained on stress echocardiography is still limited, which could determine decisions rather related to the presence or absence of ischemia. Based on the research protocol, we do not interfere with the management of the attending cardiologists, but it is worth noting that only 1 hemodynamic study was requested for Group I patients.</p>
      <p>The 4 deaths in this study occurred among patients with negative DSE for myocardial ischemia. In Group I, that event occurred after myocardial revascularization, which was performed 2 years after the exam. In Group II, the death occurred 3 months after the DSE, resulting from complications during surgery to repair acute mitral insufficiency in a patient with mitral valve prolapse. However, the death certificate available did not provide further information on the relevance of the CAD reported. In Group III, 1 death was attributed to pulmonary embolism, and the other death occurred in a patient who met no criteria for severe heart valve disease on DSE. The patient died 20 months after the exam, during heart surgery for heart valve replacement, when calcified coronary arteries were identified.</p>
      <p>On the Kaplan-Meier regression analysis of event-free survival, the groups of patients with normal CFVR did not differ between themselves, and had better outcome than those with abnormal CFVR. However, after adjusting for age and LVEF, Group II did not differ from Group III, and the better event-free survival was maintained only for Group I.</p>
      <p>The literature shows that the prognosis of patients with normal CFVR is better than that of patients with abnormal CFVR. However, in our study, the patients with preserved LVEF only had better prognosis in the presence of normal early CFVR.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows that, with a HR of 68 bpm, normal early CFVR (= 2.78) could already be obtained, demonstrating the significant vasodilating effect of dobutamine infusion (20 <italic>&#181;</italic>g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the higher baseline HR recording, but like the previous case, normal early CFVR (= 2.15) was also obtained in the second stage of DSE, with the simultaneous HR of 98 bpm. Those findings are in accordance with those by Takeuchi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> who have reported that patients with normal CFVR recorded in the intermediate stage of DSE (20 <italic>&#181;</italic>g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) belonged to the group that had no myocardial contractile abnormality next to the coronary artery assessed. In addition, Ahmari et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have reported that patients who developed no ischemia had a better CFVR with the intermediate dose of dobutamine.</p>
      <p>In our study, all patients with normal early CFVR maintained that normal condition during all stages of DSE, and none of them showed contractile impairment of the anterior wall. This suggests that, from the time normal early CFVR is achieved, continuing its recording is no longer necessary. In a study including only patients at low risk for CAD, Forte et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have reported that, during DSE, 96% of the patients achieved normal CFVR before reaching submaximal target HR, and all of them had a negative exam for ischemia. In our study, the findings of Group I could result from a smaller impairment of the micro- and macrocirculation, which favors the attainment of normal early CFVR during DSE. However, further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implications</title>
        <p>Attaining normal early CFVR in the LAD identifies patients with better prognosis. In addition, in that condition, the occurrence of contractile abnormality in the anterior wall during DSE is unlikely. In the exclusive context of contractile abnormality, normal early CFVR is particularly useful when the visualization of the anterior wall is hindered during a stage with higher HR, or even when maximal HR is not achieved, because the accuracy of DSE is lower in that circumstance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Despite the prospective nature of this study, some limitations apply. A larger sample and a longer follow-up could add more information. However, this study sample size and follow-up duration were similar to those of some studies here cited. To assess prognostic value, the CFVR was obtained through PDV recorded only in the LAD, but that condition has been validated and used in several studies cited in the present study. The most important limitation of this study is that we neither had complete access to the therapy used by the attending cardiologists, nor knew the reasons for choosing each patient's management, mainly regarding the coronary angiographies without further intervention.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In patients with preserved LVEF and who completed the DSE, the normal CFVR obtained before achieving submaximal target HR associated with better prognosis. This study suggests that, after attaining normal early CFVR, continuing its recording is no longer necessary.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Erratum</label>
        <p> In the Original Article &#8220;Prognostic Value of Coronary Flow Reserve Obtained on Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and its Correlation with Target Heart Rate&#8221;, published in the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia [Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; 108(5): 417-426], please be aware that the correct spelling for Isabelle O. Parahyba is Isabelle Oliveira Parahyba and Thais Brito Rocha is Tha&#237;s de Brito Rocha.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ecocardiografia - Adultos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </subj-group>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Reserva de Fluxo Coronariano Obtida Durante o Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina e sua Correla&#231;&#227;o com a Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Alvo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Sucupira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parahyba</surname>
