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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">w8nS7VsKWgkrsM3gzzJWqXN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Dyslipidemias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Self-Reported High-Cholesterol Prevalence in the Brazilian Population: Analysis of the 2013 National Health Survey</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertolami</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha-Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jose</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>M. Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szwarcwald</surname>
            <given-names>Celia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stoppa</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malta</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">EpiCenter - Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Escola de Medicina - Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Instituto Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Comunica&#231;&#227;o e Informa&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e Tecnol&#243;gica em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Instituto de Comunica&#231;&#227;o e Informa&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e Tecnol&#243;gica em Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Doen&#231;as e Agravos n&#227;o Transmiss&#237;veis e Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de - Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de - Departamento de Doen&#231;as e Agravos n&#227;o Transmiss&#237;veis e Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Addres: Paulo Andrade Lotufo</bold>, Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da USP - Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. Postal Code 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. Email: <email>palotufo@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lotufo PA, Szwarcwald C, Stoppa SR, Malta DC. Acquisition of data: Szwarcwald C, Stoppa SR, Malta DC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lotufo PA, Santos RD, Prado RR, Bensenor IM. Statistical analysis: Lotufo PA, Prado RR, Stoppa SR, Malta DC. Obtaining financing: Szwarcwald C. Writing of the manuscript: Lotufo PA, Santos RD, Sposito AC, Bertolami M, Faria-Neto JR, Izar MC, Bensenor IM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lotufo PA, Santos RD, Sposito AC, Bertolami M, Faria-Neto JR, Izar MC, Szwarcwald C, Prado RR, Stoppa SR, Malta DC, Bensenor IM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>411</fpage>
      <lpage>416</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Data on the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Brazil are scarce, with surveys available only for some towns.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the prevalence of the self-reported medical diagnosis of high cholesterol in the Brazilian adult population by use of the 2013 National Health Survey data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Descriptive study assessing the 2013 National Health Survey data, a household-based epidemiological survey with a nationally representative sample and self-reported information. The sample consisted of 60,202 individuals who reported a medical diagnosis of dyslipidemia. The point prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the medical diagnosis of high cholesterol/triglyceride by gender, age, race/ethnicity, geographic region and educational level were calculated. Adjusted odds ratio was calculated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 60,202 participants, 14.3% (95%CI=13.7-14.8) never had their cholesterol or triglyceride levels tested, but a higher frequency of women, white individuals, elderly and those with higher educational level had their cholesterol levels tested within the last year. The prevalence of the medical diagnosis of high cholesterol was 12.5% (9.7% in men and 15.1% in women), and women had 60% higher probability of a diagnosis of high cholesterol than men. The frequency of the medical diagnosis of high cholesterol increased up to the age of 59 years, being higher in white individuals or those of Asian heritage, in those with higher educational level and in residents of the Southern and Southeastern regions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The importance of dyslipidemia awareness in the present Brazilian epidemiological context must be emphasized to guide actions to control and prevent coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Survey</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> At the beginning of the 1960s, long-term observation studies, mainly the <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic>, reported that high cholesterol levels doubled the risk for myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Detailing the cholesterol fractions has allowed identifying low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as the determinant of the atherogenic process, with a strong and constant association with cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A meta-analysis with over 170,000 individuals randomized to receive placebo or statins or low versus high doses of those drugs has shown that, for every 40-mg/dL reduction in LDL-C, there was a relative drop of 10%, 20%, 27%, 21% and 25% in all-cause mortality, mortality due to cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and myocardial revascularization, respectively. There was no beneficial difference regarding the previous presence of cardiovascular disease; however, the absolute benefit was proportional to the previous risk of cardiovascular events, being twice higher in secondary prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the importance of the relation "cholesterol - coronary disease" and the evidence that justifies the control of cholesterol levels at the population level, population surveys conducted in several countries have revealed relatively low rates of diagnosis, knowledge, treatment and control of high cholesterol levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS) is a unique opportunity to estimate the population prevalence of self-reported dyslipidemia in adults (18 years or older), a representative sample of Brazil, its large geographic regions and federated units, urban and rural areas and self-reported educational level and race/ethnicity.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>Descriptive study using 2013 PNS data. The PNS is an epidemiological survey based on households, a representative sample of Brazil, its large regions and federated units, capitals and metropolitan regions. Further information on the PNS can be found in other publications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The minimum sample size was 1,800 households per federated unit, with an initial total sample of 81,767 households planned. In addition, the sample was defined based on the level of accuracy desired for estimation of indicators of interest (proportions of individuals at certain categories). After data collection, registries of the interviews of 64,348 households were obtained, with 60,202 individuals interviewed. The other 4,146 residents selected were excluded because: (i) they refused to answer the specific questionnaire or (ii) had their information rejected in the automatic coherence screening performed by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The rate of non-reply was 14.0%.</p>
        <p>The PNS sample was designed in three stages. The primary units of sampling (PUS) were the census tracts or sets of sectors. The households were the secondary units, and the adult residents (&#8805; 18 years) were the tertiary units. Weight factors were calculated for each sample unit, considering the selection probability. The weight for the selected resident was calculated considering the household weight, non-reply adjustments by sex and calibration for the population totals by sex and age groups estimated with the weight of all residents. The PNS is part of the Integrated System of Household Surveys of IBGE, therefore, the PUS considered in this study are a subsample of the set of PUS existing in the master sample of IBGE. The households were selected based on the most recent version, available at the time, of the National Register of Addresses for Statistical Purposes. Details on the sampling process and weighing can be obtained in the previous publication on PNS results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Identification of dyslipidemia</title>
        <p>At this stage of the survey, the information on the presence or absence of dyslipidemia was obtained via a self-report of the participants based on the results provided by their physicians about the diagnosis of "high cholesterol or triglyceride levels". The first question was <italic>"when did you have the last blood test to measure cholesterol and triglyceride levels"</italic>. The alternatives ranged from <italic>"less than 6 month ago"</italic> to <italic>"more than 3 years ago</italic>" and <italic>"never"</italic>. Only those reporting at least one cholesterol measurement were asked <italic>"has any physician ever diagnosed you with high cholesterol?"</italic> If the answer was positive, the following questions were asked <italic>"how old were you when first diagnosed with high cholesterol?"</italic> and <italic>"has any physician or health care provider given you a recommendation on high cholesterol?".</italic></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis and ethical procedures</title>
        <p>Using the sample base, the point prevalence estimate and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated for 'the diagnosis of high cholesterol by a physician', 'undergoing a cholesterol test once' and 'measuring cholesterol or triglyceride levels'. The frequencies were stratified by sex, age group (18 to 29 years, 30 to 59, 60 to 64, 65 to 74, and 75 years and older), educational level (none and incomplete elementary school; complete elementary school and incomplete middle school; complete middle school and incomplete high school; and complete high school) and race/ethnicity (white, black and mixed). The prevalence rates were presented for the country, its large geographic regions, federated units and urban and rural areas. The raw frequency for each specific category was presented, as was the odds ratio adjusted for the other variables, except for itself. Data were analyzed with the Stata&#174; software, 11.0 version (Stata Corp., College Station, United States), using the set of commands for data analysis of a complex sample (survey). Statistically significant differences at the 5% level were considered in the absence of 95%CI overlapping.</p>
        <p>The PNS was approved by the National Committee on Ethics in Research (CONEP) of the National Board of Health (CNS), of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (protocol n&#176; 328.159, of June 26, 2013). Participation in this study was voluntary and data confidentiality was guaranteed. The adults selected to answer the interview and who agreed to participate in this study signed the written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The PNS estimates discussed in this study are based on the answers of 60,202 individuals aged 18 years and more. The proportion of participants who never had their cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels measured was relatively low, 14.3% (95%CI = 13.7-14.8). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows that more than half of the responders had their cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels measured within the past year, with a significantly higher number of women, elderly, white individuals and individuals with complete high educational level, and a lower number of residents of the Northern and Northeastern regions.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proportion of participants reporting cholesterol or triglyceride measurement within the past year</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">%</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Raw OR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Adjusted OR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Lower</th>
              <th align="center">Upper</th>
              <th align="center">Lower</th>
              <th align="center">Upper</th>
              <th align="center">Lower</th>
              <th align="center">Upper</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brazil</td>
              <td align="center">55.4</td>
              <td align="center">55.0</td>
              <td align="center">55.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">48.2</td>
              <td align="center">47.3</td>
              <td align="center">49.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">61.8</td>
              <td align="center">61.3</td>
              <td align="center">62.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.74</td>
              <td align="center">1.69</td>
              <td align="center">1.80</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.70</td>
              <td align="center">1.65</td>
              <td align="center">1.76</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">18-29 years</td>
              <td align="center">41.7</td>
              <td align="center">39.6</td>
              <td align="center">43.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30-59 years</td>
              <td align="center">56.6</td>
              <td align="center">54.5</td>
              <td align="center">58.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.82</td>
              <td align="center">1.75</td>
              <td align="center">1.89</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.92</td>
              <td align="center">1.84</td>
              <td align="center">2.00</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60-64 years</td>
              <td align="center">67.2</td>
              <td align="center">64.8</td>
              <td align="center">69.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.87</td>
              <td align="center">2.65</td>
              <td align="center">3.10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">3.34</td>
              <td align="center">3.08</td>
              <td align="center">3.63</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">65-74 years</td>
              <td align="center">74.2</td>
              <td align="center">72.1</td>
              <td align="center">76.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.01</td>
              <td align="center">3.73</td>
              <td align="center">4.31</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">5.13</td>
              <td align="center">4.74</td>
              <td align="center">5.55</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 75 years</td>
              <td align="center">71.7</td>
              <td align="center">70.1</td>
              <td align="center">73.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.55</td>
              <td align="center">3.25</td>
              <td align="center">3.88</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">4.60</td>
              <td align="center">4.19</td>
              <td align="center">5.06</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Schooling</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None &#8211; incomplete elementary</td>
              <td align="center">51.9</td>
              <td align="center">50.5</td>
              <td align="center">53.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete elementary &#8211; incomplete middle</td>
              <td align="center">48.7</td>
              <td align="center">47.0</td>
              <td align="center">50.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.25</td>
              <td align="center">1.18</td>
              <td align="center">1.32</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete middle - incomplete high</td>
              <td align="center">56.0</td>
              <td align="center">54.6</td>
              <td align="center">57.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.18</td>
              <td align="center">1.14</td>
              <td align="center">1.23</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.68</td>
              <td align="center">1.61</td>
              <td align="center">1.76</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete high</td>
              <td align="center">72.7</td>
              <td align="center">71.7</td>
              <td align="center">73.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.47</td>
              <td align="center">2.33</td>
              <td align="center">2.61</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.81</td>
              <td align="center">2.64</td>