            <given-names>Isabelle Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s de Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Jos&#233; Villar Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diogenes</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Gardenia Liberato Ponte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nogueira</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Clinic&#225;rdio, de Fortaleza,CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Prontoc&#225;rdio, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu,</bold> Rua Dr. Jos&#233; Louren&#231;o, 500/700. CEP 60115-280, Meireles, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jsabreu@cardiol.br</email>, <email>jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Abreu JS, Rocha EA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Abreu JS, Machado IS, Parahyba IO, Rocha TB, Diogenes TCP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Abreu JS, Rocha EA, Paes FJVN, Diogenes TCP, Abreu MEB, Farias AGLP, Carneiro MM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Abreu JS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Abreu JS, Rocha EA, Farias AGLP, Carneiro MM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) adequada (&#8805; 2) obtida na art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico associa-se a bom progn&#243;stico, mas n&#227;o h&#225; estudo correlacionando-a com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) alvo (subm&#225;xima).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da RVFC obtida na ADA de pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada (&gt;50%) e ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED) conclu&#237;do, considerando a FC alvo subm&#225;xima.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>studo prospectivo de pacientes com FEVE preservada e RVFC obtida na ADA durante EED conclu&#237;do. No Grupo I (GI=31), a RVFC adequada foi obtida antes de se atingir a FC alvo, e no Grupo II (G II=28), ap&#243;s. O Grupo III (G III=24) atingiu a FC alvo, mas a RVFC foi inadequada. Foram considerados eventos: &#243;bito, insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda, interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana, coronariografia sem interven&#231;&#227;o subsequente e internamento hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Em 28 &#177; 4 meses, ocorreram 18 (21,6%) eventos, sendo 6% (2/31) no GI, 18% (5/28) no GII e 46% (11/24) no GIII. Foram 4 (4,8%) &#243;bitos, 6 (7,2%) interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas e 8 (9,6%) coronariografias sem interven&#231;&#227;o subsequente. Na sobrevida livre de eventos pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o, GIII apresentou mais eventos do que GI (p &lt; 0,001) ou GII (p &lt; 0,045), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre GI e GII (p = 0,160). Ap&#243;s o ajustamento, foi mantida a diferen&#231;a apenas entre GIII e GI (p = 0,012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com FEVE preservada e EED conclu&#237;do, a RVFC adequada obtida antes da FC alvo associou-se ao melhor progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>H&#225; d&#233;cadas o ecocardiograma sob estresse &#233; utilizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), consolidando-se como importante ferramenta diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Dentre os estressores farmacol&#243;gicos mais utilizados, est&#227;o os que atuam como vasodilatadores (dipiridamol e adenosina) ou que aumentam o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio (dobutamina), atrav&#233;s do aumento do trabalho card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Todavia, a literatura mostra que, al&#233;m do consistente efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia a a&#231;&#227;o da dobutamina como vasodilatador coronariano, o que pode favorecer a obten&#231;&#227;o de importantes informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A verifica&#231;&#227;o da reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (ADA) &#233; validada e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica n&#227;o invasiva tem sido utilizada com mais frequ&#234;ncia, visto que adiciona valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico ao estresse farmacol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Apesar dos distintos mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o, as respostas do fluxo mioc&#225;rdico para a adenosina e a dobutamina na DAC apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o linear, sendo a dobutamina compar&#225;vel &#224; adenosina em uma mesma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada, determinando valores concordantes de RVFC para os dois f&#225;rmacos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversas publica&#231;&#245;es consideram a RVFC &#8805; 2 como adequada para inferir bom progn&#243;stico ou aus&#234;ncia de estenose coronariana significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Quando a RVFC apresenta maiores valores nos est&#225;gios iniciais do EED, a expectativa &#233; de que o exame seja conclu&#237;do sem anormalidade contr&#225;til compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Por outro lado, a RVFC baixa em est&#225;gios iniciais do EED pode antecipar a ocorr&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica manifesta por anormalidade contr&#225;til.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A RVFC adequada pode ser obtida na ADA, antes (precoce) ou depois (tardia) de alcan&#231;ar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) alvo subm&#225;xima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Contudo, apesar de estabelecida a relev&#226;ncia da RVFC, n&#227;o est&#225; claro o significado evolutivo da RVFC adequada obtida em condi&#231;&#227;o precoce. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da RVFC obtida na ADA de pacientes com FEVE preservada (&gt; 50%) e EED conclu&#237;do ap&#243;s alcan&#231;ar a FC alvo subm&#225;xima.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo observacional realizado em um per&#237;odo aproximado de dois anos em popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada de publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de Abreu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> na qual foi avaliada a RVFC durante o EED.</p>