              <td align="center">2.98</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Race/ethnicity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">60.8</td>
              <td align="center">54.8</td>
              <td align="center">66.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">52.1</td>
              <td align="center">45.8</td>
              <td align="center">58.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mixed</td>
              <td align="center">48.6</td>
              <td align="center">41.3</td>
              <td align="center">56.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Native</td>
              <td align="center">50.0</td>
              <td align="center">43.9</td>
              <td align="center">56.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Region</td>
              <td align="center">56.9</td>
              <td align="center">50.7</td>
              <td align="center">62.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
              <td align="center">1.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.201</td>
              <td align="center">1.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
              <td align="center">1.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.146</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Northern</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Northeastern</td>
              <td align="center">45.9</td>
              <td align="center">43.8</td>
              <td align="center">47.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Southeastern</td>
              <td align="center">48.1</td>
              <td align="center">46.4</td>
              <td align="center">49.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.09</td>
              <td align="center">1.02</td>
              <td align="center">1.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">1.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td align="center">1.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.206</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Southern</td>
              <td align="center">60.9</td>
              <td align="center">59.3</td>
              <td align="center">62.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.84</td>
              <td align="center">1.73</td>
              <td align="center">1.96</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.50</td>
              <td align="center">1.40</td>
              <td align="center">1.61</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">West-Central</td>
              <td align="center">57.8</td>
              <td align="center">56.0</td>
              <td align="center">59.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.61</td>
              <td align="center">1.50</td>
              <td align="center">1.74</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.32</td>
              <td align="center">1.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.43</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Centro-Oeste</td>
              <td align="center">53.6</td>
              <td align="center">52.2</td>
              <td align="center">55.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.36</td>
              <td align="center">1.26</td>
              <td align="center">1.48</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.11</td>
              <td align="center">1.33</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for the other variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows that among those who reported undergoing at least one cholesterol measurement, the prevalence of a medical diagnosis of high cholesterol in the Brazilian population was 12.5% (9.7% for men and 15.1% for women). The women's probability of having a diagnosis of high cholesterol was 60% higher than that of men. The frequency of high cholesterol according to the age group for both sexes increased up to the age of 59 years; from 60 to 74 years, the values were constant, and from the age of 75 years on, the values decreased. The educational level as a socioeconomic indicator showed similar frequencies at the extremes of the category, "no education" and "complete high school". Participants self-reporting black race/ethnicity had significantly lower frequencies of medical diagnosis of high cholesterol. The lowest self-reported rates of high cholesterol were observed in the Northern and West-Central regions.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proportion of individuals aged at least 18 years self-reporting a medical diagnosis of high cholesterol</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">%</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Raw OR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Adjusted OR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Lower</th>
              <th align="center">Upper</th>
              <th align="center">Lower</th>
              <th align="center">Upper</th>
              <th align="center">Lower</th>
              <th align="center">Upper</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brazil</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">12.1</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">9.7</td>
              <td align="center">9.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">15.1</td>
              <td align="center">14.4</td>
              <td align="center">15.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.66</td>
              <td align="center">1.58</td>
              <td align="center">1.74</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.61</td>
              <td align="center">1.53</td>
              <td align="center">1.70</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">18-29 years</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30-59 years</td>
              <td align="center">13.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.26</td>
              <td align="center">4.77</td>
              <td align="center">5.81</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">5.04</td>
              <td align="center">4.55</td>
              <td align="center">5.57</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60-64 years</td>
              <td align="center">25.9</td>
              <td align="center">23.2</td>
              <td align="center">28.6</td>
              <td align="center">12.02</td>
              <td align="center">10.65</td>
              <td align="center">13.57</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">11.13</td>
              <td align="center">9.83</td>
              <td align="center">12.60</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">65-74 years</td>
              <td align="center">25.5</td>
              <td align="center">23.3</td>
              <td align="center">27.7</td>
              <td align="center">11.76</td>
              <td align="center">10.48</td>
              <td align="center">13.19</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">10.79</td>
              <td align="center">9.57</td>
              <td align="center">12.17</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 75 years</td>
              <td align="center">20.3</td>
              <td align="center">17.7</td>
              <td align="center">23.0</td>
              <td align="center">8.78</td>
              <td align="center">7.69</td>
              <td align="center">10.02</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">7.89</td>
              <td align="center">6.87</td>
              <td align="center">9.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Schooling</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None &#8211; incomplete elementary</td>
              <td align="center">15.8</td>
              <td align="center">15.0</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.13</td>
              <td align="center">1.05</td>
              <td align="center">1.22</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
              <td align="center">1.03</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete elementary &#8211; incomplete middle</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.191</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete middle - incomplete high</td>
              <td align="center">9.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
              <td align="center">0.038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete high</td>
              <td align="center">14.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.9</td>
              <td align="center">15.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Race/ethnicity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">13.4</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">14.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">9.7</td>
              <td align="center">12.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mixed</td>
              <td align="center">16.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">22.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">1.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.056</td>
              <td align="center">1.26</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.054</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Native</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.441</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Region</td>
              <td align="center">15.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">20.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
              <td align="center">1.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.408</td>
              <td align="center">1.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
              <td align="center">1.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.118</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Northern</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Northeastern</td>
              <td align="center">10.2</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Southeastern</td>
              <td align="center">12.2</td>
              <td align="center">11.5</td>
              <td align="center">12.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.23</td>
              <td align="center">1.10</td>
              <td align="center">1.37</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.12</td>
              <td align="center">1.01</td>
              <td align="center">1.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Southern</td>
              <td align="center">13.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.4</td>
              <td align="center">14.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.35</td>
              <td align="center">1.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.50</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
              <td align="center">1.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">West-Central</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.32</td>
              <td align="center">1.18</td>
              <td align="center">1.48</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.14</td>
              <td align="center">1.01</td>
              <td align="center">1.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Centro-Oeste</td>
              <td align="center">11.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
              <td align="center">1.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.212</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
              <td align="center">1.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.971</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for the other variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows that half of the participants had their first medical diagnosis of high cholesterol in their fifth or sixth decade. One fifth of the interviewees reported having their first medical diagnosis of high cholesterol after the age of 60 years. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the recommendations provided to individuals in the face of their medical diagnosis of high cholesterol, the most common being "to eat healthy", "to maintain an adequate weight" and "to practice physical activity". Drug prescription was recommended in two-thirds of the cases.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Age at the time of the first diagnosis of high cholesterol levels.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0411-70055-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations to the participants who reported medical diagnosis of high cholesterol.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0411-70055-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study shows, for the first time, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in a representative sample of the Brazilian population, in which one in every eight individuals self-reported having high cholesterol levels. The frequency of the self-reported diagnosis was higher among women, white and Asian-heritage individuals, those with higher educational level and residents of the Southern, Southeastern and West-Central regions.</p>
      <p>According to the 2014 VIGITEL-BRASIL (Brazilian surveillance system on risk and protective factors of chronic diseases via telephone survey), performed in the 27 Brazilian capitals, the prevalence of a previous medical diagnosis of dyslipidemia was 20.0% (women, 22.2%, and men, 17.6%). In both sexes, the diagnosis of high cholesterol was associated with age increase and higher educational level. Such data are in accordance with the results of this analysis based on the PNS data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Prevalence studies of the medical diagnosis of high cholesterol have shown low sensitivity for the definitive diagnosis (55%) as shown in the <italic>Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> carried out in the United States (1988-1994) with a representative population of that country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In a survey involving 12 European countries, self-report associated with only 30% of the cases diagnosed with the specific test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Despite the low sensitivity, when participants of the <italic>Women&#180;s Health Study</italic> reported their cholesterol level measured, there was strong association between those self-reported values and the higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in 10 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) has compared the self-report of high cholesterol medical diagnosis with the diagnosis based on an LDL-cholesterol measurement greater than 130 mg/dL or the use of lipid-lowering drugs. The following were obtained: sensitivity of 51.5% (95%CI = 50.4%-52.5%); specificity of 86.0% (65.1-86.8); and positive and negative likelihood ratios of 3.7 (3.4-3.9) and 0.56 (0.55-0.58), respectively.</p>
      <p>With this prevalence of self-reported high cholesterol of 12.5%, the real prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Brazilian population can be estimated as 46.6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The 2013 PNS has the limitations of a population-based survey conducted in a country of continental dimensions. However, considering the Brazilian reality, the study design and operation reached an adequate level of quality. Data generalization was relatively safe for the national and regional projections. Surveys, such as the PNS, use self-reported information on medical diagnosis, which is a limited method of assessment. Evaluation by a physician, nurse or via a previously tested standard questionnaire has better accuracy as already proved in a systematic review of population surveys using self-report.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, considering Brazil's continental dimensions, that is the fastest and most inexpensive way to assess the prevalence of some conditions, such as high cholesterol.</p>
      <p>The importance of the PNS data on the medical diagnosis of high cholesterol is justified by the data obtained from a review study of population surveys assessing the historical trend of cholesterol levels since 1980 in three million participants in Latin America, which has concluded that there were few studies on the diagnosis of dyslipidemia in those populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The importance of dyslipidemia awareness in the current Brazilian epidemiological context should be emphasized to guide actions of control and prevention of coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide, and that determines higher mortality in disadvantaged social strata.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In a representative population sample of Brazil, this study showed that 10% of the men and 15% of the women had a medical diagnosis of high cholesterol.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Ministry of Health.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Dislipidemia</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Diagn&#243;stico M&#233;dico de Colesterol Alto Autorreferido na Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira: An&#225;lise da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de, 2013</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertolami</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha-Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jose</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>M. Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szwarcwald</surname>