        <p>A decis&#227;o quanto ao encaminhamento para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC conhecida ou prov&#225;vel durante o EED foi exclusiva dos m&#233;dicos assistentes. Ap&#243;s obter-se a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, verificaram-se os fatores de risco para DAC e realizou-se o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram submetidos ao EED. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada, angina inst&#225;vel, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente (ocorrido h&#225; menos de um m&#234;s da realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED), doen&#231;a valvular importante, doen&#231;a prost&#225;tica ou glaucoma com contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de atropina e ritmo n&#227;o sinusal.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo foram inclu&#237;dos os pacientes que apresentavam FEVE preservada (&gt;50%) ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e EED conclu&#237;do ap&#243;s alcan&#231;ar a FC alvo subm&#225;xima. A RVFC adequada (&#8805; 2) foi definida como precoce ou tardia, conforme a sua obten&#231;&#227;o fosse exequ&#237;vel antes, ou apenas depois de alcan&#231;ar FC subm&#225;xima, respectivamente. Em todos os casos com RVFC inadequada, o registro foi obtido ao final do EED. Os protocolos para o EED e registro da RVFC foram sumarizados conforme se segue.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina</title>
          <p>Como rotina no protocolo do EED em nosso servi&#231;o, os pacientes em uso de betabloqueador foram orientados a suspend&#234;-lo 72 horas antes do dia do exame, retornando seu uso ap&#243;s o procedimento. As demais medica&#231;&#245;es foram mantidas. Todos os pacientes foram esclarecidos sobre os riscos e os objetivos do exame, o qual s&#243; foi iniciado ap&#243;s a concord&#226;ncia verbal do paciente. Durante o EED, foi utilizado o ecocardi&#243;grafo Vivid 7 (GE Healthcare) com imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica e o transdutor multifrequencial M4S, com frequ&#234;ncia variando de 2 a 4 MHz. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi visualizado nos registros apicais (4 e 2 c&#226;maras) e paraesternais (eixos longo e curto) em repouso e durante o uso de dobutamina, nas doses de 10 (baixa dose), 20, 30 at&#233; 40 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min, em intervalos de 3 minutos, sendo as imagens de repouso, baixa dose, pico e recupera&#231;&#227;o comparadas em tela qu&#225;drupla. A atropina podia ser associada ap&#243;s o segundo est&#225;gio em al&#237;quotas de 0,25 mg, at&#233; a m&#225;xima dose cumulativa de 2 mg. Considerou-se o EED conclu&#237;do ap&#243;s atingir-se a FC alvo subm&#225;xima [(220 &#8722; idade) x 85%] e/ou constatar-se isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          <p>Considerou-se isquemia o relato de angina t&#237;pica, nova anormalidade contr&#225;til ou piora de uma pr&#233;-existente (exceto de acinesia para discinesia). O exame seria interrompido em caso de intoler&#226;ncia &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, pico hipertensivo (press&#227;o arterial &gt; 230/120 mmHg) ou arritmia card&#237;aca. O VE foi dividido em 16 segmentos, verificando-se, na pontua&#231;&#227;o para contra&#231;&#227;o de cada segmento, os padr&#245;es: normal = 1; hipocin&#233;tico = 2; acin&#233;tico = 3; ou discin&#233;tico = 4. No c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de escore da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar, dividiu-se a pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida por 16.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior</title>
          <p>O registro do Doppler colorido e puls&#225;til da ADA foi efetuado na mesma posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo em que se realizou o EED. A ADA foi visualizada em sua regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-distal com um <italic>preset</italic> espec&#237;fico pr&#233;-estabelecido, a partir do registro do eixo longo paraesternal baixo, da posi&#231;&#227;o de duas c&#226;maras ou de tr&#234;s c&#226;maras modificada, concomitantes com pequenos ajustes de angula&#231;&#227;o ou rota&#231;&#227;o do transdutor. Utilizando-se uma pequena caixa de Doppler colorido com limite Nyquist de aproximadamente 20 cm/s, a ADA aparecia como uma imagem tubular, na qual se determinava o maior alongamento e extens&#227;o poss&#237;veis, bem como a menor angula&#231;&#227;o com o cursor do Doppler, cujo volume de amostra media 2 mm. Por meio do Doppler puls&#225;til, o fluxo avaliado caracterizava-se pelo espectro bif&#225;sico com predom&#237;nio diast&#243;lico, registrando-se curvas anter&#243;gradas e acima da linha de base. Inicialmente, a escala de velocidade do Doppler estava limitada em 80 cm/s e podia ser ampliada durante o EED, permitindo captar os subsequentes aumentos das velocidades das curvas do Doppler.</p>
          <p>No Doppler da ADA sincronizado com o eletrocardiograma, foram registrados os picos das velocidades diast&#243;licas (PVD), selecionando-se em repouso e, durante o estresse, tr&#234;s curvas espectrais n&#227;o necessariamente cont&#237;nuas, contudo com boa qualidade e maiores velocidades. A RVFC foi obtida pela divis&#227;o do PVD (m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s picos) ocorrido durante o EED pelo PVD (m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s picos) basal registrado em repouso. Atrav&#233;s do mesmo transdutor, alternava-se a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da imagem bidimensional do VE e do Doppler da ADA. Dessa forma, a tela qu&#225;drupla do EED era preenchida nos diversos est&#225;gios, concomitante aos diversos registros dos PVDs at&#233; a conclus&#227;o do exame. Logo que o exame foi finalizado definiu-se o resultado do EED e calculou-se a RVFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Durante todo o per&#237;odo do estudo, a conduta com os pacientes foi determinada exclusivamente pelos m&#233;dicos assistentes. Independentemente do grupo ao qual pertenciam, os pacientes foram acompanhados para verifica&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos, sendo estabelecidos como eventos o &#243;bito cardiovascular, a insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda, a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana (hemodin&#226;mica ou cir&#250;rgica), a coronariografia (sem interven&#231;&#227;o subsequente durante todo o acompanhamento) e o internamento hospitalar (por angina <italic>pectoris</italic>, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou arritmia card&#237;aca). O &#243;bito foi considerado cardiovascular quando secund&#225;rio a algum dos eventos citados ou outra condi&#231;&#227;o com comprometimento card&#237;aco agudo. Em virtude das distintas severidades e a poss&#237;vel grada&#231;&#227;o dos eventos, na aus&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, todos os pacientes foram mantidos em acompanhamento.</p>