            <given-names>Celia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stoppa</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malta</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">9</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">EpiCenter - Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Escola de Medicina - Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Instituto de Comunica&#231;&#227;o e Informa&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e Tecnol&#243;gica em Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de - Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de - Departamento de Doen&#231;as e Agravos n&#227;o Transmiss&#237;veis e Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Andrade Lotufo</bold>, Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da USP - Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. CEP 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. <email>Email: palotufo@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lotufo PA, Szwarcwald C, Stoppa SR, Malta DC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Szwarcwald C, Stoppa SR, Malta DC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lotufo PA, Santos RD, Prado RR, Bensenor IM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lotufo PA, Prado RR, Stoppa SR, Malta DC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Szwarcwald C. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lotufo PA, Santos RD, Sposito AC, Bertolami M, Faria-Neto JR, Izar MC, Bensenor IM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lotufo PA, Santos RD, Sposito AC, Bertolami M, Faria-Neto JR, Izar MC, Szwarcwald C, Prado RR, Stoppa SR, Malta DC, Bensenor IM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipercolesterolemia no Brasil n&#227;o &#233; conhecida para todo o pa&#237;s, havendo somente inqu&#233;ritos em algumas cidades.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo: </title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol alto autorreferido na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira, utilizando-se dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS) de 2013.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Estudo descritivo que avaliou os dados da PNS de 2013, um inqu&#233;rito epidemiol&#243;gico de base domiciliar, representativo para o Brasil, com informa&#231;&#245;es autorreferidas. A amostra compreendeu 60.202 indiv&#237;duos entrevistados com autorrelato de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol. Calculou-se a preval&#234;ncia de ponto e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) para diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol/triglicer&#237;deos alto(s) por sexo, idade, cor da pele, regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, escolaridade. Foram calculadas as raz&#245;es de chance ajustadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados: </title>
          <p>Dos 60.202 participantes adultos, 14,3% (IC95%=13,7-14,8) nunca tiveram colesterol ou triglicer&#237;deos dosados, sendo que um maior n&#250;mero de mulheres, idosos, indiv&#237;duos com instru&#231;&#227;o superior completa e de ra&#231;a branca relatou aferi&#231;&#227;o h&#225; menos de um ano. A preval&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol alto foi de 12,5%, maior nas mulheres (15,1%) do que nos homens (9,7%). A frequ&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol alto foi maior naqueles com idade at&#233; 59 anos, em brancos ou aqueles de origem asi&#225;tica, em pessoas com maior escolaridade e entre os moradores das macrorregi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste do pa&#237;s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o: </title>
          <p>A import&#226;ncia do conhecimento da dislipidemia no atual contexto epidemiol&#243;gico brasileiro deve ser ressaltada para orientar as a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as coronarianas, que representam a primeira causa de &#243;bito no Brasil e no mundo. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos Epidemiol&#243;gicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a coronariana ou doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estudos observacionais em longo prazo, principalmente o <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic>, identificaram no in&#237;cio dos anos 1960 que valores elevados de colesterol dobravam o risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O detalhamento das fra&#231;&#245;es do colesterol permitiu identificar que eram os valores de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) aqueles que s&#227;o determinantes do processo aterog&#234;nico com associa&#231;&#227;o forte e constante com eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise com mais de 170.000 indiv&#237;duos aleatorizados para receber placebo ou estatinas ou doses baixas versus doses elevadas desses medicamentos mostrou que para cada 40 mg/dl de redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C houve queda relativa de 10%, 20%, 27%, 21% e 25%, respectivamente, na mortalidade total, por doen&#231;a cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. N&#227;o houve heterogeneidade do benef&#237;cio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao paciente apresentar previamente doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou n&#227;o, contudo o benef&#237;cio absoluto foi proporcional ao risco pr&#233;vio de eventos cardiovasculares, sendo cerca de duas vezes maior na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da import&#226;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o "colesterol - doen&#231;a coronariana" e das evid&#234;ncias que justificam o controle em n&#237;vel populacional dos valores de colesterol, inqu&#233;ritos populacionais realizados em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses revelam que as taxas de diagn&#243;stico, conhecimento, tratamento e controle do colesterol alto s&#227;o relativamente baixas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS) aplicada em 2013 &#233; oportunidade &#250;nica para estimar a preval&#234;ncia populacional de dislipidemia autorreferida em adultos (18 anos ou mais) com representatividade para todo o Brasil, grandes regi&#245;es e unidades federadas, zona urbana e rural, n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o e ra&#231;a/cor autorreferidas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostragem</title>
          <p>Estudo descritivo, utilizando os dados da PNS de 2013. A PNS &#233; um inqu&#233;rito epidemiol&#243;gico de base domiciliar, representativo para o Brasil, grandes regi&#245;es, unidades federadas, capitais e regi&#245;es metropolitanas. Mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a PNS podem ser encontradas em outras publica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra foi de 1.800 domic&#237;lios por unidade federada, sendo planejado, inicialmente, uma amostra total de 81.767 domic&#237;lios. Ainda, a amostra foi definida com base no n&#237;vel de precis&#227;o desejado para estimativas de indicadores de interesse (propor&#231;&#245;es de pessoas em determinadas categorias). Ap&#243;s o encerramento da coleta, foram obtidos registros de entrevistas de 64.348 domic&#237;lios, com 60.202 indiv&#237;duos entrevistados. Os demais 4.146 moradores selecionados n&#227;o tiveram suas informa&#231;&#245;es consideradas, por uma das seguintes raz&#245;es: (i) n&#227;o aceitaram responder o question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico ou (ii) tiveram suas informa&#231;&#245;es rejeitadas pela triagem autom&#225;tica de coer&#234;ncia, realizada pelo IBGE. A taxa de n&#227;o resposta foi de 14,0%.</p>
          <p>O plano amostral da PNS foi executado em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios. As unidades prim&#225;rias de amostragem (UPA) foram os setores censit&#225;rios ou conjunto de setores, as unidades secund&#225;rias foram os domic&#237;lios, e as unidades terci&#225;rias foram os residentes adultos (&#8805; 18 anos). Fatores de pondera&#231;&#227;o foram calculados para cada uma das tr&#234;s unidades de amostragem, considerando-se as probabilidades de sele&#231;&#227;o. O fator de pondera&#231;&#227;o para o residente selecionado foi calculado tamb&#233;m pelo peso do domic&#237;lio, ajustes de n&#227;o resposta por sexo e calibra&#231;&#227;o pelos totais populacionais por sexo e estratos de idade estimados com o peso de todos os moradores. Por ser a PNS parte do Sistema Integrado de Pesquisas Domiciliares do IBGE, as UPA consideradas na pesquisa s&#227;o uma subamostra do conjunto de UPA existentes na Amostra Mestra do IBGE. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos domic&#237;lios foi feita com base na vers&#227;o mais recente, dispon&#237;vel &#224; &#233;poca, do Cadastro Nacional de Endere&#231;o para Fins Estat&#237;sticos. Detalhes sobre o processo de amostragem e pondera&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o fornecidos na publica&#231;&#227;o sobre os resultados da PNS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o de dislipidemia</title>
          <p>Nesse est&#225;gio do inqu&#233;rito, a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de dislipidemia foi obtida por autorrelato do participante com base em resultados informados pelo m&#233;dico sobre diagn&#243;stico de "colesterol ou triglicer&#237;deos alto(s)". A primeira pergunta foi <italic>"quando foi a &#250;ltima vez que o(a) sr(a) fez exame de sangue para medir colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos"</italic>. As alternativas eram desde <italic>"h&#225; menos de 6 meses"</italic> at&#233; <italic>"h&#225; mais de 3 anos</italic>" e, <italic>"nunca fez"</italic>. Somente &#224;queles que informaram medida de colesterol ao menos uma vez, apresentou-se a quest&#227;o <italic>"algum m&#233;dico j&#225; lhe deu o diagn&#243;stico de colesterol alto?"</italic> Em caso de resposta positiva, as demais perguntas foram <italic>"que idade tinha no primeiro diagn&#243;stico de colesterol alto?"</italic> e se <italic>"algum m&#233;dico ou profissional de sa&#250;de lhe deu alguma recomenda&#231;&#227;o por causa do colesterol elevado?".</italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e procedimentos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Utilizando a base amostral, calcularam-se a estimativa da preval&#234;ncia de ponto e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) para diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol alto, realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame de colesterol em algum momento e determina&#231;&#227;o de colesterol ou triglicer&#237;deos. As frequ&#234;ncias foram estratificadas por sexo, faixa et&#225;ria (18 a 29, 30 a 59, 60 a 64, 65 a 74 e 75 anos e mais), escolaridade (sem instru&#231;&#227;o e fundamental incompleto; fundamental completo e m&#233;dio incompleto; m&#233;dio completo e superior incompleto; superior completo) e ra&#231;a/cor da pele (branca, preta e parda). As preval&#234;ncias foram apresentadas tamb&#233;m pelo total do pa&#237;s, grandes regi&#245;es, unidade federada e zona urbana ou rural. Apresentou-se a frequ&#234;ncia bruta para cada categoria espec&#237;fica e, tamb&#233;m a raz&#227;o de chance ajustada pela demais vari&#225;veis, exceto ela pr&#243;pria. As an&#225;lises dos dados foram realizadas pelo <italic>software</italic> Stata&#174; vers&#227;o 11.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica), utilizando-se o conjunto de comandos para an&#225;lise de dados de inqu&#233;ritos com amostra complexa (<italic>survey</italic>). Diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas no n&#237;vel de 5% foram consideradas na aus&#234;ncia de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o dos IC95%.</p>
          <p>A PNS foi aprovada pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS), Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, sob o Parecer n&#176; 328.159, de 26 de junho de 2013. A participa&#231;&#227;o do adulto na pesquisa foi volunt&#225;ria e a confidencialidade das informa&#231;&#245;es, garantida. Os adultos selecionados para responder &#224; entrevista e que concordaram em participar assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As estimativas da PNS aqui discutidas s&#227;o baseadas nas respostas de 60.202 indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. A propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes que nunca tiveram colesterol e/ou triglicer&#237;deos medidos foi relativamente baixa 14,3% (IC95%= 13,7-14,8). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra que mais da metade dos respondedores teve colesterol ou triglicer&#237;deos aferidos h&#225; menos de um ano, com frequ&#234;ncia significativamente maior de mulheres, idosos, ra&#231;a branca e indiv&#237;duos com instru&#231;&#227;o superior completa, e menor frequ&#234;ncia de moradores das macrorregi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes que referiram medida de colesterol ou triglicer&#237;deos h&#225; um ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">%</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC (95%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">RC bruta</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC (95%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">RC ajusta</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC (95%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Inferior</th>
                <th align="center">Superior</th>
                <th align="center">Inferior</th>
                <th align="center">Superior</th>
                <th align="center">Inferior</th>
                <th align="center">Superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">55,4</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">48,2</td>
                <td align="center">47,3</td>
                <td align="center">49,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">61,8</td>
                <td align="center">61,3</td>
                <td align="center">62,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">1,69</td>
                <td align="center">1,80</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,70</td>
                <td align="center">1,65</td>
                <td align="center">1,76</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18 a 29 anos</td>
                <td align="center">41,7</td>
                <td align="center">39,6</td>
                <td align="center">43,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 a 59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">56,6</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">58,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,82</td>
                <td align="center">1,75</td>
                <td align="center">1,89</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,92</td>
                <td align="center">1,84</td>
                <td align="center">2,00</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 a 64 anos</td>
                <td align="center">67,2</td>
                <td align="center">64,8</td>
                <td align="center">69,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,87</td>
                <td align="center">2,65</td>
                <td align="center">3,10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,34</td>
                <td align="center">3,08</td>
                <td align="center">3,63</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">65 a 74 anos</td>
                <td align="center">74,2</td>
                <td align="center">72,1</td>
                <td align="center">76,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,01</td>
                <td align="center">3,73</td>
                <td align="center">4,31</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">5,13</td>
                <td align="center">4,74</td>
                <td align="center">5,55</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">75 anos ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">71,7</td>
                <td align="center">70,1</td>
                <td align="center">73,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,55</td>