          <p>Os contatos foram efetuados para obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de cada caso, atrav&#233;s do pr&#243;prio paciente ou respons&#225;vel, do m&#233;dico assistente, da verifica&#231;&#227;o do prontu&#225;rio hospitalar ou do atestado de &#243;bito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagem.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados por grupo foi realizada atrav&#233;s de tabelas de conting&#234;ncia e quadros de medidas descritivas. A homogeneidade dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis categorizadas foi testada atrav&#233;s do teste Exato de Fisher. O teste de normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas por grupo foi realizado atrav&#233;s do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para o teste de homogeneidade dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#226;ncias, utilizou-se o teste de Levene. A an&#225;lise de homogeneidade dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi realizada atrav&#233;s da ANOVA (an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia) para as vari&#225;veis cuja distribui&#231;&#227;o &#233; normal ou atrav&#233;s do teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis de amostras independentes para as vari&#225;veis cuja distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; normal. Para as vari&#225;veis cujos grupos diferiram significativamente, foram realizados os testes de sub-hip&#243;teses atrav&#233;s do teste do Desvio M&#237;nimo Significativo (DMS). A an&#225;lise da sobrevida global para o evento em fun&#231;&#227;o dos grupos foi realizada pela regress&#227;o de Kaplan-Meier. Para o ajuste dos grupos, utilizou-se a regress&#227;o de Cox e a estat&#237;stica de Wald. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos dois a dois foi efetuada. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o software estat&#237;stico SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). Em todas as an&#225;lises, o valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Dentre os 100 pacientes nos quais foi obtido o fluxo da ADA em repouso, em 92 deles foi exequ&#237;vel a obten&#231;&#227;o do fluxo da ADA durante o estresse. Contudo, como em cinco dos casos o EED n&#227;o foi conclu&#237;do, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu de uma amostra inicial de 87 pacientes.</p>
          <p>O per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o foi de 28 &#177; 4 meses, sendo o acompanhamento efetuado em 83 dos 87 (95,4%) pacientes, visto que houve perda de um caso com RVFC precoce e de tr&#234;s casos com RVFC inadequada, desde as primeiras tentativas de contato. Dos 59 pacientes com RVFC adequada, a RVFC foi precoce em 31 (Grupo I) e tardia em 28 (Grupo II) casos. O Grupo III constituiu-se de 24 pacientes com RVFC inadequada. Nos dados cl&#237;nicos dos 83 casos, constatou-se a idade m&#233;dia de 63 &#177; 11 anos, ocorr&#234;ncia de 48 (57,8%) homens, 58 (70%) hipertensos, 53 (64%) dislipid&#234;micos, 12 (14,5%) diab&#233;ticos e 24 (29%) pacientes com DAC conhecida. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> mostra que as avalia&#231;&#245;es desses dados cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos, assim como n&#227;o diferiu o &#237;ndice de massa corporal. A an&#225;lise de homogeneidade dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o diferiu quanto ao uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios (p = 0,059), anti-hipertensivos (p = 0,924), hipolipemiantes (p = 0,257), hipoglicemiantes (p = 0,792) ou nitratos (p = 1,000). O tempo decorrido entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED e a ocorr&#234;ncia do evento n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos. A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos, todavia, diferiu.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo I</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo II</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo III</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pacientes</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,092</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,273</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,991</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertensos</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,216</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipid&#234;micos</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (61)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (68)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(62,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,881</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diab&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC conhecida</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,183</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo entre o EED e o evento (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">23 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,382</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Eventos</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; EED: ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina. Medidas expressas em n&#250;mero (percentual) ou em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica e hemodin&#226;mica</title>
          <p>Dentre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas avaliadas apenas em condi&#231;&#227;o basal, a FEVE estava preservada, enquanto o &#237;ndice de massa do VE evidenciou a hipertrofia ventricular e n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos. Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e hemodin&#226;micas registradas durante repouso e estresse, o &#237;ndice de escore da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos e a ocorr&#234;ncia de EED compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi baixa. A FC e o duplo produto n&#227;o foram diferentes, entretanto, os grupos diferiram quanto ao n&#250;mero de casos que atingiram a FC m&#225;xima prevista para a idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e hemodin&#226;micas dos grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo I</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo II</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo III</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Repouso)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>IMVE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Repouso)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">135 &#177; 37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,670</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>IECS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Repouso)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Estresse)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 &#177; 0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,949</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Estresse sem isquemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (96,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (92,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,430</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>FC (bpm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Repouso)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,096</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Estresse)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 &#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">147 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">147 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,677</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Atingiu FC m&#225;xima</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Duplo produto (mmHg . bpm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Repouso)</td>
                  <td align="center">8548 &#177; 2010</td>
                  <td align="center">8749 &#177; 2159</td>
                  <td align="center">9681 &#177; 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">0,107</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Estresse)</td>
                  <td align="center">22108 &#177; 2896</td>
                  <td align="center">22700 &#177; 3449</td>
                  <td align="center">22215 &#177; 2833</td>
                  <td align="center">0,742</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>PVD (cm/s)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Repouso)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Estresse)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>FC no PVD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(Estresse)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">135 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>RVFC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,53 &#177; 0,60</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,50 &#177; 0,57</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,7 &#177; 0,24</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; duplo produto: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica x frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RVFC: reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano; IECS: &#237;ndice de escore da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PVD: pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica. Medidas expressas em n&#250;mero (percentual) ou em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o do Doppler na ADA, os grupos foram diferentes quanto &#224; FC no momento do registro do PVD em repouso, bem como os valores do PVD nessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, durante o estresse, o PVD n&#227;o diferiu, resultando em RVFC diferente entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Quando essas diferentes vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas ou hemodin&#226;micas foram comparadas, constatou-se que, no Grupo III, o PVD em repouso foi maior e a RVFC foi menor que nos outros dois grupos; todavia, essas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foram diferentes nas compara&#231;&#245;es entre os Grupos I e II. A FC no momento do registro do PVD durante o estresse no Grupo I foi menor que nos Grupos II e III, compat&#237;vel com o protocolo do estudo. A FEVE diferiu entre os Grupos II e III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise comparativa das vari&#225;veis diferentes nos grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo I</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo II</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo III</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">p*</xref>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">p**</xref>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">p***</xref>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PVD (Repouso)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RVFC</td>
                  <td align="center">2,53 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,50 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC no registro do PVD</td>
                  <td align="center">105 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">135 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,072</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>PVD: pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica; RVFC: reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>p*</label>
                <p>(Grupo III vs I);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>p**</label>
                <p>(Grupo III vs II);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>p***</label>
                <p>(Grupo II vs I).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Foi interessante verificar que em v&#225;rias ocasi&#245;es a RVFC adequada e precoce pode ser obtida com infus&#227;o de dobutamina na dose de 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, momento no qual a FC estava bem aqu&#233;m da FC subm&#225;xima calculada para o caso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Paciente do sexo masculino com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) alvo de 142 bpm. A figura 1A mostra o registro do Doppler na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (ADA) em condi&#231;&#227;o basal. Na figura 1B, durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED), com dose de 20 &#181;g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e FC = 68 bpm, registra-se a reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) adequada (2,78) e precoce (obtida antes de atingir a FC alvo). Contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal durante todo o exame.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0417-70041-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Paciente do sexo masculino com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) alvo de 140 bpm. A figura 2A mostra o registro do Doppler na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (ADA) em condi&#231;&#227;o basal. Na figura 2B, durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED), com dose de 20 &#181;g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e FC = 99 bpm, registra-se a reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) adequada (2,15) e precoce, a qual aumenta progressivamente, inclusive ap&#243;s alcan&#231;ar a FC alvo (figura 2D). Contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal durante todo o exame.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0417-70041-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de isquemia durante o EED e ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos</title>