                <td align="center">3,25</td>
                <td align="center">3,88</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">4,60</td>
                <td align="center">4,19</td>
                <td align="center">5,06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem instru&#231;&#227;o e fundamental incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">51,9</td>
                <td align="center">50,5</td>
                <td align="center">53,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fundamental completo e m&#233;dio incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">48,7</td>
                <td align="center">47,0</td>
                <td align="center">50,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dio completoe superior incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,6</td>
                <td align="center">57,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,68</td>
                <td align="center">1,61</td>
                <td align="center">1,76</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Superior completo</td>
                <td align="center">72,7</td>
                <td align="center">71,7</td>
                <td align="center">73,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,47</td>
                <td align="center">2,33</td>
                <td align="center">2,61</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,81</td>
                <td align="center">2,64</td>
                <td align="center">2,98</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a/cor</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">60,8</td>
                <td align="center">54,8</td>
                <td align="center">66,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra</td>
                <td align="center">52,1</td>
                <td align="center">45,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amarela</td>
                <td align="center">48,6</td>
                <td align="center">41,3</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">43,9</td>
                <td align="center">56,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">56,9</td>
                <td align="center">50,7</td>
                <td align="center">62,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
                <td align="center">1,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">1,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,146</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Norte</td>
                <td align="center">45,9</td>
                <td align="center">43,8</td>
                <td align="center">47,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nordeste</td>
                <td align="center">48,1</td>
                <td align="center">46,4</td>
                <td align="center">49,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">1,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,206</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sudeste</td>
                <td align="center">60,9</td>
                <td align="center">59,3</td>
                <td align="center">62,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,84</td>
                <td align="center">1,73</td>
                <td align="center">1,96</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,50</td>
                <td align="center">1,40</td>
                <td align="center">1,61</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sul</td>
                <td align="center">57,8</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">59,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,61</td>
                <td align="center">1,50</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,43</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Centro-Oeste</td>
                <td align="center">53,6</td>
                <td align="center">52,2</td>
                <td align="center">55,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,36</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">1,48</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,33</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>RC: raz&#227;o de chances; IC95%: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95%. Ajuste pelas demais vari&#225;veis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra que naqueles que responderam ter realizado ao menos uma dosagem de colesterol na vida, a preval&#234;ncia do diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol alto na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira foi de 12,5% (9,7% em homens e 15,1% em mulheres). A mulheres apresentaram probabilidade 60% mais elevada de diagn&#243;stico de colesterol alto comparadas aos homens. A frequ&#234;ncia de colesterol aumentado por faixa et&#225;ria em ambos os sexos mostrou eleva&#231;&#227;o at&#233; os 59 anos de idade; entre os 60 e 74 anos, houve valores constantes e, acima dos 75 anos, valores menores. N&#237;vel de escolaridade formal como indicador socioecon&#244;mico mostrou frequ&#234;ncias semelhantes nos extremos de categoria, "sem instru&#231;&#227;o fundamental" e "superior completo". Participantes que se referiram como ra&#231;a/cor de pele "negra" apresentaram frequ&#234;ncias significativamente menores de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol elevado. A menor propor&#231;&#227;o de colesterol alto foi referida nas regi&#245;es Norte e Centro-Oeste.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o de pessoas como 18 anos ou mais que referem diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol alto</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">%</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC (95%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">RC bruta</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC (95%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">RC ajusta</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC (95%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Inferior</th>
                <th align="center">Superior</th>
                <th align="center">Inferior</th>
                <th align="center">Superior</th>
                <th align="center">Inferior</th>
                <th align="center">Superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">15,1</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,66</td>
                <td align="center">1,58</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,61</td>
                <td align="center">1,53</td>
                <td align="center">1,70</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18 a 29 anos</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 a 59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">13,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,26</td>
                <td align="center">4,77</td>
                <td align="center">5,81</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">5,04</td>
                <td align="center">4,55</td>
                <td align="center">5,57</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 a 64 anos</td>
                <td align="center">25,9</td>
                <td align="center">23,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,6</td>
                <td align="center">12,02</td>
                <td align="center">10,65</td>
                <td align="center">13,57</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">11,13</td>
                <td align="center">9,83</td>
                <td align="center">12,60</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">65 a 74 anos</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td align="center">23,3</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td align="center">11,76</td>
                <td align="center">10,48</td>
                <td align="center">13,19</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">10,79</td>
                <td align="center">9,57</td>
                <td align="center">12,17</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">75 anos ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">17,7</td>
                <td align="center">23,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,78</td>
                <td align="center">7,69</td>
                <td align="center">10,02</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">7,89</td>
                <td align="center">6,87</td>
                <td align="center">9,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem instru&#231;&#227;o e fundamental incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
                <td align="center">15,0</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,05</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fundamental completo e m&#233;dio incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dio completoe superior incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Superior completo</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">15,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a/cor</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">13,4</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amarela</td>
                <td align="center">16,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">22,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">1,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">15,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">1,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,408</td>
                <td align="center">1,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">1,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Norte</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nordeste</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">1,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,37</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,12</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sudeste</td>
                <td align="center">13,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">14,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,50</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sul</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,48</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Centro-Oeste</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">1,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,212</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,971</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>RC: raz&#227;o de chances; IC95%: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95%. Ajuste pelas demais vari&#225;veis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> mostra que a idade do primeiro diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol alto na metade dos participantes foi na quinta ou na sexta d&#233;cada de vida. Um quinto dos entrevistados informou primeiro diagn&#243;stico depois dos 60 anos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> descreve as recomenda&#231;&#245;es recebidas devido ao diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico do colesterol elevado, sendo as mais frequentes "alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel", "manter peso adequado" e "pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica". A prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos foi recomendada em dois ter&#231;os dos casos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Idade do primeiro diagn&#243;stico de colesterol alto</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0411-70055-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es recebidas pelos participantes que referiram diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol alto.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0411-70055-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostra, pela primeira vez, a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia em amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em que um em cada oito habitantes se declara portador de colesterol alto. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico autorrelatado foi maior em mulheres, brancos ou de origem asi&#225;tica, pessoas com maior escolaridade e moradores do Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste.</p>
        <p>No VIGITEL-BRASIL 2014, realizado por entrevista telef&#244;nica nas 27 capitais, a preval&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio de dislipidemia foi de 20,0% (mulheres, 22,2% e homens, 17,6%). Em ambos os sexos, o diagn&#243;stico de colesterol alto associou-se com aumento de idade e maior escolaridade. Esses dados est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com os resultados desta an&#225;lise baseada em dados da PNS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos de preval&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol elevado mostraram sensibilidade baixa para o diagn&#243;stico definitivo (55%) como mostrado no <italic>Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> realizado nos Estados Unidos (1988-1994) em popula&#231;&#227;o representativa do pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em inqu&#233;rito envolvendo 12 pa&#237;ses europeus, o autorrelato associou-se somente a 30% dos casos diagnosticados com exame espec&#237;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Apesar da baixa sensibilidade, quando mulheres participantes do <italic>Women&#180;s Health Study</italic> informaram o n&#237;vel de colesterol medido, houve forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses valores autorrelatados e a incid&#234;ncia maior de doen&#231;a cardiovascular em 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) comparou o autorrelato de colesterol alto por diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico com o diagn&#243;stico baseado na mensura&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o LDL do colesterol maior do que 130 mg/dl ou no uso de medicamentos redutores do colesterol. A sensibilidade obtida foi de 51,5% (IC95%=50,4%-52,5%), a especificidade de 86,0% (65,1-86,8), a raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva de 3,7 (3,4-3,9) e a negativa de 0,56 (0,55-0,58).</p>
        <p>Com esse dado de preval&#234;ncia de autorrelato de colesterol alto de 12,5%, pode-se estimar preval&#234;ncia real de 46,6% de dislipidemia na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A PNS 2013 apresenta as limita&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias de inqu&#233;rito de base populacional realizado em pa&#237;s com dimens&#227;o continental. No entanto, o delineamento e a operacionaliza&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;aram n&#237;vel de qualidade adequado e poss&#237;vel frente &#224; realidade brasileira. A generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados &#233; relativamente segura para as proje&#231;&#245;es nacionais e das macrorregi&#245;es. Inqu&#233;ritos como a PNS utilizam informa&#231;&#227;o de autorrelato de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico, sendo esse m&#233;todo de aferi&#231;&#227;o limitado. Avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, por enfermeiro ou por question&#225;rio padronizado e testado previamente tem melhor acur&#225;cia como j&#225; provado em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de inqu&#233;ritos populacionais que utilizaram o autorrelato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No entanto, considerando a dimens&#227;o continental do pa&#237;s, trata-se da forma mais r&#225;pida e econ&#244;mica para verificar a preval&#234;ncia de algumas condi&#231;&#245;es, como colesterol elevado.</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia dos dados da PNS sobre o diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol alto justifica-se frente a dados obtidos de estudo de revis&#227;o dos inqu&#233;ritos populacionais avaliando a tend&#234;ncia hist&#243;rica dos n&#237;veis de colesterol desde 1980 em tr&#234;s milh&#245;es de participantes na Am&#233;rica Latina, que concluiu haver poucos estudos sobre o diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia nessas popula&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia do conhecimento da dislipidemia no atual contexto epidemiol&#243;gico brasileiro deve ser ressaltada para orientar as a&#231;&#245;es de controle e preven&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as coronarianas que representam a primeira causa de &#243;bito no Brasil e no mundo, mas que determinam mortalidade maior nas camadas sociais menos afluentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em amostra populacional representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, mostrou-se que 10% dos homens e 15% das mulheres tiveram diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de colesterol elevado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