          <p>Dentre todos os EED, seis (7,2%) deles foram positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, sendo um caso no Grupo I, dois no Grupo II e tr&#234;s no Grupo III, ocorrendo eventos em quatro desses seis casos, constatando-se uma coronariografia sem interven&#231;&#227;o subsequente e um implante de <italic>stent</italic>, tanto no Grupo II como no Grupo III. Considerando os 83 pacientes do estudo, o tempo m&#233;dio para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos foi de 17 &#177; 8 meses. No seguimento de 28 &#177; 4 meses efetuado, ocorreram eventos em 18 (21,6%) casos, verificando-se quatro &#243;bitos (4,8%), seis interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas (7,2%) e oito coronariografias sem interven&#231;&#227;o subsequente (9,6%). Do total de eventos, 6% (2/31) ocorreram no Grupo I, 18% (5/28) no Grupo II e 46% (11/24) no Grupo III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos casos quanto a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de isquemia durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos nos grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupos</th>
                  <th align="center">Isquemia durante o EED</th>
                  <th align="center">Segmento mioc&#225;rdico comprometido</th>
                  <th align="center">Eventos</th>
                  <th align="center">Per&#237;odo m&#233;dio EED - evento (em meses)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grupo I (RVFC &#8805; 2)</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">26,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronariografia</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grupo II (RVFC &#8805; 2)</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Septal</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronariografia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Septal</td>
                  <td align="center">Stent</td>
                  <td align="center">15,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Stent</td>
                  <td align="center">15,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronariografia</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grupo III (RVFC &lt; 2)</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Stent</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronariografia</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Stent</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Stent</td>
                  <td align="center">14,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronariografia</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">Stent</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronariografia</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronariografia</td>
                  <td align="center">24,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">19,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronariografia</td>
                  <td align="center">22,4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>EED: Ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina. A RVFC (reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano) adequada (&#8805; 2) foi obtida antes (Grupo I) e ap&#243;s (Grupo II) atingir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subm&#225;xima. Coronariografia - Estudo hemodin&#226;mico sem interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana (angioplastia, stent ou cirurgia) subsequente.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Das oito coronariografias sem interven&#231;&#227;o subsequente, apenas tr&#234;s foram realizadas com menos de um ano de acompanhamento (uma no Grupo II e duas no Grupo III), enquanto todas as interven&#231;&#245;es (implante de <italic>stent</italic>) foram efetuadas ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento. Dos quatro &#243;bitos constatados, um ocorreu no Grupo I (26,5 meses ap&#243;s o EED) e foi atribu&#237;do a complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica. O &#243;bito do Grupo II (tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o EED) ocorreu durante cirurgia card&#237;aca para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral (secund&#225;ria a prolapso valvar) agudizada e DAC. Os outros dois &#243;bitos foram observados no Grupo III, sendo um simult&#226;neo &#224; embolia pulmonar, enquanto o outro (20 meses ap&#243;s o EED) ocorreu durante cirurgia card&#237;aca para troca valvar em paciente com coron&#225;rias calcificadas. Durante todo o acompanhamento, n&#227;o obtivemos informa&#231;&#227;o que permitisse inferir o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda ou admiss&#227;o hospitalar por motivo adicional aos j&#225; citados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>Na sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Kaplan-Meier, os Grupos I e II n&#227;o foram diferentes entre si e apresentaram melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o do que o Grupo III. Todavia, ap&#243;s ajustamento para idade e FEVE, o Grupo II n&#227;o diferiu do Grupo III, evidenciando que a melhor sobrevida livre de eventos foi mantida apenas para o Grupo I, na compara&#231;&#227;o com o Grupo III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Sobreviv&#234;ncia para o evento em fun&#231;&#227;o do grupo pela regress&#227;o de Kaplan -Meier. A RVFC (reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano) adequada (= 2) foi obtida antes (Grupo I) e ap&#243;s (Grupo II) atingir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca alvo subm&#225;xima. A RVFC do Grupo III foi inadequada. O Grupo III diferiu do Grupo I e do Grupo II, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre os Grupos I e II. B) Sobreviv&#234;ncia para o evento ajustada para idade e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, pela regress&#227;o de Cox e a estat&#237;stica de Wald. O Grupo III e Grupo I permaneceram diferentes, evidenciando que a melhor sobrevida livre de eventos foi mantida apenas para o Grupo I.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0417-70041-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico negativo para isquemia se associa a bom progn&#243;stico e a menor necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Todavia, tanto no contexto da microcircula&#231;&#227;o quanto da macrocircula&#231;&#227;o, a RVFC obtida na ADA apresenta valor incremental ao ecocardiograma sob estresse. Exames com a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica normal e RVFC adequada na ADA apresentam mortalidade menor que 1% ao ano, enquanto que, quando a contratilidade est&#225; comprometida e a RVFC inadequada, a mortalidade &#233; maior que 10% ao ano. Mesmo em faixas et&#225;rias como a dos octogen&#225;rios, a RVFC &#233; preditora robusta e independente de &#243;bito e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, particularmente se a contratilidade &#233; preservada. Esses resultados valorizam a obten&#231;&#227;o da RVFC durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico, favorecendo o estabelecimento dessa pr&#225;tica como rotina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em diversos estudos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, a RVFC e a anormalidade contr&#225;til s&#227;o verificadas com o uso da adenosina ou do dipiridamol, ou os pacientes se submetem a um adicional estresse com dobutamina para verificar a indu&#231;&#227;o de anormalidade contr&#225;til. Por&#233;m, a a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora da dobutamina na presen&#231;a de FEVE preservada &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224; da adenosina, a qual &#233; similar &#224; do dipiridamol. Como a dobutamina &#233; um dos f&#225;rmacos mais utilizados na realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma sob estresse, ressalta-se a possibilidade de em um mesmo exame termos um consistente efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo sobre o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e uma adequada a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora coronariana para c&#225;lculo da RVFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A RVFC obtida durante o EED pode antecipar o prov&#225;vel resultado do exame com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; contratilidade do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco subjacente, de forma que uma melhor reserva se associa &#224; melhor resposta contr&#225;til, independentemente se a RVFC &#233; obtida de forma precoce ou tardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Contudo, o valor progn&#243;stico da RVFC elicitada precocemente n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido na literatura, condi&#231;&#227;o essa que motivou o presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Os grupos avaliados em nosso estudo n&#227;o foram diferentes quanto &#224; idade, ao g&#234;nero, &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertensos, de dislipid&#234;micos e de diab&#233;ticos, &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC conhecida, bem como n&#227;o diferiram quanto ao &#237;ndice de massa do VE, ao duplo produto e &#224; FC basais, fatores que podem influenciar na medida do PVD basal e, consequentemente, na RVFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Contudo, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer em que intensidade condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia comprometem cada indiv&#237;duo. Assim, o Grupo III apresentou maior PVD basal, o que poderia expressar uma predomin&#226;ncia do componente microvascular anormal sobre um poss&#237;vel comprometimento esten&#243;tico da coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica. Todavia, independente de que o componente micro ou o macrovascular seja mais importante, ambos podem ser relacionados a pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O registro do &#237;ndice de escore da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar pouco alterado no repouso e no estresse pode ter decorrido da FEVE preservada e da aus&#234;ncia de resposta isqu&#234;mica em um maior n&#250;mero de exames. Durante o estudo, quatro dos seis casos com EED positivo para isquemia apresentaram eventos, o que poderia estar dentro das expectativas dos m&#233;dicos assistentes ou em parte representar um vi&#233;s pelo resultado do exame. Por outro lado, apesar do fato de 92,8% (77/83) dos pacientes poderem, em princ&#237;pio, ser considerados de baixo risco em virtude de o EED ter sido negativo e determinar a expectativa de bom progn&#243;stico, a RVFC permitiu uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Dentre os casos com EED negativo para isquemia e submetidos a posterior interven&#231;&#227;o, poderia ter ocorrido progress&#227;o da DAC preexistente ou um EED falso-negativo para isquemia. Nesse caso, uma justificativa seria o fato de n&#227;o ter sido alcan&#231;ada a FC m&#225;xima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As solicita&#231;&#245;es dos estudos hemodin&#226;micos foram efetuadas pelos cardiologistas assistentes, bem como as interven&#231;&#245;es subsequentes, as quais foram indicadas de acordo com a import&#226;ncia da estenose coronariana. A maioria (11/14 - 79%) dos estudos hemodin&#226;micos foi realizada ap&#243;s um ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Todavia, &#233; interessante constatar que, considerando somente os EED negativos para isquemia, em 80% (8/10) dos casos com estudo hemodin&#226;mico, esse foi realizado com mais de um ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o exame, possivelmente expressando mais uma decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica do que um vi&#233;s pelo resultado da RVFC previamente informado. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es podem sugerir que a divulga&#231;&#227;o e o reconhecimento do valor da RVFC obtida atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma sob estresse ainda &#233; limitado, o que poderia determinar decis&#245;es mais relacionadas &#224; presen&#231;a ou &#224; aus&#234;ncia de isquemia, dentre as distintas express&#245;es desse diagn&#243;stico. Conforme o protocolo da pesquisa, n&#227;o interferimos na conduta dos cardiologistas assistentes, mas &#233; relevante citar que apenas um estudo hemodin&#226;mico foi solicitado para os pacientes do Grupo I.</p>
        <p>Os quatro &#243;bitos do estudo ocorreram em pacientes com EED negativos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. No Grupo I, o evento ocorreu ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a qual foi realizada dois anos ap&#243;s o exame. No Grupo II, o &#243;bito foi registrado tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o EED, decorrendo de complica&#231;&#245;es durante cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda em paciente com prolapso da valva. Entretanto, o atestado de &#243;bito dispon&#237;vel n&#227;o permitiu maiores esclarecimentos relativos &#224; relev&#226;ncia da DAC citada no mesmo. No Grupo III, um &#243;bito foi atribu&#237;do a embolia pulmonar. O outro &#243;bito desse grupo ocorreu em um caso que n&#227;o apresentava crit&#233;rios para valvopatia grave &#224; &#233;poca do EED. O paciente faleceu 20 meses ap&#243;s o exame, durante cirurgia card&#237;aca para troca valvar, na qual se registrou a presen&#231;a de coron&#225;rias calcificadas.</p>
        <p>Na sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Kaplan-Meier, os grupos de pacientes com RVFC adequada n&#227;o foram diferentes entre si e apresentaram melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o do que aqueles com RVFC inadequada. Todavia, ap&#243;s o ajustamento para idade e FEVE, o Grupo II n&#227;o diferiu do Grupo III, evidenciando que a melhor sobrevida livre de eventos foi mantida apenas para o Grupo I, na compara&#231;&#227;o com o Grupo III.</p>
        <p>Os dados da literatura denotam que o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com RVFC adequada &#233; melhor do que nos casos com RVFC inadequada. Contudo, nesta amostra de pacientes com FEVE preservada do nosso estudo, o melhor progn&#243;stico s&#243; foi evidenciado na presen&#231;a da RVFC adequada e precoce.</p>
        <p>Verificamos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref> que, com a FC de 68 bpm, j&#225; foi poss&#237;vel obter a RVFC adequada precoce (= 2,78), demonstrando na infus&#227;o de 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> um grande efeito vasodilatador da dobutamina. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>, o registro basal apresentava FC mais elevada, mas da mesma forma que no caso anterior, a RVFC adequada precoce (= 2,15) tamb&#233;m foi obtida no segundo est&#225;gio do EED, com a FC simult&#226;nea de 98 bpm. Esses achados s&#227;o concordantes com os de Takeuchi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> os quais verificaram que pacientes com a RVFC adequada registrada em est&#225;gio intermedi&#225;rio do EED (20 <italic>&#181;</italic>g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) estavam no grupo que n&#227;o desenvolveu anormalidade contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio subjacente &#224; coron&#225;ria avaliada. Nesse contexto, Ahmari et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> tamb&#233;m constataram que os casos que n&#227;o desenvolveram isquemia j&#225; apresentavam melhor RVFC com dose intermedi&#225;ria de dobutamina.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, em todos os casos nos quais a RVFC foi adequada e precoce, a condi&#231;&#227;o adequada se manteve durante todos os est&#225;gios do EED, bem como n&#227;o foi constatado comprometimento contr&#225;til da parede anterior em nenhum deles. Isso sugere que, a partir do momento em que a RVFC adequada e precoce &#233; obtida, a continuidade desse registro torna-se desnecess&#225;ria. No artigo que incluiu apenas pacientes com baixo risco para DAC, Forte et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> verificaram durante o EED que em 96% dos casos a RVFC adequada foi obtida antes de alcan&#231;ar a FC alvo subm&#225;xima, e que em todos eles o exame foi negativo para isquemia. Os achados do Grupo I em nossa pesquisa poderiam decorrer de um menor comprometimento da micro e da macrocircula&#231;&#227;o, o que favoreceria a elicita&#231;&#227;o adequada e precoce da reserva coronariana durante o EED. Contudo, estudos adicionais ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>A verifica&#231;&#227;o de RVFC adequada e precoce na ADA identifica os pacientes com melhor progn&#243;stico, al&#233;m de que, nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, &#233; pouco prov&#225;vel a ocorr&#234;ncia de anormalidade contr&#225;til na parede anterior durante o EED. No contexto exclusivo da anormalidade contr&#225;til, a RVFC adequada e precoce ainda &#233; particularmente &#250;til nos casos em que a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da parede anterior venha a ficar prejudicada durante est&#225;gio com a FC mais elevada, ou mesmo nos casos em que n&#227;o &#233; alcan&#231;ada a FC m&#225;xima, visto que a acur&#225;cia do EED &#233; menor nessa circunst&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Apesar da natureza prospectiva deste estudo, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas. Uma maior amostra e um acompanhamento mais prolongado poderiam agregar mais informa&#231;&#245;es; entretanto, o volume amostral e o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento foram pr&#243;ximos aos de algumas publica&#231;&#245;es aqui referenciadas ou maiores do que eles. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do valor progn&#243;stico, verificamos a RVFC obtida atrav&#233;s do PVD registrado apenas na ADA, mas essa condi&#231;&#227;o j&#225; foi validada e aplicada em diversas publica&#231;&#245;es citadas no presente estudo. A limita&#231;&#227;o mais importante do estudo decorre do fato de n&#227;o termos completo acesso &#224; terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da pelo m&#233;dico cardiologista assistente, nem as raz&#245;es pelas quais foram efetuadas as condutas para cada paciente, particularmente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s coronariografias sem interven&#231;&#227;o subsequente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e EED conclu&#237;do, a RVFC adequada obtida antes da FC alvo subm&#225;xima associou-se ao melhor progn&#243;stico. O estudo sugere que, ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o da RVFC adequada e precoce, &#233; dispens&#225;vel a continuidade desse registro.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Errata</label>
          <p> No Artigo Original &#8220;Valor Progn&#243;stico da Reserva de Fluxo Coronariano Obtida Durante o Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina e sua Correla&#231;&#227;o com a Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Alvo&#8221;, publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia [Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; 108(5): 417-426], considerar correta a grafia Isabelle Oliveira Parahyba para o nome da autora Isabelle O. Parahyba e Tha&#237;s de Brito Rocha para o nome Thais Brito Rocha.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
